Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation de la dépendance extrémale'
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Boulin, Alexis. "Partitionnement des variables de séries temporelles multivariées selon la dépendance de leurs extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5039.
Full textIn a wide range of applications, from climate science to finance, extreme events with a non-negligible probability can occur, leading to disastrous consequences. Extremes in climatic events such as wind, temperature, and precipitation can profoundly impact humans and ecosystems, resulting in events like floods, landslides, or heatwaves. When the focus is on studying variables measured over time at numerous specific locations, such as the previously mentioned variables, partitioning these variables becomes essential to summarize and visualize spatial trends, which is crucial in the study of extreme events. This thesis explores several models and methods for partitioning the variables of a multivariate stationary process, focusing on extreme dependencies.Chapter 1 introduces the concepts of modeling dependence through copulas, which are fundamental for extreme dependence. The notion of regular variation, essential for studying extremes, is introduced, and weakly dependent processes are discussed. Partitioning is examined through the paradigms of separation-proximity and model-based clustering. Non-asymptotic analysis is also addressed to evaluate our methods in fixed dimensions.Chapter 2 study the dependence between maximum values is crucial for risk analysis. Using the extreme value copula function and the madogram, this chapter focuses on non-parametric estimation with missing data. A functional central limit theorem is established, demonstrating the convergence of the madogram to a tight Gaussian process. Formulas for asymptotic variance are presented, illustrated by a numerical study.Chapter 3 proposes asymptotically independent block (AI-block) models for partitioning variables, defining clusters based on the independence of maxima. An algorithm is introduced to recover clusters without specifying their number in advance. Theoretical efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated, and a data-driven parameter selection method is proposed. The method is applied to neuroscience and environmental data, showcasing its potential.Chapter 4 adapts partitioning techniques to analyze composite extreme events in European climate data. Sub-regions with dependencies in extreme precipitation and wind speed are identified using ERA5 data from 1979 to 2022. The obtained clusters are spatially concentrated, offering a deep understanding of the regional distribution of extremes. The proposed methods efficiently reduce data size while extracting critical information on extreme events.Chapter 5 proposes a new estimation method for matrices in a latent factor linear model, where each component of a random vector is expressed by a linear equation with factors and noise. Unlike classical approaches based on joint normality, we assume factors are distributed according to standard Fréchet distributions, allowing a better description of extreme dependence. An estimation method is proposed, ensuring a unique solution under certain conditions. An adaptive upper bound for the estimator is provided, adaptable to dimension and the number of factors
Kacem, Manel. "Processus de risque : modélisation de la dépendance et évaluation du risque sous des contraintes de convexité." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10051/document.
Full textIn this thesis we focus on two different problems which have as common point the contribution to the modeling and to the risk management in insurance. In the first research theme, we are interested by the modeling of the dependence in insurance. In particular we propose an extension to model with common factor. In the second research theme we consider the class of nonincreasing discrete distributions and we are interested in studying the effect of additional constraint of convexity on the convex extrema. Some applications in ruin theory motivate our interest to this subject. The first part of this thesis is concerned with factor models for the modeling of the dependency in insurance. An interesting property of these models is that the random variables are conditionally independent with respect to a factor. We propose a new model in which the conditioning is with respect to the entire memory of the factor. In this case we give some mixing properties of risk process under conditions related to the mixing properties of the factor process and to the conditional mixing risk process. The law of the sum of random variables has a great interest in actuarial science. Therefore we give some conditions under which the law of the aggregated process converges to a normal distribution. In the second part of the thesis we consider the class of discrete distributions whose probability mass functions (p.m.f.) are nonincreasing on a finite support. Convex extrema in that class of distributions are well-known. Our purpose is to point out how additional shape constraints of convexity type modify these extrema. Two cases are considered : the p.m.f. is globally convex on N or it is convex only from a given positive point. The corresponding convex extrema are derived by using a simple crossing property between two distributions. Several applications to some ruin problems are presented for illustration
Ben, Ghorbal Noomen. "Étude de certaines mesures d'association multivariées et d'un test de dépendance extrémale fondés sur les rangs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27602/27602.pdf.
Full textChatelain, Simon. "Modélisation de la dépendance entre pré-extrêmes." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1267.
Full textIn various applications in environmental sciences, finance, insurance or risk management, joint extremal behavior between random variables is of particular interest. For example, this plays a central role in assessing risks of natural disasters. Misspecification of the dependence between random variables can lead to substantial underestimation of risk, especially at extreme levels. This thesis develops inference techniques for Archimax copulas. These copula models can account for any type of asymptotic dependence between extremes and at the same time capture joint risks at medium levels. An Archimax copula is characterized by two functional parameters, the stable tail dependence function (stdf), and the Archimedean generator which acts as a distortion of the extreme-value dependence model. Conditions under which the generator and the stdf are identifiable are derived so that a semiparametric approach for inference can be developed. Two nonparametric estimators of the stdf and a moment-based estimator of the generator, which assumes that the latter belongs to a parametric family, are proposed. The asymptotic behavior of the estimators is then established under broad regularity conditions; performance in small samples is assessed through a comprehensive simulation study. In the second part of the thesis, Archimax copulas are generalized to a clustered constructions in order to bring in more flexibility, which is needed in practical applications. The extremal behavior of this new dependence model is derived herein. Finally, the methodology proposed herein is illustrated on precipitation data. First, a trivariate Archimax copula is used to analyze monthly rainfall maxima at three stations in French Brittany. The model is seen to fit the data very well, both in the lower and in the upper tail. The nonparametric estimator of the stdf reveals asymmetric extremal dependence between the stations, which reflects heavy precipitation patterns in the area. An application of the clustered Archimax model to a precipitation dataset containing 155 stations is then presented, where groups of asymptotically dependent stations are determined via a specifically tailored clustering algorithm. Finally, possible ways to model inter cluster dependence are discussed
Lebrun, Régis. "Contributions à la modélisation de la dépendance stochastique." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913510.
Full textDi, Bernardino Éléna. "Modélisation de la dépendance et mesures de risque multidimensionnelles." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838598.
Full textCuberos, Andres. "Modélisation de la dépendance et estimation du risque agrégé." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10321/document.
Full textThis thesis comprises three essays on estimation methods for the dependence between risks and its aggregation. In the first essay we propose a new method to estimate high level quantiles of sums of risks. It is based on the estimation of the ratio between the VaR (or TVaR) of the sum and the VaR (or TVaR) of the maximum of the risks. We use results on regularly varying functions. We compare the efficiency of our method with classical ones, on several models. Our method gives good results when approximating the VaR or TVaR in high levels on strongly dependent risks where at least one of the risks is heavy tailed. In the second essay we propose an estimation procedure for the distribution of an aggregated risk based on the checkerboard copula. It allows to get good estimations from a (quite) small sample of the multivariate law and a full knowledge of the marginal laws. This situation is realistic for many applications. Estimations may be improved by including in the checkerboard copula some additional information (on the law of a sub-vector or on extreme probabilities). Our approach is illustrated by numerical examples. In the third essay we propose a kernel based estimator for the spectral measure density of a bivariate distribution with regular variation. An extension of our method allows to estimate discrete spectral measures. Some convergence properties are obtained
Sbai, Mohamed. "Modélisation de la dépendance et simulation de processus en finance." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451008.
