Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation des chutes humaines'
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Saboune, Jamal. "Développement d'un système passif de suivi 3D du mouvement humain par filtrage particulaire." Phd thesis, Troyes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TROY0002.
The main idea behind the PARAChute project is to reduce the number of falls in the elderly by preventing them. This thesis work which is a part of this project aims to develop a new non intrusive human gait analysis system which would be a component of a fall risk evaluation system. Many methods have been used to evaluate dynamic equilibrium of a person while walking. By studying these methods, we were able to identify some gait parameters which are pertinent for fall risk detection. All these methods previously used, are based on clinical tests, or on using wearable sensors. Thus, we opted to develop a new approach based on a completer marker less 3D human motion capture system. The new system we created uses video feeds, a virtual 3d body model and a novel particle filtering algorithm we developed. This algorithm reorganizes the model’s configurations search space in a efficient, optimal and deterministic way. In order to reduce the complexity of this algorithm, we also developed a factorized version of it, using a dynamic Bayesian network. In terms of quality of 3D reconstruction, the results of our method are satisfactory
Saboune, Jamal. "Développement d'un système passif de suivi 3D du mouvement humain par filtrage particulaire." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598867.
Nowakowski, Katharine. "The prediction and management of muscle ageing : 3D musculoskeletal simulations and multi-scale biomechanical modeling for the analysis of human falls and fall prevention strategies through the application of artificial intelligence approaches." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COMP2763.
The age-related decline in muscle function is linked to both sarcopenia and an increased risk for falls. In this doctoral project, an analysis of the morphological, functional, mechanical and biophysical parameters known to be affected by ageing is presented. The data has been analysed with statistical and machine learning techniques. These results influenced the development of a deep reinforcement learning simulation for both young adult and elderly falls, based on the parameters sensitive to ageing such as maximum isometric force, contraction velocity, deactivation time, passive muscle strain, hip extension range and a mass shift from the legs to the trunk. Testing of the sensitivity of the results then led to the development of a coupled simulation to study falls recovery, where the effects of sensory nerves and proprioception was considered. The strategy for coupling allows for recovery for any fall position to be analysed to further test the limits of recovery produced by the given model. The results from each aspect of the project suggest that muscle ageing can be further elucidated through the development of a multi-scale model that could consider fatigue and the effect of biophysical changes on movement outcomes. A multi-scale model, where agent-based modelling is coupled to a reinforcement learning environment is proposed. The model accounts for the conversion of type II muscle fibres to type I fibres, as well as considers the dynamics of calcium, inorganic phosphate, and ATP, with prospective for further adaptations. This work demonstrates the interest in further exploration of complex human system modelling by leveraging artificial intelligence techniques
Le, Guyader Damien. "Modélisation des activités humaines en mer côtière." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717420.
Le, Hir Céline. "Forêt et chutes de blocs : méthodologie de modélisation spatialisée du rôle de protection." Marne-la-Vallée, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MARN0259.
Forest have a protection role against rockfalls in mountain areas. Foresters have to manage forests in a way to optimise this role and for they becomes durably protective. To reach this objective, they need adapted tools. This thesis is based on the idea that such tool can be provided. We design a tool to map the interrelation between rockfall and forest and to asses the influence of forest management on their protective ability. The method is based on use of spatial data. We first conceive and validate a tool from a model-GIS coupling. Real size experiments brought validation of the parameter from the trajectography model. GIS use allow us to validate the model and bring some adaptation for the results obtained with the model. We brought up some analysis modules for data spatial repartition. Then we took into account stand management by integrating their dynamic in the modelling process. We then obtain a tool open to be used in order to improve the understanding of stand management influence on protective role of forest. It could bring information on how to reduce rockfall hazard. Finally we conceived a methodology of rockfall hazard mapping with taking into account forests stands management
Pham, Quang-Cuong. "Etude de trajectoires locomotrices humaines." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066535.
Pauchet, Alexandre. "Modélisation cognitive d'interactions humaines dans un cadre de planification multi-agents." Paris 13, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA132017.
Guillot, Olivier. "Maillage multirésolution de surfaces : modélisation et maillage de formes humaines 3D." La Rochelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LAROS232.
In this thesis, we developped a surface subdivision that handles different kind of natural discontinuities of surfaces (darts, corners, creases and bounds) and the irregularities of the mesh that represents it. The aim of such a subdivision is to create limit surfaces that keep the natural discontinuities in order to enhance the quality of the multiresolution analysis based on that subdivision. We use the square root 3-subdivision because the resulting meshes grow slower. The multiresolution analysis by wavelets of a mesh of surface split the low frequencies and the higher ones, in order to obtain an approximation of the mesh and "details". Details can be truncated without creating great losses in the result of the synthesis. This property permits data compression of the details. Because the wavelet function is based on our square root 3-subdivision it handles natural discontinuities of the surfaces. This gives even smaller details for meshes with sharp edges. In order to analyse a mesh n times, this mesh must have a topology compatible with n subdivisions. If the surface contains discontinuities, n should be even. We built software tools in order to create a remeshing method that generates meshes compatible with those topologies. All this features are available in MEFP3C
Trevidy, Frédérique. "Vieillir en santé à son domicile : apprendre pour mieux gérer le risque d'isolement social. Une modélisation de l'identité-logement au service de la prévention de la chute." Thesis, Paris 13, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA131029.
