Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation de l'érosion hydrique des sols'
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Gumiere, Silvio José. "Contribution à la modélisation déterministe spatialisée de l'érosion hydrique des sols à l'échelle des petits bassins versants cultivés." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0022.
Full textAnthropogenic activity associated with intensive agricultural production is often the origin of an acceleration in soil erosion processes, such that the rate of erosion will exceed the rate of soil formation. In Europe and the world, water erosion affects all types of landscapes to different degrees. Water erosion models may provide helpful information for the development and application of land management practices in catchments with soil and water conservation concerns. The objective of this work was to reflect on and then critically analyse the problem of water erosion modelling from different points of view: conceptually, model exploration and model parameterisation. From this reflection, and after a literature review, which focused on two of the main problems identified with present-day erosion models, namely model parameterisation and sedimentological connectivity, we have developed a physically based and distributed water erosion model, able to provide dynamic information about soil loss and sediment transport within small agricultural catchments during rainfall events. The model takes into account the effects of land management practices on sediment transport using a distributed GIS parameterisation. The model was calibrated and validated for a Mediterranean catchment, using an automatic and multi-scale calibration procedure. Another result from this work was the development of a sensitivity analysis framework to provide an exploratory analysis of distributed erosion models at different space and time scales. This framework has been applied to four water erosion models (MHYDAS-Erosion, STREAM, MESALES and PESERA). Results have shown a similarity in behaviour of the four erosion models with regards to input parameter variations
Baril, Daniel. "Modélisation de l'érosion hydrique par intégration de données multisources à un système d'information géographique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11135.
Full textBouteldja, Nedjoua. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'érosion hydrique dans le bassin versant du Hodna "sous bassins versants du Ksob et de Soubella" (Algérie)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX10030.
Full textAdam, Mamadou. "La faisabilité économique de la maîtrise de l'érosion hydrique dans un bassin versant partiellement irrigué du fleuve Niger." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10071/document.
Full textThe irrigation schemes of the River Niger valley are degrading because of the negative externalities of the agropastoral activities in upstream. To these externalities, we cannot apply the Pigouvian tax because they are diffuse and difficult to be assessed in money terms. Conversely, they can be mastered by erosion control, but that are not spontaneously adopted by agropastoralist. Thus, the mechanism of payment for environmental services has been proposed to study and analyze the possibility for production a sustained services of control erosion at the local level between poor agropastoralists and rice growers who realize production surpluses. Payments for environmental services are incentive tools, which are original and effective in producing sustained services. Flows of agricultural and economic interests have been modeled. Many scenarios have been simulating in order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of payment mechanisms for erosion control services. The simulations show that the mechanism of payment was interesting between local users. The payment has made a better redistribution of profits and has alleviated poverty. All users are winners. Some users subsidize for an anti-erosion and other users have adopted them. They have created a sustainable anti-erosion service that has supported a more sustainable management of resources and has improved farm incomes
Cyr, Linda. "Apport des indices de végétation pour l'évaluation de la couverture du sol en vue d'une modélisation spatiale de l'érosion." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11136.
Full textSong, Layheang. "Usage des terres, ruissellement de surface, érosion des sols : analyse multi-échelles de l'impact des plantations de teck dans un agro-écosystème montagneux tropical humide." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30188.
Full textSoil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]
Randriamazaoro, Rado Nirina. "Modélisation numérique et analogique de l'érosion thermique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112139.
Full textIn periglacial regions, frozen river banks are affected by thermal and mechanical erosion. In Siberia, bank retreat of up to 25 m per year are observed. This thermal erosion occurs during a few weeks, at springtime, for high enough water temperatures and river discharges. Until now, models of thermal erosion are based on the assumption of a constant melting rate. We have developed a more general model at variable rate, whose solution is calculated with the integral method. Results of this model are compared with experiments, carried out in a cold room. A hydraulic channel allows measurements of the thermal erosion rate of a ground ice sample subjected to a turbulent water flow. Once validated, the model is applied to the periglacial river study case. The model has contributed to better understand the roles of each parameter during the thermal erosion process. High water temperature, discharge and ice temperature produce a tremendous thermal erosion process, whereas the ice content in the soil tends to slow down the thermal erosion process. The effects of water temperature are predominant. Results also show that an acceleration phase occurs at the beginning of the thermal erosion process. The duration of such acceleration phase is systematically studied. A relatively long acceleration phase is related to a low ablation rate. During the flood season, when the water temperature is increased up to 18°C, this acceleration phase lasts only a few minutes. However, for typical data of periglacial river when the water temperature is close to the melting point, the acceleration phase can last a few days
Albaradeyia, Issa. "Modélisation de l'érosion en zone montagneuse semi-aride." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-Albaradeyia.pdf.