Full textAhdida, Abdelkoddousse, and Abdelkoddousse Ahdida. "Processus matriciels : simulation et modélisation de la dépendance en finance." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00674813.
Full textAhdida, Abdelkoddousse. "Processus matriciels : simulation et modélisation de la dépendance en finance." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1154/document.
Full textAfter a short introduction (in French) to the multi dimensional modelling for index pricing problems, the first part of the thesis treats the simulation of stochastic differential equations defined on the cone of symmetric positive semi-definite matrices. Indeed, we present several second order discretization schemes associated to a general class of affine processes defined on $posm.$ We study also their weak convergence. We pay a special attention to Wishart processes, which are considered as a particular case of this class and have been frequently used in finance. In this case, we give an exact scheme and a third order discretization one. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first exact sampling of the Wishart distribution without any restrictions on its parameters. Some algorithm are proposed in order to enhance all scheme in term of computation of time. We show numerical illustrations of our convergence and compare it to the theoretical rate. We then focus on other type of processes defined on the correlation matrix space. For this purposes, We propose a new stochastic differential equation defined on $crr.$ We prove the weak and the strong existence of such solutions. These processes are considered as the extension of Wright-Fisher processes (or Jacobi process) on correlation matrices. We shed light on a useful connection with Wishart processes and Wright-Fisher multi-allèles. Moreover, we explicitly present their moments, which enable us to describe the ergodic limit. Other results about Girsanov representations are also given. Finally, in order to use these processes in practice, we propose second order discretization schemes based on two different methods. Numerical experiments are presented to show the convergence. The last part is devoted to multi dimension modelling in finance for baskets and indices pricing. After giving a mathematical analysis of models defined either by the correlation matrix or in the positive semi-definite semi positive one, we ask if we find the adequate structure of correlation models which is able to calibrate both the index options market and the single options market related to each component of this index. For this purpose, we propose two types of modelling, the first uses a local model correlation and the second derives from a pure stochastic correlation model. Moreover, we explain different routines that have been used for improved calibration
Dias, Neto David. "Modélisation de la dépendance dans l'analyse multivariée des séries financières." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010013.
Full textSbaï, Mohamed. "Modélisation de la dépendance et simulation de processus en finance." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1046/document.
Full textThe first part of this thesis deals with probabilistic numerical methods for simulating the solution of a stochastic differential equation (SDE). We start with the algorithm of Beskos et al. [13] which allows exact simulation of the solution of a one dimensional SDE. We present an extension for the exact computation of expectations and we study the application of these techniques for the pricing of Asian options in the Black & Scholes model. Then, in the second chapter, we propose and study the convergence of two discretization schemes for a family of stochastic volatility models. The first one is well adapted for the pricing of vanilla options and the second one is efficient for the pricing of path-dependent options. We also study the particular case of an Orstein-Uhlenbeck process driving the volatility and we exhibit a third discretization scheme which has better convergence properties. Finally, in the third chapter, we tackle the trajectorial weak convergence of the Euler scheme by providing a simple proof for the estimation of the Wasserstein distance between the solution and its Euler scheme, uniformly in time. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the modelling of dependence in finance through two examples : the joint modelling of an index together with its composing stocks and intensity-based credit portfolio models. In the forth chapter, we propose a new modelling framework in which the volatility of an index and the volatilities of its composing stocks are connected. When the number of stocks is large, we obtain a simplified model consisting of a local volatility model for the index and a stochastic volatility model for the stocks composed of an intrinsic part and a systemic part driven by the index. We study the calibration of these models and show that it is possible to fit the market prices of both the index and the stocks. Finally, in the last chapter of the thesis, we define an intensity-based credit portfolio model. In order to obtain stronger dependence levels between rating transitions, we extend it by introducing an unobservable random process (frailty) which acts multiplicatively on the intensities of the firms of the portfolio. Our approach is fully historical and we estimate the parameters of our model to past rating transitions using maximum likelihood techniques
Béranger, Boris. "Modélisation de la structure de dépendance d'extrêmes multivariés et spatiaux." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066004/document.
Full textProjection of future extreme events is a major issue in a large number of areas including the environment and risk management. Although univariate extreme value theory is well understood, there is an increase in complexity when trying to understand the joint extreme behavior between two or more variables. Particular interest is given to events that are spatial by nature and which define the context of infinite dimensions. Under the assumption that events correspond marginally to univariate extremes, the main focus is then on the dependence structure that links them. First, we provide a review of parametric dependence models in the multivariate framework and illustrate different estimation strategies. The spatial extension of multivariate extremes is introduced through max-stable processes. We derive the finite-dimensional distribution of the widely used Brown-Resnick model which permits inference via full and composite likelihood methods. We then use Skew-symmetric distributions to develop a spectral representation of a wider max-stable model: the extremal Skew-t model from which most models available in the literature can be recovered. This model has the nice advantages of exhibiting skewness and nonstationarity, two properties often held by environmental spatial events. The latter enables a larger spectrum of dependence structures. Indicators of extremal dependence can be calculated using its finite-dimensional distribution. Finally, we introduce a kernel based non-parametric estimation procedure for univariate and multivariate tail density and apply it for model selection. Our method is illustrated by the example of selection of physical climate models
Bosc, Damien. "Trois essais sur la modélisation de la dépendance entre actifs financiers." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00721674.
Full textTankov, Peter. "Processus de Lévy en Finance : Problèmes Inverses et Modélisation de Dépendance." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007944.
Full textLa deuxième partie est consacrée au développement d'une méthode permettant de caractériser les structures de dépendance entre les composantes d'un processus de Lévy multidimensionnel et de construire des modèles exponentielle-Lévy multidimensionnels. Cet objectif est atteint grâce à l'introduction de la notion de copule de Lévy, qui peut être considérée comme l'analogue pour les processus de Lévy de la notion de copule, utilisée en statistique pour modéliser la dépendance entre les variables aléatoires réelles. Les exemples de familles paramétriques de copules de Lévy sont donnés et une méthode de simulation de processus de Lévy multidimensionnels, dont la structure de dépendance est décrite par une copule de Lévy, est proposée.
Eksioglu, Kamil Murat. "Modélisation de la dépendance contextuelle des concepts flous la structure SFC." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0035/NQ67104.pdf.
Full textVermette, Richard. "Modélisation de la dépendance entre les garanties applicables en assurance automobile." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28287/28287.pdf.
Full textTableau d'honneur de la FÉS
Fischer, Richard. "Modélisation de la dépendance pour des statistiques d'ordre et estimation non-paramétrique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1039/document.
