Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation des écosystèmes'
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Delogu, Elodie. "Modélisation de la respiration du sol dans les agro-écosystèmes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00953712.
Full textDelogu, Émilie. "Modélisation de la respiration du sol dans les agro-écosystèmes." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2301/.
Full textAround 1/3 of the Earth land surface is used for croplands. Their role in the carbon cycle is a crucial issue for scientists today. In the context of global warming, understanding the factors influencing carbon fluxes of agricultural soils and their components is essential for implementing efficient mitigation practices. The CO2 produced at the soil surface results from several respiratory processes making the evaluation of the existing methods complicated. Understanding the soil respiration sources and their dynamics are crucial issues to estimate the potential for carbon sequestration into soils via efficient cultural practices. Because of its major role in carbon loss over croplands, soil respiration modeling received much attention to quantify the fluxes (empirical modeling), to highlight the lack of knowledge and to guide researches (mechanistic modeling). In this study, empirical and semi-mechanistic models were carried out depending on how precise, generic or real the model should be. Using abiotic and biotic factors was essential to properly model respiration among five sites with different soil and climate. The Rh sensitivity to Ts and ?s was adequate to obtain satisfying predictions over bare soils but the dependency of Rs on an indicator of the vegetation growth (GPP) was necessary to improve the predictions during crop periods. The empirical approach could not allow a good and reliable estimation of the contributions of the different components of Rs. Semi-mechanistic model was tested on 3 sites with various climatic and soil conditions. This approach allowed a good assessment on the heterotrophic and autotrophic contributions since it described more carefully the soil respiration and its underlying processes. Rh accounted for 63 % to 66 % of Rs for winter wheat culture whereas it accounted for 52 % to 56 % for a spring wheat rotation. Rs represented 33 % to 43 % of the total ecosystem respiration balance during winter wheat season and about 50 % for spring wheat. The semi-mechanistic model was developed to simulate the effects under different cultural practices as fertilization (manure) and tillage systems. It was concluded that carbon sequestration and carbon dioxide fluxes were more affected by soil organic matter inputs than by the tillage system itself
Moulin, Thibault. "Modélisation mathématique de la dynamique des communautés herbacées des écosystèmes prairiaux." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD075/document.
Full textDynamic modelling of ecological systems is an essential method to understand, predict and control thedynamics of semi-natural ecosystems, which involves complex processes. The main objective of this PhDthesis is to develop a simulation model of the medium- and long-term dynamics of the herbaceous vegetationin permanent grasslands, taking into account both biodiversity and productivity. Grasslandecosystems are often hot spots of biodiversity, which contributes to the temporal stability of their services.On an agricultural perspective, this important biodiversity contributes to the forage quality, andbesides, it induces a higher ability of the vegetation cover to resist to different climatic scenarios (globalwarming, heat and drought waves).However, this key aspect of biodiversity is only poorly included in grassland models : often absent ofmodelling or included in a very simple form. Building on those considerations, this PhD work exposes thewriting of a process-based succession model, described by a system of Ordinary Differential Equationsthat simulates the aboveground vegetation dynamics of a temperate grassland. This model implementedthe main ecological factors involved in growth and competition processes of herbaceous species, and couldbe adjust to any level of diversity, by varying the number and the identity of species in the initial plantcommunity. This formalism of mechanistic models allows us to analyse relationships that link diversity,productivity and stability, in response to different climatic conditions and agricultural management.In mathematical grassland models, plant communities may be represented by a various number of statevariables, describing biomass compartments of some dominant species or plant functional types. The sizeof the initial species pool could have consequences on the outcome of the simulated ecosystem dynamicsin terms of grassland productivity, diversity, and stability. This choice could also influence the modelsensitivity to forcing parameters. To address these issues, we developed a method, based on sensitivityanalysis tools, to compare behaviour of alternative versions of the model that only differ by the identityand number of state variables describing the green biomass, here plant species. This method shows aninnovative aspect, by performing this model sensitivity analysis by using multivariate regression trees. Weassessed and compared the sensitivity of each instance of the model to key forcing parameters for climate,soil fertility, and defoliation disturbances. We established that the sensitivity to forcing parameters ofcommunity structure and species evenness differed markedly among alternative models, according tothe diversity level. We show a progressive shift from high importance of soil fertility (fertilisation level,mineralization rate) to high importance of defoliation (mowing frequency, grazing intensity) as the sizeof the species pool increased.These results highlight the need to take into account the role of species diversity to explain the behaviourof grassland models. Besides, to properly take into account those interactions in the grassland cover, theconsidered species pool size considered in the model needs to be high enough. Finally, we compare modelsimulations of the aboveground vegetation to measures from two experimental sites, the mowing grasslandof Oensingen, and the grazing grassland of Laqueuille. Results of these comparison are promising andhighlight the relevance of the choice and the representation of the different ecological processes includedin this mechanistic model.Thus, this PhD work offers a model, perfectly fitting with current needs on grassland modelling, whichcontribute to a better understanding of the herbaceous vegetation dynamics and interactions betweenproductivity, diversity and stability
Dupont, Hélène. "Modélisation multi-agents d'un service ecosystémique : scénarios de systèmes d'equarrissage par des rapaces nécrophages." Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598563.
Full textHajji, Miled El. "Modélisation et analyse mathématiques pour les écosystèmes microbiens : approche par les systèmes dynamiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20117/document.
Full textCette thèse s'adresse au problèmes relié au modélisation mathématique en culture continue et culture batch. Nous proposons et étudions, dans une première étape, des modèles mathématiques de quelques processus biologique en culture continue (Chemostat) permettant d'expliquer et de prévoir la coexistence et la coexistence pratique. Dans une deuxième étape, une série d'expériences de laboratoire sont munies en culture batch, et un modèle mathématique tenant compte du recyclage de substrat est proposé, analysé et validé sur des donnés expérimentales en culture pure et mixte prouvant la validité de la principe d'exclusion compétitive en culture batch
Lehuger, Simon. "Modélisation des bilans de gaz à effet de serre des agro-écosystèmes en Europe." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438077.
Full textGraux, Anne-Isabelle. "Modélisation des impacts du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes prairiaux. Voies d'adaptation des systèmes fourrragers." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653360.
Full textZhao, Yulong. "Modélisation qualitative des agro-écosystèmes et aide à leur gestion par utilisation d'outils de model-checking." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00933443.
Full textBoulangeat, Isabelle. "Vulnérabilité des écosystèmes montagnards aux changements globaux par une modélisation spatialement explicite -implications pour la conservation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768037.
Full textZhao, Yulong. "Modélisation qualitative des agro-écosystèmes et aide à leur gestion par utilisation d’outils de model-checking." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S008/document.
