Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation des océans'
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Geri, Paul. "Modélisation de l'acidification de l'océan." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1249.
Full textHassoun, Abed El Rahman. "Analyse et modélisation de l'acidification en mer Méditerranée." Perpignan, 2014. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01083406.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to contribute in the estimation of the anthropogenic CO2 concentrations (CANT) and the acidification in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as to predict the future acidification variations. Firstly, it is necessary to study the distribution of the hydrological (Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen utilization) and the carbonate system (total alkalinity, total inorganic carbon) parameters based on the MedSeA cruise data, collected between the 2nd of May and the 2nd of June 2013. Then, the water masses have been characterized and linear regressions between the salinity and the carbonate system parameters (AT and CT) have been established for every single Mediterranean sub-basin, at all depths. Moreover, the calculation of water masses mixing coefficients in the two main basins of the Mediterranean Sea, allowed to study the evolution of its water masses between 2008 and 2013. Afterwards, the concentrations of the CANT were estimated via TrOCA approach. All Mediterranean waters are contaminated by the CANT with concentrations (between 35. 2 and 101. 9 µmol kg-1, below 300 m) pretty higher than those recorded for other oceanic areas. This fact indicates that the CANT is, unfortunately, efficiently transferred from the atmosphere to the Mediterranean waters. In general, the Oriental basin is less contaminated by the CANT than the Occidental one. In addition, the acidification variation (ΔpHpreindustriel-2013) in the Mediterranean Sea varies from 0. 055 to 0. 156 unity of pH. It shows that all the Mediterranean waters are already acidified, particularly those of the Occidental basin where the ΔpH is rarely below 0. 1 unity of pH. Based on the most optimistic IPCC scenario (B1, 2001), the established model in this study predicts an acidification increase of 0. 5263 and 0. 5571 for the Oriental and Occidental basins respectively by 2100. Whereas, it forecasts, with the most pessimistic IPCC scenario (A1F1 ; 2001), a ΔpH increase of 1. 3998 and 1. 4103 in the Oriental and Occidental sub-basins respectively, at the end of this century. Furthermore, this model indicates that the actual acidification level is very fast and it tends to increase more dramatically in the near future (few years). Although both Mediterranean basins are oversaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite, the Occidental basin is characterized by lower carbonate concentrations and saturation levels than the other basin. This observation demonstrates that at long time scale, the pH decrease may influence the carbonate ions dissolution and thus, the biological activity of many marine organisms, especially the calcareous ones
Tandeo, Pierre. "MODÉLISATION SPATIO-TEMPORELLE D'UNE VARIABLE QUANTITATIVE À PARTIR DE DONNÉES MULTI-SOURCES APPLICATION À LA TEMPÉRATURE DE SURFACE DES OCÉANS." Phd thesis, Agrocampus - Ecole nationale supérieure d'agronomie de rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582679.
Full textTandeo, Pierre. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle d’une variable quantitative à partir de données multi-sources : Application à la température de surface des océans." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2010. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00582679.
Full textIn this thesis, an important oceanographic variable for the monitoring of the climate is studied: the sea surface temperature. At the global level, this variable is observed along the ocean by several remote sensed sources. In order to treat all this information, statistical methods are used to summarize our variable of interest in global daily map. For that purpose, a state-space linear model with Gaussian error is suggested. We begin to introduce this model on data resulting from having an irregular sampling. Then, we work on the estimation of the parameters. This is based on the combination of the method of moments and the maximum likelihood estimates, with the study of the EM algorithm and the Kalman recursions. Finally, this methodology is applied to estimate the variance of errors and the temporal correlation parameter to the Atlantic ocean. We add the spatial component and propose a separable second order structure, based on the product of a temporal covariance and a spatial anisotropic covariance. According to usual geostatistical methods, the parameters of this covariance are estimated on the Atlantic ocean and form a relevant atlas for the oceanographers. Finally, we show that the contribution of the spatial information increases the predictive behaviour of the model
Bouttes, Nathaëlle. "L’évolution du cycle du carbone au cours du Quaternaire." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066376.
Full textLambert, Sebastien. "Analyse et modélisation de haute précision pour l'orientation de la Terre." Phd thesis, Observatoire de Paris, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008856.
Full textTucciarone, Francesco. "Stochastic parametrization of ocean models through high resolution observations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024URENS010.
Full textThe global climate is strongly dependent on the global Ocean state. Numerical simulation remains the only way to forecast the Ocean-Atmosphere system and assess future states to make reliable meteorological and climatological hazard forecasts. The primary tool for the investigation of the Ocean and the Atmosphere are large-scale simulations, while high resolution simulations remains confined to small geographical domains or short integration periods. The complex interdependence of mesoscale and submesoscale dynamics is, however, lost in simulations that do not resolve scales below the Rossby radius of deformation, and thus must be parametrized. Most of the challenges of fluid dynamics (in all its connotations) arise from the representation of these effects with an efficient closure scheme. A novel research trend involves incorporating perturbations and noise components into the dynamics. The goal is to enrich the variability and parametrize subgrid processes, turbulence, boundary value uncertainty and account for numerical and discretizarion errors
Merino, Nacho. "Interactions calotte polaire/océan : vers la mise en place d'une modélisation couplée." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU051/document.
Full textThe next generation of climate models will include an ice-sheet model in order to improve the ice sheet mass balance projections by accounting for the ice dynamics and ice-oceans interactions. On the one hand, the Southern Ocean (SO) is indeed driving the acceleration of the Antarctic outlet glaciers via an increase in the basal melting of the ice shelves. On the other hand, the increasing ice discharge from Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contributes to the current sea level rise and is likely to become the largest cryospheric contributor to sea level rise by the end of the current century. In addition, the related freshening may have significant implications on future sea-ice cover and on bottom water formation. However, it is not clear yet how the ocean and ice-sheet components of future coupled systems will account for the ice-ocean interactions, which are both causes and consequences of the AIS mass imbalance. Here in this work, different aspects of the standalone ocean and ice-sheet components have been investigated. A first step of this thesis has been focused in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes in current ocean models. Based on recent glaciological estimates, the ice shelf basal melting fluxes have been spatially distributed in an ORCA025 grid, and the calving rates have been applied into an improved version of the NEMO-ICB iceberg model. This preliminary study has been used to produce a monthly iceberg meltwater climatology, to be used to force current ocean models. This work shows the importance of representing the iceberg meltwater fluxes when modeling sea ice, which can be inexpensively achieve by using our climatology. The improvements in the representation of the glacial freshwater fluxes have been considered in the study of the ocean model response to the Antarctic mass imbalance. This study considers a realistic perturbation in the glacial freshwater forcing as close as possible as it will be represented in future ice-sheet/ocean models. According to our results, up to 50% of the recent Antarctic sea ice volume changes might be caused by the observed decadal AIS mass imbalance rate. Glacial freshwater forcing appears to be crucial to correctly represent the ice-ocean interactions and projecting sea ice cover of future coupled systems. However, the estimation of the glacial freshwater input in future climate models will be strongly dependent upon the capacity of ice-sheet models to reproduce the grounding line migrations of marine ice sheet glaciers. Current ice-sheet models present large uncertainties related to different parametrizations. In the context of the future climate models, we have studied the sensitivity of ocean-driven grounding line retreats to the application of two different friction laws and two different englacial stress approximations. The model responses almost indistinctively to either the SSA or the SSA* englacial stress approximations. However, differences in the contribution of the glacier to the sea level rise can be up to 50% depending on the friction law considered. The more physically constrained Schoof friction law is significantly more reactive to the ocean perturbations than Weertman law and should be considered in future coupled systems. This work underlines that uncertainties related to the ice sheet model estimates of grounding line migrations may not only contribute to uncertainties in sea level projections, but also the sea ice cover through the ice-ocean interaction in future ocean models.This conclusion suggests the need for improving the representation of both the ice shelf basal melting and the glacier interaction with the bedrock, in order to improve the climate projections of future climate models, in which the spatial and seasonal distribution of the glacial freshwater fluxes may play an important role in setting the sea ice cover
Royer, Juliette. "Modélisation des stocks de céphalopodes de Manche." Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN2048.