Full textIn this thesis we consider the modelling of the joint distribution of order statistics, i.e. random vectors with almost surely ordered components. The first part is dedicated to the probabilistic modelling of order statistics of maximal entropy with marginal constraints. Given the marginal constraints, the characterization of the joint distribution can be given by the associated copula. Chapter 2 presents an auxiliary result giving the maximum entropy copula with a fixed diagonal section. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for its existence, and derive an explicit formula for its density and entropy. Chapter 3 provides the solution for the maximum entropy problem for order statistics with marginal constraints by identifying the copula of the maximum entropy distribution. We give explicit formulas for the copula and the joint density. An application for modelling physical parameters is given in Chapter 4.In the second part of the thesis, we consider the problem of nonparametric estimation of maximum entropy densities of order statistics in Kullback-Leibler distance. Chapter 5 presents an aggregation method for probability density and spectral density estimation, based on the convex combination of the logarithms of these functions, and gives non-asymptotic bounds on the aggregation rate. In Chapter 6, we propose an adaptive estimation method based on a log-additive exponential model to estimate maximum entropy densities of order statistics which achieves the known minimax convergence rates. The method is applied to estimating flaw dimensions in Chapter 7
Mtalai, Itre. "Modélisation de la dépendance à l'aide des mélanges communs et applications en actuariat." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32983.
Full textLa modélisation de la dépendance entre les risques pour un portefeuille d’une assurance ou d’une entité financière est devenue de plus en plus importante pour la solvabilité des institutions financières et l’examen de solvabilité dynamique et l’analyse financière dynamique des compagnies d’assurance. L’hypothèse d’indépendance entre les risques est parfois réaliste et facilite l’évaluation, l’agrégation et l’allocation des risques. Cependant, dans la majorité des cas, les risques individuels sont influencés par un ou plusieurs facteurs communs, tels que l’environnement économique, les régions géographiques ou les conditions climatiques et il est donc moins réaliste, voire dangereux, de supposer l’indépendance entre les risques d’un même portefeuille. Dans la littérature, un tel cas peut être modélisé par des modèles avec mélange commun. Ces modèles ont de nombreuses applications en assurance et en finance. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d’explorer les modèles de dépendance construits à l’aide des mélanges communs et de faire sortir, à l’aide de plusieurs applications, la dangerosité de considérer l’indépendance entre les risques au sein d’un portefeuille. En particulier, la focalisation est mise sur un modèle souvent considéré pour modéliser le montant de sinistres, notamment la loi exponentielle mélange. Cette thèse considère les modèles de risque basés sur la loi exponentielle mélange. Le premier chapitre constitue une introduction générale aux modèles avec mélanges communs et introduit les notions qui seront utilisées dans les autres chapitres. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous considérons un portefeuille de risques représentés par un vecteur de variables aléatoires dont la fonction de répartition conjointe est définie par une copule Archimédienne ou une copule Archimédienne imbriquée. Nous examinons le calcul de la fonction de répartition de la somme ou une variété de fonctions de ces variables aléatoires. En nous basant sur la méthodologie computationnelle présentée dans ce chapitre, nous examinons plusieurs problèmes reliés à différents modèles de risque en actuariat, tels que l’agrégation et l’allocation du capital. De plus, en utilisant une telle structure de dépendance avec des marginales spécifiques, nous obtenons des expressions explicites pour plusieurs quantités relatives au risque agrégé telles que sa fonction de masse de probabilité, sa fonction de répartition, sa TVaR, etc. L’échangeabilité des copules Archimédiennes implique que toutes les marginales sont égales. Afin de généraliser les copules Archimédiennes pour permettre les asymétries, plusieurs chercheurs utilisent une structure hiérarchique obtenue en imbriquant plusieurs copules Archimédiennes. Toutefois, il est difficile de valider la condition d’imbrication permettant d’assurer que la structure résultante est une copule, lorsque les copules impliquées appartiennent à des familles Archimédiennes différentes. Afin de remédier à ce problème, nous présentons, au troisième chapitre, une nouvelle méthode d’imbrication basée sur la construction des lois composées multivariées exponentielles mélange. En introduisant plusieurs paramètres, un large spectre de structures de dépendance peut être couvert par cette nouvelle construction, ce qui semble être très intéressant pour des applications pratiques. Des algorithmes efficients de simulation et d’agrégation sont également présentés. En nous inspirant à la fois des chapitres 2 et 3, nous proposons et examinons en détail au quatrième chapitre une nouvelle extension au modèle collectif de risque en supposant une certaine dépendance entre la fréquence et la sévérité des sinistres. Nous considérons des modèles collectifs de risque avec différentes structures de dépendance telles que des modèles impliquant des lois mélanges d’Erlang multivariées ou, dans un cadre plus général, des modèles basés sur des copules bivariées ou multivariées. Nous utilisons également les copules Archimédiennes et Archimédiennes hiérarchiques afin de modéliser la dépendance entre les composantes de la somme aléatoire représentant le montant de sinistre global. En nous basant encore une fois sur la représentation de notre modèle sous forme d’un mélange commun, nous adaptons la méthodologie computationnelle présentée au chapitre 2 pour calculer la fonction de masse de probabilité d’une somme aléatoire incorporant une dépendance hiérarchique. Finalement, dans le cinquième chapitre, nous soulignons l’utilité des modèles avec mélange commun et nous étudions plus en détail les lois exponentielles mélange dans leurs versions univariée et multivariée et nous expliquons leur lien étroit avec les copules Archimédiennes et Archimédiennes hiérarchiques. Nous proposons également plusieurs nouvelles distributions et nous établissons leurs liens avec des distributions connues.
Risk dependence modelling has become an increasingly important task for the solvency of financial institutions and insurance companies. The independence assumption between risks is sometimes realistic and facilitates risk assessment, aggregation and allocation. However, in most cases individual risks are influenced by at least one common factor, such as the economic environment, geographical regions or climatic conditions, and it is therefore less realistic or even dangerous to assume independence between risks. In the literature, such a case can be modelled by common mixture models. These models have many applications in insurance and finance. The aim of this thesis is to explore the dependence models constructed using common mixtures and to bring out, with the use of several applications, the riskiness of considering the independence between risks within an insurance company or a financial institution. In particular, the focus is on the exponential mixture. Exponential mixture distributions are on the basis of this thesis. The first chapter is a general introduction to models with common mixtures and introduces the concepts that will be used in the other chapters. In the second chapter, we consider a portfolio of risks represented by a vector of random variables whose joint distribution function is defined by an Archimedean copula or a nested Archimedean copula. We examine the computation of the distribution of the sum function or a variety of functions of these random variables. Based on the computational methodology presented in this chapter, we examine risk models regarding aggregation, capital allocation and ruin problems. Moreover, by using such a dependency structure with specific marginals, we obtain explicit expressions for several aggregated risk quantities such as its probability mass function, its distribution function, and its TVaR. The exchangeability of the Archimedean copulas implies that all margins are equal. To generalize Archimedean copulas to allow asymmetries, several researchers use a hierarchical structure obtained by nesting several Archimedean copulas. However, it is difficult to validate the nesting condition when the copulas involved belong to different Archimedean families. To solve this problem, we present, in the third chapter, a new imbrication method via the construction of the multivariate compound distributions. By introducing several parameters, a large spectrum of dependency structures can be achieved by this new construction, which seems very interesting for practical applications. Efficient sampling and aggregation algorithms are also presented. Based on both Chapters 2 and 3, we propose and examine in detail, in the fourth chapter, a new extension to the collective risk model assuming a certain dependence between the frequency and the severity of the claims. We consider collective risk models with different dependence structures such as models based on multivariate mixed Erlang distributions, models involving bivariate or multivariate copulas, or in a more general setting, Archimedean and hierarchical Archimedean copulas. Once again, based on the common mixture representation, we adapt the computational methodology presented in Chapter 2 to compute the probability mass function of a random sum incorporating a hierarchical Archimedean dependency. Finally, in the last chapter, we study, in more details, the exponential mixture distributions in their univariate and multivariate versions and we explain their close relationship to Archimedean and hierarchical Archimedean copulas. We also derive several new distributions, and we establish their links with pre-existent distributions. Keywords : Common mixture models, Exponential mixture, Bernoulli mixture, Archimedean copulas, Nested Archimedean copulas, Compounding, Marshall-Olkin, Hierarchical dependence structures.