Full textThe modeling in the domain of agro-ecology is important since it helps us to better understand the interactiosn between the environment and the human activities. Some research works based on simulation has been carried out during the recent years. Mainwhile, not only these simulation tools are difficult to use by the non expert users, but also the high complexity of models makes interactive uses impossible. We propose an approch in which we represent the system to be studied in a discret event system formalism. This kind of representation benefits the efficiency of model-checking and makes it possible to use controller synthesis to generate strategies. We present two contributions in this thesis. The first one concerns the project EcoMata. This project proposes a qualitative modelling which represents a marine prey-predator type food chain in timed automata. Predifined query patterns in natural langurage are also proposed which allow users to investigate easiy the food chain. We have improved the efficiency of the algorithm of timed automata generation and also developped a strategy synthesis method to generate best fishing management strategy. The prototype software EcoMata implements all these propositions including the best strategy synthesis. In the second contribution, we propose a hybrid modelling which represents grazing activities in timed automata. This hybrid modelling combines a numerical grass model and a qualitative grazing model. These sub models are organized in a hierarchical struture of four layers: the biological layer, the activity layer, the decision layer and the clock. We propose four methods to generate best grazing management strategy. One of these methods is applied to the movement of herd. The other three methods are applied to fertilization among which one of them use controller synthesis on timed automata and the other two combine controller synthesis and machine learning to generate generic strategy for a exploitation type. A prototype software PaturMata has been developped which implements this modelling method and the generation of the best strategy of herd movement
Shin, Yunne. "Interactions trophiques et dynamiques des populations dans les écosystèmes marins exploités : approche par modélisation individus-centrée." Paris 7, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA077217.
Full textDiop, Papa Abdoulaye. "Risques émergents et résilience des écosystèmes soumis à des pressions anthropiques : modélisation intégrée économique et éco-épidémiologique." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUED005.
Full textNumerous classic risks are apparently meant to take new forms whereas novel ones are appearing. In fact new threats that are directly related to the current scientific, technologic, economic and social evolutions have added to the classic ones. These “emergent” additional hazards could present a certain number of potential negative effects on ecosystems and to the resources living in such affected areas. It could notably be about a case of excess death rate of resources following either the outbreak of infectious diseases, or even resources’ sensitivity to these infections. Conversely it could be about the accumulation of pollution in the tissue of organisms which are likely to trigger sanitary and environmental threats and which diverge from those that have been considered so far. Because of ecosystems’ vulnerability towards these new environmental risks and thanks to their socioeconomic involvement, people have developed a growing awareness as for as these threats’ potentially catastrophic nature is concerned. While using economic analysis’ literature as well as biomathematics’ tools within the framework of this dissertation, the latter confronts the modeled theory and the empirical contextualization deriving from emerging risks. Our study focuses on the topic of the conservation of renewable resources which are exploited in the face of emerging dangers’ acuteness and whose unfamiliar effects have been forgotten by classic bio-economic modelling. It aims at partaking in the prevention of new environmental risks for biodiversity, thanks to the development of applied and theoretical tools deriving from economic and eco-epidemiologic integrated modelling. Subsequently by learning from biomechanics’ standard framework and with the support of compartmental modelling, this thesis shows the capacities of harvesting to improve the ecosystems’ resilience abilities, as well as the harvesting level at the steady state when an infectious disease affects an ecosystem. It thence leads to results which go against the conservative classic measures that have been recommended to ameliorate the ecosystems’ resilience and stability. Through tackling pivotal issues such as the pollutants’ bioaccumulation and its consequences, it also foregrounds some modifications in the dynamics of the standard models of pollution/resource when the pollutants’ bioaccumulation propriety is taken into account. So to deal with the phenomenon of emerging threats’ acuteness to biodiversity, this dissertation breaks new ground in the sustainable management’s mechanisms of the resources living in exploited ecosystems, while offering new approaches to the understanding of the dynamics that can intervene in ecosystems whose populations rely on the influence of emerging or re-emerging risks
Martineau, Yann. "Modélisation des successions post-culturales : application à la gestion durable des agro-écosystèmes des hautes Andes tropicales." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112120.
Full textThe traditional cropping system of the high tropical Andes alternates short cropping periods and long fallows. Demographic growth induced an intensification with hazardous consequences (loss of fertility and biodiversity). The European project TROPANDES studied the agro-ecological processes that control soil fertility to give a basis for a sustainable alternative. The natural vegetation colonizing fallow plots is incorporated to the ground at crop start. Therefore we built a biogeochemical model of plant succession to account for the accumulation of biomass during fallow. FAPROM (Fallow Production Model) describes a multi-layer mixture of six species in competition for light and mineral nitrogen. It simulates various processes: photosynthesis at a hourly time step; assimilates allocation, respiration, tissue mortality, nitrogen absorption and nitrogen fixation at a daily time-step; and reproduction at a yearly time step. The model was applied to two particular sites: the wet paramo (Venezuela) and the semi-arid puna (Bolivia). Simulations show the importance of matter turnover (respiration, senescence) to estimate plant growth, vegetation dynamics and ecosystem primary production. Vegetation dynamics and ecosystem functioning depend on initial conditions (seed bank) and on resources (water and nitrogen). The model helps quantifying the relative importance of the processes that control the nitrogen balance under several scenarios (with or without legumes)
Hulot, Florence. "Des chaînes aux réseaux trophiques : rôle de la diversité fonctionnelle dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066440.
Full textGandois, Laure. "Dynamique et bilan des Elements Traces Métalliques (ETM) dans des écosystèmes forestiers français. Modélisation, spéciation et charges critiques." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741901.
Full textGandois, Laure. "Dynamique et bilan des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans des écosystèmes forestiers français : modélisation, spéciation et charges critiques." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/810/.
Full textTrace Metals (TM: Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) are dispersed in the atmosphere due to both natural and anthropogenic processes. Forest ecosystems can receive atmospheric inputs, even if they are located far from direct emission sources. In fact, forest ecosystems are particularly sensitive to atmospheric inputs since forest cover can interact with atmospheric pollution. Forest ecosystems are protected from TM atmospheric inputs through the definition of Critical Loads. TM impact on forest ecosystem is linked to their dynamic at the atmosphere/vegetation and soil/solution interfaces. Indeed, forest cover modifies atmospheric inputs. Moreover, it is through soil solution that TM are available to the biosphere and can reach ground and surface waters. During this work, TM content and speciation were determined in diverse compartments of the ecosystem (open field precipitation, throughfall, soil, soil solution and vegetation) on six forested catchments. TM partitioning between total and extractable content and soil solution, was studied in relation with soil parameters. PH was the most significant parameter for most TM extractability and solubility prediction. Cu and Pb solubility was also greatly influenced by complexation with organic colloids. Atmospheric inputs are moderate and regional differences reveal a stronger atmospheric influence on the North-East of France. Forest cover greatly modifies atmospheric inputs. Some fluxes (Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn) are reduced because of direct assimilation by forest canopy. Other fluxes (Pb, Cr and Sb) are increased following dry deposition accumulation on forest canopy. Elemental budget at the plot scale depend on soil type, TM solubility in soil solution and TM mobility in trees. Critical limits and loads have been evaluated and comparison with current soil solution concentration and atmospheric inputs revealed no exceedance
Velluet, Cécile. "Modélisation et analyse pluriannuelles du fonctionnement hydrologique et énergétique de deux écosystèmes dominants au Sahel agropastoral (Sud-Ouest Niger)." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002273.