A third of adult above 65 years of age, fall every year. Nevertheless, professional recommendations to reduce home hazards are rarely followed by the inhabitants due to their reticence to accept the modification of their living space that is imposed on them. At the origin of this phenomenon, what we term Home-Identity, a form of constructed spatial identity, which would render the relation between the individual and where he/she lives more complex. Objectives: This qualitative research aims to establish the model of the learning processes constituting Home-Identity so as to envisage a Therapeutic Patient Education (TPE) which would allow elderly fallers to fully participate in the modification of his/her home. Method: Using the grounded theory method we developed our model by continually comparing our results and the acquired data. Ten older adults fallers were interviewed with semi-direct guidance and a mental map of the home (MPH). Results: Home-Identity includes two feelings. At the center, the feeling of temporal continuity arises from the individual's present cycle of routines and knowledge which are linked to memories and projections into the future. The feeling of unity and coherence contains the feeling of continuity. It creates in the inhabitant defense strategies to protect his/her Home-Identity and learning processes to make it change. Discussion: Home-Identity leads to “competently acting” in situation at home. It is made dynamic by "constructivists” learning strategies which would allow the individual to assimilate new knowledge and to accommodate the changes of situation. Our model leads to envisage TPE in the form of educational support to home hazards modification. The MPH would be used to characterize the evolution in Home-Identity. Conclusion: Additional research will allow to validate the MPH and empirically test our model
Khdhiri, Hatem. "Épuration en eaux courantes : évaluation et modélisation de la capacité d'oxygénation dans les cascades et les chutes d'eau." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0216/document.
This work represents a part of polluted watercourses restoration by intensification of self-purification mechanisms essentially the degradation of organic matter and nitrogen. The main objective is to evaluate and model the air-water oxygen transfer by major hydraulic structures, namely stepped cascades and waterfalls. Aeration experiments conducted in a geometrically adjustable laboratory pilot, serving as stepped cascade and waterfall were used to assess the aeration potential of these structures as well as to study the geometrical an operating parameters effects. In a first approach, a global semi-empirical correlation for aeration efficiency calculation in stepped cascades, valid for a wide range of parameters, was developed, depending on water discharge, number of steps and chute slope, basing on our experimental measurements and data collected in publications. The same procedure was followed for developing a semi-empirical correlation to estimate the aeration efficiency of waterfalls in terms of the chute height, downstream water level and flowrate. In order to take into account the oxygen transfer phenomenon characteristics in stepped cascade (water volume and air-water exchange interfacial area), tracer experiments were associated with aeration experiments to allow measuring water volume and correlating the volume oxygen transfer coefficient kLa with the various parameters involved in the aeration mechanism. The interfacial specific area was numerically simulated using VOF approach depending on operating and geometrical parameters. A predictive equation for liquid film transfer coefficient kL calculation based on the parameters of influence was issued from both the simulations and experimental aeration measures
Bourrier, Franck. "Modélisation de l'impact d'un bloc rocheux sur un terrain naturel : application à la trajectographie des chutes de blocs." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0106.
This thesis is dedicated to the study of falling rocks bouncing on natural soils in order to improve the models used for rockfall hazard assessment. The impact of a rock on a scree slope is modelled using the Discrete Element Method. The comparison between numerical results and half-scale experimental results of impacts on a coarse soil shows that the numerical model allows accurately predicting the bouncing of the rock for a reduced number of model parameters to be calibrated. The numerical results also emphasize that the interaction between the impacting particle and the granular soil is composed of three stages : the partial energy exchange from the impacting particle to the soil, the propagation of a shockwave from the impact point and the wave reflection on the substratum. The study of energy exchanges during these three stages allows defining the impacting particle bouncing occurrence diagram as well as three impact regimes. The statistical analysis of numerical results using Bayesian inference leads to the definition of a stochastic impact model. This model is relevant for rock velocity after impact depending on both rock velocity before impact and soil particles layout near the impact point. Finally, the stochastic impact model is integrated into trajectory analysis models which allows defining a global probabilistic approach of rockfall hazard assessment including protective structures design
Bourrier, Franck. "Modélisation de l'impact d'un bloc rocheux sur un terrain naturel : application à la trajectographie des chutes de blocs." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363526.
Lemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l’aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T074/document.