Kodia, Banzouzi Bernédy Nel Messie. "Mesures de dépendance pour une modélisation alpha-stable : application aux séries chronologiques stables." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1468/.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the study of the dependence between heavy tails random variables, and especially symmetric a-stable random variables, by introducing a new coefficient of dependence: the signed symmetric covariation coefficient. We use this coefficient and the generalized association parameter introduced by Paulauskas (1976), in the context of time series, for Identification of MA and AR stable processes. In the first chapter, we give an overview of a-stable laws. We recall the basic concepts, some representations of associated random variables in both the univariate and multivariate cases. The spectral measure carries all the information about the dependence structure of an a-stable random vector. Its form is given for two sub-families of laws : the sub-Gaussian random vectors and linear combinations of independent random variables. Covariation and codifference are presented. We introduce the signed symmetric covariation coefficient in the second chapter. This coefficient has most of the properties of the correlation coefficient of Pearson. In the case of sub-Gaussian random vectors, it coincides with the generalized association parameter. The consistency of the proposed estimators for these quantities is demonstrated. The results of a study on the asymptotic behavior of estimators are presented. In the third chapter, we introduce the concepts of signed symmetric autocovariation and generalized auto-association for linear stationary processes. We use these coefficients for identifying the order of a MA stable process. We propose a statistic acting as a partial autocorrelation coefficient. We compare this statistic with quadratic statistics asymptotically invariant based on the ranks and used by Garel and Hallin (1999) for the identification of AR stables. A study of the results is performed using simulations
Limam, Mohamed-Ali. "Modélisation de la dynamique des rentabilités des hedge funds : dépendance, effets de persistance et problèmes d’illiquidité." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD031/document.
Full textIn this thesis we combine long memory processes and regime switching models to study the nonlinear dynamics of hedge funds returns and their exposure to market risk. The attractiveness of hedge funds lies in their ability to generate returns uncorrelated to those of traditional assets while allowing to improve returns and/or reduce the risk, regardless of market conditions. However, some specificity of returns of hedge funds as their nonlinear and asymmetric nature as well as the presence of a strong autocorrelation in related to illiquidity problems make this aspect only valid in a Gaussian framework. In this study, we adopt an econometric approach that reconciles the notion of long memory and that of pure performance persistence. In this regard, we focus on the risk of confusion between real and spurious long memory long memory since certain processes can generate similar characteristics to that of long memory processes. It appears from this study not only the inadequacy of standard models to take into account the characteristics of the series of financial returns but also the relevance of using mixed models to better understand all of these features within a unified framework. The Beta Switching ARFIMA-FIGARCH mode we suggest reveals the complexity of hedge fund return dynamics and proves the need to better understand the dynamics of returns of hedge funds in order to explain the interactions between hedge funds themselves and between hedge funds and standard markets. The long memory component is taken into account both at the conditional mean through the ARFIMA process and at the conditional variance through several specifications heteroscedatic fractional processes including FIGARCH, FIAPARCH and HYGARCH models. This model take into account several features of hedge fund returns, highlights their hidden risks and represents a new perspective to which managers could move
Keiflin, Ronald. "La rechute chez le toxicomane et sa modélisation chez l'animal : analyse des processus comportementaux élémentaires." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21528.
Full textRelapse to drug taking, evenafter extended periods of abstinence, is one od the main obstacles to the effective treatment of drug addiction. Although the factors responsible for the resumption of drug taking in human addicts are not completely understood, acute re-exposure to the drug has been identified as a major determinant of relapse. In an animal model of relapse, an acute "priming" injection of the drug results in a robust reinstatement of a formerly acquired and then extinguished drug self-administration behavior. In order to determine more precisely which feature of human relapse is captured by the reinstatement model, we intended to tease apart the contribution of several elemental psychological processes in the cocaine-induced reinstatement model. We found that : 1/ Cocaine acts as a (internal) stimulus and acquires discriminative control over behavior. Hence, cocaine can reinstate an extinguished food-seeking gehavior when this behavior has been previously trained under the influence of cocaine. 2/ Cocaine-induced reinstatement is independent of the current value of the outcome. This result indicates that cocaine-induced reinstatement is not a goal-directed behavior (reinstatement is not necessarly equivalent to drug seeking). This series of experiments indicates that the reinstatement model, cocaine acts as a discriminative stimulus that controls the activation of automatic, habit-based behaviors. In human addicts, such a discriminative control of automatic drug-related behaviors might explain the high probability of relapse, even after extended periods of abstinence and conscious knowledge of the long-term aversive consequences
Bourhis, Yoann. "Dynamique de population et dépendance multi-échelle au paysage - modélisation mécaniste appliquée à la protection des cultures." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARA079/document.
Full textEnvironmental and health issues call for a switch in crop protection towards less chemically driven strategies. Pest damages on crops result of population dynamics that are influenced by landscape features. Those features may be relocated or dismissed to improve landscapes resistance to pest damages. Here we explore numerically the landscape modification as a crop protection strategy.Landscape features can influence population dynamics through their impact on individuals. Therefore, we developed a multiscale population dynamics model accounting for individual foraging. The foraging process results of (1) the perception of distant features used as resources by the individuals, (2) the localisation of the population along an additional dimension quantifying individual energy supply, (3) an optimisation procedure defining adapted directed motionsWe developed an evolutionary heuristic for landscape modification. It is able to rearrange landscapes with respect to compositional and structural constraints. Population and landscape models were applied to a theoretical landscape planning problem. The mechanistic description of the optimal foraging process enables new and efficient levers for crop protection, building on the disruption of the foraging behaviours. This application enlightens the responsiveness of the simulated population to landscape modifications, as well as the ability of evolutionary algorithms to produce resilient landscapes under agronomic productive constraints
Araichi, Sawssen. "Modélisation de la dépendance temporelle des sinistres en assurance non vie et enjeux de l’évaluation du Passif." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10170/document.