Full textSoulignac, Frédéric. "Apport de la modélisation tridimensionnelle pour la compréhension du fonctionnement des écosystèmes lacustres et l'évaluation de leur état écologique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1197/document.
Full textThe quality of ecosystem services provided by lakes is related to the ecosystem structure and functioning. Protecting water bodies is therefore a global goal that requires a better understanding of their function, a monitoring and a water quality assessment. Explaining spatio-temporal heterogeneities of physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton has been a recurrent ecological and hydrobiological issue. Understanding the dynamics of these heterogeneities is an essential prerequisite for objectively assessing, protecting and restoring freshwater ecosystems. Moreover, three-dimensional (3D) and taking into account and drivers of these heterogeneities are essential prerequisites for theoretical and applied limnology. Concerning the monitoring, spatio-temporal heterogeneities are responsible of uncertainties on the representativeness of the data versus the whole lake which might be questionable and needs to be verified. In Europe, the Water Framework Directive (WFD) initiated in 2000 defines a framework for managing and protecting water bodies in Europe. The classification of water bodies into ecological status is a key issue for the implementation of that framework. For lakes and reservoirs, the assessment of this status is based on biological, physico-chemical and hydro-morphological indicators. Physico-chemical and phytoplankton indicators are calculated based on four observations at an unique sampling station over the growing season, this evaluation being assessed one year for a six-year management plan. In this context, this thesis focuses on the complexity of lakes functioning and the capability of three-dimensional (3D) models to reproduce their functioning. The contribution of 3D models is presented i) for understanding the functioning of lakes of different sizes, ii) coupled to satellite observations, for studying of the influence of wind forcing and hydrodynamics on phytoplankton abundance and spatial heterogeneities, iii) in the context of the WFD, for assessing uncertainties in the lake ecological status assessment. To do that, two 3D models have been created and analyzed, one for Lake Créteil (42 ha) and another for Lake Geneva (580 km2). Lake Créteil 3D model was validated by using high frequency data recorded at three stations. It reproduces well the complex hydrodynamic functioning of the lake, its thermal structure, the alternation between thermal stratification episodes and mixing events, and internal waves. Lake Geneva 3D model was validated by using monthly and bimonthly data at two stations. It reproduces also properly the hydrodynamic functioning of the lake and the seasonal variability of biological and physico-chemical parameters. Simulation results highlight physical and hydrodynamic mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of seasonal hot-spots in phytoplankton abundance. In the context of the WFD, simulation results show also a strong spatial variability of lake ecological status depending on the timing of the four sampling dates as well as the location of the sampling station. These results were also used to assess to representativeness of sampling stations. The results of this thesis suggest that i) the functioning of lakes of different sizes is complex and physical processes generates spatio-temporal heterogeneities, ii) wind and hydrodynamics influence the abundance and the spatial distribution of phytoplankton et iii) spatio-temporal heterogeneities can bias our evaluation of lake ecological status in the WFD
Cortinovis, Jérôme. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation des émissions biogéniques d'oxydes d'azote et d'isoprène depuis les écosystèmes naturels et aménagés:impact sur l'ozone." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30162.
Full textIn order to build a national inventory of nitrogen oxides from agricultural activities, an algorithm deduced from laboratory experiments was coupled with the CERES crop model to simulate NOx flux at the soil level. Simulations on a year basis allow the estimation of emission factors. NOx fluxes were integrated at the regional scale for three administrative regions. A new version of the SURFATM SVAT model integrating NOx emissions and NOx-O3 basic chemistry simulates ozone and NOx surface-atmosphere exchanges. Two contrasted sites from the ESCOMPTE experiment were used to validate this new approach. The canopy reduction factor, that is the actual proportion of NOx emitted above the canopy, was calculated, this net emission being included in a meso-scale model. The contribution of isoprene emissions, the major contributor in the COV global inventory, to ozone production has been evaluated for the ESCOMPTE experiment. This contribution is a function of the anthropogenic plume degree of maturation. The contribution appears to be mostly important in the suburban and rural areas. Coupling an algorithm combining high and low frequency terms with the SVAT ISBA-Ags allows for simulations of isoprene emissions at the canopy scale including a seasonal variation. Summer emissions appear to be preponderant when compared to spring and autumn ones. Coupling with the MesoNH-Chemistry model shows the maximum seasonal contribution of isoprene emissions to ozone production during summer, followed by spring and autumn periods
Bruno, Valérie. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation du transfert du radium dans un écosystème aquatique simplifié." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20274.
Full textTranouez, Pierrick. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la prise en compte informatique de niveaux de descriptions multiples : application aux écosystèmes aquatiques." Le Havre, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00394623.
Full textIMost sciences use simulation in their usual cycle of self-construction. The focus of our work is improving the handling of multiple scales in computer simulations. We have therefore to understand how different sciences build themselves, and how this epistemology relates to simulation. The present work therefore starts with a chapter summing up various epistemological tendencies and endeavors to link them to our present goal. The second chapter more specifically presents what is meant by multiple scales or level of description in different scientific work, with an emphasis on what is closer to our future main application, hydrodynamics in ecosystems model. Chapter 3 presents the early application that in fact prompted the present work, a system meant to improve intelligibility in a written communication system during emergency situations, by using the shape and the dynamics of the discourse itself to help summing up the semantics. Follows afterwards a summing up of what ecology delves into, the importance of fluxes in modern ecosystems model, and the main approaches of fluid flow modeling in current hydrodynamics. This leads to the relative novelty of our work, which is an application to handling different scales in a fluid flow simulation, with a view to integration in a more complex ecosystems simulation. We use a standard model called vortex based upon which we apply two different schemes to detect structures or organizations in the midst of the simulation. One of these leads to the replacement of the basic particles that self-organized to a new simulation entity that represents this organization or structure. The metaphorical social life of these entities can lead to the creation of still new scales of description, in a iterative theoretical upper open-ended way. We conclude with the integration of an article (in English) that emphasizes how this work will lead to a more developed ecosystems simulation, and what the ties are
Gos, Pierre. "Modélisation des bouquets de services écosystémiques et intensification écologique des pratiques d'élevage dans Vercors." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01062172.
Full textLe, Mezo Priscilla. "Variabilité des écosystèmes marins de l'échelle inter-annuelle au dernier cycle glaciaire-interglaciaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV003/document.