Full textLombart, Olivier. "Etude des processus et quantification de l'érosion hydrique dans la partie marnaise du vignoble champenois." Reims, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REIML001.
Full textIn the vineyard of champagne, the phenomenas of rill erosion are an embarrassment for the managment of the cultivation. For the studies of these processes, two methods was used : the cartography of the rill erosion and the measurement of the quantities of the displaced particles. This study allows to show that the surfaces affected by this type of erosion are important on the clays, that a seasonal rythm appears and that among the explicative factors, the slope seems to have an important part
Leonard, Monique. "L'érosion hydrique des sols cultivés : analyse systémique et propositions de gestion ; application aux vignobles d'Ardèche méridionale." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10043.
Full textNord, Guillaume. "Modélisation à base physique des processus de l'érosion hydrique à l'échelle de la parcelle." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00111955.
Full textGuidez, Sabine. "Désertification dans le sud-est tunisien : l'impact des croûtes biologiques sur l'érosion hydrique." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA070041.
Full textThis thesis work underlines the risk of desertification in southeastern Tunisia. Global climate change appears to increase the environmental vulnerability of Mediterranean Africa causing depletion of natural resources (including water) associated with soil degradation. It also appears that inappropriate agricultural techniques contribute to worsen poverty and population migration. In the mountains, the lack of maintenance of agricultural structures and lands leads to increase water erosion when high intensity rainfall occurs. In the plains, intensive irrigation and overgrazing cause land degradation and considerable sand encroachment as a result of a dramatic increase of wind erosion. Thus, biological crusts dynamic, a major ecosystem component, is carefully considered as a key factor in the current geomorphological evolution of a vulnerable dryland. Its hydrological role is instrumental in regulating land degradation by controlling climate aridity and erosion. After defining a biological crust, desertification phenomena and the physical and human characteristics of South-eastern Tunisia, we performed in situ infiltration /run of balance tests by simulating rainfall in order to study the hydrological role of Tunisian biological crusts along a climate gradient. The anti-erosive role of biological crusts is established through identification of the taxonomy of biological components and internal logic of the crusts. Their impact on edaphic porosity and trapping mineral particles is thus demonstrated. Finally, the results are then spatialized to show the geomorphological and pedo-ecological role of biological crusts in slope stabilization and limitation of dune growth. Thus, a possible role of this process in aridification is also considered. We offer environmental propositions and future scientific investigations in order to give new insights in the role of biological crusts dynamic, an important issue also studied in other world arid countries by other groups, placing this PhD work at the heart of the current problematic world research
Trevisan, Dominique. "Comportement hydrique et susceptibilité à l'érosion de sols limoneux cultivés : Etude expérimentale au champ sous pluies simulées." Orléans, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ORLE0409.
Full textKardous, Mouldi. "Quantification de l'érosion éolienne dans les zones arides tunisiennes : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Paris 12, 2005. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002281750204611&vid=upec.
Full textIn Tunisia, only modelling the horizontal fluxes can allow to quantify aeolian erosion. The model developed in LISA reproduces satisfyingly the erosion fluxes in hyper-arid deserts but complementary parameterizations are needed when applied to arid areas, especially to account for tilled surfaces. The effects of the tillage have been parameterized by performing wind tunnel experiments. A predictive relation for horizontal fluxes depending only on the geometric characteristics of ridges has been developed and validated for tilled surfaces. Experiments on two parcels tilled with differnet tools have also been performed. They confirm the results obtained in wind tunnel and point out that tillage generate erosion problem only for areas previously protected again erosion. These experiments have also allow to validate in situ the new parameterizations
Bendahmane, Fateh. "Influence des interactions mécaniques eau-sol sur l'érosion interne." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00355072.
Full textUne étude préliminaire de visualisation et de quantification de l'influence de quatre paramètres (poids volumique, gradient hydraulique, pourcentage d'argile et ouverture des pores du filtre) nous a permis d'une part de valider leur choix et d'autre part de définir un protocole et un prototype expérimentaux adaptés. Le banc expérimental ainsi réalisé, permet de consolider et de confiner les échantillons en évitant tout écoulement parasite.