Full textBrissaud, Quentin. "Modélisation numérique des ondes atmosphériques issues des couplages solide/océan/atmosphère et applications." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESAE0016/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the wave propagation problem within the Earth-ocean-atmosphere coupled system. A good understanding of the these phenomena has a major importance for seismic and atmospheric explosion studies, especially for planetary missions. Atmospheric wave-forms generated by explosions or surface oscillations can bring valuable information about the source mechanism or the properties of the various propagation media. We develop two new numerical full-wave high-order modeling tools to model the propagation of acoustic and gravity waves in realistic atmospheres. The first one relies on a high-order staggered finite difference method and focus only on the atmosphere. It enables the simultaneous propagation of linear acoustic and gravity waves in stratified viscous and windy atmosphere. This method is validated against quasi-analytical solutions based on the dispersion equations for a stratified atmosphere. It has also been employed to investigate two cases : the atmospheric propagation generated by a meteor impact on Mars for the INSIGHT NASA mission and for the study of tsunami-induced acoutic and gravity waves following the 2004 Sumatra tsunami. The second numerical method resolves the non-linear acoustic and gravity wave propagation in a realistic atmosphere coupled, with topography, to the elastic wave propagation in a visco-elastic solid. This numerical tool relies on a discontinuous Galerkin method to solve the full Navier-Stokes equations in the fluid domain and a continuous Galerkin method to solve the elastodynamics equations in the solid domain. It is validated against analytical solutions and numerical results provided by the finite-difference method
Pineau-Guillou, Lucia. "Interaction Océan-Atmosphère : amélioration de la tension de vent en modélisation physique côtière." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0064/document.
Full textStorm surges may be underestimated in hydrodynamic models, as well as large wave heights in wave models. This could come from an underestimation of strong winds in atmospheric models and/or an inappropriate wind stress formulation. The objectives of the present work are (1) to estimate how strong are the biases for high winds in atmospheric models (2) to develop a new drag parameterization that could reduce this bias (3) to investigate the impact of the waves on the wind stress. The method consists of studying the response of the atmosphere and the ocean to the wind stress.In a first part, we use the coupled wave-atmosphere model from ECMWF. We show that strong winds may be underestimated, as much as -7 m/s at 30 m/s.Significant differences also exist between observations, with buoys and ASCAT-KNMI generally showing lower wind speeds than the platforms and other remote-sensing data used in this study(AMSR2, ASCAT-RSS, WindSat, SMOS and JASON-2).The newly empirically adjusted Charnock parameterization leads to higher winds compared to the default ECMWF parameterization. In a second part, we use the global ocean model TUGO fromLEGOS forced with ECMWF coupled wave-atmopshere model. We show that a wave-dependent rather than wind-dependent stress formulation is more appropriate, when the sea state is young and the sea rougher. It yields to simulated surges closer to observations (i.e. tide gauges and JASON-2 altimeter tracks). The wave impact on the surges is significant, and may reach 20 cm
Woillez, Marie-Noëlle. "Modélisation des variations rapides du système atmosphère océan végétation cryopshère en climats glaciaires." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0039.
Full textWe have investigated issues related to the millenial-scale climatic variability of the last glacial period with the climate model IPSL and the dynamic vegetation model ORCHIDEE. We have first studied the respective impacts of climate and CO2 on the glacial vegetation, and shown the major role of the low CO2 levels. We have then analysed the sensitivity of glacial vegetation to abrupt changes in the Atlantic Meridional Oceanic Circulation (AMOC). The vegetation evolution is in qualitative agreement with pollen data but lags oceanic changes by up to 200 years. At global scale, AMOC changes lead to changes in the global terrestrial carbon stocks of a few dozens of Gt. We have also investigated the issue of the origin of abrupt events and tested the hypothesis of a solar influence on the ice ablation rate of the ice sheets and hence on the freshwater flux in the North Atlantic, which could trigger abrupt circulation changes
Krug, Jean. "Intéractions calottes polaires/océan : modélisation des processus de vêlage au front des glaciers émissaires." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU033/document.
Full textPolar ice-sheets discharge and subsequent sea level rise is a major concern. Warming climate affects the behaviour of tidewater outlets glaciers and increases their ice discharge. As they drain the ice flow toward the ocean, it is pivotal to incorporate their dynamics when modelling the ice-sheet response to global warming. However, tidewater glacier dynamics is still complicated to understand, as they are believed to involve many feedbacks. The one between calving margin dynamics and glacier general dynamics is fundamental. This PhD thesis focuses on modelling the calving front of outlet glaciers, in order to enhance the representation of physical processes occurring at their margin. To do so, we build up a new framework for calving based on damage mechanics and fracture mechanics. This allows us to represent the slow degradation of the ice rheological properties from a virgin state to the appearance of a crevasse field, as well as the rapid fracture propagation associated with calving events. Our model is then constrained within a 2D flow-line representation of Helheim Glacier, Greenland. We find some parameters sets for which the glacier behaviour is coherent with its past evolution. Sensitivity tests are carried out and they reveal the significance of each model parameter. This new calving law is then employed to study the impact of submarine frontal melting and ice mélange (heterogeneous mixture of sea-ice and icebergs) on glacier dynamics. These two forcings are usually suspected to be responsible for the seasonal variations of the calving margin. Our results show that both forcings impact the front dynamics. The melting, however, only slightly changes the front position, when the ice mélange can force the glacier front to displace up to a few kilometers. Additionally, if the melting at the front is not sufficient to affect the inter-annual mass balance, this is not obvious when forced by ice mélange. At last, our model highlights a feature which is specific to floating glaciers: for the strongest forcings, the glacier equilibrium may be modified, as well as its pluri-annual mass balance.STAR
Lemarié, Florian. "Algorithmes de Schwarz et couplage océan-atmosphère." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10223.
