Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation du vent'
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Pinto, Rui. "Modélisation dynamique de la couronne et du vent solaire." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-01958552.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the numerical and theoretical study of the dynamical coupling between the photosphere, the corona and the solar wind in the frame of the time-dependant magneto-hydrodynamics. I attempt to characterise the effects of the photospheric movements over the corona and wind taking into account the propagation conditions through the atmospheric layers, which comprise strong magnetic and thermal gradients. I start by showing that shear between the photospheric footpoints of magnetic coronal loop which spans over several scale-heights vanishes in a timescale of the order of the alfvénic transit time. This result, which contradicts a standard hypothesis, motivated the adoption of transparent boundary conditions (as opposed to rigid) in what followed. I then study the response of multipolar structures with null points to alfvénic perturbations in an axisymmetrical isothermal corona and wind. Reconnection and current accumulation occur near the null points. Ohmic dissipation, stimulated by persistent flows which develop in the system, occurs in the limit of vanishing resistivity. One of the studied cases, in which an over-dense jet forms above a magnetic bipole, is proposed as a model for polar plumes. The cold chromospheric layers were finally introduced in an 1D wind model with an energy equation. This model allowed the study of the formation and decay of polar plumes by varying the heating rate over the low corona, offering an alternative viewpoint to the previous model
Patron, Solares Alberto. "Modélisation numérique de la tenue au vent des ponts souples." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENPC9801.
Full textThis work presents a general finite element modelisation to determine the wind response of long-span bridges taking into account aeroelastic interactions. The wind in the atmospheric boundary layer is described by probabilistic models. Special care is given to the description of wind turbulence by power spectral densities and time histories of turbulent wind speeds. Models describing forces generated by airflow on bridge decks are presented in both frequency and time domains. To evaluate the wind response of a bridge, wind induced (stady and unsteady) forces are expressed by using a general finite-element formulation. Motion equations of the system are written and a numerical method to calculate the critical flutter wind speed is given. Three methods to assess buffeting response of the structure are presented. The first one consist in a frequency-domain computation is then realized for each complex modal equation. In the third one, the equations of motion are numerically integrated in the time domain. The proposed methods are first used to analyse the « taut-strip » models of the Vasco de Gama brige and the Nomandy bridge, for which experimental results are known. Good accordance between analytical and wind tunnel test results highlights the influence of frequency modification as well as aeroelastic coupling terms. Finaly, a stability an buffeting analysis using the full finite element model of both bridges is presented
Richer, Emilie. "Modélisation et simulation de l'interaction du Vent Solaire avec Mercure et Mars." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813218.
Full textPineau-Guillou, Lucia. "Interaction Océan-Atmosphère : amélioration de la tension de vent en modélisation physique côtière." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0064/document.
Full textStorm surges may be underestimated in hydrodynamic models, as well as large wave heights in wave models. This could come from an underestimation of strong winds in atmospheric models and/or an inappropriate wind stress formulation. The objectives of the present work are (1) to estimate how strong are the biases for high winds in atmospheric models (2) to develop a new drag parameterization that could reduce this bias (3) to investigate the impact of the waves on the wind stress. The method consists of studying the response of the atmosphere and the ocean to the wind stress.In a first part, we use the coupled wave-atmosphere model from ECMWF. We show that strong winds may be underestimated, as much as -7 m/s at 30 m/s.Significant differences also exist between observations, with buoys and ASCAT-KNMI generally showing lower wind speeds than the platforms and other remote-sensing data used in this study(AMSR2, ASCAT-RSS, WindSat, SMOS and JASON-2).The newly empirically adjusted Charnock parameterization leads to higher winds compared to the default ECMWF parameterization. In a second part, we use the global ocean model TUGO fromLEGOS forced with ECMWF coupled wave-atmopshere model. We show that a wave-dependent rather than wind-dependent stress formulation is more appropriate, when the sea state is young and the sea rougher. It yields to simulated surges closer to observations (i.e. tide gauges and JASON-2 altimeter tracks). The wave impact on the surges is significant, and may reach 20 cm
Ould, Ahmedou Sid'Ahmed. "Etude numérique et expérimentale de l'intensification des transferts convectifs par vent ionique." Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT2015.
Full textTOUBOUL, Julien. "Etude de l'interaction entre le vent et les vagues scélérates." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00703258.
Full textNief, Guillaume. "Comportement vibroacoustique des conduits : modélisation, mesure et application aux instruments de musique à vent." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00366843.
Full textUn modèle décrivant les couplages entre les vibrations d'un conduit cylindrique et la colonne d'air qu'il contient, permet d'aboutir à une expression de son impédance d'entrée acoustique, qui diffère du cas du conduit indéformable. Pour la plupart des cas d'instruments réels, les effets sont très faibles. Cependant, les couplages sont non négligeables lorsque le conduit présente un léger défaut de circularité, qui est toujours présent en pratique. La perturbation de l'impédance est maximisée lorsque la fréquence de résonance d'un mode mécanique du conduit, un mode d'ovalisation notamment, coïncide avec celle d'un des modes acoustiques de la colonne d'air. Les résultats théoriques sont confrontés à des mesures d'impédance d'entrée sur différents conduits vibrants, validant l'approche. Les sons musicaux produits par ces conduits, associés à des embouchures d'instruments de musique (bec de clarinette et embouchure de tuyau d'orgue), sont analysés. Les effets des vibrations de paroi, dépendant du niveau de perturbation de l'impédance d'entrée, vont d'une légère modification de timbre à des transitions d'un régime périodique "normal" vers un régime pseudo-périodique présentant des battements, non souhaité en situation musicale.