Reprogramming technology of somatic cells in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) now offers the opportunity to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study patient’s neurons. We used this technology for generating two models of neurodegenerative diseases: the muccopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPSIIIB) and the ALS2 form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In the MPSIIIB model, we have shown that iPS and neurons of patients had characteristic defects of the disease such as the accumulation of storage vesicles. Alterations of the Golgi apparatus in these cells were also highlighted. Transcriptome analysis of MPSIIIB neural precursors showed transcriptional changes involving particularly genes implicated in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Thus, in a subsequent study, alterations of migration and orientation of MPSIIIB mutant mouse cells and MPSIIIB patients’ cells have been demonstrated. These alterations may be responsible for the disruption of neurogenesis and neuritogenesis in sick children. In the ALS2 model, we have shown that patients’ neurons had defects including decreased endosomes’ surface and abnormal neurite outgrowth. As there was previously no relevant cellular model reproducing the disease, this model will now allow the study of physiopathological processes involved in the disease. In conclusion, the generation of iPS cells allows to model neurodegenerative diseases and to study associated physiopathological processes on cultured human neurons. These cell models could allow in the near future the screening of molecules of potential therapeutical interest
Lemonnier, Thomas. "Modélisation de maladies neurodégénératives à l'aide de cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806699.
Berthet-Rambaud, Philippe. "Structures rigides soumises aux avalanches et chutes de blocs : modélisation du comportement mécanique et caractérisation de l'interaction "phénomène-ouvrage"." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10075.
This thesis considers natural hazards such as snow avalanches and rock falls from a civil engineering point of view. Computational tools henceforth exist to simulate adequately the behaviour of complex structures subjected to dynamic loadings. In this context, impacts on a rock shed are modelled by means of a damage model for concrete coupled with an explicit time integration "finite element" tool. This approach is then used to analyse damages induced by an avalanche on deflective walls. Its relevance is clearly highlighted for natural hazards. However and prior to apply these powerful tools to engineering practices, simplified methods have still to be developed, as well as a better understanding of the phenomenon action is required. This last topic is studied through new experiments aiming at characterizing action of avalanche through the back-analysis of metallic microstructures behaviour
Bennour, Meziane. "Contribution à la modélisation et à l'affectation des ressources humaines dans les processus." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20192.
Dandine-Roulland, Claire. "Modélisation de la composante génétique des maladies humaines : Données familiales et Modèles Mixtes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS259/document.
Linear mixed models have been formalized 60 years ago. These models allow to estimate fixed effects, as in the linear models, and random effects. First used in animal genetics, this type of modelling have been widely used in human genetics since a few years. Mixed models can be used in many genetic analysis; linkage and association studies, heritability estimations and Parent-of Origin effects studies for population or familial data.My thesis’ aim is to investigate mixed models based methods, for genetic data in population and, for familial genetic data.In the first part of my thesis, we investigated the mixed model statistical theory and their multiple uses in human genetics. We also adapted methods for our own work. An R package have been created which permits to analyze genetic data in R environment with mixed models.In a second part, we applied mixed models on Three-Cities data, a French longitudinal study, to estimate heritability of several traits. For this analysis, we have access to tag-SNPs typically used in genome-wide association studies, birthplaces and several anthropometric traits. The aim of our study is to analyze presence of population stratification and evaluate methods to correct it. In the one hand, we analyzed birthplace geographic coordinates and showed that the correction for population stratification by classical method is not sufficient in this case. In the other hand, we analyzed anthropometric traits, in particular the height for which we estimated heritability to 39% in Three-Cities study population.In the last part, we focused on family data. In a first work, we exploited familial information in causal variant research. In a second work, we explored mixed models uses for familial data, in particular association study, on Multiple Sclerosis data. We showed that mixed model methods can not be used without taking account the ascertainment scheme: in our data, all families have at least two affected sibs. To understand and correct this phenomenon, more investigations are needed
Katond, Mbay Jean-Paul. "Modélisation, développement et essais des turbines hydrauliques à utiliser sur des chutes d'eau typiques des rivières de la R.D. Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209553.
En second lieu, vient la configuration de la vis inclinée de α = 30° et dont l’hélice est orientée de β = 45° sur le moyeu (p45H30). Ces deux configurations ont respectivement un rendement à débit nominal de 89 et 86 %./D.R. Congo has an electricity service rate that ranks as the lowest in the world (less than 1% in rural areas) despite its large hydroelectric potential estimated at 100,000 MW. To increase the rate of access to electricity by constructing small hydropower plant, it is imperative to use simple technology, reliable, robust and inexpensive. The Archimedean screw turbine appears to be an appropriate solution to these requirements. We have designed and manufactured locally (in Lubumbashi) a test bench for Archimedean’s screw turbines having two blades only and a large pitch p function of β ( β = 30 ° and β = 45 °, β being the orientation angle of the blade on the screw cylinder). The goal is to simplify manufacturing and reduce the amount of steel used for the screw relative to the screws used in Europe or in USA. The test bench has allowed the experiments with six configurations combining the slope of the screw (α = 22.5 °, 30 ° and 37.5 °) and the pitch p (with varying rotation speed). The optimal combination appeared to be the configuration of the screw inclined at α = 22.5 ° relative to the horizon and with an helix β = 45 ° on the cylinder of the screw. The second best configuration has an inclined screw α = 30 ° and the helix which is oriented β = 45 °. These two configurations each have a global efficiency of 89% and 86%, respectively.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Dianat, Noushin. "Cellules souches pluripotentes humaines et modélisation de maladies hépatiques : l'hypercholestérolémie familiale et les cholangiopathies." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA114810.