Les échantillons sont soumis à un écoulement descendant sous gradient hydraulique constant. L'acquisition des données est automatisée afin de suivre continûment le débit d'eau injecté, les variations volumiques des échantillons, la masse et la concentration d'argile de l'effluent. Après validation de l'expérimentation par reproduction puis confrontation avec une étude présente dans la littérature, nous réalisons des essais paramétriques. Ces expérimentations mettent en évidence l'existence d'un seuil de gradient hydraulique pour la suffusion d'une fraction de l'argile, qui s'accroît avec le pourcentage d'argile et la pression de confinement.
Nous constatons l'existence d'un second seuil au delà duquel la migration d'argile s'accompagne de l'érosion régressive de sable, ce qui induit un renard et finalement l'effondrement de l'échantillon. Ce seuil augmente avec le pourcentage d'argile mais décroît avec la pression de confinement. L'influence des caractéristiques du sable sur le renard est également mise en évidence.
Nous proposons une première modélisation numérique 1D de la suffusion qui permet de représenter l'évolution de la concentration en argile de l'effluent et de la masse érodée.
Ce travail permet également d'ouvrir d'intéressantes perspectives de recherche théorique ou expérimentale.
Mabit, Lionel. "Estimation de l'érosion hydrique des sols par la méthode du Cesium-137 : application aux bassins versants de Vierzy (France) et Lennoxville (Québec)." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010504.
Full textWater erosion is one of the major source of soil degradation on the oceanic and continental temperate plains. Many research works have been undertaken using conventional sediment loading measurements, at spatial scales ranging from plots to watersheds. However, such measurements have to be carried over several tens of years to integrate the interannual variability of climate and cropping practices. Besides, a spatialized assessment of the problem seems essential previously to the implementation of any conservation plan. In this context, the use of the caesium-137 (@cs) radiotracer appears as a fast and well adapted method that complements the other soil erosion assessment techniques. Using this methodology made possible to quantify, spatialize and map net soil movements on two agricultural watersheds : a 180 ha one, located in the soissonnais, northern France (Vierzy), and a 80 ha one, on the appalachian piedmont, in southern Quebec (Lennoxville). The net sediment output was estimated at 1,9 and 3 t/ha/yr in Vierzy and Lennoxville respectively. The internal soil redistribution rates ranged from -18 to +19 t/ha/yr for the french site, and from -20 to +12 t/ha/yr in Quebec. The variability and the differences between the two sites, in terms of net sediment production and of spatial redistribution and magnitude of soil movements, reflect the differences of the morphoclimatic conditions and of the cropping practices encountered in the two watersheds. It appears that the soil loss rates are 12 to 30 times higher that the average pedogenetic processes rates under temperate climate conditions. The long term sustainability of the present agricultural systems are thus questionned
Viguier, Jean-Marc. "Mesure et modélisation de l'érosion pluviale : application au vignoble de Vidauban (Var)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX22054.
Full textMinh-Hoang, Le. "Modélisation multi-échelle et simulation numérique de l'érosion des sols de la parcelle au bassin versant." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00780648.
Full textLe, Minh Hoang. "Modélisation multi-échelle et simulation numérique de l'érosion des sols de la parcelle au bassin versant." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00838947.
Full textHaboudane, Driss. "Intégration des données spectrales et géomorphométriques pour la caractérisation de la dégradation des sols et l'identification des zones desusceptibilité à l'érosion hydrique." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 1999. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2705.
Full textHaboudane, Driss. "Intégration des données spectrales et géomorphométriques pour la caractérisation de la dégradation des sols et l'identification des zones de susceptibilité à l'érosion hydrique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0031/NQ61854.pdf.
Full textLouhichi, Kamel. "Essai de modélisation bio-économique de la relation agriculture-environnement : le cas de l'érosion en Tunisie." Montpellier 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON10031.
Full textDiscontinuities and non-convexities are among the fundamental specificities of the relationship between agriculture and environment. Whereas it concerns groundwater pollution, the erosion of soils or salinity, the externalities associated to the process of agricultural production are complex and mostly non-linear. To evaluate them through the simple way of the usual rules of internalisation is not completely satisfactory. Thus we have adopted a multidisciplinary approach, associating economics and agronomy via a model coupling a bio-physical simulator and an economic programme, optimising the producers behavioury. This model introduces some sophistications, namely a dynamic recursif approach. .