Le couplage conduit/fluide externe est exploré dans le cas d'un pavillon de trombone. Le rayonnement externe du pavillon sous excitation acoustique libre de vibrer diffère très légèrement du cas où ses vibrations sont amorties par du sable. Des différences de quelques décibels sont observées à des fréquences de résonance mécanique du pavillon, pour des modes de vibrations rayonnants, efficaces du point de vue du rayonnement acoustique.
Martini, Adnan. "Modélisation et commande de vol d'un hélicoptère drone soumis à une rafale de vent." Phd thesis, Université de Metz, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00340584.
Full textNief, Guillaume. "Comportement vibroacoustique des conduits : modélisation, mesure et applications aux instruments de musique à vent." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1020.pdf.
Full textThe wall vibrations of a wind musical instrument imply various vibroacoustic couplings:duct/internal fluid and duct/external fluid. The duct/internal fluid is studied via the input impedance of the vibrating duct, which differs from the perfectly rigid case. The disturbance of the impedance, still very weak for usual parameters, is maximal when the eigenfrequency of a mechanical ovalling mode of the duct coincides with the one of an acoustic mode. When such a mechanical/acoustical matching occurs, slight timbre modification, or even more important disturbance can be observed on the produced sound. The duct/external fluid coupling is investigated via the acoustic radiation of a trombone bell free to vibrate, which differs from the case where its vibration are damped using sand. Some small differences of a few decibels are measured at frequencies of radiating mechanical modes, which are efficient from the acoustic radiation point of view
Maurel, Philippe. "Analyse et modélisation des courants et de la turbulence sous les vagues de vent." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT007H.
Full textBoilley, Alexandre. "Modélisation de cisaillements de vent et assimilation de données dans la couche limite atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638822.
Full textBoilley, Alexandre. "Modélisation de cisaillements de vent et assimilation de données dans la couche limite atmosphérique." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1320/.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the ability of numerical weather prediction model to represent windshears in the lower layer of the atmosphere over an airport area and to determine the impact of high temporal frequency observations on predictions. The study focuses on the international Nice Côte d'Azur airport where horizontal windshears, also called wind reversals, happen regularly. A wind profiler and three anemometers were installed on the Nice airport runways. At the beginning of 2009, a field campaign with a wind lidar and a sonic anemometer took place in order to provide additional observations. Both high temporal frequency data and numerical simulations performed with the mesoscale research model Meso-NH supply a general picture of the evolution of the various flows leading to a windshear event over the airport. We also use observational data to validate the model predictions for three different situations of windshear. The simulations reproduce quite well the horizontal and vertical structure of the flow despite a spatio-temporal misplacement. Local flows such as land and valley breezes are important to generate low level conditions for a horizontal windshear event but the front position is mostly influenced by mesoscale flow (trapped gravity waves or low geopotential). We compared the Meso-NH simulations with the results of the operational model AROME and carried out sensitivity testing against initial and coupling conditions at 2. 5 km resolution. We then ran experimental simulations at 500 m resolution, centered on the airport platform, to evaluate the impact of an increased resolution on the windshear predictions. Such a resolution provides improvement of local flow and generates rapid and local wind changes but does not improve the windshear front position compared to a 2. 5 km resolution simulation. Moreover the small horizontal grid domain increased the sensitivity to large scale lateral boundary conditions. In order to constrain numerical simulations toward high temporal frequency observations we considered a data assimilation system based on the nudging technique called the 'Back and Forth Nudging' (BFN) technique. We first applied this algorithm to the Lorenz system to compare its behaviour with published results considering other data assimilation techniques. The promising results allowed the implementation of the BFN within the Meso-NH model. We performed assimilation experiments in idealized conditions with high temporal frequency of wind profiles that show a consistent response of the model
Schaeffer, Amandine. "Impact du vent sur la circulation hydrodynamique dans le Golfe du Lion : modélisation haute résolution." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00603720.
Full textMichaux, Jean-Luc. "Etude, compréhension, et modélisation des phénomènes liés au transport de la neige par le vent." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10028.
Full textNaaim-Bouvet, Florence. "Contribution à la modélisation physique et numérique du transport de la neige par le vent." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10099.
Full textBaïle, Rachel. "Analyse et modélisation multifractales de vitesses de vent. Application à la prévision de la ressource éolienne." Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00604139.
Full textKerhascoët, Hugo. "De la mesure du vent au pilotage automatique d'un voilier : modélisation, optimisation & application du traitement du signal prédictif." Thesis, Lorient, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORIS433.