Cell therapy can be an alternative to liver transplantation in some cases such as severe metabolic diseases. However, the shortage of organ donors implies the need to find new sources of liver cells such as hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells that can be amplified and differentiated extensively into any cell type. Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) generated from somatic cells of patients and then differentiated into hepatocytes represent a potential source of transplantable hepatocytes. These cells now make it possible to consider the transplantation of genetically modified autologous hepatocytes as an alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of genetic diseases of the liver.Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the receptor for Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLR), which is the cause of high blood cholesterol in these patients. Homozygous patients should purify their serum LDL-apheresis on average twice a month starting at a young age to avoid fatal myocardial infarction occurring in childhood.Human hepatocytes differentiated from patient’s induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allow assessing the feasibility to transplant genetically modified autologous hepatocytes as treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia.During the liver development, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, the two types of hepatic epithelial cells, derive from bipotent hepatic progenitors (hepatoblasts). Although cholangiocytes, forming intrahepatic bile ducts, represent a small fraction of the total liver cell population (3%), they actively regulate bile composition by secretion and reabsorption of bile acids, a process that is important in cholestatic liver diseases. In the first part of this study we developed an approach to differentiate pluripotent stem cells (hESC and hiPSC) into functional cholangiocytes. These cells could be used for the modeling of genetic biliary diseases. In the second part, we generated FH patient specific iPSCs (HF-iPSC), differentiated them into hepatocytes and tried to correct the disease phenotype by lentiviral introduction of LDLR cDNA cassette in HF-iPSC
Yang, Ao. "Bases structurales des intéractions moléculaires des centrines humaines par RMN." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066225.
Callizot, Noelle. "Validation de trois nouveaux modèles animaux de maladies neurologiques humaines et réflexions sur la modélisation." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR13172.
Thiaux, Victorien. "Déterminer si un rétablissement de l'équilibre est possible ou si une chute est inévitable pour deux perturbations posturales : le relâchement d'une inclinaison et la translation de surface." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6213.
St-Gelais, Karianne. "Modélisation de scénarios de déversements de pétrole et de la température de l'eau dans la rivière Chaudière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35457.
Côme, Julien. "Mise en place d'un modèle d'étude de l'amyotrophie spinale infantile à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE020.
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are characterized by self-renewal and pluripotency abilities that refer to the capacity to proliferate indefinitively without commitment in vitro and to the ability to differentiate into multiple and specialized cell lineages. hPSCs are a useful tool for regenerative medicine, pathological modelling and new therapeutic molecule identification.My thesis project mainly focused on the development of a new cellular model for the study of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). SMA is mainly characterized by a specific loss of spinal motor-neurons (sMN) that induces a progressive muscle weakness. The initial objective has been to define a protocol allowing the differentiation of sMN starting from hPSC. Using combinatorial analysis, we identified experimental condition that induced an efficient (70%) and rapid (14 days) generation of sMN. In parallel, we setted up the condition needed for the specification of different subtype of MN, such as spinal interneurons (77%) and sensory neurons (64%) in the same timeline.Then, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPS) from skin biopsies of SMA patients and unaffected fibroblasts. Characterization of the MNs viability was performed in 384 wells plates with high throughput screening. Moreover, our new system allowed us to reproduce in well characterized human PSC-derived MNs specific phenotype described for SMA thus providing a new tool for HT pharmacological screening and drug discovery. In addition, in collaboration with Dr.Rougeulle, we used hPSC to study specific mechanism occurring during early stages of embryonic development. In particular, we characterized the implication of Xact in the reactivation of chromosome X
Teyssedre, Hubert. "Observations satellitaires et modélisation de l'évolution à long terme de l'ozone stratosphérique et influence d'activités humaines." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30200.
El-Zakhem, Imad. "Modélisation et apprentissage des perceptions humaines à travers des représentations floues : le cas de la couleur." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001090.pdf.
The target of this thesis is to implement an interactive modeling of the user perception and a creation of an appropriate profile. We present two methods to build the profile representing the perception of the user through fuzzy subsets. The first method is a descriptive method used by an expert user and the second one is a constructive method used by a none-expert user. For the descriptive method, we propose a questioning procedure allowing the user to define completely his profile. For the constructive method, the user will be able to define his perception while comparing and selecting some profiles reflecting the perception of other expert users. We present a procedure of aggregation allowing building the profile of the user starting from the selected expert profiles and the rates of satisfaction. As a case study, we describe an application to model the color perception. Thereafter, we exploit the profiles already built for image classification. We propose a procedure that allows building the profile of an image according to the user perception, by using the standard profile of the image and the user’s profile representing his perception. In this method we use new definitions for the notions of comparability and compatibility of two fuzzy subsets. At the end, we present an implementation of the all procedure, the structure of the database as some examples and results
Feteira, Jessica. "Mise en place d'un épiderme reconstitué dérivé de cellules pluripotentes humaines pour la thérapie cellulaire et la modélisation pathologique." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2011EVRY0025.