Full textIn this thesis a different aspects of dependence modeling are considered. Indeed, temporal dependence structures between claims amounts and between lines of business are analyzed. In the first chapter, a general introduction on modeling dependence in insurance is provided. The second chapter is essentially constituted by the article "Modeling Temporal Dependence of Claims In Insurance Using Autoregressive Conditional Amount Models", written with Christian de Peretti and Lotfi Belkacem, (see Araichi et al. (2013)) It deals with the problem of existing a temporal dependence structure between claims amounts of one line of business. To this end, we propose a new model for handling the dynamic behaviour of claims amounts in insurance companies using an Autoregressive Conditional Amount (ACA) framework. This model will be named Autoregressive Conditional Amount Model (ACA). A Gamma ACA model and a Generalized Extreme Value ACA model are proposed. It is shown that these models are more appropriate to describe and to forecast the process of claims of the lines Auto Damage and Auto Liability than traditional models. Furthermore, a parametric Value at Risk based on ACA framework (VaR ACA) is proposed for evaluating a coverage amount of these claims. Using backtesting techniques, the VaR ACA provides an accurate estimation of risk. The third chapter of this thesis is based on the article "Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality Model: A novel model for claims reserving in Non life insurance", written with Christian de Peretti and Lotfi Belkacem, (see Araichi et al. (2015)). In this chapter, a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality Model (GACSM) for claims is proposed. We extend the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) by incorporating temporal dependence between claims amounts of one triangle. The GACSM is used for model parameter estimation and consistency of such estimate is proved. Bootstrap procedure is implemented for prediction reserves and prediction errors. Results show that taking into account the temporal dependence between losses improves the precision of the reserve distribution estimate, and thus evaluates an accurate SCR. Finally the fourth chapter is based on the article "Time Varying Copula Model for claims reserving in Non life insurance", written with Christian de Peretti and LotfiBelkacem. In this chapter, a time varying copula models to understand the behavior of claims amounts of two lines of business. Time varying copula functions with a Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Sinistrality model are used to analyze the evolution in time of dependence between two lines and the temporal dependence between claims of each line. Simulation study is performed to highlight the impact on reserves and Solvency Capital Requirement. Results show that our approach provides a diversification effect between claims amounts
Zequeira, Alfonso Romulo Isbel. "Modélisation stochastique pour l'évalusation de politiques d'inspection et de maintenance des systèmes de sécurité." Troyes, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TROY0008.
Full textHigh safety systems availability is important to keep industrial risks at low levels. Usually the failures of those systems can be detected only by periodic inspections. Besides, they deteriorate in time. Hence to replace them periodically may decrease total cost. We consider the determination of inspection and maintenance policies of safety systems. Important practical aspects considered in this thesis are the quality of inspections, the quality of maintenance actions and the use of predictive maintenance. We study how to include in the models the opportunities for inspecting and replacing the system. Further, we examine the inspection and maintenance policy for two-components parallel systems with dependent component lifetimes, for two criteria: the cost rate and a reliability constraint
Guicharnaud, Chloé. "Dynamiques éco-évolutives de la densité-dépendance au sein des fronts d'expansion poussés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ6041.
Full textPopulation density, i.e. the number of individuals present in a given space, has a major influence on individual performance and ultimately population biology. The nearly ubiquitous presence of density-dependence and density-dependent traits within the Tree of Life makes it important to know more about how density-dependence can evolve and influence population dynamics. When a population is expanding over space, density varies dramatically over a short spatial scale from the already occupied, sometimes densely populated, core area to the empty spaces beyond the expanding edge. In this context, understanding how dispersal traits respond to density is essential to know as it will potentially lead to or shape various ecological and evolutionary changes along the expansion. Notably, positive density-dependence in dispersal (but also in population growth rates) can generate so-called "pushed" expansions, where individuals in populations well behind the leading edge mostly drive the spread. Such dynamics are compared to more "pulled" expansions, in which the spread is driven by individuals at the leading edge. Many studies on this pulled/pushed continuum ignore the possibility of an evolving positive density dependence, and how traits driving that density dependence may be correlated with other traits or each other. During this thesis, I combined experimental and simulated expansions to explore how the evolution of correlated density-dependent life-history traits could influence eco-evolutionary dynamics under the lens of pulled/pushed dynamics. First, I demonstrated that among different species of Trichogramma microwasps, each species' position on a pace-of-life continuum was partially correlated with how pushed or pulled the expansion is. Slower species generating more pushed expansions. Then, using an Individual-Based Model, I found, conversely to my expectations, that the strength of life-history trait correlation does not significantly influence overall pulled/pushed dynamics. However, there is evidence that dispersal costs can markedly reshape the relationship between neutral genetic diversity and density-dependence that is key to pushed dynamics. Finally, using simulated expansions again, I attempted to build predictive models that can infer key pushed expansion parameters from a set of metrics based on population genetics or demography that could be easily obtainable from empirical datasets or in the field. Our first proof of concept presented encouraging results, with good model performances when predicting the presence of positive density-dependence in dispersal or the spatial neutral genetic diversity. Overall, this thesis presents the importance of including the evolution of density-dependent traits within studies on pulled versus pushed expansions, as it may result in shifts within this continuum. The (co)evolutionary history also seems to influence how much the expansion is pushed or pulled, but not the correlation structure itself. Indications of divergent evolutionary trajectories between pushed expansions generated by positive density-dependence in dispersal or population growth open the door for further studies on the evolution of biological expansions, and on how to include it to make better predictions in real-life scenarios
Nicolet, Gilles. "Inférence et modélisation de la dépendance spatiale des extrêmes neigeux dans les Alpes françaises par processus max-stables." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU017/document.
Full textExtreme snowfall and extreme snow depths are among the most dangerous hazards in the mountainous regions. Max-stable processes, which connect extreme value statistics and geostatistics by modeling the spatial dependence of extremes, offer a suitable framework to deal with. Two challenging issues concerning spatial dependence of extremes are broached in this thesis through the examples of snowfall and snow depths in the French Alps: model selection and temporal nonstationarity. We process two winter maxima data sets of 3-day snowfall (90 stations from 1958 to 2013) and snow depths (82 stations from 1970 to 2013). First, we introduce a leave-two-out cross-validation procedure appropriate for evaluating the predictive ability of max-stable processes to model the dependence structure of spatial extremes. We compare five of the most commonly used max-stable processes, using as a case study the snowfall maxima data set. This approach allows us to show that the extremal-t, geometric Gaussian and Brown-Resnick processes are able to represent as well the structure of dependence of the data, regardless of the number of stations or years. Then, we show, using a data-based approach allowing to make minimal modeling assumptions, that snowfall extremes tended to become less spatially dependent over time, with the dependence range reduced roughly by half during the study period. We demonstrate that this is attributable at first to the increase in temperature and its major control on the snow/rain partitioning. A magnitude effect, with less dependent extremes due to a decrease in winter cumulated snowfall, also exists. Finally, we tackle the first-ever use of max-stable processes with temporal trends in the spatial dependence structure. This approach is applied to snow depth winter maxima modeled by a Brown-Resnick process. We show that the spatial dependence of extreme snow depths is impacted by climate change in a similar way to that has been observed for extreme snowfall
Bubák, Vít. "Chapitres en modélisation économétrique appliquée des marchés financiers d'Europe centrale." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010033.