Full textClimate variability influences marine primary productivity and marine species distribution over all timescales, from seasonal to interannual variability and glacial-interglacial cycles. The links between climate and marine ecosystems are still sparsely known so that the predictions of futur changes are difficult. Moreover, because paleoclimate recorders extracted from marine archives are often linked to the functionning of the ecosystem, this lack of knowledge limits our ability to reconstruct past climate variability.This thesis work aims at improving our knowledge of these links between climate and marine ecosystems : we have looked into marine productivity changes during the last glacial-interglacial cycle, but we also examined the "end-to-end" ecosystem response to inter-annual to decadal variability in a pre-industrial climate. This work uses a climate model (IPSL-CM), a bio-geochemical model (PISCES) and a model of high trophic levels (APECOSM).First, we show that the link between Indian summer monsoon intensity and marine primary productivity in the Arabian Sea is indirect. Indeed, it appears necessary to consider the monsoon pattern, such as the Findlater Jet position, which drives the Ekman dynamics in the region, as well as its intensity to understand the productivity changes.Second, we study the marine productivity changes off the Congo river mouth and their links with the river runoff and the African atmospheric dynamics. This work shows that the relationship between monsoon intensity and trade winds intensity, often used to reconstruct past changes, is not always verified. Depending on the climate, thermal or dynamical effects are more or less prominent drivers of the simulated changes in precipitation and winds. Productivity off the Congo river mouth, which is mainly located in the subsurface, seems more affected by the ocean and atmosphere dynamics than by the river supply in nutrients.Third, we study the inter-annual variability effects over past productivity changes and over the climatic signal potentially recorded in the biological climate proxies.Finally, the last part of the thesis focuses on high trophic levels marine organisms response to climate variability at different frequencies. This study shows that marine organisms response to environmental changes varies with the organism' size and habitat
Stella, Patrick. "Modélisation des flux d’ozone sur les couverts agricoles : prédiction et partition des dépôts stomatique, cuticulaire et sol." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066593.
Full textTisseuil, Clément. "Modéliser l'impact du changement climatique sur les écosystèmes aquatiques par approche de downscaling." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/763/.
Full textThis thesis aimed at assessing the impact of global change on freshwater ecosystems during the 21st century in the Adour Garonne area (SW France). A downscaling approach was developed linking techniques from climate, hydro-chemical and ecological sciences. The main results suggest an increase of high flows in winter as well as more severe low flows in summer. Nitrogen concentrations and thermophile fish species distribution may also increase. Reducing green house gas emissions and modifying agricultural practices (e. G reducing nitrate fertilizers) could reduce the intensity of ecological disturbances. This study is an original contribution to the management of future hydrological and ecological resources
Blottiere, Lydie. "Rôles du brassage dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes aquatiques peu profonds dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS016/document.
Full textThe wind plays a key role in the structure and functioning of lakes. Water column mixing is involved in the competition between different species of phytoplankton with different vertical positioning strategies. For example, buoyant cyanobacteria are generally favored by low mixing conditions, while sinking diatoms and green algae depend on mixing to be suspended in the photic zone. In addition, in shallow lakes, wind-induced mixing is usually sufficient to cause sediment resuspension. This leads to an increase in turbidity which can directly impact the algal growth and productivity. Resuspension can also induce the release of phosphorus previously stored in sediments. This internal loading via resuspension can boost algal production and growth. The first goal of this thesis was to model the competition between the buoyant cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and a sinking green algae under different mixing conditions: from quasi-stagnant to storm-like events. Hundreds of simulations were carried out in different conditions of mixing, phosphorus concentration and water temperatures in order to establish the conditions necessary for the dominance of one species on the other. In the second part of this thesis, we explored the potential impacts of mixing on the pelagic food web. The vast majority of previous studies on mixing in shallow lakes are in situ studies focused on phytoplankton. In the summer 2012, we used 15m3 mesocosms equipped with wave-makers and followed during nine weeks the dynamics of physical and chemical variables and the dynamic of phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria and viruses under two mixing conditions: whole column mixing with sediment resuspension and superficial mixing without resuspension. The following year, the same experiment was conducted but this time crossed with a warming treatment. Both experiments gave similar results in regards to mixing. We observed a significant effect of mixing on phytoplankton with an increase in chlorophyll content and an increase in productivity. The response of zooplankton to mixing depended on the subgroup. In our experiments, only copepods responded negatively to mixing with a potential cascade effect on the rotifer population while bosminas remained unaffected throughout the experiments. The 2012 experience also suggests an increase in bacterial lysis activity by virus in mixed enclosures. In 2013, no effect of water warming (+1°C) was observed on the measured variables, however, additional analysis are still underway to confirm or infirm these results
Bertelle, Cyrille. "Contribution à la modélisation informatique des milieux complexes naturels, implémentée dans des environnements parallèles et distribués." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université du Havre, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00429163.
Full textAsse, Daphné. "Comprendre et prédire la réponse des écosystèmes forestiers d'altitude aux changements climatiques : apports d'un programme de sciences participatives." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG058/document.
Full textMountainous regions are particularly exposed to the ongoing climate change. Indeed, in the Western Alps the temperature increased twice faster than in the northern hemisphere during the 20th century. Trees’ annual cycle, as in many other organisms, is largely affected by climate change. Phenology and the fine temporal variations of climate appear key to predict species distribution. The main objective of this PhD thesis work was to understand the response of tree phenology to climate change in the Alps and to develop tools to evaluate this response in future conditions. It has been carried out using the phenological observations (budburst, flowering, leaf senescence) of five tree species (hazel, ash, birch, larch and spruce) of the citizen science program Phenoclim.Our results show that warmer winters slow down bud dormancy break, and consequently the budburst and flowering dates along the elevation gradient. This effect is stronger at low elevation. The robustness of process-based species distribution models depends strongly on the robustness of their process-based phenology sub-model. By comparing different phenology models differing in their level of complexity and we showed that process-based models were the most robust especially when their parameter estimates relied on forward estimation using experimental data. Models project a reduction in the phenological cline along the elevation gradient by the end of the 21th century. This is due, on one hand, to an advancement of the budburst dates at high elevation and on the other hand, to a delay of the budburst dates at low elevation. We also tested several hypotheses on the environmental determinism of bud cell growth. However, none of the hypotheses improved significantly the models’ performance. We then implemented the best phenology models we obtained in the process-based species distribution model PHENOFIT. We carried out for the first time simulations at high spatial resolution. Projections showed that species are expected to move up along the elevation gradient in response to climate change. However, local extinction events may occur in the bottom of the valleys due to late flowering dates that would decrease the reproductive success. Depending on the species, the upper altitudinal limit would be controlled by the risk of flowers’ exposure to late spring frost or to the length of growing season, which determine fruit maturation success.All of these results, allowed us to provide some answers on the future dynamics of high altitude ecosystems in the face of global climate change. They also allowed us to show that the Phenoclim data were of sufficient quality to be used to address important scientific questions
Brender, Pierre. "Modélisation des flux de carbone, d'énergie et d'eau entre l'atmosphère et des écosystèmes de steppe sahélienne avec un modèle de végétation global." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00826115.