Full textMany applications in coastal and operational oceanography and meteorology require high resolution local models, for which ocean-atmosphere interactions must be properly taken into account. In that case, connecting the two model solutions at the air-sea interface is a very difficult problem. In this context we intend to adapt Schwarz-like domain decomposition methods to this kind of problem to address it on an appropriate way from the mathematical point of view. One important difficulty comes from the turbulent behaviour of the flow in the boundary layers both sides of the interface. First, we carry out a review of the various parameterization schemes relevant for our study. Then we propose to study an idealized form of the problem: a coupling between two diffusion equations modeling the turbulent mixing in the boundary layers, the diffusion coefficients are given by usual parameterization schemes. In order to ensure a quick convergence of the method we search for optimized transmission conditions. Those latter are determined analytically for constant and discontinuous at the interface diffusion coefficients then we extend those results to the more complicated case with spatially variable coefficients, thanks to a new approach. Finally we show how the usual coupling methods can be described in the formalism of the Schwarz methods. Then we propose a first real-case study (genesis and propagation of a tropical cyclone) and we introduce some numerical results, obtained with a non-optimized method
Lemarié, Florian. "Algorithmes de Schwarz et couplage océan-atmosphère." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343501.
Full textThierry, Virginie. "Observation et modélisation de la variabilité saisonnière dans l'Océan Atlantique Equatorial profond." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2006.
Full textLouvel, Véronique. "Les marges conjuguées de l'Atlantique Nord : structure et modélisation de l'ouverture océanique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995STR13017.
Full textKhodri-Chouchou, Myriam. "Modélisation couplée Océan-Atmosphère-Glace de mer de la réponse climatique aux changements d'insolation du dernier interglaciaire." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066420.
Full textCastelle, Bruno. "Modélisation de l'hydrodynamique sédimentaire au-dessus des barres sableuses soumises à l'action de la houle : application à la côte aquitaine." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12859.
Full textThis thesis presents the first complete study of wave dynamics, wave-induced currents, and morphodynamics of nearshore sandy bars on the aquitanian coast beaches. This study is based on a physical modeling approach, associated with satellite imagery as well as treatment and analysis of field data. From the 12th to the 19th of october 2001 at Truc Vert beach, hydrodynamic and sedimentary data were collected during PNEC 2001 field measurements for energetic swell conditions. From the analysis of these data, the hydrodynamic module of the morphodynamic model developed during this thesis has been validated, and the dynamics of waves and wave-induced currents has been described. Simulations over aquitanian coast ridge and runnel systems and nearshore crescentic bar system show an intense tidal modulation of physical processes. Rip currents are induced by shore normal incidence long swells and an oscillating longshore current is induced by oblic incidence swells. The morphodynamic coupling including tidal cycles shows that self-organization mechanisms are responsible for the formation fo ridge and runnel systems in the intertidal domain and crescentic bar systems in the nearshore zone. The morphological characteristics of simulated systems are in agreement with observations. The development of these bars is also studied, as well as its sensitivity to wave forcing. The study leads to a new conceptual model of sandy bars morphology on the aquitanian coast
Conil, Sébastien. "Modélisation de l'influence océanique sur la variablilité atmosphérique dans la région Atlantique Nord Europe." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066068.
Full textFortilus, Jeanne Marie Rose. "Modélisation bioéconomique des pêcheries thonières : mise en place d'aires marines protégées en haute mer de l'Océan indien." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT4023.
Full textEn introduction de la thèse, j'expose tout d'abord les enjeux biologiques et économiques de la gestion des pêcheries, puis la problématique des aires marines protégées (AMPs), notamment en haute mer. Dans une seconde partie, la description de la structure en réseau du système bioéconomique a été réalisée: des stocks jusqu'aux di#érents marchés. Je présente ensuite comment la prise en compte de cette structure m'a permis d'homogénéiser les données de captures issues de la base de données Sardara et celles de commerce issues de la base de données Fishstat. Je propose alors une analyse succincte des données homogénéisées. Dans la dernière partie de la thèse, je développe un modèle bioéconomique de l'ensemble de la filière. Ce modèle est basé sur la notion d'équilibre de réseau lequel est reconnu comme de grande taille puis qu'il implique environ 1000 liens biologiques ou économiques. Les algorithmes que j'utilise pour le calcul de l'équilibre du réseau tout en itérant le principe sur plusieurs années sont fournis en annexe. Enfin, je montre que ce travail est capable de développer et d'analyser différents scénarii, de la mise en place d'AMPs au large, entre autres, dont les résultats sont analysés avant de conclure
Fleutelot, Corinne. "Propagation de segments de dorsales océaniques et modélisation pétro-géochimique de l'évolution des réservoirs magmatiques (dorsales juan de fuca, cocos-nazca et bassin nord fidjien)." Brest, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BRES2022.
Full textJullien, Swen. "Interactions océan-atmosphère au sein des cyclones tropicaux du pacifique sud : processus et climatologie." Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2146/.
Full textTropical cyclone (TC)-ocean interactions are essential for cyclone formation and evolution. Surface cooling is observed in the cyclone wake and is expected to exert a negative feedback to the storm intensity. This thesis provide a quantification of the ocean response and its feedback using a coupled regional model of the southwest Pacific developed for present climate long-term simulations at mesoscale resolution which are requested to separate robust features from anecdotic effects. The results highlight the neglected role of three-dimensional dynamics in the ocean and the atmosphere and tend to contradict the extreme estimations made from simple theoretical models. Previous estimates that neglect the upwelling process and ocean warm anomaly re-emergence by winter entrainment overestimate the local heat uptake by the ocean. The intensity distribution of TCs is significantly affected by the cold wake but the feedback of SST cooling to storm intensity is of moderate amplitude, compared with theoretical models based on thermodynamic arguments. Actually, our analyses contradict the direct thermodynamic control of TC intensification by surface moisture fluxes in favor of a storm-scale dynamic control. In addition, regional oceanography has a large impact on coupling. It is stronger in the Coral Sea that has shallow mixed layer and numerous eddies but extremely weak in the warm pool that has deep mixed layer, thick barrier layer and no mesoscale activity
Jullien, Swen. "Interactions océan-atmosphère au sein des cyclones tropicaux du Pacifique Sud : processus et climatologie." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00943495.
Full textJourdain, Nicolas. "Simulations climatiques régionales couplées atmosphère - océan - glace de mer en Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00266564.
Full textLe climat de l'Antarctique implique la glace de mer, dont l'extension modifie par exemple l'humidité diponible pour l'atmosphère. Mais l'ensemble de l'océan joue également un rôle, car la formation d'eau dense près des côtes engendre des échanges relativement rapides entre la surface et l'océan profond. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi de créer un modèle régional couplé atmosphère - glace de mer - océan. Le but de cette thèse est uniquement de développer et d'évaluer un tel modèle.