Leguédois, Sophie. "Mécanismes de l'érosion diffuse des sols : modélisation du transfert et de l'évolution granulométrique des fragments de terre érodés." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00516390.
Full textMercier, Fabienne. "Modélisation numérique de l'érosion d'un sol cohésif par un écoulement turbulent." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4718/document.
Full textErosion mechanisms are the main cause of hydraulic failure in embankments. Therefore, the resistance of soils to erosion must be quantified. To this hand, several devices are used such as the Jet Erosion Test (JET), whose model of interpretation is strongly empirical. The aim of this study is to determine the relevance of the interpretation model of the JET. For this purpose, a 2D Navier-Stokes numerical model of erosion of cohesive soils by a turbulent flow has been proposed. We first developed and implemented an interface movement model, whose input parameters are the erosion parameters found experimentally by JET test. Then, the scour depth evolutions obtained numerically for three JET test cases are compared to experimental data. Good agreement is obtained. A parametric study has also been conducted to validate the accuracy of the numerical results. These results contribute to the validation of the JET interpretation model. To extend its domain of application, we applied the numerical model to concentrated leak erosion during Hole Erosion Tests (HET). Three HET were modeled and, here again, our numerical results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental results from the tests. An analysis of the erosion law and erosion parameters obtained with JET and HET was finally initiated. The potential influence of the flow incidence angle on the erosion efficiency was underlined
Todoroff, Pierre. "Modélisation de la propagation de micro-ondes dans le sol afin d'obtenir un profil hydrique par réflectométrie temporelle." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646580.
Full textOuattara, Tidiane. "Modélisation de l'érosion hydrique en milieu semi-aride de forte énergie de relief à partir de données de télédétection application à la Bolivie." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2002. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2725.
Full textLapègue, Jean. "Aspects quantitatifs et qualitatifs de la pluviométrie dans deux enjeux majeurs de la problématique de l'eau à Mayotte : la ressource hydrique, l'assainissemnt pluvial et l'érosion." La Réunion, 1999. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/99_23_Lapegue.pdf.
Full textMartin, Manon. "Développement d'un modèle de transfert hydrique des sols forestiers partiellement tassés dans un contexte de données parcimonieuses." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0713.
Full textThe increase of the mechanization during logging combined with climate changes increases the risk of driving in not suitable conditions and thus degrading soils. This is why it is necessary to develop decision support tools capable of predicting the practicability of forest soils. However, assessing practicability with simple tools and easily accessible data is complex. It depends on the susceptibility of the soil to deformation, the load applied, the accepted threshold of soil deformation and the water state of the soil. This work aims to better understand and predict the water dynamics of forest soils and of the skid trails (i.e. roads dedicated to the circulation of forest machines). The objectives are: (i) to improve our knowledge of the compaction effect on forest soil water dynamic, (ii) to parametrize a model predicting the soil water flow under forest context and (iii) to be able to predict the soil water content of forest soils in an operational context. This work was carried out in three stages. First, we established an observatory of skid trails that has provided a data base on forest soil hydraulic properties and water dynamic. We estimated the hydraulic properties with the BEST method on circulated and non-circulated soils. We have developed a law predicting the values of the saturation water conten and the saturation hydraulic conductivity of circulated soils from those not circulated. Then, we have parametrized in forest context a mechanistic model based on Richards equation. We evaluated the ability of the model to predict the soil water content according to different hydraulic parameters: BEST method, pedotransfert function PTF and optimization. With the hydraulic parameters estimated from BEST method, the model leads to problem of middle layer drying during the summer period. With pedotransfer function, the model leads to a poorer prediction but does not simulate the drying phase. The strategy chosen is to use the BEST method as the first estimate of the hydraulic parameters and then to calibrate some of them by inversion. Finally, we have developed an empirical model that can be used in operational conditions. We used the mechanistic model to generate a virtual data set to (i) identify the main mechanisms involved in soil drying dynamics that need to be taking into account and (ii) calibrate and validate the empirical model. It is able to predict the "day of traffic" with accuracy of 1.5 to 2.5 days in summer. In winter, its accuracy is not satisfactory (rmse = 8.4 days) and is explained by the model sensitivity to weather sequences composed of frequent and nearby rainfall events. The empirical model is applicable to a single configuration "soil x stand x climate x threshold" and should be calibrated in other contexts
Cognard-Plancq, Anne-Laure. "Suivi de l'état hydrique des sols par télédétection spatiale (radar et thermographie infrarouge) et modélisation hydrologique à l'échelle du bassin versant." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112519.