Full textBoulain, Nicolas. "Effet des facteurs climatiques et anthropiques dans l'évolution récente des écosystèmes tropicaux : modélisation spatialisée du bilan hydrique d'un petit bassin versant sahélien." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066016.
Full textCazelles, Bernard. "Modélisation d'un écosystème lotique : dynamique du carbone organique dissous et des microorganismes benthiques dans un cours d'eau cours." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10068.
Full textMarusczak, Nicolas. "Etude du transfert du mercure et du méthylmercure dans les écosystèmes lacustres alpins." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553704.
Full textTranouez, Pierrick. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la prise en compte informatique de niveaux de descriptions multiples. Application aux écosystèmes aquatiquesPenicillo haere, nam scalas aufero." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00394623.
Full textCette thèse commence donc par un chapitre résumant différentes tendances épistémologiques et s'efforce de les rattacher à la tâche qu'on s'est fixé. Le deuxième chapitre présente de manière plus spécifique ce qu'on peut vouloir dire par « échelles multiples » ou « niveau de description » dans différents travaux scientifiques, en insistant plus particulièrement sur ce qui sera notre application principale, l'hydrodynamique et les écosystèmes.
Le chapitre 3 présente alors l'application qui a donné naissance au travail actuel, qui est un système destiné à améliorer l'intelligibilité dans un système de communications écrites entre gestionnaires d'une situation de crise, en utilisant la forme et la dynamique du discours pour aider à résumer sa sémantique.
Vient ensuite un résumé de ce dont traite l'écologie, de l'importance des flux dans les modèles actuels d'écosystèmes, et des tendances les plus répandues actuellement dans la modélisation d'écoulement fluide. Ceci nous amène dans le chapitre 5 à la description d'une application qui s'efforce de gérer différentes échelles dans une simulation d'écoulement fluide, en gardant à l'esprit une intégration ultérieure dans une simulation d'écosystème plus générale. Nous utilisons comme base un modèle dit particulaire sur lequel nous appliquons deux méthodes pour détecter des structures ou des organisations au cours de la simulation. Une de celle-ci permet le remplacement des particules de bases qui se sont auto-organisées par une nouvelle entité qui représente la structure en question. La vie sociale subséquente de cette nouvelle entité de simulation peut ensuite mener à la création d'encore nouvelles échelles, et ce d'une manière itérative sans limité supérieure théorique.
Nous terminons avec un article en anglais qui commence à expliciter comment ce travail mènera à une simulation d'écosystème plus générale.
Delpierre, Nicolas. "Etude du déterminisme des variations interannuelles des échanges carbonés entre les écosystèmes forestiers européens et l’atmosphère : une approche basée sur la modélisation des processus." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112167.
Full textRizzetto, Simon. "Prédiction de la sensibilité biogéochimique et écologique des écosystèmes forestiers français aux dépôts atmosphériques azotés dans un contexte de changement global." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19558/1/Rizzetto.pdf.
Full textAlbouy, Camille. "Modélisation de scénarios pour la biodiversité ichtyologique en mer Méditerranée : influence du changement global et conséquences trophiques, application aux réserves marines et aux écosystèmes exploités." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20137/document.
Full textOne of the main goals in ecology is to understand the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In marine environments the overexploitation of resources by human activities is another forcing factor on species assemblages. This PhD thesis suggested, within a multicomponentsbiodiversity approach, to project expected changes in the structure of Mediterranean coastal fish assemblages under climate change but also under different fishing pressures. The originality of this work is to consider the dynamics of size structure, diversity of species, but also lineages (phylogenetic diversity), functional traits (functional diversity) and interactions (diversity of trophic links) in fish assemblages at different scales within the Mediterranean basin, the latter three components being largely ignored in climate change projections whereas they are essential for maintaining the viability of ecosystems and associated services beyond the simple number of species. We therefore projected future geographic ranges of Mediterranean coastal fish through theimplementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) and based on bioclimatic envelopes models. Projected range shifts of Mediterranean coastal fish show that for the end of the century (i) 54 species would lose their climatic niche, (ii) species richness may decline on 70.4% of the continental shelf, particularly in the Western Mediterranean basin and in the Aegean Sea, and (iii) the average maximum size of fish assemblages would increase on 74.8% of the continental shelf. The small species, not targeted by fishing activities, would be the species most threatened by climate change, while larger species are most vulnerable to fishing effort.Our projections at the whole Mediterranean scale show a decrease of 13.6% for the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of coastal fish and 12.6% for their functional diversity (FD) by the end of this century and suggest a significant erosion of some lineages like the gobidae family. While erosion of PD and FD is partly due to the loss of species richness (fewer species implies less lineage and functions) we obseved, especially in the western basin, that the fish assemblages would loss more phylogenetic and functional diversity than expected simply due to the erosion of species richness. These two components, were largely ignored in conservation of marine species assemblages and appear to be strongly impacted by global change.To understand the effects of climate change on food web structure we developed a new methodology based on the robust relationship between the size of preys and predators. We were able to highlight potential changes in food webs of fish assemblages under climate change for the Mediterranean continental shelf. We found that a significant portion of the Mediterranean continental shelf would face a reduction in the number of trophic links, vulnerability (number of predators per prey) and generality (number of preys per predator) of species on average, while connectance and trophic level within fish assemblages would increase by the end of the XXIth century.Beyond changes in species richness, the Mediterranean coastal fish assemblages may be modified, in the functions that they play in ecosystem, in the amount evolutionary history they support, as well as in their interactions structuring food webs. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the biogeography of ecosystem functioning using parsimonious and hybrid models to integrate different components of biodiversity, physical oceanography, and the level of exploitation of ressouces to infer the futur of marine systems cfunctioning facing multiple pressures that are already there
Rousseeuw, Kévin. "Modélisation de signaux temporels hautes fréquences multicapteurs à valeurs manquantes : Application à la prédiction des efflorescences phytoplanctoniques dans les rivières et les écosystèmes marins côtiers." Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0374/document.
Full textBecause of the growing interest for environmental issues and to identify direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic activities on ecosystems, environmental monitoring programs have recourse more and more frequently to high resolution, autonomous and multi-sensor instrumented stations. These systems are implemented in harsh environment and there is a need to stop measurements for calibration, service purposes or just because of sensors failure. Consequently, data could be noisy, missing or out of range and required some pre-processing or filtering steps to complete and validate raw data before any further investigations. In this context, the objective of this work is to design an automatic numeric system able to manage such amount of data in order to further knowledge on water quality and more precisely with consideration about phytoplankton determinism and dynamics. Main phase is the methodological development of phytoplankton bloom forecasting models giving the opportunity to end-user to handle well-adapted protocols. We propose to use hybrid Hidden Markov Model to detect and forecast environment states (identification of the main phytoplankton bloom steps and associated hydrological conditions). The added-value of our approach is to hybrid our model with a spectral clustering algorithm. Thus all HMM parameters (states, characterisation and dynamics of these states) are built by unsupervised learning. This approach was applied on three data bases: first one from the marine instrumented station MAREL Carnot (Ifremer) (2005-2009), second one from a Ferry Box system implemented in the eastern English Channel en 2012 and third one from a freshwater fixed station in the river Deûle in 2009 (Artois Picardie Water Agency). These works fall within the scope of a collaboration between IFREMER, LISIC/ULCO and Artois Picardie Water Agency in order to develop optimised systems to study effects of anthropogenic activities on aquatic systems functioning in a regional context of massive blooms of the harmful algae, Phaeocystis globosa
Holon, Florian. "Interactions entre écosystèmes marins et pressions anthropiques : Applications au suivi et à la gestion des eaux côtières de la mer Méditerranée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS030/document.