Pour l'atmosphère, nous utilisons le Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR, Gallee et al. 2005). Ce modèle a été spécialement développé pour les régions polaires. Il se distingue des autres modèles climatiques régionaux par sa représentation élaborée de la neige, et par une représentation interactive de la neige soufflée par le vent. Pour l'océan et la glace de mer, nous utilisons NEMO (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean), constitué de OPA-9 (Océan PArallélisé, Madec 2007) et de LIM-2 (Louvain Ice Model, Fichefet 1997). Le modèle d'océan utilise une paramétrisation élaborée de la diffusion turbulente le long des isopycnes et de la diffusion verticale. Le modèle de glace de mer utilise un modèle thermodynamique à trois couches, des équations dynamiques basées sur la rhéologie visco-plastique. Enfin, MAR et NEMO sont couplés grâce au logiciel OASIS-3 (Valcke et al. 2003). Le modèle résultant est appelé TANGO, pour Triade Atmosphère-Neige, Glace de mer, Océan.
Avant d'analyser des simulations de TANGO, il convient de connaître précisément le comportement de chacun des modèles lorsqu'ils sont forcés par des données. Dans un premier temps, nous testons la sensibilité de MAR à la représentation de la rugosité orographique. En simulant un cas de la littérature, nous montrons que MAR est capable de simuler des cyclones de méso-échelle ; nous montrons ensuite que le rôle des vents catabatiques côtiers dans la cyclogenèse est faible devant le rôle de l'écoulement synoptique, contrairement à ce que conjecturaient les travaux précédents. Comme les vents catabatiques côtiers dépendent fortement de la rugosité orographique des Montagnes Transantarctiques, les polynies de TANGO pourraient en dépendre ; c'est pourquoi nous avons réglé ce paramètre de façon à avoir des vents côtiers en accord avec les relevés des stations météorologiques. Enfin, nous montrons que la fraction de glace de mer a peu d'influence sur la circulation atmosphérique, probablement parce que notre méthode ne modifie pas la position des fronts de glace.
Estimer l'apport du couplage s'avère compliqué, car une partie du comportement de TANGO vient effectivement des rétroactions physiques permises par le couplage, mais une autre partie vient du changement de "forçages". En effet, MAR voit habituellement la glace de mer se SSM/I, et NEMO voit habituellement des champs atmosphériques issus des réanalyses ERA-40 ; dans TANGO, MAR voit donc les défauts de NEMO, et inversement. Pour évaluer la capacité de TANGO à représenter des rétroactions physiques, nous avons donc réalisé un jeu de simulations dans lequel MAR est forcé par les champs de surface de NEMO, et NEMO est forcé par les champs de surface de MAR. Les comparaisons entre ces simulations et les simulations couplées montrent que la couverture de glace de mer de TANGO diffère de celle de NEMO forcé par MAR, ce qui prouve que des rétroactions sont représentées. Dans le détail, nous identifions également une rétroaction impliquant la glace produite dans une polynie à l'automne, et une rétroaction impliquant les précipitations et la température de surface de l'océan.
Finalement, l'ensemble des évaluations de MAR sur l'océan ont permis des améliorations très récentes de MAR : H. Gallée a ainsi amélioré la prise en compte des nuages aux frontières, et les flocons de neige ont été introduits dans le schéma radiatif de façon à mieux simuler les températures de la couche limite sur la calotte. Ceci améliore également le comportement de TANGO. Cette étude souligne également l'importance du couplage, puisque la solution couplée diffère de la solution forcée, toutes paramétrisations étant égales. Nous concluons donc qu'il est nécessaire de poursuivre l'utilisation de TANGO.
Ces travaux ouvrent d'abord des perspectives à court terme, puisqu'il faudra analyser le détail des rétroactions mises en \oe uvre de façon à tenter de mieux comprendre le climat de l'Antarctique. Ensuite, TANGO pourra être utilisé à petite échelle et haute résolution pour l'analyse des polynies et des formations des masses d'eau dense impliquées dans les circulations océaniques profondes. Une autre possibilité sera d'utiliser TANGO à l'échelle de la calotte, de façon à travailler sur la régionalisation du changement climatique en Antarctique. Enfin, à plus long terme, il sera nécessaire de travailler sur le représentation des cavités sous les plate-formes glaciaires dans TANGO.
Daloz, Anne Sophie. "Importance du couplage océan-atmosphère sur la sensibilité au réchauffement climatique : impact sur les ouragans." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2641/.
Full textOcean-atmosphere interactions are essential for tropical cyclones. The ocean provides the energy required to sustain tropical cyclones. The simulation of interactions between the ocean and tropical cyclones is therefore crucial and is the focus of this thesis. The first section introduces the rotated-stretched and coupled version of the general circulation model ARPEGE-Climate, developed for this thesis. This rotated-stretched version achieves a spatial resolution between 60 and 100 km over the North Atlantic basin, resolution required to study tropical cyclones. The coupling of ARPEGE-Climate with oceanic general circulation model NEMO has also allowed taking in consideration ocean-atmosphere of tropical cyclones. Two types of simulations are performed, on the one hand coupled simulations and on the other hand simulations with prescribed sea surface temperatures from the coupled simulation. The second section focuses on the ability of general circulation models from the Intercomparison program, TC-MIP, to represent tropical cyclone activity and its precursors on the main development region of the North Atlantic Ocean. General circulation models have strong difficulties to represent tropical cyclone activity in this region, certainly related to their low spatial resolution, between 1° and 2. 5°. Although, the following precursors of tropical cyclone activity have been identified in this region : African easterly waves activity, Sahelian rainfall and especially those that occurs over the Fouta-Djallon, 11 ° N, sea surface temperatures and vertical wind shear horizontal on the main development region, tropospheric humidity over the African west coast. The third section of the thesis presents sensitivity tests that were performed on ARPEGE-Climate rotated-stretched and coupled with NEMO. These tests show the importance of the stretching pole position, the setting of the convection scheme parameters and the coupling frequency. In the fourth section, the configurations of ARPEGE-Climate coupled and forced are compared to assess the impact of ocean-atmosphere coupling on tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic basin. It appears that the coupling : modifies the geographical distribution of cyclone activity over the North Atlantic basin; modifies the activity of African easterly waves, which in turn affects cyclone activity over the main development region; changes the seasonal cycle of tropical cyclone activity over the main development region, and thus on the entire North Atlantic basin. This section also presents the similarities and differences of the sensitivity to global warming of forced and coupled simulations. Both configurations present : an overall decrease, although small, of tropical cyclone activity over the North Atlantic basin, a decrease in tropical cyclone activity in the southern Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, an increase of tropical cyclone activity in the Sargasso Sea, an intensification of tropical cyclones in terms of pressure and maximum wind, an increase in tropical cyclonic precipitations. The coupled and forced simulations also show some differences, especially regarding the evolution of the distribution of cyclone activity in the Sargasso Sea or the main development region. Another important difference is the nature of tropical cyclone in the future climate. The coupled configuration shows much greater differences on the changes of nature of tropical cyclones
Zakarya, Elmostafa. "La houle et son impact sur le littoral atlantique marocain : approche par modélisation." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA040042.