This work aimed to establish a protocol for the differention of pluripotent cells (embryonic or induced) into keratinocytes, which must be able to generate a pluristratified epidermis in vitro as well as in vivo for cell therapy and pathological modeling. In the 1st part of this work, a new protocol was developped to derive keratinocytes from hES cells. These cells were characterized by using RTq-PCR, FACS and immunofluorescence assays. Their immunogenicity was also evaluated by FACS analysis of class I and class II MHC proteins. The capacity of these keratinocytes to generate a pluristratified epidermis has been proved in vitro as well as in vivo following grafts onto immunodeficient mice. In a 2nd part of this work, hIPS cells were then derived into keratinocytes using the same protocol. The characterization of heratinocytes derived from hIPS produced positive results, but it was unfortunately not possible to maintain those cells in culture. Similarly, a strategy based on RNA interference against dermoepidermal junction proteins was not successful; but new hIPS mutated cell lines have been established and differentiated into keratinocytes, proving the feasibility of such an approach for pathological modeling. In a 3rd part of this work, a differential expression study proved that keratinocytes derived from pluripotent cells overexpress keratin 19 (marker fetus) when compared with postnatal keratinocytes
Djordjalian, Valérie. "Contribution à l'étude biomécanique des articulations humaines : modélisations tridimensionnelles de la colonne vertébrale et du genou." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO10199.
Hercend, Claude. "Contribution de la modélisation moléculaire à l’étude de pathologies humaines : Application au transporteur ATP7B et au récepteur 5HT2B." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T005/document.
Jalade, Patrice. "Mesures et modélisation des effets radiobiologiques des ions légers sur des cellules tumorales humaines : application à l'hadronthérapie." Lyon 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/06/40/23/PDF/these.pdf.
Potemski, Paulina. "Le rôle des femmes dans la résilience des sociétés humaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Troyes, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TROY0027.
Androcentrism, a social and societal construct of many human societies throughout time and the world, has led to the historical definition of the social roles of women and men while promoting the actions and activities of the latter at the expense of the former. The lack of visibility also applies to what they have been able to achieve or can achieve for a greater resilience of human societies in the face of difficulties and challenges, past, present and future. The notion of resilience, used in the media and in different scientific fields, is defined here as a dynamic process involving the succession, if necessary and if adopted, of three phases: maintenance or conservation, adaptation with minor adjustments, and transformation. The resilience of human societies is a process integrating multiple interactions with the environment and time. The modeling of women's life experiences reveals specific elements for a successful transformation of their lives. Thus, the existence of a quest for a life project and a determination to pursue it in the face of perceived injustice or difficulty. Another similarity is the existence of a trigger resulting from an intervention to pursue the life transformation. These similarities and differences are integrated into a comparative analysis. Due to historical androcentrism, women's actions to improve their own resilience, that of their loved ones, and their societies, still lack visibility. This report proposes avenues paths for future research to better observe or even replicate these actions more globally
Charpail, Estelle. "Analyse du comportement mécanique des côtes humaines en dynamique." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002983.
Mainieri, Robin. "La forêt, un intégrateur robuste de l'évolution de la dynamique des chutes de blocs dans un contexte de changements environnementaux ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU009.
Rockfalls are one of the most common geomorphological processes in the steeply sloping environments. Despite their limited volumes, rockfalls pose a significant hazard, due to their rapid evolution, high velocity and impact energy, but their unpredictable occurrence hinders detailed investigation of their dynamics and drivers under natural conditions. As the relative influence of rainfall, snowmelt, temperature, or freeze–thaw cycles have long been identified, based on medium-term monitoring methods, as the main drivers of rockfall activity, increasing rockfall hazards triggered by climate change are a major concern expressed both in scientific and non-scientific media.At high altitude sites, unequivocal relationships have been established between heightened rockfall activity, permafrost thawing and global warming. By contrast, below the permafrost limit, in the absence of longer-term assessments of rockfall triggers and possible changes thereof, our knowledge of rockfall dynamics remains still lacunary as a result of the persisting scarcity of exhaustive and precise rockfall databases.Over the last two decades, dendrogeomorphology – based on the analysis of damage inflicted to trees after rockfall impacts – has been used to overcome certain limitations inherent to historical archives and reconstructions of rockfall activity have been developed. Paradoxically, tree-ring reconstructions have only rarely been compared with climatic data to precisely constrain the potential meteorological triggers of process activity or to detect potential influences of global warming mostly due to the absence of clear recommendations to derive reconstructions that optimally capture the climatic signal in rockfall-prone environments.In this context, this PhD thesis first aims at proposing clear methodological guidelines to optimize sampling strategies of trees so as to