Full textRapicault, Pascal. "Modèles et techniques pour spécifier, développer et utiliser un framework : une approche par méta-modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00505470.
Full textCHAOUCHE, Keltoum. "Approche multifractale de la modélisation stochastique en hydrologie." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005781.
Full textL'étude exploite une base de données de 232 séries annuelles de divers sites, de nombreuses séries de pluie à divers pas de temps (mois, jour, heure, minute) ainsi que quelques séries de débits. Elle conduit aux résultats suivants :
- Les lois de type algébrique sont adaptées à la modélisation des grandes périodes de retour des séries de pluie étudiées.
- Sur ces mêmes séries, le coefficient de décroissance algébrique est un paramètre invariant d'échelle (sur des gammes d'échelles supérieures à l'heure).
- L'estimation de ce coefficient en divers sites à travers le monde est très peu variable.
- La propriété de longue dépendance est décelable au sein de certaines séries de débits, notamment des séries de rivières sur craie.
Ces résultats incitent donc à l'emploi de cascades multifractales pour la modélisation des séries de pluie, bien qu'un travail concernant la détection et l'estimation de longue dépendance reste à accomplir pour que le choix du générateur respecte la forme de dépendance de la série.
Cristau, Cécile. "Définition, mesure et modélisation de l'attachement à une marque avec deux composantes : la dépendance et l'amitié vis-à-vis d'une marque." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32060.
Full textResearch on affective loyalty to a brand faces conceptual confusions. The doctoral research points them out and characterize attachement as a sentimental relationship in which brand is personnified. Attachement has two indications : dependency and friendship. Two antecedents, the functional reliability and the emotional attraction, describe the practical and sensitive sources of the relationship of attachement to a brand. The roles of functional reliability, emotional attraction, dependency, friendship, and engagement have been studied to contrast cognitive and affective effects. Research describes possible future studies on the interactions in the model
Lenuzza, Natacha. "Modélisation de la réplications des Prions : Implication de la dépendance en taille des agrégats de PrP et de l'hétérogénéité des populations cellulaires." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453321.
Full textArdon, Jean. "Modélisation probabiliste de la dépendance spatiale et temporelle appliquée à l’étude du péril sécheresse dans le cadre du régime français d’indemnisation des catastrophes naturelles." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS002.
Full textThis work was performed at CCR, a French reinsurance company, within the studies that are conducted to model natural disasters, and particularly the drought hazard. Drought is the word used to denote the shrink-swell clay phenomenon that damages individual houses. These researches are related to an internal model that estimates the annual cost of a drought. This model crosses insurance data and soil moisture data to evaluate the cost of a occured event. CCR wants this model to be improved towards a probabilistic version by conceiving a generator of drought events that have to be realistic, although they are fictive. This generator will allow the estimation of the probability distribution of the drought cost. In order to conceive a fictive event generator for CCR’s drought model, mathematical tools have been used to model dependence between spatio-temporal random variables. The chosen method consists of studying and modeling separately spatial dependence and temporal dependence. Temporal dependence is modelized with time series models such as classical decomposition and autoregressive processes. Spatial dependence is modelized with kriging and copula theory. Spatial random noise is generated with a copula and then time series models are applied to rebuild original process. Kriging is used when generated data need to be interpolated, for example when data are generated only on a subset of the main grid. Results of the generator exploitation are given. They will be used by CCR for provisionning and pricing. These results will also be used for the estimation of the two-hundred-year cost of natural disasters within the new European Solvency II Directive
Alhadad, Nagham. "Bridging the gap between social and digital works : system modeling and trust evaluation)." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=9f95fd53-f840-42e5-aef8-42fe66c89199.
Full textNowadays, digital systems are connected through complex architectures. Participants to these systems perform activities like chatting or sharing data. Persons, physical and digital resources are involved in these activities, such that a system can be considered as a representation of two worlds, the social world and the digital world and their relations. Evaluating these systems is generally limited to technical aspects. Today, trust becomes an important key in the evaluation process. In this context, we raise two questions: how to formalize the entities that compose a system and their relations for a particular activity? and how to evaluate trust in a system for this activity? Our contributions are divided into two parts. The first part proposes a formal metamodel named SocioPath, to model a system with all entities of social and digital worlds and their relations. The second part evaluates the users’ trust in the systems they use for a given activity. We propose an approach named, SocioTrust, to compute the user’s trust in a system using probability theory. Then we propose a second approach named, SubjectiveTrust that takes into account the uncertainty in the trust values. This approach is based on subjective logic
Jridi, Nidhal. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement dynamique d'un dispositif élastomérique." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEC032/document.
Full textThis work is conducted as international collaboration with " Airbus Safran Launchers ", " Ecole Centrale de Lyon " and " National Engineering School of Tunis ". Elastomeric compounds are widely used in industry for their high deformability and damping capabilities. Subjected to complex combinations of manufacturing and service loadings, elastomers show the fact to undergo severe loading conditions and the load case of large static predeformation superimposed by small amplitude dynamic excitation is commonly encountred for industrial applications e.g tires, shock-absorbing bushes, construction industry, aerospace applications... To design such industrial compounds efficiently, it is of major importance to predict the response of the products through simple modeling processes which have multiplied analysis methods: experimental, theoretical and numerical. Within this context, the present work focuses on design and analysis of dynamic properties of an elastomeric device at a predeformed configuration. To this end, three rubber mixtures have been experimentally investigated: Natural Rubber (NR), Bromobutyl (BIIR) and a mixture of both (NR/BIIR). A discussion is made with concern to experimental set-up as well as the used procedures for an efficient specimens testings. Within these findings, we made judgement on the predictive capabilities, in time and frequency domains, of some single integral based hyper-visco-elastic models under time-strain seperability assumption. The considered models are widely used for engineering applications and focus have been made on the Simo model implemented in finite element commercial software Abaqus. This work is followed by an application on an industrial component. In the framework of this thesis, the finite element calculation code ABAQUS 6.14 was used to investigate the dynamic properties of such structure. An analysis methodology have been presented to carefully identify the set of parameters with the objective of satisfaction of some industrial requirements mainly mass, stiffness and damping capabilities
Essabbar, Driss. "Modélisation et analyse du déséquilibre décisionnel dans les réseaux d'entreprises et son impact sur les relations de collaboration." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0097.