Full textSebbab, Hassane. "Application des S. I. G. [Systèmes d'information géographique] à l'étude de l'impact de la voirie et des structures linéaires sur l'écoulement et l'érosion hydrique des sols viticoles de Champagne." Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20004.
Full textThe major problem of the wine-growers and collectivities in vineyard in Champagne region is the deterioration of paths by the erosion and its consequence on production costs. Indeed, of the fact of the viticulture modernization some individual arrangements as of the varied coatings, the landfill became place of concentration of the water runoff and caused erosion damages in parcels and source in downstream of an important volume of water. The objective of this work is to integrate in erosion study the landfill and geomorphologic microformes operating on fluxes concurrently. In that way we had developed a method based on G. I. S (geographic information system) " SynerGIS " from BRGM and it use a Digital Terrain Model (D. T. M. )with a metric steps. This method was applied on a watershed wine-growing, of a 47. 7 ha surface area and where the landfill represent 10. 8% of the total area. Models maps of factors influencing the erosion are achieved in first (slope, curvature of the topographic surface, soil erodability and runoff erosivity. In a second time a typology of the landfill and the linear arrangement was elaborated according to their transverse topographic shape, of the faculty of coatings to the detachment and the individual arrangement capacity to concentrate water. Maps of the linear network according to these classifications are produced. Then, the combination of maps of the network with those of key factors permits to elaborate maps of modified factors by the landfill and improvements. Finally, their crossing leads to a models map of some sensitive zones to the erosion, expressing the effect of the landfill on erosion. After field validation, different results are gotten. The impact of the landfill on the surface water outflow and water erosion was established. The network of landfill , by its field carving, modify the natural physical properties. The landfill reduces the lengh of the slope of side and its coating indented the soil physical characteristics. It is therefore the source of outflow disorderliness : their trajectories are modified and follow the linear network and not the thalwegs. It assures an toboggan effect for the pluvial waters and drag a spatial redistribution of the runoff erosion
Guerine, Lakhdar. "Modélisation et spatialisation de l'érosion hydrique sur les terrains marneux des Alpes de Haute Provence (la Motte du Caire) : outils de prédiction et possibilités de cartographie." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10025.
Full textDélusca, Kénel. "Estimation de l'érosion hydrique des sols à l'aide de l'Équation universelle de perte de sol assistée d'un Système d'information géographique, le cas du bassin versant de la ravine Balan, Haïti." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0009/MQ33866.pdf.
Full textWone, Moussa. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement hydrique et mécanique des remblais routiers en matériaux fins." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523303.
Full textPoinçot, Flavien. "Le contrôle des émissions de N₂O par l'état structural des sols." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2001/document.
Full textAgricultural soils account for 66 % of anthropogenic nitrous oxide emissions (N₂O), the 3rd greenhouse gas emitted from anthropogenic activities. N₂O emissions variability measured in-situ is quite high. Soil structure affects both N₂O production processes and N₂O movements through the soil profile. The main goal of this work was to understand the part of soil structure in soil N₂O spatial variability. Two kinds of laboratory experiments were designed: rainfall experiments on soil trays of 0.3 m² x 0.1 m and on a 10 m² x 0.3 m box with a slope. A modelling approach with a short time step was combined, involving representation of physical, chemical and biological soil processes as well as a representation of surface runoff.This work highlighted a hierarchy between N₂O production and N₂O transportation processes, which evolve with time and environmental conditions: under conditions that favor denitrification, N₂O production increases with soil bulk density due to an increase in the water-filled pore space, until a threshold limit. The deterministic modelling approach showed that rainfall dynamic and resulting runoff affect soil N₂O emissions, those emissions occurring later downslope. Finally, this work highlighted the complexity of soil N₂O emissions determinism and we pointed out that the description of soil structure at a high spatial resolution would be useful to improve modelling quality
Piedallu, Christian. "Spatialisation du bilan hydrique des sols pour caractériser la distribution et la croissance des espèces forestières dans un contexte de changement climatique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833247.