precisely quantify uncertainties in dendrogeomorphic reconstructions back in time. Our results clearly evidence that the high-resolution mapping of stems on the studied combined with a careful selection of tree-species located at the vicinity of the cliffs improve the robustness of our reconstructions at the Saint-Guillaume (mixed forest stand, Vercors massif, French Alps) and Valdrôme (monospecific planted forest stands, Diois massif, French Alps) studied plots.In the second part, we capitalize on rockfall activity derived from optimized reconstructions and on the high-spatio-temporal resolution of the SAFRAN reanalyses, to precisely identify the meteorological triggers of rockfall events. At the interannual scale, our results evidence that summer precipitations and intense rainfall-events are the main drivers at both sites while no clear impact of temperature or freeze-thaw cycles could be detected.Finally, we compare decadal fluctuations existing in both tree-ring records with climatic series available for the period 1959-2017 with the purpose to detect the potential impacts of global warming on rockfall activity. In the Vercors massif, we explain increasing rockfall activity observed in the reconstruction since 1959 by a rapid forest recolonization and the overrepresentation of young sensitive trees rather than by climate change. In the Diois massif, the absence of significant trend suggests that a premature warning of increasing rockfall hazard, is not supported by the existing data. Yet, the weak robustness of the multiple regression models used here, the limited increase of temperature at the study sites and the incompleteness of our tree-ring reconstructions suggest that these results have to be treated with cautiously. All in all, this PhD thesis clearly demonstrates the added-value of the dendrogeomorphic approach to reconstruct rockfall activity, assess the meteorological driver of past events as well as to detect the potential impacts of environmental changes on the process dynamics
Hercend, Claude. "Contribution de la modélisation moléculaire à l'étude de pathologies humaines : Application au transporteur ATP7B et au récepteur 5HT2B." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00708236.
Ahmed, Engi. "Modélisation de l'épithélium bronchique par les cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines dans la Bronchopathie Pulmonaire Chronique Obstructive (BPCO)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT070.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a major public health problem and will be the 3rd leading cause of death in the world in 2030. Age, smoking, and air pollution through the exposure to particulate matter but also domestic pollution - mostly represented by domestic biomass combustion - are well-identified risk factors for the development of COPD. To date, there is no cure that can interfere with the natural history of the disease.Pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent human stem cells (hiPSCs), are defined by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into all cell types in our body. They offer an unprecedented opportunity to model the normal and pathological human development of the respiratory system.This research project aimed to model in vitro the trajectories of COPD, related to a developmental origin (pediatric roots) and / or susceptibility to tobacco. In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of COPD and tobacco susceptibility, we established two extreme groups: i) 4 patients with a severe form of COPD, the "highly susceptible" group, ii) 4 patients who are free of COPD or other tobacco-related comorbidity despite heavy smoking, called as "highly resistant" to tobacco.We have used two different but complementary in vitro cell culture models: hiPSCs and human bronchial primary epithelial cell cultures (HBECs) grown in ALI condition (Air Liquid Interface).First of all, we generate hiPSCs cell lines by reprogramming cells from peripheral blood of a healthy subject (control), and three highly characterized severe COPD patients. In a second step, the directed differentiation of hiPSCs allowed to recapitulate the early pulmonary development (NKX2.1 generation of bronchial progenitors) by the development of a robust and reproducible directed differentiation protocol of several hiPSCs lines. The maturation of these bronchial progenitors in 2D or 3D culture allows the generation of epithelial structures expressing markers of KRT5 + basal cells , CSSP + Club cells and FOXJ1 + ciliated cells. In a second step, these epithelia will be exposed to tobacco (CSE-cigarette smoke extract) in order to induce a "COPD-like" phenotype. Finally, ALI culture of HBECs of severe COPD patients was performed in unexposed and exposed condition (CSE). Transepithelial resistance, ciliary motility, secretory profile, and RNA diversity were collected.This work allowed to put in place the necessary tools to reproduce the in vitro trajectories of COPD and to clarify the origins of this pathology. The high throughput sequencing tools (transcriptomic in our study), will allow the discovery of new candidates, that represent potential targets for future pharmacological screening
Wagner, Anne. "Production de Prourokinase par des cellules humaines tumorales cultivées en réacteurs discontinus et perfusés : cinétiques, physiologie et modélisation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPL041N.
Colas, Hubert. "Modélisation intégrée bassin versant - Activités humaines - Milieux hydriques : application au bassin versant du Lez et des étangs palavasiens." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20195.
Cebo, Christelle. "Activité lectinique des cytokines humaines : implications dans les voies de transduction lymphocytaires et modélisation de l'interaction cytokine-ligand." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-145.pdf.
Fahssi, Racim Mehdi. "Identification systématique et représentation des erreurs humaines dans les modèles de tâches." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30304/document.