Full textDuring the last century, human activities were at the origin of increasing pressures impacting marine coastal ecosystems. Scientific data concerning this phenomena are fragmentary and the grid scale (1 x 1 km pixel) is insufficient to permit relevant local decision making. The management of these multiple and simultaneous threats necessitates reliable and accurate data concerning the distribution of pressures and the localization of the most sensitive ecosystems. This is at the origin of two European directives: the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). In response to these directives, the objectives of this work were to characterize the vulnerability and sensitivity of two priority ecosystems: Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and coralligenous reefs. Focusing on the French Mediterranean coastline (depth ranging from 0 to – 100 m), results were: the fine-scale (20 x 20 m pixel size) quantification and localization of the encountered anthropogenic pressures, the quantification and localization of these two priority ecosystems, and the assessment of their ecological state. Seagrass beds decline was modelled in link with depth and pressures; resistance thresholds to pressures, but also management priority areas were defined. This work should contribute to improve the development of indicators for the ecological state of coastal ecosystems. It should also help to better apply and coordinate management actions at a relevant scale for biodiversity conservation
Franchesquin, Nathalie. "Modélisation et simulation multi-agents d'écosystèmes anthropisés : une application à la gestion hydraulique en Grande Camargue." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30086.
Full textThe purpose of this study is to modelise and to simulate human influenced ecosystems with a multi-agents approach. More specially it focuses on the hydraulic management of the Camargue, located at the mouth of the Rhone river on the coastline on the Mediterranean sea. This wetland is well known for the variety of its ecosystems. Furthermore, it is subject to disturbances induced by human activities, such as farming and hunting. In order to provide an overall view of this ecosystem's dynamic and guidelines to its management, we suggest to build a software model of this system and to simulate it. Our approach is based on two sub-models, interacting with each other the hydrologic model and the hydraulic management model. The analysis of the hydrologic model describes the discretisation of the selected area and the required entities to modelise water fluxes
Mezemate, Yacine. "Analyse et modélisation multifractales des interactions ondes-turbulence-biologie dans un lac urbain." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1166/document.
Full textResearch in limnology has generally focused on natural lakes and dams. Moreover, the scientific challenges posed by urban lakes are numerous because of their large width and shallow depth resulting in complex problems that involve. This work is part of the project Petits Lacs Urbains Mesures Modèles Multi-Echelles (PLUMMME), founded by Région Île-de-France (DIM R2DS program). The project provides the high-resolution equipment measuring equipment used at Lake Créteil. Physical and biological measurements are the primary scope of this thesis, with some comparisons of measurements done between Lake Creteil and Lake Bourget. With this in mind, the first step of the thesis was to enhance currently available data. In order to do this we installed a station for the continuous measurement of: temperature, chlorophyll and light, also meteorological quantities such as wind speed, and air temperature were measured. The quantities were measured using two measuring chains comprising different sensors. Measurements were conducted in order to characterise hydrodynamics, using a current meter of type Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) and a profiler of type Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) positioned at different points in the lake (centrally, and at the point of stormwater discharge). The analysis of the various measured fields shows that the lake is periodically stratified with a period of one week. We also identify the different modes of the internal waves that occur due to the effects of the wind. Spectral analysis was used to highlight the first scale invariant propriety of the different measured fields. Various physical processes (turbulence, stratification, near-wall flow) operating along the water column were also characterised using this method. The spectral analysis, however, does not provide information about the intermittency of the fluctuations of the measured fields, this can only be done using multifractal techniques. In this thesis, we have shown that when there is a dependence between two fields, the dependence is multiscale. The use of the Universal Multifractal (UM) model, allows one to quantify the degree of this dependence. The quality of the estimation of the UM parameters depends strongly on that of the observed scale: time-series with trends are not scaling. The effects of the latter on the estimation of UM parameters can be improved by the application of the Empirical Modal Decomposition method. The measured velocity data from the ADCP shows that the slope of the power spectra density follow a logarithmic profile along the depth of the lake, it shows that different physical processes operate along the water column. We also show that the hydrodynamics of the lake at small scale are strongly perturbed at the point of waterstorm discharge. The last part of the thesis is focused on what our analysis at small-scales brings to numerical models. We show that, if the deterministic models are able to reproduce some phenomena at large scale, they fail to describe the small-scale variability. the small scale variability and the physical processes involved. A multifractal analysis showed that the small-scale variability of the physical fields displays a strong intermittency, an extremely important feature for biological or chemical reactions and therefore for biological scenarios. Knowing that the majority of biological/chemical interactions occur at smaller scales, this result underlines the necessity to greatly improve the closure of the Navier-Stokes equations. Finally, we show that the structure function, a frequently used statistical tool in turbulence, do not uniquely characterize non-conservative fields, i.e., they do not correspond to identical simulations
Soukhova, Natalia. "Etude de la distribution du 137Cs et modélisation des tranferts sol-plante dans les écosystèmes forestiers de la région de Briansk fortement contaminés par l'accident de Tchernobyl." Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA2070.
Full textThis work presents the results of the study of 137Cs distribution and transfer in forest ecosystems of Briansk (Russia). This region was heavily contaminated in the result of radioactive fallout from Chernobyl NPP accident in 1986. Thus the level of contamination allows to get reliable results. Different sites with pedological and forest features were chosen with the aim to study the influence of these parameters on 137Cs migration in soil and its transfer into vegetation. 137Cs migration in soil depends on forest litter thickness and composition. At present time the principal part of 137Cs is situated in the limit between litter and mineral horizons. Sequential extractions obtained from soil samples revealed the existence of geochemical barrier. This barrier is located just beneath the forest litter. 137Cs distribution in different parrts (wood, bark, leaves, sap, roots) of coniferous and deciduous woody species (Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula) was studied. 137Cs is very mobile in trees and our results show that its distribution can be easily explained by structure and functioning of studied species. Thus the difference in radial 137Cs distribution in trunk of studied species is closely linked to the difference in radial rays composition. Moreover it was demonstrated in some examples that 137Cs transfer in different types of forest vegetation depends on factors as : vertical distribution of 137Cs bioavailable forms in soil profile, vertical distribution of plant roots and some specific capacities of plants to accumulate 137Cs. The set of data gathered during the present work allowed us to develop one mathematical model of 137Cs migration and fixation in forest soil. Moreover conceptual models of 137Cs transfer in forest ecosystems were designed and a new approach to estimate the contamination of forest compartments contamination by 137Cs was proposed
Bujan, Stéphane. "Modélisation biogéochimique du cycle du carbone et des sels nutritifs dans les écosystèmes côtiers tropicaux sous influence terrigène et anthropique : Application au lagon de Nouméa (Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX22058.