Full textThis work deals essentially with waves and, on a less important level, with factors which influence the evolution of Moroccan Atlantic littoral. The study of waves begins with forecasting, the analysis of statistic data, and then the elaboration of numerical (computer) models in order to describe and foresee extreme incidents (program houle3). The aim is to work out a model of the waves dynamics in waters of a shallow level (programs houle1 & houle2). The analysis of the sedimentary dynamics enables us to evaluate the littoral transit to about 250. 000m3 per year in Safi bay and to 400. 000m3 per year in Agadir bay
Operto, Stéphane. "Structure et origine du plateau de Kerguelen (océan indien austral) : implications géodynamiques : modélisation de données sismiques grand-angle marines." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066181.
Full textBeuvier, Jonathan. "Modélisation de la variabilité climatique de la circulation et des masses d'eau en Méditerranée : impacts des échanges océan-atmosphère." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/67/68/96/PDF/Beuvier_2011_PhD-thesis_1.pdf.
Full textThis thesis aims at progressing on key points about the realistic reproduction of the formation and the paths of the Mediterranean water masses, and their variability. For that purpose, several regional oceanic models of the Mediterranean Sea, with different horizontal resolutions, are developped and used. A realistic configuration, representing the interannual variability of the boundary conditions of these models (atmosphere, Atlantic Ocean, rivers, Black Sea) is used to carry out long-term simulations of the Mediterranean for the last 50 years. Two rare events, characterising the decennial variability in the Mediterranean, are studied: the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and the Western Mediterranean Transition (WMT). The EMT is a period, at the beginning of the 1990's, during which the main site of dense water formation in the eastern Mediterreanean basin switched from the Adriatic subbasin to the Aegean subbasin. The ability of the long-term simulations to reproduce the sequence of the EMT events is first proved. Among the preconditionning and triggering elements of the EMT suggested in the literature, we show that the main factors are the intense winter fluxes over the Aegean subbasin during winters 1992 and 1993. The realism of the Cretan Deep Water (CDW) formation and propagation during the EMT is then analysed in reference and sensitivity simulations. The spreading of the CDW on the bottom of the eastern Mediterranean is only reproduced with modified atmospheric conditions. The WMT has been starting during winter 2005 in the Gulf of Lions, during which a huge volume of Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) was formed with unusual high temperature and salinity. The simulations reproduce the intensity of the winter 2005 deep convection in the Gulf of Lions, which is due to the strong surface buoyancy loss. They also show that 100-km width deep cyclonic eddies are responsible for the fast southwards spreading of the new WMDW. Then, the long-term simulations allow to set back the WMT in the decennial variability of the north-western Mediterranean. They show that the EMT potentially doubled the volume of new WMDW formed in winter 2005 in the Gulf of Lions, but that it is not responsible for the high temperature and salinity of the new WMDW. These unusual characteristics are due to the absence of intense convection in the Gulf of Lions during the 1990's, which favours a salt and heat accumulation in the north-western Mediterranean
Beuvier, Jonathan. "Modélisation de la variabilité climatique de la circulation et des masses d'eau en Méditerranée : impacts des échanges océan-atmosphère." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00676896.
Full textPasquer, Bénédicte. "Modélisation de la pompe biologique de carbone dans l'Océan Austral." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210937.
Full textMaraldi, Claire. "Modélisation de la dynamique barotrope de l'océan Indien Austral : application à l'altimétrie." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30168.
Full textSeismic soundings, ice shelf elevation measurements and barotropic tide modelling, has been applied to estimate the bathymetry beneath the Amery Ice Shelf more accurately. The barotropic models have been validated by comparison with in situ and altimetric elevation measurements and current meter data. The comparison of our solutions with global models reveals the important role of regional modelling in coastal areas and beneath the floating ice shelves. The hydrodynamic model outputs have then been analysed. Further analysis of our regional tidal simulation has allowed us to examine and understand the tidal dynamics in the study region. We have then computed the energy budget to assess the model consistency and distinguish high dissipation sub-regions. In addition, using ECMWF atmospheric forced modelling, we could study barotropic circulation in the Southern Indian Ocean, characterize its modes of variability and quantify the impact of various forcing terms brought into play. Finally, the joint analysis of current velocities from the two simulations, baroclinic geostrophic and Ekman currents, has allowed us to estimate lateral mixing over the Kerguelen Plateau. Predominantly due to tidal velocities, this mixing explained the horizontal extension limits of the annual phytoplanktonic bloom observed over the northern plateau. Models of high frequency dynamics have also been applied to study altimetric signals. Firstly, they have been used as indicators to define regions of internal tide generation. By analysing altimetric measurements in these regions, we have characterized the sea surface signature of those waves, and estimated the energy dissipated through this process. The regional barotropic solutions have then served to correct altimetric measurements from aliased high frequency processes. The impact of these corrections has been quantified in coastal regions and beneath the Amery Ice Shelf. The corrected altimetric measurements have allowed us to study the local oceanic dynamics around the Kerguelen Islands. Over the Amery Ice Shelf, it has allowed us to observe a thinning of the floating shelf over its central part during the ENVISAT period
Lebeaupin, Brossier Cindy. "Etude du couplage océan-atmosphère associé aux épisodes de pluie intense en région méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00248618.
Full textLa sensibilité des ces épisodes extrêmes à la SST a tout d'abord été évaluée à l'aide de simulations atmosphériques à haute résolution avec le modèle MESO-NH, sur trois cas d'évènements fortement précipitants dans le Sud-Est de la France: les cas de l'Aude (12-13 novembre 1999), du Gard (8-9 septembre 2002) et de l'Hérault (3 décembre 2003). Différents champs de SST ont été utilisés (analyses obtenues par interpolation optimale des observations in-situ, SST satellite, augmentation ou diminution empirique de la SST). L'importance significative de la valeur moyenne de SST intégrée sous le jet de basses couches sur la convection en terme d'intensité et de localisation a ainsi été mise en évidence.
Le rôle de la paramétrisation des flux de surface a été examiné dans une deuxième partie en introduisant dans le schéma de surface SURFEX deux nouvelles paramétrisations ``bulk'' itératives : la paramétrisation ECUME basée sur une calibration multi-campagne des coefficients d'échanges et la paramétrisation COARE 3.0. Sur les trois mêmes épisodes, les simulations utilisant ces deux nouvelles paramétrisations ``bulk'' itératives simulent des valeurs de stress et d'évaporation plus faibles que celles obtenues en utilisant la paramétrisation originale de MESO-NH (Louis, 1979).
Dans une troisième partie, une modélisation couplée océan-atmosphère a été mise en place entre le modèle MESO-NH et un modèle océanique 1D en équation d'énergie cinétique turbulente, afin d'évaluer sur les trois mêmes cas d'étude, l'impact des fortes précipitations et du fort stress associé sur la couche de mélange océanique et les rétroactions sur la convection atmosphérique. Les résultats montrent la robustesse du modèle océanique sous le forçage atmosphérique extrême imposé même en région côtière. La réponse océanique à courte échéance montre un fort approfondissement de la couche de mélange océanique sous le jet de basses couches et la formation locale de couches de mélange internes associées aux précipitations intenses. Ce type de réponse est particulièrement important pour la dynamique de l'océan superficiel ainsi que pour la couche limite atmosphérique.