Full textBeing a menber of a network offers the company a place, s space for exchange and progression. This is a way to develop its expertise and distinguish it from other competitors. Effective collaboration established betqeen companies is primarily based on mutual trust. under the terms of the partnership contracted, benefits or risks can therefore be shared, which results in a xin-win relationship. on the contrary, unless the stakeholders have taken into account the powerful effects of these collaborations, thez may find themselves in uncomfortable situation. The analysis of the imbalance of powers of the partners in a network is a pertinent methodological key to understanding the behavior of each member and its influence on the global functioning of network. A powerful actor may impose unfavorable contions to its suppliers, or even customers Il a company overestimates or underestimates its power, il could affact its ability to negotiate with the supplier or the customer. In this context, our xork intends mainly to contribute to the development of a basic study of power. We propose an anlysis framework allowing a company to understand the power in order to reduce the negative impact of power imbalance. Additionally, we develop a situational analysis method with a vezwq to assisting managers in collaborative situations to predict their plausible strategies and tactics. We also provide a method to evaluate the relative power between two actors on the basis of dependency. Validation of our results research on power comes from interviews conductef in four high tech sector companies in Morocco. Thus, the results of our research aim to contribute to the understanding of the theoretical and empirical issues of power
Teymoori, Fariba. "Evaluation du poids médico-social de la dépendance liée au vieillissement de la population Iranienne par une enquête prospective sur le terrain et une modélisation démographique. Proposition d'organisation du système de prise en charge sanitaire et sociale." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583407.
Full textBajeux, Nicolas. "Modélisation de stratégies d'introduction de populations, effets Allee et stochasticité." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4056/document.
Full textThis thesis investigates introduction strategies of populations in the environment. Two main situations are considered: biological control and species reintroduction. Although these two kinds of introductions are different, many biotic and abiotic processes influence them in a similar way. Introduced populations are often small and may be sensitive to various stochastic factors. Further, small populations may suffer from a decrease of their growth rate when the population is small, a feature called "Allee effect". These processes may interact with introduction strategies and modulate their efficiency. First, we represent the introduction process using impulsive dynamical systems: population dynamics are described by ordinary differential equations that are disrupted at some instants by instantaneous increases of the population size. This approach focuses on the influence of Allee effects on single-species (reintroduction) or predator-prey interactions (biological control). Then, we concentrate on the reintroduction approach and extend the previous deterministic framework to take into consideration stochastic factors arising from the environment or from introductions themselves. Finally, we consider an individual-based model to study the effects of demographic stochasticity which is inherent to small populations. These different approaches allow to investigate the temporal distribution of introductions and determine which introduction strategies maximize the probability of success of introductions
Bègue, Boris. "Transports et urbanisation à La Réunion : le rôle de l’accessibilité dans les phénomènes de périurbanisation et de dépendance automobile, modélisation systémique sur la région Est-Nord-Est." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0023/document.
Full textUrbanization in Reunion Island has been developed and planned around automobile as the new country like the United States or Australia. The sprawl city and the functional segregation of urban activities shape interdependence between the zones. It's the case of suburban residential area who is functionally dependent of their activities center. The transits lead to an automobile dependence that became a major problem of the spatial organization and planning. This thesis explores the mechanism and process that shape that “automobile urbanization”. A systemic approach is used to modeling through using three concepts of transportation and urban geography and planning: suburbanization, automobile dependence and accessibility. This systemic approach contributes to allows territories to make transverse diagnostic toward an integrated strategy of urban and regional planning
Marot, Guillemette. "Modélisation statistique pour la recherche de gènes différentiellement exprimés: modèles de variance-covariance, analyse séquentielle et méta-analyse." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00458988.
Full textGuennery, Sophie. "L'hébergement de la personne âgée dépendante – Modélisation prospective : exemple de la région Poitou-Charentes." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2015CNAM0962/document.
Full textIn view of demographic ageing, the adequacy between supply and demand of older population needs is placed in the heart of the public health policy. The aim of this work is to estimate the housing consumption of dependent older people for the time horizon from 5 to 10 years by integrating the geographical origins of residents. In fact, these latter don't necessarily look for an accommodation close to their place of residence. Thus a 'medium scenario' can be proposed to measure the current consumption,build gerontological basins and plan the most accurate possible senior housing projections according to 'all else being equal' principle. This research conducted in Poitou-Charentes in 2010 allows to do a prospective analysis which reveals a deficit in the number of rousing places from 2017 and this deficit is expected to increase over the following years. These results have all legitimacy to help gerontological planning and adapt supply to demand at different scales. Moreover, they make possible the estimation of the volume of 'non relocatable' jobs
Pannekoucke, Olivier. "Modélisation des structures locales de covariance des erreurs de prévision à l'aide des ondelettes." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00285515.
Full textFick, Rutger. "Modélisation avancée du signal dMRI pour la caractérisation de la microstructure tissulaire." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4006/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to furthering neuroscientific understanding of the human brain using diffusion-sensitized Magnetic Resonance Imaging (dMRI). Within dMRI, we focus on the estimation and interpretation of microstructure-related markers, often referred to as ``Microstructure Imaging''. This thesis is organized in three parts. Part I focuses on understanding the state-of-the-art in Microstructure Imaging. We start with the basic of diffusion MRI and a brief overview of diffusion anisotropy. We then review and compare most state-of-the-art microstructure models in PGSE-based Microstructure Imaging, emphasizing model assumptions and limitations, as well as validating them using spinal cord data with registered ground truth histology. In Part II we present our contributions to 3D q-space imaging and microstructure recovery. We propose closed-form Laplacian regularization for the recent MAP functional basis, allowing robust estimation of tissue-related q-space indices. We also apply this approach to Human Connectome Project data, where we use it as a preprocessing for other microstructure models. Finally, we compare tissue biomarkers in a ex-vivo study of Alzheimer rats at different ages. In Part III, we present our contributions to representing the qt-space - varying over 3D q-space and diffusion time. We present an initial approach that focuses on 3D axon diameter estimation from the qt-space. We end with our final approach, where we propose a novel, regularized functional basis to represent the qt-signal, which we call qt-dMRI. Our approach allows for the estimation of time-dependent q-space indices, which quantify the time-dependence of the diffusion signal
Rolland, Chloé. "Modèles orientés objet pour une meilleure prédiction du trafic internet." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066657.
Full textChen, Youbin. "Modélisation de la rupture ductile par approche locale : simulation robuste de la déchirure." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM038/document.
Full textThe major goal of this work is to establish a robust, reliable and efficient modeling technique so as to describe ductile tearing over a distance of several centimeters in industrial cases. The GTN damage model expressed in the context of finite strains is chosen to model ductile damage. Generally, the model leads to strain localization in agreement with experimental observations. The characteristic length scale of this phenomenon is introduced into the constitutive equations through the use of a nonlocal formulation.On a numerical ground, the nonlocal model controls the width of the localization band as soon as the mesh is sufficiently refined. Besides, the issue of volumetric-locking associated with plastic incompressibility is handled using a mixed finite element formulation. Finally, the distortion of broken elements (i.e. without any stiffness), which may affect the computational convergence of numerical simulations, is treated using a viscoelastic regularization.The improved GTN model is applied to simulate crack propagation under small-scale yielding conditions, so as to establish a relation with the global (J-Δa) approach. Crack tip blunting, crack initiation and (large) crack propagation are well captured. The model is also applied to a full-scale metallic pipe in the framework of the UE project Atlas+. After a phase of parameter calibration based on the experimental results on some small specimens, the global and local responses of other small specimens and of the full-scale pre-cracked pipe are compared with the experimental results. The results illustrates the robustness, the reliability and the efficiency of the current model
Akoussan, Komlan. "Modélisation et conception de structures composites viscoélastiques à haut pouvoir amortissant." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0188/document.