Full textRadimy, Raymond Tojo. "Cinétique d'évolution structurale des sols argileux : relation stress hydrique-stress salin ; Application à la biodiversité et rendement de culture." Thesis, Poitiers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015POIT2310/document.
Full textThe coastal marshlands are territories generally reclaimed on primary fluvio-marine sediments. They result from hydraulic managements and/or polderization which may date from the Middle Ages. Historically these hydraulic managements were built for goals of wholesomeness, breeding and farming. They isolate two territories: the dried marshes and the wet marshes. For the intensive cereal crops the slow drying caused by land reclamation was recently improved by the drainage, in part for increase the depth of desalinization and decrease waterlogging. Nevertheless, these territories remain characterized by shallow ground water of initial salt water. Consequently, the hydric profiles are governed by the meteoric conditions including the Evapotranspiration, the rainfall, but also the capillarity rises from the salt groundwater. Moreover, the clay dominated nature of the soils and their drastic shrinkage properties govern the hydrodynamic functioning and the soil structure behavior.The first part of the work was the monitoring of the water content and salinity profiles in drained cereal crops and in undrained grasslands. These measurements have been completed by the ground water level and tensiometric monitoring. The final goal was the calculation and modeling of the available water capacity (AWC) and plant available water (PAW) profiles. In these systems mainly supplied by the capillarity rises, the root network gets water in the subsurface vadose zone and then in the deeper saturated groundwater zone. The water content characteristic of the interface between the vadose and saturated zone was determined by comparison between the clay material state paths along its shrinkage curve and along its compaction curve. The PAW profiles were calculated from the water content profiles and then compared to the AWC profiles. The PAW profiles have been equated as polynomial second degree equations. In these shallow groundwater environments the PAW profiles have been modeled taking into account an easy measurable surface parameter which includes the soil structure behavior and the meteoric conditions: i.e. the water content measured at 10 cm depth. The PAW modelling remains sufficiently realistic to be used as a tool for farming management. Two preliminary studies were added to this work: - the measurement of effective thermal conductivity of the clayey soils by the transient hot wire method, and the modeling of the effective thermal conductivity of biphasic air-clay and water-clay media, but also triphasic unsaturated air-water-clay media. The prospect is the modeling of thermal and hydric transfer from the surface to the depth. - and the elaboration of a protocol of impregnation - hardening for wet clay dominated soils by HEMA resins. This impregnation allows the making of thin sections in these clay materials with conservation of their initial wet structures. The prospective is the quantitative petrography at the root - clay matrix interface along vertical profiles in clayey soils at different degrees of saturation and different structures
Wone, Moussa. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement hydrique et mécanique des remblais routiers en matériaux fins." Phd thesis, Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENPC9525.
Full textA coupled model for three-phase unsaturated porous media, with allowance for both the stress-strain relationships of the soil and the flow of water and air, is presented. It is aimed at improving the settlement predictions and stability analyses of geotechnical structures. A system of non linear equations, both of the stress-strain relationships and for the flow of fluids, is first derived, on the basis of the static equilibrium equations, of the continuity equations and of the constitutive relationships of each of the three phases. This system of equations is then solved using the finite element method and an implicit integration scheme for time dependency. This work resulted in the implementation in the finite element program CESAR-LCPC of a new family of elements, devoted to the two-dimensional consolidation analysis of unsaturated soils, and of an iterative algorithm, combining the method of variable stiffness for the flow nonlinearities and the initial stres method for the material nonlinearities. A new subroutine of CESAR-LCPC, terme CSNS (for Consolidation of Unsaturated Soils) was created for performing this type of analysis. The subroutine CSNS takes into account the staged construction of the geotechnical structures and can accomodate any type of boundary conditions. It was checked against the observed behaviour of a test section of an existing motorway. The comparison of the observed and calculated displacements and water pressures in the embankment gave encouraging insight into the capabilities of the method
Albergel, Clément. "Assimilation de données de télédétection dans le modèle ISBA-A-gs pour une analyse conjointe de la biomasse et de l'état hydrique du sol." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/955/.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is to study how the use of remotely sensed data can improve the performances of the ISBA-A-gs Land Surface Model. Firstly the ability of ISBA-A-gs for modelling the main surface variables, water energy and carbon fluxes, has been evaluated. Then, in situ observations of surface soil moisture gathered from the SMOSMANIA soil moisture network of Météo-France were used to evaluate remotely sensed surface soil moisture. These in situ soil moisture measurements have been also used to evaluate various synthetics soil moisture products: from the SIM suite of models and operational analysis of Météo-France (ALADIN model) as well as from ECMWF (IFS system). Finally step the root zone soil moisture has been analyzed from observed surface soil moisture. A simplified extended Kalman filter has been coupled to ISBA-A-gs. In situ data is also used in order to demonstrate the positive impact of the joint assimilation of surface soil moisture and LAI observations on vegetation, water, energy and carbon fluxes. The recursive formulation of an exponential filter depending only on surface soil moisture to retrieve the variations of the root zone soil moisture was used with satisfactory results, also
Revol, Philippe. "Caractérisation hydrodynamique des sols par infiltration bidimensionnelle axisymétrique et modélisation simplifiée de la micro-irrigation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10184.