Full textAuger, Pierre-Amaël. "Modélisation des écosystèmes planctoniques pélagiques en Méditerranée nord-occidentale : Impact des eaux du Rhône à l'échelle du plateau du golfe du Lion et variabilité interannuelle à décennale au large." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672663.
Full textDeville, Alexandra. "Suivi de terrain, expérimentations et modélisation : des approches complémentaires pour l'étude de l'impact des populations de colza hors-champ sur les flux de gènes au sein des agro-écosystèmes." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112304.
Full textRisk assessment of (trans)gene persistence and dispersal in space and time requires a good knowledge of the vehicles spreading (trans)genes in agro-ecosystems. Feral populations of oilseed rape, located in field margins can act as relays in (trans)genes dispersal. Three complementary approaches were carried out at an agricultural-area scale (Selommes, Loir-et-Cher) to specify the role of such populations in gene dispersal. First, a field survey of all oilseed rape populations (cultivated, feral, volunteers and fallows) in the studied area was conducted for 4 years using GPS cartography. This survey was completed with (i) phenotypic and genotypic analysis of seeds from these populations and (ii) farmers surveys. Second, we identified key-parameters of the life-cycle of feral populations and studied the effect of road verges management (mowing and herbicide treatment) using a demographic study based on modelling and field surveys. Third, an experimental study was designed to evaluate the adaptation of feral populations to their environment. We demonstrate that feral populations of oilseed rape have a potentially influential impact on gene dispersal. They seem to persist through time via self-recruitment or soil seed bank In addition, hybridizations between plants of different populations appear relatively frequent. These specific data collected on feral populations of oilseed rape at a realistic space and time scale are required to refine the predictions of models of gene dispersal and improve risk assessment of gene dispersal
Prato, Giulia. "Stratégie d'échantillonnage et modélisation trophique : des outils de gestion pour évaluer le fonctionnement des écosystèmes et le statut des prédateurs de haut niveau trophique dans les aires marines protégées méditerranéennes." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4000/document.
Full textThe overexploitation of high trophic level predators (HTLP) may trigger trophic cascades, often leading to a simplification of marine food-webs and reducing their resilience to human impacts. Marine protected areas (MPAs) can foster increases of HTLP abundance and biomass, but long time frames are needed to observe a recovery, when possible, of lost trophic interactions. This PhD aimed to propose integrated management-tools to monitor HTLP recovery and the restoration of trophic interactions in Mediterranean MPAs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools at assessing fishing impacts upon HTLP and the associated food-web. Two often distant approaches were combined: field monitoring and food-web modelling. First, to survey the fish assemblage, we proposed to improve the traditional underwater visual census technique of one size-transects with variable size transects adapted to fish mobility. This improvement increased the accuracy of density and biomass estimates of HTLP at three Mediterranean MPAs. We then evaluated the potential of food-web modelling with the Ecopath with Ecosim and Ecotroph approach as a tool to inform ecosystem-based management in Mediterranean MPAs. We proposed a standard model structure as the best compromise between model complexity, feasibility of model construction in terms of data collection, and reliability of model outputs. Key functional groups for which local accurate biomass data should be collected in priority in order to get reliable model outputs were identified
Wibawa, Teja Arief. "Modélisation globale et régionale de la dynamique de population du thon obèse de l'océan Indien avec le modèle SEAPODYM." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30149/document.
Full textThe Indonesian tuna fishery has suffered from a management problem due to incomplete and less reliability of tuna data leading to lack of understanding about tuna population dynamics in its region. The government of Indonesia initiated the Infrastructure Development of Space Oceanography (INDESO) programme to support marine resource management and monitoring of the Country. One application concerns the tuna fisheries with a challenging objective of real-time and forecast modeling of three tuna species biomass distributions: bigeye, yellowfin and skipjack. The model used is SEAPODYM (Spatial Ecosystem and Population Dynamics Model). The present thesis is dealing with bigeye tuna only, and had three major objectives: the preparation of a geo-referenced fishing dataset, the production of initial conditions for the regional INDESO model configuration, and the simulation of regional population dynamics. The georeferenced fishing catch and effort dataset of the Indian Ocean bigeye tuna was standardized throughout five procedures: standardization of spatial resolution, conversion and standardization of catch and effort units, raising of geo-referenced catch to nominal catch level, screening and correction of outliers, and detection of major catchability changes over long time series of fishing data. . The standardized geo-referenced catch dataset covers two-third of total nominal catch due to lack of geographic references for several fishing fleets. The regional model was configured along three steps: the parameterization of coarse resolution model over a long historical period, the downscaling and parameterization of operational global configuration, and the downscaling to the operational regional model. The first step provided model parameterization over the Pacific and Indian Ocean for thirty-nine years period at 2° monthly resolution, allowing to establish initial conditions of the population for the second configuration starting in 1998 at resolution 1/4° weekly. This second model configuration required a downscaling method to revise the parameterization and achieve the same solution despite some differences in the physical forcing. This global operational model provided initial conditions of the population and open boundary conditions (OBCs) constraining the fluxes of fish through the regional borders of INDESO model (1/12° daily resolution). The standardized Indian Ocean fishing dataset was used for including fishing mortality and validate the optimization achieved in the Pacific Ocean. Model simulation outputs suggest that bigeye is distributed in higher concentration in the North Indian Ocean (north of 20°S), with an extension through the Mozambique Channel and along an eastward prolongation between 35° and 40°S.. The operational model configurations (global and regional) are using VGPM net primary production and euphotic depth derived from satellite data, and climatological dissolved oxygen monthly maps from the World Ocean Atlas (WOA) as biogeochemical forcings. A regional simulation using the INDESO biogeochemical PISCES model forcing as an alternative to the satellite derived products was tested. The preliminary results show that once the PISCES primary production is scaled to the VGPM mean value, both products provide similar results, suggesting that longer time scale forecast based on the coupled physical biogeochemical model can be proposed
Gabrielle, Benoit. "L'évaluation environnementale des agrosystèmes: une approche intégrée pour gérer les risques agri-environnementaux." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011435.