In user-centered approaches, the techniques, methods, and development processes used aim to know and understand the users (analyze their needs, evaluate their ways of using the systems) in order to design and develop usable systems that is in line with their behavior, skills and needs. Among the techniques used to guarantee usability, task modeling makes it possible to describe the objectives and activities of the users. With task models, human factors specialists can analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of interactive applications. This approach of task analysis and modeling has always focused on the explicit representation of the standard behavior of the user. This is because human errors are not part of the users' objectives and are therefore excluded from the job description. This vision of error-free activities, widely followed by the human-machine interaction community, is very different from the Human Factor community vison on user tasks. Since its inception, Human Factor community has been interested in understanding the causes of human error and its impact on performance, but also on major aspects like the reliability of the operation and the reliability of the users and their work. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate that it is possible to systematically describe, in task models, user errors that may occur during the performance of user tasks. For this demonstration, we propose an approach based on task models associated with a human error description process and supported by a set of tools. This thesis presents the results of the application of the proposed approach to an industrial case study in the application domain of aeronautics
Feyeux, Maxime. "Utilisation des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines porteuses de la mutation causale de la maladie de Huntington en tant que nouveau modèle pathologique." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EVRY0035/document.
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative inherited disease. It is caused by the extension of a CAG motif coding for a poly-glutamine (polyQ) tract within huntingtin gene (HTT). Symptoms declaration occurs late in life. In order to better understand HD a wealth of cellular and animal genetic models both have fuelled 15 years of studies, but never transduced into truely lasting and beneficial pharmacological treatment. Avalaible drugs are used to handle symptomatology, but don’t address the lethal prognosis. Existing models seems to fail at replicating fully the first steps of transcriptionnal alterations occurring in HD. I took advantage of the recent disponibility of hESC naturally carrying HD mutation to investigate the hypothesis that they can yield insight into early presymptomatic mechanisms of HD from embryonic development to adulthood. I developed protocols, cellular and molecular tools to establish HD and normal hESC as HD cellular models. Then I used these tools to investigate transcriptomic dysregulation in immature neural cells carrying the HD causing mutation. I identified new early cellular biomarkers associated to the mutation. These results suggest the existence of previously unknown molecular mécanisms spécific to the earliest stages of the disease. These new biomarkers could be very interesting targets for pre-symptomatic pharmacological intervention
Denis, Jérôme. "Modélisation pathologique des maladies monogéniques par l'utilisation des cellules souches embryonnaires humaines : preuve de concept appliquée à la dystrophie myotonique de type 1." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EVRY0042/document.
Among their promising applications, human embryonic stem cells lines (hES) have huge potential to improve the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the development of monogenic diseases. This application of modeling pathologic became possible using hES cell lines carrying the causal mutation of a monogenic disease, obtained during pre-implantation diagnosis. The team where I did my thesis work demonstrated that hES cell lines and their progeny, carrying the causal mutation in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), expressing the molecular defects characteristic of the pathology, allowing more relevant analysis than primary cultures derived from biopsies of patients and validates the use of this cell model. In this context, in the first part of my thesis, my goal was to develop culture conditions for hES cell differentiation into normal and mutant neural lineage in order to obtain homogeneous populations of neural progenitors and neural stem cells and to characterize their phenotypic and fonctional preperties. Next, using a transcriptomic method, I compared the expression profile of neural progenitors to another homogeneous population of mesenchymal precursors. Thus, I identified genes and signaling pathways specific to each of these populations. (Article 1). In the second part of my work, my contribution to the pathological modeling of DM1 was to use these mutant neural progenitor cells and neural stem cells to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in neurological symptoms observed in this pathology. Thus, I have identified a cell signaling pathway defects in mTORC1 pathway based on the observation that NSC cells carrying DM1 mutation proliferated more slowly than control cells (Article II).At last, I also studied the expression of Tau protein, a protein involved in Alzheimer’s disease and I have highlighted changes suggesting impairement of axonal transport in neurons derived from hES cell lines mutant. These results, together with those performed in the team, can provide proof of concept for the benefit of such a cell model for modeling disease monogenic diseases
Regent, Florian. "Automatisation de la différenciation des cellules souches pluripotentes humaines en cellules de l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien et modélisation des symptômes rétiniens associés à la mutation d’APC." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLE048/document.
First attempts to transplant retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in patients affected by age related macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa have shown both satisfactory safety results and promising efficacy results. However, they also highlighted the need for more robust and efficient differentiation protocols to treat large numbers of patients. In our study, we used only three compounds in a sequential manner (Nicotinamide, Activin A and CHIR99021) to develop a novel differentiation protocol that summarizes the main steps of retinogenesis. This protocol enabled us to automate RPE cells differentiation and, thus, should enable the large-scale production of these cells for the development of a treatment accessible to all.Secondly, we used this new differentiation protocol to model retinal manifestations of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (FAP). FAP is an autosomal dominant inherited disease due to the mutation of the tumor suppressor gene Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC). This disease is mainly characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of adenomas in the rectum and colon but also by various extra -intestinal manifestations. Among these manifestations, pigmented ocular fundus lesions are the most common. Although these lesions are almost always benign, they suggest a role for APC in the development and the homeostasis of the RPE. In this study, we differentiated hPSCs harboring APC mutations into RPE cells and described a new role for this protein in the regulation of the melanogenesis and the proliferation of these cells
Sandeau, Julien. "Modélisation physique et résolution numérique du transport et du dépôt des particules d'aérosols médicaments dans les voies respiratoires extrathoraciques humaines." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00461695.