Lebeaupin, Brossier Cindy. "Étude du couplage océan-atmosphère associé aux épisodes de pluie intense en région méditérannéenne." Toulouse 3, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00248618.
Full textThe Mediterranean coastal areas are prone to torrential rainfall in autumn. The Mediterranean Sea is the major source of heat and moisture for these extreme meteorological events. Generally, an unstable air mass is transported by a strong low-level wind from the sea towards mountainous regions. The convection is then triggered and could stay several hours over the same area, producing locally large rainfall totals and sometimes flood damages. The sensitivity of these extreme events to the sea surface conditions has been examined based on high-resolution atmospheric simulations (2-3 km) of three heavy rainfall events over Southern France: catastrophic events in Aude (12-13 November 1999), Gard (8-9 September 2002) and Hérault (3 December 2003). Various SST fields have been used in MESO-NH simulations (optimal interpolation of in-situ observations, satellite SST, empirical increase/decrease of SST). The significant impact on the atmospheric convection (intensity and location) of the overall SST value beneath the low-level jet has been highlighted. We also evaluated the sensitivity to the air-sea fluxes parameterizations by introducing in the MESO-NH surface scheme (SURFEX) two new iterative bulk sea surface parameterizations: the ECUME parameterization including a multi-campaign calibration of the exchange coefficients and the COARE 3. 0 algorithm. The main results are a strong decrease of the wind stress and of the evaporation simulated when the bulk iterative parameterizations are used instead of the original MESO-NH parameterization. As a third part of this study, an air-sea coupled modelling between the MESO-NH model and a 1D oceanic model in Turbulent Kinetic Energy equations was developed in order to study the impact of heavy precipitation and associated strong wind stress on the Mediterranean Sea mixed layer and the feedbacks on the atmospheric convection for the three same cases studied. The results show the oceanic model's robustness under these extreme atmospheric forcing imposed even in costal area. The short-range oceanic response obtained shows a strong deepening of the oceanic mixed layer under the low-level jet and the local formation of internal mixed layers associated with intense rainfall. This kind of response is particularly important for the dynamics of the oceanic mixed layer as for the atmospheric boundary layer
Pietri, Alice. "Variabilité méso et subméso-échelle de l’upwelling du Pérou à partir d’observations glider et de modélisation haute résolution." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066154.
Full textThe aim of this PhD thesis is to study meso and submesoscale variability in the Peru upwelling system, one of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS). These regions are characterized by horizontal temperature and density gradients between the coastal area and the open sea and by an enhanced biological activity. This work is based on "glider" observations along a repeat section in an upwelling cell offshore Pisco (14◦S). This in situ data gave the opportunity to describe the hydrological and alongshore velocity vertical structure in this EBUS. The acquired data allowed to estimate alongshore velocities and to study their vertical structure and variability. The surface current and the undercurrent have thus been described in detail. In addition, a deep equatorward intermittent cur- rent was evidenced in April 2010. Its dynamic and origin were studied with two eddy-resolving high-resolution models. It has been shown that this current is probably associated with a coastally trapped wave propagating from the equatorial region to the pole. This signal was also reproduced with a simple linear model and related to a third baroclinic mode of coastal-trapped wave. Hydrological data was also used to highlight the presence of submesoscale features in subsurface near the upwelling front. Different processes able to act on the distribution of thermohaline properties were studied to estimate their impact on the region. Dynamical diagnostics have shown that frontgenesis, wind driven symmetric instability and mesoscale stirring are taking place in the upwelling frontal region and could explain the observed submesoscale variability. Joint action of these three processes is likely responsible for the formation of the observed thermohaline intrusions. Variability of the upwelling front at several spatial and temporal scales was studied and the importance of meso and submeso scale dynamics highlighted in this complex system. Crucial processes have been described in order to improve the comprehension of the Peru-Chile upwelling system
Berthou, Ségolène. "Sensibilité des précipitations extrêmes au couplage sous-mensuel atmosphère-océan en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : approche par la modélisation climatique régionale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066477/document.
Full textEvery year in autumn, heavy precipitation events (HPEs) occur in the northwestern Mediterrranean. This thesis uses coupled atmosphere-ocean regional climate modeling to tackle the sensitivity of these events to sea surface temperature (SST) changes coming either from model biases or from the oceanic mixed layer response to atmospheric forcing. Two case studies show the particular sensitivity of moisture convergence zones to SST changes. The use of synthetic indexes of precipitation changes and SST changes in the upstream zones shows a linear relationship between the two indexes in several regions (Cévennes, the region of Valencia, Calabria) in the modeling platforms MORCE and CNRM-RCSM4. Furthermore, we show that the HPEs in the region of Valencia are often preceded by a Mistral event which cools the upstream zone whithin 5 days before the HPEs. In turn, this cooling tends to reduce the intensity of the HPE
Berthou, Ségolène. "Sensibilité des précipitations extrêmes au couplage sous-mensuel atmosphère-océan en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : approche par la modélisation climatique régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066477.
Full textEvery year in autumn, heavy precipitation events (HPEs) occur in the northwestern Mediterrranean. This thesis uses coupled atmosphere-ocean regional climate modeling to tackle the sensitivity of these events to sea surface temperature (SST) changes coming either from model biases or from the oceanic mixed layer response to atmospheric forcing. Two case studies show the particular sensitivity of moisture convergence zones to SST changes. The use of synthetic indexes of precipitation changes and SST changes in the upstream zones shows a linear relationship between the two indexes in several regions (Cévennes, the region of Valencia, Calabria) in the modeling platforms MORCE and CNRM-RCSM4. Furthermore, we show that the HPEs in the region of Valencia are often preceded by a Mistral event which cools the upstream zone whithin 5 days before the HPEs. In turn, this cooling tends to reduce the intensity of the HPE
Crochelet, Estelle. "Modélisation de la connectivité larvaire et implications en terme de gestion de l'environnement." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0003/document.
Full textIntegrating ecological connectivity into marine ecosystem management and planning is important, especially in a global context of severe fish stocks depletion and growing habitat degradation. Environmental tools such as Marine Protected Areas have been proposed to protect biodiversity, restore damaged ecosystems, sustain fisheries, and rebuild overexploited stocks. The effectiveness of marine protected areas depends in part on the maintenance of connectivity between marine populations, linked by ecological processes such as larval dispersal. In this thesis, we applied a biophysical model driven by ocean currents derived from satellite altimetry to evaluate connectivity between Western Indian Ocean reefs and across the current MPA system in the Mediterranean Sea. We applied different methods of analysis such as graph-theoretic and clustering. In the Western Indian Ocean, marine connectivity analyses show that the number of connections between reefs increases with fish pelagic larval duration. It also highlights a low connectivity across the region and a high interconnectivity within several regions (Mozambique Channel, Mascarene archipelago). In the Mediterranean Sea, connectance is globally low at the regional scale. This connectance is more important in Western than Eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, the marine connectivity analyses revealed high domestic connectivity rates. Depending on the study area, priority reefs or sites for MPA implementation are proposed. Finally, implications for transboundary marine policies and regional cooperation are discussed
Abecassis, Mélanie. "Modélisation des interactions entre l'espadon, la tortue caouanne et les palangriers dans l'océan Pacifique Nord." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1782/.