Full textMes recherches s'inscrivent dans cette problématique, et sont centrées sur l'évaluation des systèmes de grandes cultures, avec une approche intégrée sous forme de bilan environnemental. Le bilan prend en compte de façon simultanée les impacts des pratiques culturales sur les milieux sol, eau, et atmosphère, pour un niveau de production donné, permettant ainsi de minimiser les transferts de pollution entre compartiments. Les impacts envisagés concernent les éléments carbone et azote, ainsi que les pesticides, à la fois pour les échanges gazeux, la rétention dans les sols et le rejet vers les eaux souterraines. La quantification des pertes environnementales repose sur une modélisation des cycles bio-géochimiques dans les systèmes sol-plante.
Le développement de modèles intégrés de simulation des processus d'émission de polluants, avec un accent particulier sur les échanges gazeux, a constitué la majeure partie de mon activité, et dans ses différentes facettes: intégration de processus, test sur jeux de données expérimentales, extrapolation dans le temps et dans l'espace, et enfin application au diagnostic environnemental dans des contextes finalisés. Ces derniers ont impliqué des domaines comme les bio-énergies, le recyclage de déchets urbains en agriculture, ou l'introduction de cultures tolérantes aux herbicides à large spectre.
La conclusion de ces analyses est que les marges de manoeuvre sont: i/ relativement faibles si l'on raisonne les pratiques de façon incrémentale dans le paradigme actuel, relativement intensif, ou ii/ intéressantes mais uniquement sur certains enjeux (eg, effet de serre pour bio-énergie), les autres enjeux étant plus difficiles à quantifier car tributaires des contextes locaux. Mes recherches futures vont donc porter sur une approche plus systémique des productions ou fonctions évaluées, intégrant des disciplines comme la micro-économie ou l'agronomie, et se déroulant dans un territoire décrit de façon explicite.
Loranger, Jessy. "Assemblage des communautés d’herbacées : une approche fonctionnelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS034/document.
Full textThere are two main factors which, combined together, allow understanding community assembly : i) the environment (both abiotic and biotic), which acts as a filter selecting species according to how well-adapted they are to given conditions, and ii) functional traits, on which this environmental filtering occurs since they represent species adaptations to particular conditions. It is thus essential to establish reliable relationships between environmental conditions and the functional structure of communities in order to identify and understand the mechanisms driving community assembly. However, several factors such as cross-scale interactions between environmental variables complicate the situation. This is why, despite a growing body of studies on the subject, processes of community assembly are still poorly understood and are difficult to generalize. The purpose of this thesis is to i) better define and quantify the trait-environment relationships in herbaceous systems across different spatial scales and ii) determine the influence of those relationships on community assembly and on ecosystem functioning. To realize these objectives, I worked with data from programs which assembled taxonomic and functional data on herbaceous communities across France (DivHerbe and DivGrass) and, to a lesser extent, Europe (VISTA). These databases thus cover large regional climatic gradients, as well as more local environmental gradients related to soil quality and disturbances. I first tested the importance of simultaneously considering local and regional environmental variables as well as their interactions to determine the taxonomic and functional structure of communities. Then, I studied how the relative importance of processes leading to either functional convergence or divergence can change along a successional gradient, and how these two types of processes influence our ability to predict community assembly from functional traits. Finally, I presented how the results at the community-level can be used to study the ecosystem-level. The results of this thesis demonstrate that regional climatic variables strongly interact with local environmental variables in driving the local processes responsible for community assembly. Assessing the regional context is thus necessary in order to avoid erroneous interpretations of observed assembly patterns. Working with those two levels of environmental variation, important discrepancies were found between taxonomic and functional variations across communities, reflecting the importance of considering several aspects of biodiversity in order to understand community dynamics. The results also demonstrated that the assembly processes leading to functional convergence and divergence have a very different and predictable impact on the relationships between traits and species relative abundances, i.e. on our ability to predict community assembly from traits. Finally, these notions related to trait-environment relationships and to trait-based community assembly were used in a functional biogeography framework: It was possible to build maps of functional traits values in permanent grasslands across France using environmental variables. These maps then allowed predicting particular ecosystem properties. Thus, this work allowed illustrating some challenges that we are facing in using our knowledge in functional ecology to build sustainable conservation and exploitation plans for our ecosystems
Luján, Paredes Doris Criscely. "Dealing with uncertainty in complex models ˸ an application to the OSMOSE ecosystem model of the northern Humboldt current system." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASB013.
Full textModels of increasing complexity help achieve a more realistic representation of natural systems. This can also lead to the creation of very complex tools, which sources of uncertainty must be studied, as well as the degree of confidence we can place in their predictions. This thesis focuses on studying the uncertainty of the OSMOSE marine ecosystem model applied to the northern Humboldt current ecosystem. This work explores several methods and tools available for uncertainty studies. We implemented an uncertainty analysis, where our main results show that the uncertainty in a complex model depends on the uncertainty in a few inputs, which propagates in time, and depending on the model outputs selected, these may dampen or amplify the level of uncertainty in model results. We also propose a protocol based on the parameter reliability criterion. This allows classifying model parameters according to the source of information used to estimate their values and assigning a level of uncertainty to model parameters. Finally, we provide a series of recommendations for future uncertainty studies using complex models
Pimenta, Paulo. "Application of model-driven engineering to multi-agent systems : a language to model behaviors of reactive agents." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS031/document.
Full textMany users of multi-agent systems (MAS) are very commonly discouraged to model and simulate using current MAS platforms. More specifically, modeling the dynamics of a system (in particular the agent's behaviors) is very often a challenge to users of MAS. That issue is more often observed in the domain of socio-ecological systems (SES), because SES domain experts are rarely programmers. Indeed,the majority of MAS platforms were not conceived taking into consideration domain-experts that are non-programmers. Most of the current MAS tools are not dedicated to SES, or they do not possess an easily understandable formalism to represent behaviors of agents. Moreover, because it is platform-dependent, a model realized in a MAS platform cannot be properly used in another platform due to incompatibility between MAS platforms. To overcome these limitations, we propose a domain-specific language (DSL) to describe the behaviors of reactive agents, regardless of the MAS platform used for simulation. To achieve that, we applied model-driven engineering (MDE), an approach that provides tools to develop DSLs from a meta-model (abstract syntax), textual editors with syntax highlighting (for the concrete syntax) and code generation capabilities (for source-code generation of a model). As a result, we implemented a language and a textual editor that allows SES domain experts to describe behaviors in three different ways that are closed to their natural expression: as equations when they are familiar to those, as a sequence of activities close to natural language or as an activity diagram to represent decisions and a sequence of behaviors using a graphic formalism. To show the generality we also developed code generators targeting two different MAS platforms (Cormas and Netlogo). We tested the code generators by implementing two SES models with the developed DSL. The generated code was targeted for both MAS platforms (Cormas and Netlogo), and successfully simulated in one of them.We conclude that the MDE approach provides adequate tools to develop DSL and code generators to facilitate MAS modeling and simulation by non-programmers. Concerning the developed DSL, although the behavioral aspect of MAS simulation is part of the complexity of modeling in MAS, there are still other essential aspects of model and simulation of MAS that are yet to be explored, such as model's initialization and points of view on the model's simulated world