Full textThis thesis is part of NKE Marine’s attempts to improve the quality of apparent and real wind measurementsprovided by its navigation unit. These improvements are expected to benefit both users and improve autopilot performance. The first part describes the specific context of wind measurement on a sailboat, and the inherent issues. This study identified two knotty scientific problems: on-board wind measurements recorded by the sensor (linked to its design and response model) and how the wind triangle is reconstructed. The first objective of this thesis is therefore to propose a new methodology for the design of the wind vane that can match the sensor’s profile with the boat’s characteristics and its route planning. Improvements to this aerial sensor make it possible, on the one hand, to divide the response time by two (via the optimization of the shape of the sensors) and, on the other hand, to provide a useful signal that is twelve times more sensitive (via the application of predictive signal processing techniques that take account of sensor dynamics). Next, previous work on the problem of reconstructing three-dimensional true wind is described in detail. This part begins with a presentation of the relevant standards and definitions of metrics, before examining some solutions that can take account of perturbations in apparent and true wind in the lower layer of the atmosphere. The following part examines current methods for reconstructing true wind. This analysis highlights the fact that these corrections are not applied in the correct frames. To overcome these problems, we propose a new approach to the reconstruction of the true wind, which implements the corrections described above. This manuscript ends with a presentation of the contribution to auto piloting. Specifically, it takes the form of a new concept, termed Super Mode, which can be overlaid onto classical modes of piloting. The aim is to improve safety in gusty conditions (Gust mode), and performance when surfing (Surf mode). The value of this innovation has been proven by competition victories; it has received an innovation award, and Surf mode is the subject of a patent application. The pilot is now able to glide like a human surfer. The final contribution to the autopilot concerns the integration of a new type of sensor: electronic telltales. Finally, this manuscript contributes to our overall understanding of the problems and nuances that must be taken into account when developing or using a navigation unit and an autopilot. The work highlights the close correlation between the various sensors and the data calculated by the navigation unit. Significant improvements to the accuracy of both elements can be obtained when the concept of predictive filtering is extended and appliedto the navigation unit as a whole
Grandin, Maxime. "Etude multi-instrumentale et modélisation des ionosphères terrestre et martienne." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30183.
Full textThis thesis is based on five publications studying the terrestrial and Martian ionospheres by making use of versatile instruments and of modelling techniques. The terrestrial ionosphere is a complex system strongly coupled to the magnetosphere and hence very sensitive to solar wind driving. Various kinds of instruments may be used to study the ionosphere, from ground-based instruments to satellite-borne systems. Two papers study the response of the auroral and subauroral ionosphere to solar wind high-speed streams, which originate from coronal holes at the surface of the Sun. These two studies make use of the superposed epoch analysis method, which enables to derive the statistical behaviour of the studied parameters. For the first study, which focuses on the F-region peak electron density measured by the Sodankylä ionosonde (at L = 5.2), the superposed epoch method has been modified so that a study of the effects of high-speed streams in the F region in different magnetic local time sectors becomes possible. The modified method is called phase-locked superposed epoch analysis. The second paper focuses on energetic (>30 keV) electron precipitation during high-speed streams by making use of cosmic noise absorption measurements from a chain of riometers located between L = 3.8 and L = 5.7. A third study reveals for the first time pulsation signatures in cosmic noise absorption data during a pulsating aurora event. This indicates that the electron precipitation flux is modulated simultaneously over a broad range of energies (from a few keV to several tens of keV) in relation to pulsating aurora. The fourth and fifth articles study the Martian ionosphere. They present a novel analysis method for Mars Express radio-occultation data. Contrary to the classical inversion approach, this new method is based on a direct simulation of the radio wave propagation between the ground-based station at Earth and the Mars Express spacecraft, in a modelled Martian environment. The parameters determining the properties of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere of Mars are adjusted in order for the simulated radio-occultation data to fit the measured data. The optimal set of parameters provides the retrieved neutral temperature and density profiles in the atmosphere, and the ion and electron density profiles in the ionosphere near the occultation point
Vergez, Christophe. "Analyse du fonctionnement des instruments de musique à vent." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00535716.
Full textMeliani, Zakaria. "Modélisation de vents et de jets relativistes." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008067.
Full textAtig, Mérouane. "Non-linéarité acoustique localisée à l'extrémité ouverte d'un tube. Mesure, modélisation et application aux instruments à vent." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009283.
Full textDans une première partie, des mesures de l'impédance terminale réalisées à l'aide d'une méthode à deux microphones montrent que les pertes à la sortie du tube - partie réelle de l'impédance terminale dans le cadre de l'approximation du premier harmonique - augmentent avec l'amplitude de la vitesse acoustique. Les résultats montrent que l'importance de ces pertes dépend fortement du rayon de courbure des bords intérieurs à la sortie de tube. En outre, pour les faibles rayons de courbure, deux régimes sont mis en évidence. L'existence de ces deux régimes est confirmée par des observations utilisant la vélocimétrie par imagerie de particules (PIV) réalisées en collaboration avec l'Université d'Edimbourg : dans les deux cas un anneau tourbillonnaire est formé à la sortie du tube mais dans le cas du premier régime (faibles vitesses acoustiques) l'anneau reste accroché aux bords du tube alors que dans le cas du second régime (fortes vitesses acoustiques) il est expulsé.
La seconde partie concerne la modélisation du phénomène dans le but de mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu. La théorie du bruit tourbillonnaire (``vortex sound theory'') est appliquée afin d'estimer directement les pertes à la sortie du tube. Trois calculs utilisant cette théorie sont menés : le premier, analytique, sur la base d'un unique anneau tourbillonnaire fixe ou mobile, le second à partir des mesures par PIV et le troisième par la méthode numérique dite des réseaux de Boltzmann. Les trois calculs conduisent à des résultats similaires qui démontrent que les pertes non linéaires trouvent leur origine dans la formation d'anneaux tourbillonnaires en sortie de tube. Ces résultats sont confrontés avec succès aux résultats issus des mesures d'impédance.