Full textIn 2011, loggerheads were relisted as endangered in the Pacific Ocean. Numerous mitigation measures have been taken in the past decade to reduce the number of sea turtle interactions with the fisheries that target swordfish. The goal of this project is to yield a better description of swordfish and loggerheads habitats in the Pacific from electronic tagging data, and then to use these results to calibrate numerical models aimed at predicting the spatial distributions of both species to evaluate potential by-catch reduction strategies. The analysis of pop-up archival satellite tags deployed on swordfish allowed for a better understanding of the factors controlling their vertical behavior and led to the development of a generalized additive model (GAM) to predict swordfish mean daytime depth. That information could help longline fishermen to target swordfish during the daytime at depth, rather than at night in the surface layer where loggerheads reside. Data from satellite tag deployed on loggerhead turtles allowed to study their movements in details in conjunction with environmental variables along their tracks. Finally, the SEAPODYM model was adapted to swordfish in the Pacific to study the distributions of young and adult swordfish overlap periods between swordfish and loggerheads. A better fishing dataset would allow to study the regions of overlap in a detailed enough manner for management purposes
Cadule, Patricia. "Modélisation des interactions entre le système climatique et le cycle du carbone." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066142.
Full textWibawa, Teja Arief. "Modélisation globale et régionale de la dynamique de population du thon obèse de l'océan Indien avec le modèle SEAPODYM." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30149/document.
Full textThe Indonesian tuna fishery has suffered from a management problem due to incomplete and less reliability of tuna data leading to lack of understanding about tuna population dynamics in its region. The government of Indonesia initiated the Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography (INDESO) programme to support marine resource management and monitoring of the Country. One application concerns the tuna fisheries with a challenging objective of real-time and forecast modeling of three tuna species biomass distributions: bigeye, yellowfin and skipjack. The model used is SEAPODYM (Spatial Ecosystem and Population Dynamics Model). The present thesis is dealing with bigeye tuna only, and had three major objectives: the preparation of a geo-referenced fishing dataset, the production of initial conditions for the regional INDESO model configuration, and the simulation of regional population dynamics. The georeferenced fishing catch and effort dataset of the Indian Ocean bigeye tuna was standardized throughout five procedures: standardization of spatial resolution, conversion and standardization of catch and effort units, raising of geo-referenced catch to nominal catch level, screening and correction of outliers, and detection of major catchability changes over long time series of fishing data. . The standardized geo-referenced catch dataset covers two-third of total nominal catch due to lack of geographic references for several fishing fleets. The regional model was configured along three steps: the parameterization of coarse resolution model over a long historical period, the downscaling and parameterization of operational global configuration, and the downscaling to the operational regional model. The first step provided model parameterization over the Pacific and Indian Ocean for thirty-nine years period at 2° monthly resolution, allowing to establish initial conditions of the population for the second configuration starting in 1998 at resolution 1/4° weekly. This second model configuration required a downscaling method to revise the parameterization and achieve the same solution despite some differences in the physical forcing. This global operational model provided initial conditions of the population and open boundary conditions (OBCs) constraining the fluxes of fish through the regional borders of INDESO model (1/12° daily resolution). The standardized Indian Ocean fishing dataset was used for including fishing mortality and validate the optimization achieved in the Pacific Ocean. Model simulation outputs suggest that bigeye is distributed in higher concentration in the North Indian Ocean (north of 20°S), with an extension through the Mozambique Channel and along an eastward prolongation between 35° and 40°S.. The operational model configurations (global and regional) are using VGPM net primary production and euphotic depth derived from satellite data, and climatological dissolved oxygen monthly maps from the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) as biogeochemical forcings. A regional simulation using the INDESO biogeochemical PISCES model forcing as an alternative to the satellite derived products was tested. The preliminary results show that once the PISCES primary production is scaled to the VGPM mean value, both products provide similar results, suggesting that longer time scale forecast based on the coupled physical biogeochemical model can be proposed
Benallal, Mohamed. "Analyse d'images satellitaires et développement d'outils informatiques pour modéliser le transfert de CO₂ à l'interface air-mer dans les régions subantarctique et antarctique (secteur Australien)." Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0024/document.
Full textA step by step algorithm for air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) calculation from satellite (sat) parameters is developed and presented presented in this thesis. Parameters used for this calculation are: sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophylla (Chla) from MODISAqua satellite, sea surface salinity (SSS) estimated from MODISAqua SST using MLR, seawater CO2 fugacity (fCO2sw) estimated by MODISAqua SST and chla using FNN, atmospheric CO2 fugacity from the Cape Grim station and wind speed from QSCAT and ASCAT satellites. In situ data provided by several projects collected on the RV L'Astrolabe, are used to establish and validate the models. These models are then tested using sat data. This work focus on the Australian sector of the southern ocean. Results show: an improvement of satellite SSS estimation with a precision of ±0.16 using SST and latitude, an estimation of fCO2sw with a good accuracy of ±9.45 µatm and a calculation of FCO2 with a global RMSE of about ±3 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1. Programs and models developed in this study allow us to interpolate FCO2. In the period of austral spring and summer, this region is becoming a stronger sink of atmospheric CO2 throughout the years
Colombo, Pedro. "Modelling dense water flows through sills in large scale realistic ocean models : demonstrating the potential of a hybrid geopotential/terrain-following vertical coordinate." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU017/document.
Full textOverflows play an important role distributing the heat and salt fluxes in the ocean, feeding deep boundary currents and most of the world ocean deep waters. Therefore, an unrealistic representation of overflows in global models may have impacts over many aspects of the simulated state of the ocean.To achieve a realistic representation of overflows is still a challenge for ocean modelling. This work addresses this problem using the community ocean general circulation model NEMO with a regional configuration of the Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) at eddying resolutions. This work first proposes a definition of the DSO in order to characterize its associated water masses and to find the main caveats in a control simulation that uses the most standard parameters of the commonly used global configurations of NEMO (e.g. Drakkar configurations).Thanks to this definition we then study the impacts on the DSO of a large number of model parameters through a range of eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving resolutions (e.g. 1/12° and 1/60°) in the classic z-coordinate system used in NEMO. Main findings were found increasing the horizontal and vertical resolution, but most model parameters have no significant impacts. In particular it was found that increasing vertical resolution without using a coherent horizontal resolution degrades the solution. The main reason is the EVD parameterisation that propagates the dense vein of fluid along a grid-slope, instead the topographic slope. Coherent and very high resolution both in the horizontal and in the vertical is needed in order to resolve Ekman bottom boundary layer dynamics and keep the EVD localized to the very bottom.We also study the representation of the DSO with a hybrid terrain-following (s) and geopotential (z) coordinate system and obtained considerable improvements for a relatively small increase in computational cost. Finally, we propose a mixed s-z vertical coordinate that relies on a local implementation of s-coordinates within the z-coordinate model, limited to the area where DSO waters are produced. This local implementation is such that it minimizes the effects of pressure gradient errors linked to this type of coordinate, smoothly connects to the global z-coordinate, and does not add any significant computational cost. The improvement of the DSO is found to be drastic.This work emphasizes the utility of adapting the vertical coordinate system to the main physical problem. A modeling challenge would be to have a vertical coordinate system that is locally adapted to the most critical ocean process
Iudicone, Daniele. "The role of Southern Ocean in the global thermohaline circulation inferred from an OGCM." Brest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BRES2044.