Le, Goïc Maëva. "Etude du contrôle postural chez l'homme : analyse des facteurs neurophysiologiques, biomécaniques et cognitifs, impliqués dans les 500 premières millisecondes d'une chute." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002633.
Pierre, Magali. "Influence de l'âge sur le seuil de perturbation vers l'avant pour le relâchement d'une inclinaison, le relâchement d'une inclinaison avec translation de surface et la translation de surface." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8175.
Pezet, Éric. "De la classification des emplois à la question des compétences : modélisation des relations entre gestion des ressources humaines et négociation collective." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1215.
Tissot, Cyril. "Modélisation spatio-temporelle d'activités humaines à fort impact environnemental : Application à l'étude des pratiques agricoles intensives dans le département du Finistère." Brest, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BRES1006.
This main goal of this thesis is to propose a methodological frameworkdedicated to long-term changes of modelling of the coastal environment under the influence of anthropic activities. Beyond these general problems the finality of this research task is based on the constitution of a simulation chain. This simulation chain is able to modelise the variability of activities which have a strong environmental impact. It integrates the physical, economic and lawful factors which can influence their progress. The whole developments associated with this study is articulated around two complementary axes :- a methodological axis devoted to formalization of a modelling environment based on the coupling of quantitative and qualitative models within a generic simulation platform ;- a thematic axis centered on the realization of a specific modelling application of intensive breeding progress in the department of Finistère (France). These two steps are concretized by the development of the platform "Dynamique des Activités HUmaines" (DAHU) and the "Module Activités Littorales" (MAL). The construction of simulator DAHU is based on the transcription of a complex environment in a model of reality based on the description of human activities progress in space and time. The "Module Activités Humaines" allows to test the methodology of modelling associated with platform DAHU. This application particulary shows that it is possible to simulate variability of practical spreading with reactives agents. The results obtained shows that the variability of spreading is closely related to legal framework evolution fixing the use of organic fertilizer, and with weather conditions changes observed at the intra-annual scale
Cala, Olivier. "Approche moléculaire de l'astringence par l'étude des interactions entre les tanins du vin et les protéines de la salve." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14131/document.
During tasting of red wines, a sensation of dryness named astringency may occur. This sensation iscaused by the interaction between wine tannins and salivary proteins corresponding to an extremelycomplex phenomenon. Five representative wine tannins B1, B2, B3, B4 and C2, and threerepresentative peptides IB714, IB937 and histatin 3 from saliva were synthesized and studied byphysical chemistry and biology structural tools, such as NMR, circular dichroism and molecularmodeling. After a structural study, the parameters of the interaction were determined for all systemsallowing to build affinities scales, showing the influence of three-dimensional structure of tannins andtheir nature (degree of polymerization), the influence of the peptide length and the higher affinity oftannins for PRP than HRP. These studies have also highlighted the importance of concentration oftannin on the phenomenon of precipitation. Below their CMC, tannins bind specifically to salivaryproteins. Above the CMC, the specific interactions are still present, but tannins can also form micellesand create hydrophobic interactions
Boudjaoui, Mehdi. "Pour une approche complexe de l'alternance en éducation : modélisation de pratiques ingénieriques en formation(s) : ordres, désordres et organisations." Lille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL12014.
Bourguignon, Chloé. "Modélisation de l’effet de la pollution atmosphérique sur l’épithélium bronchique : les cellules souches pluripotentes induites humaines, une nouvelle voie d’étude de l’exposome ?" Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT018.
ABSTRACTAir pollution is one of the largest environmental cause of disease and every year, 7 millions of premature deaths are attributable to air pollution worldwide. Ambient fine particulate matter plays a major role in the development of chronic respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Recently, several studies have highlighted pediatric roots in the trajectories of these diseases. However, only few preclinical models are available to study these early developmental stages yet critical in respiratory health. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are able to differentiate into all cell types of human body. Thus, they offer a great opportunity to recapitulate lung development in vitro, especially bronchial airway development.Thanks to our differentiation protocol of hiPSC into functional airway epithelium, we can mimic in vitro key bronchial development steps: definitive endoderm, anterior foregut endoderm, lung progenitors towards functional epithelial cells such as ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, club cells and neuroendocrine cells. PM2.5 exposure performed at different steps of the protocol showed high doses related cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. An effect on differentiation process was also observed with a decrease of anterior foregut endoderm and lung progenitors markers along with a modification in differentiated cells proportion.These results open new possibilities to study air pollution impact on lung development. Thanks to hiPSC self-renewal property, high scale exposure studies of environmental factors impact on lung development could emerge by adding new cell types to this model, developing new exposure systems and modifying genetic background of hiPSC