La troisième partie analyse les conséquences que peuvent avoir les pertes non linéaires dans le fonctionnement d'un instrument de musique à trous latéraux. Il est montré expérimentalement et à l'aide de simulations numériques que la dynamique de jeu d'un instrument à vent dépend directement des pertes dans l'instrument et que cette dynamique peut être étendue lorsque les pertes à la sortie sont minimisées par exemple en chanfreinant les bords des trous latéraux.
Dautrevaux, Édouard. "Modélisation de l’effet de la rugosité variable dans la prévision micro-échelle du vent de basse couche." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2012. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1121/1/DAUTREVAUX_%C3%89douard.pdf.
Full textAtig, Merouane. "Non-linéarité acoustique localisée à l'extrémité ouverte d'un tube : mesure, modélisation et application aux instruments à vent." Le Mans, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA1018.pdf.
Full textThe study deals with localised non-linear acoustic losses at the open end of a tube. Three aspects are considered : firstly, a description of the phenomenon by the measurement of the terminal Impedance of the tube, secondly, the physical modeling of the phenomenon and finally the application to woodwind instruments. In a first part,measurements of the terminal impedance using a two microphone method show that losses at the open end of the tube - real part of the terminalion impedance in the first harmonic approximation - increase with the acoustical velocity amplitude. Results show that the losses highly depend on the radius of curvature of the tube's inner edges. Moreover, for low values of the radius of curvature, two behaviours are observed. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) visualisations carried out at the University of Edinburgh confirm these two behaviours : in both cases, a vortex ring is created at the open end but it stays in the vicinity of the exit for low acoustical velocities whereas it is expelled for higher acoustical velocities. The second part deals with the physical modeling of the phenomena. The application of the vortex-sound theory allows a direct estimation of the losses at the open end. Three calculations using this theory are carried out. The first calculation is analylical and is based on a discrete vortex ring which can be either fixed or mobile; the second one cornes from PIV visualisations; and the third one is numerical, using the lattice Boltzmann method. The three calculations lead to similar results : non-linear losses find their origin in the formation of vortex rings at the end of the tube. These results are succesfully compared to impedance measurements. The third part analyses the influence of non-linear losses on the behaviour of a side-holed wind instrument. Experiments and simulations show that the playing range of a wind instrument depends on the losses in the instrument and that the playing range can be extended by reducing the non-linear losses at the open end
Bessac, Julie. "Sur la construction de générateurs aléatoires de conditions de vent au large de la Bretagne." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S067/document.
Full textThis work is aimed at constructing stochastic weather generators. These models enable to simulate artificially weather data that have statistical properties consistent with observed meteorology and climate. Outputs of these models are generally used in impact studies in agriculture or in ecology
Saint, Cast Clément. "Modélisation du développement architectural, de l'acclimatation au vent dominant et de l'ancrage du système racinaire du pin maritime." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0018/document.
Full textStorms cause more than 50% of the timber loss in European forests. However, forest tree anchorage mechanisms throughout their lifespan are not fully understood, especially the strong acclimation of root systems to common winds. This lack of knowledge is mainly due to technical difficulties: neither the root structure nor the mechanical contribution of the roots could be characterized continually. Thus we set up a numerical approach to model the development of the root system and to describe the strains resulting from common winds. This generic approach has been developed using Pinus pinaster grown in sandy soils as model species.Seven datasets of excavated root systems from 0 to 50 years were employed. The assessment of root structure and functions is more powerful if the differentiation of root system in several root types is considered. We first proposed an automatic classification of roots with the k-means clustering algorithm. Four root traits were chosen as classifiers, including three geometric architectural traits, which can be precisely assessed whatever the tree/root age. Clustering yielded similar five groups of laterals roots at all ages, explaining 70% of the variability. The three largest lateral roots per tree were all horizontal roots branching from stump and the other lateral roots show a large differentiation for tropism: nearly all the roots were horizontal or vertical roots. The framework of the central part of the root system can be almost completed in 4-year-old trees (3.5 cm collar diameter). We then calibrated the existing RootTyp (Pagès et al. 2004) architectural model for P. pinaster for each of the root types defined by the cluster analysis. We used the database combined with a literature review and an optimization method to get accurate values for 13 parameters by root types. We devoted effort to validate our model calibration. In order to model architecture of the root system, damping properties had to be implemented to yield realistic outputs up to the mature stage. Branching varied as a function of distance from the root base, and growth capacity decreased with branching order. Nevertheless, the root diameters of simulated root systems were generally underestimated. This was certainly due to root growth plasticity to the prevailing wind, an acclimation facet not taken into account at this calibration step. Growth alterations due to a cemented horizon were reproduced using the new calibrated soil module. Then, the wind acclimation of roots was numerically investigated by examining the root mechanical stimuli due to wind. A chain of biomechanical models was used to predict the spatial distribution of stress and strain in simplified root systems at 4, 6 and 13-year-old as a result of three levels of usual winds. According to simulations, the strain amplitude decreased with tree growth due to the increasing root system stiffness. This suggests larger thigmomorphogenetic responses at young stages. The modifications of the structural and wood root properties related to wind acclimation were largely explained by the stress and strain distribution in the root system
Durán, Medina Olmo. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation stochastique des fluctuations de la vitesse (vent et courant) et de la puissance électrique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10214/document.