Full textModeling and design of composite viscoelastic structures with high damping powerThe aim of this thesis is to develop numerical tools to determine accurately damping properties of composite sandwich structures for the design of lightweight viscoelastic sandwichs structures with high damping power. In a first step, we developed a generic tool implemented in Matlab for determining damping properties in free vibration of viscoelastic sandwich plates with laminate faces composed of multilayers. The advantage of this tool, which is based on a finite element formulation, is its ability to take into account the anisotropy of composite layers, the material non-linearity of the viscoelastic core induiced by the frequency-dependent viscoelastic laws and various boundary conditions . The nonlinear complex eigenvalues problem is solved by coupling homotopy technic, asymptotic numerical method and automatic differentiation. Then for the continuous study of a modeling parameter on damping properties of viscoelastic sandwichs, we proposed a generic method to solve the nonlinear residual complex eigenvalues problem which has in addition to the frequency dependence introduced by the viscoelastic core, a modeling parameter dependence that describes a very specific study interval. This resolution is based on asymptotic numerical method, automatic differentiation, homotopy technique and continuation technic and takes into account various viscoelastic laws. We propose after that, two separate formulations to study effects on the damping properties according to two modeling parameters which are important in the design of high viscoelastic sandwichs with high damping power. The first is laminate fibers orientation in the sandwich reference and the second is layers thickness which when they are well defined allow to obtain not only sandwich structures with high damping power but also very light. The highly nonlinear complex eigenvalues problems obtained in these formulations are solved by the new method of resolution of eigenvalue residual problem with two nonlinearity developed before. Comparisons with discrete results and computation time are made to show the usefulness of these two formulations and of the new method of solving nonlinear complex eigenvalues residual problem of two dependances
Pacoureau, Nathan. "Influence de la variabilité climatique, de l’abondance de proies, de la densité-dépendance et de l'hétérogénéité individuelle chez des prédateurs supérieurs longévifs : de l’individu à la population." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS026/document.
Full textA fundamental endeavor in population ecology is to identify the drivers of population dynamics. The main objective of this thesis is to determine what are the demographic and population responses of superior marine predators to the fluctuations of their prey abundance, to climatic variations, to density-dependence while taking into account inter and intra individual heterogeneity (age, experience, sex, quality or strategy). To do this, we analysed long-term individual and population-based monitoring of long-lived seabirds and phylogenetically close apical predators in two contrasting biomes: the south polar skua Catharacta maccormicki at Pointe Géologie archipelago, Antarctica, and the brown skua Catharacta lonnbergi on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Archipelago. We will use direct abundance of their respective prey: Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae and emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri in Antarctica, and the blue petrel Halobaena caerulea and the thin-billed prion Pachyptila belcheri prion in Kerguelen islands. These datasets provide a unique opportunity to simultaneously disentangle and quantify the different sources of variability driving variation in natural populations occupying one of the highest trophic levels of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic food webs. We found variation in several vital traits of both populations influenced by individual performance and latent individual heterogeneity. We discuss the mechanisms by which climatic variability, prey abundance, and population density can differentially affect the different age classes of each age class, and the potential consequences of future environmental changes
Thiebaut, Sophie. "Maladies chroniques et pertes d'autonomie chez les personnes âgees : évolutions des dépenses de santé et de la prise en charge de la dépendance sous l'effet du vieillissement de la population." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24026.
Full textThis thesis addresses, using an elaborated theoretical model and two empirical applications, issues related to population ageing and health care expenditures as per the French context. In the first chapter, a method of dynamic microsimulation is developed to assess the evolution of outpatient reimbursable drugs expenditures as a result of the ageing population and the evolution of health status of chronically ill elderly people. The second chapter focuses on the ins and outs of a possible reform of the Personal Allowance for Autonomy (APA), which would seek to recover a portion of the funds paid to disabled elderly on the inheritance of their heirs. A theoretical model of intergenerational transfers is developed to study the individual decisions of a two-member family - a disabled parent and a child who can play the role of informal care giver. The final section presents an empirical evaluation of the factors affecting the demand of APA's recipients for home care. This work examines the price effects in the demand for formal care in order to anticipate possible reforms of public allowance
Péron, Guillaume. "Dynamique des populations : apport de la modélisation intégrée à l’échelle du paysage et de la prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité individuelle dans les modèles de capture-recapture." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20076.
Full textBetween the local and the landscape scales (several connected populations), population dynamics can vary from one extreme to the other. During this thesis work I was interested in two methods that provide more insight into the local and regional dynamics of a population of black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus studied by capture-recapture of marked individuals. Integrated population models combine the information from population surveys at the landscape scale and information from capture-recapture data, in order to obtain precise estimates for the demographic parameters, in particular the transfer rates between different sites. This method made it possible to prove the effect of the colony size on demography: emigration of young individuals, age at first reproduction, and attraction of adults. This pattern indicates that intra-specific competition is non-negligible on the largest colonies. From then on, one could expect individual heterogeneity, due to competitive ability, which adds to the sex-biased dispersal effect. It is possible to accommodate this heterogeneity of multiple origin using multievent models, in order to obtain well-fitted models, which can be used as a basis for further hypothesis testing, and to simultaneously correct for the bias induced by individual heterogeneity. I worked on senescence, the decline in survival with age, with an application of multievent models and a comparative analysis across 72 species of birds and mammals
Huynh, Ngoc Tho. "A development process for building adaptative software architectures." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IMTA0026/document.
Full textAdaptive software is a class of software which is able to modify its own internal structure and hence its behavior at runtime in response to changes in its operating environment. Adaptive software development has been an emerging research area of software engineering in the last decade. Many existing approaches use techniques issued from software product lines (SPLs) to develop adaptive software architectures. They propose tools, frameworks or languages to build adaptive software architectures but do not guide developers on the process of using them. Moreover, they suppose that all elements in the SPL specified are available in the architecture for adaptation. Therefore, the adaptive software architecture may embed unnecessary elements (components that will never be used) thus limiting the possible deployment targets. On the other hand, the components replacement at runtime remains a complex task since it must ensure the validity of the new version, in addition to preserving the correct completion of ongoing activities. To cope with these issues, this thesis proposes an adaptive software development process where tasks, roles, and associate artifacts are explicit. The process aims at specifying the necessary information for building adaptive software architectures. The result of such process is an adaptive software architecture that only contains necessary elements for adaptation. On the other hand, an adaptation mechanism is proposed based on transactions management for ensuring consistent dynamic adaptation. Such adaptation must guarantee the system state and ensure the correct completion of ongoing transactions. In particular, transactional dependencies are specified at design time in the variability model. Then, based on such dependencies, components in the architecture include the necessary mechanisms to manage transactions at runtime consistently