Full textA quantitative dynamical analysis of the thermohaline circulation of the Southern Ocean of a steady state simulation of a coupled ice-ocean model is presented here. . The study aims to clarify the roles of surface fluxes and internaI mixing, with focus on the mechanisms of the deep water upwelling. As first result a new methodology is proposed for the evaluation of total dianeutral transports in the ocean. The methodology represents an extension to the whole three dimensional domain (e. G. , to internaI sources such as the solar shortwave irradiance) of the classical approach. The analysis of the model solution showed that Southern Ocean surface fluxes produce almost 40 Sv of Subantarctic Mode Water while brine rejection forms 5 Sv on the shelves of Antarctica and in the Weddell Sea. Mixing compensates most of the surface transformations. The upwelling of North Atlantic Deep Water is due to internaI process, mainly vertical propagation of the surface freshwater excess via vertical mixing at the base cf the mixed layer. A complementary Lagrangian analysis allowed to identify the main pathways associated to the thermohaline circulation in the Southern Ocean of the ice-ocean coupled model. The model Southern Ocean is characterized by a shallow overturning transforming 20 Sv of thermocline waters into mode waters and a deep overturning related to the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water. About 80% of North Atlantic Deep water is transformed into lighter and denser waters. Finally, using in situ data and model solutions we have reanalysed the formation and export characteristics of the Antarctic lntermediate Water from the Southern Ocean into the South Pacific
Ethé, Christian Hervé. "Modélisation et simulation de trajectoires de ballons dérivants : applications à l'étude de la circulation atmosphérique sur l'océan Indien." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112168.
Full textLe, Vaillant Xavier. "Ondes internes générées par le forçage atmosphérique dans l'océan indien subtropical : modélisation et mesures in situ." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066071.
Full textGiraud, Xavier. "Reconstitution paléocéanographique du signal delta15N : modélisation couplée physique et biogéochimique d'un upwelling côtier." Bordeaux 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR12452.
Full textRenault, Lionel. "Impact des jets côtiers atmosphériques sur l'Upwelling du système de courants de Humboldt." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/465/.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the impact of atmospheric Coastal Jets on the upwellings of the Humboldt Currents System. A double approach is used: the first one consists in studying the Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation as well as the Ocean/Atmosphere interactions from the observations, whereas the second aims at modeling these Circulations in a realistic way by means of numerical regional models (ROMS for the ocean modeling and WRF for the atmosphere modeling. The obtained results suggest that there are various Atmospheric Coastal Jets along the Chilean and Peruvian Coasts. For certain ranges of frequencies, they control the upwelling variability of Chile and Peru. A heat flux balance of the Ocean Mixing Layer allows to identify the main mechanisms which control the oceanic answer off Central Chile. Moreover, we show that the Peruvian coast is under the influence of the both local atmospheric forcing and remote forcing. At some frequencies, the Kelvin wave trapped to the Peruvian Coasts induce a control of the coastal ocean variability by the Equatorial variability. The atmospheric regional model reproduces with realism the Chilean Coastal Jets whereas it has difficulty in simulating the atmospheric circulation at the level of Peru. The oceanic simulations reproduce the oceanic answer to the Coastal Jets off Central Chile. A heat flux balance of the Mixing Layer allows us to study what are the main mechanisms which control the oceanic answer in the model. Finally, we show that the regional models present a sensibility to the spatial resolution of the atmospheric and oceanic models. In particular, close to the coast, the wind characteristics in the atmospheric model depends on the spatial resolution of the model. This sensibility induce that the oceanic answer depends on the forcing field spatial resolution. .
Le, Hénaff Matthieu. "Evaluation objective de réseaux d'observation en domaine côtier par la modélisation d'ensemble." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00336519.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous assimilons à l'aide d'un filtre de Kalman d'ensemble des données simulant les mesures d'un altimètre à fauchée dans un modèle barotrope en Mer du Nord. La mesure de la pente de surface de la mer permet de mieux représenter les courants et étend le domaine d'influence des observations. Le roulis du satellite induit une corrélation dans les erreurs d'observation le long de la trace, qui s'il est pris en compte dans le schéma d'assimilation ne remet pas en cause l'apport de l'instrument.
Dans un second temps, nous développons une technique d'analyse de performances de réseaux d'observation, qui permet de définir un critère quantitatif de discrimination de divers réseaux ainsi qu'une analyse qualitative permettant de comprendre l'impact du réseau considéré sur toutes les dimensions du modèle. A l'aide d'un modèle 3D du Golfe de Gascogne, cette technique nous permet de démontrer les capacités d'un altimètre à fauchée à observer la dynamique méso échelle de l'océan côtier, ainsi que l'apport de mesures de courant dans la conception d'une campagne de mesures, et enfin l'apport de données marégraphiques.
TahiriI, Abdelouahed. "Modélisation des massifs rocheux fissurés par la méthode des éléments distincts." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ENPC9211.
Full textThe subjects of this thesis forms part of a researh program dealing with fratured rock masses being undertaken by the « Centre de Géologie de l’Ingénieur (CGI) » from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (ENSMP) » and the « Ecole nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (ENPC) ». In fractured rock masses, it is very difficult to undertake engineering works without analysing, beforhand, the fracture systems and their different mechanical and hydraulic behaviours. Fracture rock masses analysis should inlude the following : systematic field measurement of rock mass discontinuities ; statistical analysis of the discontinuities to delimit fracturing sets in the rock mass ; study of the geomechanical properties of the discontinuities ; general stability analysis ; hydraulic anaylisis. This research is concerned with general stabiity analysis. Classical methods of stability analysis, based on limit equilibrium conditions and not taking into account the deformability and the stress distribution present in the rock matrix, do not give very satisfactory results. The method developed here is called ‘distinct element » method, which allows modelling of fractured rock masses into distinctblocks delimited by the different fractures and the analysis of the interactions among them. Block interaction occurs at their points of contact (or joints) according to the joint mechanical behaviour. Joint stress can be expressed in terms of the joint stiffness and block displacement. By minimising the total potential energy of the studied system, a system of equations relating the forces present and the resulting block displacements by a stiffness matrix can be obtained. It is often necessary to take into account non-linear joint mechanical behaviour, resulting from a system of non-linear equation which should be solved incrementally. Using this method, we can analyse the deformations caused by excavation in a rock mass and take into account localised failures which might turn into progressive failure mechanisms. Furthermore, artificial support systems using active or passive anchor bolts were modelised. The mechanical behaviour of the bolts are considered as elasto-plastic with kinematic strain-hardening