Full textThe renewable energy output from wind and tidal turbines generates large fluctuations. Such large power variability are inherent to the turbulent wind and currents nature. This phenomenon is also called intermittency and it is a major obstacle for the development of this kind of energy. This thesis presents the analysis and characterization of stochastic fluctuations through a statistical approach. The theoretical framework is the multifractal energy cascades. The tools and methods aim to study the influence of the fully developed turbulence on a three-blade horizontal axis turbine. This approach provides a method for multiscale turbulence analysis, regardless the size of the considered system. The spectral analysis of wind and current velocity allows the characterization of flow scaling properties from a dissipation estimate. The Empirical Mode Decomposition offers on the other hand, an observation of the multiscale interaction between the input and output of such energy production systems. The study of the power intermittency allows in particular the conception of forecasting tools based on physical principles related to intermittency and to scaling. These tools are able to provide a solution for grid adaptation facing the wind and tidal energy fluctuations
Dupont, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la micrométéorologie à l'échelle de paysages complexes." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00443770.
Full textModolo, Ronan. "Modélisation de l'interaction du vent solaire, ou du plasma Kronien, avec les environnements neutres de Mars et de Titan." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004VERS0016.
Full textThe magnetic field of Mars is too weak to stop the solar wind flow; the high atmosphere and the ionosphere of the planet interact directly with the solar wind. The exosphere is partially ionized by solar photons, solar wind electrons, and by charge exchanges between solar wind protons and planetary neutral atoms leading to the creation of energetic neutral atoms (ENA) and cold planetary ions. These processes modify the plasma composition near the planet and participate to the mass loading of the solar wind. The interaction is strong enough to alter the atmospheric escape and can inluence the chemical evolution of the atmosphere and particularly its water content. Titan, the biggest moon of Saturn, does not possess a strong magnetic field but a dense atmosphere: similarly to Mars, the ionosphere and the atmosphere of the planet obstruct the incident plasma. Titan is a unique case in the Solar system by the diversity of the incident plasma encounters, either in the magnetosphere of Saturn, or in the magnetosheath or even in the solar wind near 12h Saturn local time. The interaction of Titan with the incident plasma depends upon its orbital phase, which determines the angle between the incoming directions of solar photons and incident plasma. The 46 flybys of Titan by Cassini have been planned to explore these various configurations in order to characterize the nearest environment of the moon. In my thesis I have developped a global three-dimensionnal model allowing to study the interaction between solar EUV, incident plasma and neutral environment of a weak or nonmagnetized body. This model allows to characterize the ionized environment of the body and quantify the atmospheric escape. Specialised versions developed for Mars and Titan can contribute to the interpretation of spacecraft observations (Mars-Express, Cassini)
Yang, Ming. "Ancrage racinaire des arbres : modélisation et analyses numériques des facteurs clés de la résistance au vent du Pinus pinaster." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0279/document.
Full textWinter storms cause 50% of wood damage by volume to European forests. Tree uprooting isthe most frequent phenomenon during storms ; however the mechanism is not well understood.This thesis aims to better understand the tree uprooting process and to identify both rootstructural features and material properties which have first-order effects on tree anchoragestrength for the case ofPinus pinaster. A Finite Element Model has been developed and allowedsimulating and tracking the sequential root breakage during the course of tree overturning. Anoverall tree anchorage strength is thus defined as the resultant of contribution of root systemarchitecture and material strength (roots, soil). This would allow improving the risk modelswhich currently don’t include any mechanistic relationships to describe tree uprooting. In thesame spirit, we have relied on root architectural data to build a simplified root system patternwith features ofP. pinaster. Importance of different root components has been studied andthe essential role of the taproot and shallow roots demonstrated. This result has confirmednumerous experimental and theoretical studies and for the first time quantified these impacts.Therefore the number of relevant parameters can be reduced to express overall root anchorage.This opens new prospects to simplify the model in order to apply to other species under othersoil conditions and considering different silvicultural practices
Le, Vaillant Xavier. "Ondes internes générées par le forçage atmosphérique dans l'océan indien subtropical : modélisation et mesures in situ." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066071.
Full textMiyaura, Edson Haruo. "Modélisation de fatigue et de mécanique de la rupture d'une structure éolienne soumise au chargement dynamique et aléatoire du vent." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ISAM0005/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to demonstrate how to do theoretical analyses of fatigue and fracture mechanics in a structure for horizontal axis wind turbine. The chain of calculations required to reach this objective is particularly long for two reasons : firstly, the wind speed varies randomly with time , secondly, the vibration amplitude of the mast is amplified due to its natural frequencies of vibration. A whole chapter is dedicated to modeling the wind speed in space and time. The same chapter shows how to synthesize a random signal by employing a power spectral density function (PSD). The axial force of the rotor is the most important loading on a structure for horizontal axis wind turbine. This force has a non linear relation with the wind speed. This implies the need to determine the PSD of the axial force from its signal, by employing a spectral estimation method. The Thomson Multitaper method revealed to be the most satisfactory for this application. The PSD of displacement of the mast is determined by associating the receptance of the structural system and the PSD of the force representing all loadings. Finally, a signal of stress can be synthesized from its PSD. The fatigue cycle counting method known as rainflow is discussed and employed. The fact that the signal of stress has a variable amplitude implies the need of a more sophisticated method to simulate a crack propagation. The method chosen in this thesis is called strip-yield
Ducasse, Éric. "Modélisation et simulation dans le domaine temporel d'instruments à vent à anche simple en situation de jeu : méthodes et modèles." Le Mans, 2001. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2001/2001LEMA1013.pdf.
Full textThe purpose is to conceive a physical model of a woodwind instrument including actions of the player for time-domain simulations. Both continuous and discrete time contexts need the design of methods linked to acoustics, signal processing and applied mathematics. The first chapter describes postulates and principles chosen for object-oriented modeling. The instrument is seen as lumped elements linked by pieces of tube. Some details are given on the modeling of a single reed mouthpiece and a key-pad system. Sound examples illustrate the potential of this kind of modeling in playing situation. In this introducing chapter, three important points are highlighted and developed in the three following chapters. The second chapter describes a two-port model of bore appropriate to cylinders, cones, and any other shapes without discontinuities in cross-section. This two-port uses locally-travelling waves as input, output, and state variables in preference to the usual travelling waves which can sometimes generate instabilities. The third chapter is about the mechanical modeling of a single reed. A lumped model with varying parameters is discussed, including questions about the rolling up of the reed on the lay of the mouthpiece and validity of a beam model. The fourth chapter attempts to establish principles of digital filter design for looped acoustic systems, especially for two-port descriptions of acoustic bores in discrete time domain
Huguet, Frédéric. "Contribution à la modélisation numérique du phénomène de brise de mer." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10164.
Full textParent, Louis-Philippe. "Réduction de la distance interphase des conducteurs d'une ligne de transport d'énergie électrique causée par du vent turbulent." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6740.
Full textRuffenach, Alexis. "Observation et modélisation de l'érosion des nuages magnétiques solaires par reconnexion magnétique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953668.
Full textQuost, Xavier. "Modélisation de l'effet du vent sur les trains à grande vitesse. : Une étude dynamique et stochastiqe appliquée au risque de renversement." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2005. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/xquost.pdf.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the study of the rollover of the high-speed trains subjected to strong lateral winds. To simulate this phenomenon research was carried out following two axes. The first axis deals with wheel-rail contact mechanics, solids mechanic and suspension models featuring large displacements. The STRIPES wheel-rail contact model was incorporated into specailly developed software, which was assessed against existing classical railway multi-body software. As a conclusion of this mechanical study, the lift kinematics of a wheelset was computed and an innovating criteria for evaluating both unloading and wheel uplift is submitted. The second research axis deals with modeling of the turbulence as seen by a moving vehicle. From Von Karman turbulence modeling and thanks to Cooper works a formulation of turbulence as seen by the train was proposed. This formulation is suitable for the study of vehicle sensitivity to strong wind by Monte-Carlo simulations. With an appropriate method of wind field generation, vehicle safety curve is computed. Differences with standard mehods are analyzed and discussed
El-Batanony, Ismail Ghazy. "Modélisation du comportement mécanique d'une pale d'éolienne à axe horizontal : prise en compte de l'interaction vent-structure sous l'impulsion d'une rafale." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-198.pdf.
Full textLa technique de parametrisation est basee sur les surfaces de bezier et sur la resolution des contraintes geometriques par un algorithme de type simplex. L'utilisation d'un maillage approprie a permis, a la fois de calculer correctement la variable adimensionnelle et ensuite de comparer les resultats numeriques avec ceux issus de l'experience ainsi que ceux d'une autre modelisation numerique. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous presentons des simulations numeriques du comportement dynamique d'une pale d'eolienne en tenant compte des effets du changement de l'ecoulement instationnaire et de la modification des parametres de la dynamique du mouvement. Le modele structural est base sur la theorie des poutres tridimensionnelles, en faisant les hypotheses que la section est celle d'un profil naca 4415, et que les sollicitations prises en compte sont celles de traction - compression, cisaillement transverse, flexion, et torsion libre. L'accent est mis sur les aspects dynamiques par un traitement complet de l'equation d'equilibre dynamique, appliquee dans ce cas de pale d'eolienne a axe horizontal
Wang, Biao. "Les impacts de la morphologie urbaine sur le vent : performance d'énergie éolienne à l'échelle de quartier." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAT0004/document.
Full textThis work concentrates on wind flow simulation by CFD techniques in different urban fabrics at the neighborhood scale (450m × 450m), in order to assess the impacts of urban morphology on wind energy potential. Facing local and global environmental problems, the development of renewable energy is becoming increasingly urgent and important. Our goal is to adapt the urban morphology in the development of urban wind energy. To do so, two fundamental questions are aroused: What are the impacts of urban morphology on the wind flow in the city? How to evaluate the urban wind power? We start with a summary of bibliography on three areas: urban wind energy, urban morphology and CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of different urban wind turbines are discussed. Some new technologies and methods of architectural integration of small wind turbine are presented. Indicators of urban morphology are proposed. The methods of CFD simulation of wind flow around buildings are presented. To validate our model of air flow simulation, we start with a study of the numerical simulation parameters with the reference of a benchmark of wind tunnel experiments. Several methods of verification before and after the CFD simulation are presented. After validation of our model, we begin to simulate some simple forms. With one, two and three buildings, the impacts of different simple configurations parameters are analyzed. Considering the effectiveness and feasibility, wind energy assessment is mainly taken over the roofs of buildings. The combined effects of altitude and wind concentration above the roof, are evaluated. We then simulate more complex morphological models, by assessing the wind potential in six neighborhoods that are urban forms both worldwide typical and favorable for wind energy development. Morphological indicators that potentially affect the wind flow are proposed. Analysis of coherence are made between these indicators and the values of the coefficient of increase of wind speed and of the wind power indicator above the roof. Then, some prototypes of basic urban forms from real neighborhoods are studied. The influence of some modifications of these prototypes on the wind energy potential is analyzed, and the most favorable conditions for the exploitation of wind power prototypes are recommended. Then, wind energy in a real neighborhood in Beijing is evaluated. Local conditions (physical forms, climate, social-economic aspects) are considered to assess the feasibility of developing wind energy. The location and the choice of techniques suitable urban wind turbines are discussed. Finally, a mathematical method based on some simple morphological parameters is presented, in order to assess wind potential above the rooftops. The obstacle impact indicator of the buildings is defined. The coherence between the results of the simplified mathematical method and those of CFD simulation are analyzed
Tarbadar, Rima. "Étude expérimentale en vraie grandeur et modélisation des pressions induites par le vent dans les combles : application à l'étanchéité des toitures à l'eau." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ECAP0414.
Full textGenerally, the rain penetration through pitched lapped roofs is created by the difference of external and internal pressure, generated by the wind. In this thesis, a numerical model has been developped for prediction of internal pressure under the elements (the external pressure can be measured on a model in a boundary layer wind-tunnel). Two cases have been studied : roof without underlay, roof with flexible or stiff underlay. The dynamics of internal pressure is, in general, a complex problem. This is due to the poor knowledge on the leakage paths characteristics. Therefore, full-scale experimental studies have been carried out to characterize the roof wind permeability (test appartus) and to investigate the effects of windspeed, atmospheric turbulence and rain intensity on this permeability (climatic wind-tunnel). The analytical results were compared with full-scale results (roof without underlay case), and they matched closely. Parametric studies (underlay case) have shown that it is possible to reduce considerably the wind loads. Through a complete knowledge of the controlling parameters it will be possible to design and construct pitched lapped roofs, from which the problems of rain penetration is strongly reduced
Colin, Yann. "Simulation numérique de la distorsion générée par une entrée d'air de moteur civil par vent de travers." Toulouse, ISAE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ESAE0013.
Full textSheng, Risheng. "Application de l’approche de simulation des grandes échelles à l’évaluation des charges de vent sur les structures." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0030/document.
Full textHigh-rise buildings are built with increasingly low weight and structural damping in relation to the evolution of construction techniques and materials. The understanding of dynamic wind loads is an important issue for the design of high-rise buildings in order to guarantee their structural safety. The objective of the present work is to assess the ability of large eddy simulation (LES) to predict wind loads on structures and to investigate the influence of the inflow boundary conditions of a LES simulation on these loads. Experiments were carried out at a small scale in the NSA atmospheric wind tunnel of CSTB to document the modeled atmospheric boundary layer, to characterize its interaction with a building and the resulting static and dynamic wind loads. The wake flow around the building has been characterized by PIV measurements. Global and local wind loads were measured by a high frequency force balance and high frequency pressure taps. These wind tunnel experiments allowed for the development of an inflow turbulence generator for the LES simulation,which was aimed at reproducing the main characteristics of turbulence in the boundary layer. The database also made it possible to assess the quality of the results of the LES simulations carried out with the OpenFOAM code in the same configuration as the experiment. The use of both the new turbulence generator and a degraded one that does not account for all the characteristics of the flow has made it possible to show the necessity to reproduce the characteristics of the upstream wind flow in order to access the dynamic wind loads on the building
Matéo-Vélez, Jean-Charles. "Modélisation et simulation numérique de la génération de plasma dans les décharges couronnes et de son interaction avec l'aérodynamique." Toulouse, ENSAE, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ESAE0021.
Full textRétif, Fabien. "Modélisation du niveau instantané de la mer en conditions paroxysmales : Caractérisation des contributions à différentes échelles de temps et d’espace." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS126/document.
Full textTropical storms are the main engine of extreme water levels due to strong winds, abundant rainfalls and strong waves attached to these events. The western North Pacific ocean is one of places where these tropical storms (called typhoon in this area) are the most violent in the world exceeding 95 knots of wind speed (175 km/h). The island of Taiwan is located on the most of typhoons tracks which come from the western North Pacific. Every year, three or four typhoons strike Taiwan directly and around twenty pass near it. The quantification of instantaneous water levels variations is still studied by active researches. The identification of physical processes that can become dominant on water level during extreme conditions is crucial for the management and the protection of coastal areas.These PhD works, based on a numerical approach, allow to discuss the fondamental regional hydrodynamic mechanisms which control the sea surface elevation along the sandy barrier of Wan-Tzu-Liao located south-western Taiwan.We used the 3D circulation model SYMPHONIE and the wave model WAVEWATCH III to study the mousson season 2011 and the typhoon season 2012 on an area extending 600 km off Taiwan island. These simulations deal with most of the oceanographical forcings playing a role in the sea surface elevation at the coast : winds, air/sea fluxes, astronomical tides, regional circulation, rivers and waves. The coupling between waves and currents is fully in 3D and the two models share the same computational grid. Moreover, in the framework of the KUNSHEN project, a raft of devices were set in front of the Wan-Tzu Liao barrier from october 2011 to november 2012 along a cross-shore section. The full simulation of water level describes the storm surges generated by typhoons with errors of 0.1 m. With the aim to analyse hydrodynamic mechanisms, we performed a set of mono-forcing simulation that isolate each meteo-marine parameter. Their analysis show that astronomical tide is the dominant forcing (~1 m) followed by the regional circulation (0.5-0.7m) and the meteorological conditions (0.2-0.3 m). This zone displays a very strong dissipative feature that conducts to a very low waves contribution on the sea surface elevation (< 0.1 m). They display also a low contribution of rivers around Taiwan (< 0.1 m)
Tabone, Benoît. "L'origine des jets protostellaires à l'ère d'ALMA : de la modélisation aux observations." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEO024/document.
Full textThe question of angular momentum extraction from protoplanetary disks (hereafter PPDs) is fundamental in understanding the accretion process in young stars and the formation conditions of planets. Pioneering semi-analytical work, followed by a growing body of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, have shown that when a significant vertical magnetic field is present, MHD disk winds (hereafter MHD-DWs) can develop and ex- tract some or all of the angular momentum flux required for accretion. The aim of this PhD thesis is to exploit the unprecedented capabilities provided by ALMA to clarify the accretion-ejection process in protostars. This goal is achieved following three approaches: 1) comparison of MHD-DW models with the kinematics of HH 212 jet observed by ALMA at high angular resolution. I report the discovery of a rotating SO/SO2 wind consistent with a MHD-DWs launched out to ∼40 au with SiO tracing dust-free streamlines launched from 0.05−0.3 au. 2) Analytical and numerical study of the interaction between a pulsat- ing inner jet embedded in a stationary disk wind. Observational signatures are identified from the morphology and the kinematics of bow-shock shells. 3) Chemical signatures of a jet launched inside the dust sublimation radius (∼ 0.2 au). I show that despite the strong X-FUV field and the absence of dust, molecules like SiO or CO can form efficiently from a small fraction of H2. This scenario will be confronted to JWST observations
Cucchi, Véronique. "Sensibilité au vent des peuplements de pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait. ) : analyse comparative de dégâts de tempête : étude expérimentale et modélisation de la résistance au déracinement." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12822.
Full textIn managed forests, trees damaged by wind can represent significant economic losses. The response of forest stands to wind loading during storm is still partly unknown, as it is the result of a set of complex processes overlapping at different scales. This thesis aims to highlight the main silvicultural and environmental factors influencing sensitivity to wind of even-aged Maritime pine stands, which are intensively cultivated for wood production in southwest France. Three complementary approaches were used: i) comparative analysis of wind damage on two experimental stands, ii) static winching tests in order to determine mechanical resistance of root anchorage according to podzolic soil conditions found in the "Landes de Gascogne" region, and iii) modelling the critical wind speed for simulated stands of Maritime pine according to age and silvicultural scenario. At the stand scale, observation of damage and modelling simulations showed that sensitivity to wind depended both on stand age and stand density. A comparative analysis of damage after the 1999 storm indicated that stand density, which controls tree size characteristics, have complex effects on global stand and individual tree resistance. At the tree scale, winching tests showed a significant effect of spatial position of the tree on its individual resistance, as edge trees exposed to prevailing wind were better anchored than trees growing inside the stand. Some improvements are proposed for the model obtained, with two objectives, a scientific tool and an expert system intended to assist foresters. Finally, perspectives for taking into account wind risk in forest management are presented
Bergeron, Carl. "Modélisation du chablis en pessières régulières et irrégulières : effet de la diversité structurale des pessières noires boréales sur la résistance et la susceptibilité au chablis." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24356/24356.pdf.
Full textWorks aimed to evaluate windthrow resistance and susceptibility for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands of regular and irregular structure are presented here. Performed tree pulling works permitted to evaluate the critical bending moment in order to quantify the resistance of trees to overturning and stem breakage. Different models where fitted to the data. The critical bending moment is function of stem weight in all cases and influenced by the structure type or the height:diameter ratio in some cases. These results on mechanical resistance, along with crown modelling results and other adjustments, were used in an adaptation of the ForestGALES model in order to quantify windthrow susceptibility. Susceptibility appears to be quite variable between compared stands, both between and within structure types, but average tree spacing and height:diameter ratio explain most of the observed variability.
Perignon, Yves. "Modélisation déterministe des états de mer - Application à la rétrodiffusion d'ondes radar." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00624645.
Full textGagnaire-Renou, Elodie. "Amélioration de la modélisation spectrale des états de mer par un calcul quasi-exact des interactions non-linéaires vague-vague." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00595353.
Full textBezaud, Marion. "Oscillations induites par le vent et la marée autour de l'archipel de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0090.
Full textSaint-Pierre-and-Miquelon (SPM) is a French archipelago off the east coast of Canada. This poorly known region has been the subject of recent observations. They revealed unexpected oscillations on currents and temperatures over periods ranging from a few hours to a few days. The objective of this thesis is to study the main physical processes that cause these oscillations in winter and summer.In the first part, we studied oscillations with periods of ~2-4 days measured by two current meters during the winter 2014, that could temporarily dominate tidal currents. A 2D numerical model has been implemented at the regional scale to study this process. The simulation results show the role of storms in forcing these oscillations through waves trapped by topography.These waves propagate on the shelf at a regional scale towards the equator. They excite local waves that propagate anticyclonically around the archipelago in approximately one period.In the second part, diurnal oscillations of temperatures and currents were revealed by observations during the summers of 2015-2017. A 3D numerical tidally forced model was implemented locally with summer stratification conditions. The model shows that these oscillations result from an amplification of diurnal tidal currents. They are the signature of a wave trapped by the topography that propagate anticyclonically around SPM in two days, which corresponds to two wavelengths. The model also shows that the generation area of these waves is located northwest of SPM
Siefridt, Laure. "VValidation des données de vent ERS-1 et des flux de surface du CEPMMT dans le contexte de la modélisation des circulations océaniques à l'échelle d'un bassin." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10242.
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