Full textPatault, Edouard. "Analyse multi-échelle des processus d’érosion hydrique et de transferts sédimentaires en territoire agricole : exemple du bassin versant de la Canche (France)." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MTLD0003/document.
Full textWater erosion is a serious concern in global land degradation leading to multiple consequences: loss of arable lands, siltation of streams, mudflows. In France, the Hauts-de-France region is the most affected area, and soil loss can exceed 10 t ha-1 yr-1. Although hydro-sedimentary processes have been widely studied by the scientific community, there is still a lack of knowledge in the understanding of the spatio-temporal variabilities. Additionally, the effectiveness of recent erosion control policies so far cannot be quantified. This study proposes an analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of sedimentary transfer at different scaling (1-1000 km²), and an initial assessment of the effectiveness of management policies within a northern France catchment (the Canche river, 1274 km²). A high-frequency monitoring station was implemented at the outlet of a Canche sub-catchment (the Pommeroye, 0.54 km²) to quantify the hydro-sedimentary transfer over two contrasted hydrologic years. According to our results, sediment yield varies from 29.4 to 70 t km-2 yr-1. 40% of the flux is exported during 3 major erosive events (out of 48 recorded) and the forcing parameters are related to the duration and the amount of rainfall. In this sub-catchment, the centimeter-scale spatial prediction of the hydro-sedimentary transfer was carried out using the new soil erosion model WATERSED (BRGM) and the effectiveness of an anti-erosion management plan was quantified. Our results validate the operability of the model in this context. For a given event, sediment transfer can reach 76 t km-2 yr-1 in agricultural plots and are strongly depending on the soil surface state. A significant reduction (up to 84%) of sedimentary transfer by the anti-erosion plan was also observed. At the scale of the Canche catchment, the use of chemical and spectrocolorimetric tracers in a mixing model (Sed_Sat tool; USGS) evaluated the contributions of the Canche tributaries and sediment sources contributions (i.e. channel banks and soils; 30-70% respectively). Significant spatio-temporal variations have been observed and the results show a potential positive impact of the recent management policies. This study also shows that new tracers related to the specific signature of magnetic particles are promising in the context to trace soil erosion. For further analyses, this data could be included in sediment fingerprinting approaches. Thus, this study based on several spatio-temporal modalities and the coupling of experimentation and modelling improves our understanding of the Canche hydro-sedimentary dynamics. It provides essential results to guide the future erosion control policies
Mallet, Florian. "Spatialisation et modélisation de l'état hydrique des sols pour l'étude des processus de formation des écoulements en contexte torrentiel : application au bassin versant marneux du Laval (ORE Draix-Bléone, Alpes-De-Haute-Provence, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0055/document.
Full textHydrologists need to know soil moisture antecedent conditions before rainfall events to improve floodforecasting in torrential catchments. Soil moisture mapping, whose variations are mainly influenced bytopography, vegetation cover, and heterogeneity of soil properties, is therefore a valuable tool to studyhydrological processes. This work adresses the issue of the spatio-temporal variations of soil water statusspatialization using geostatistical and hydrological modeling applied to the Laval marly experimental catchment(0.86 km², ORE Draix-Bléone, France). In situ monitoring of rainfall events from May 2015 to November 2016revealed a significant relationship between soil water content, topography and land cover in the badlands. Italso led to better assess soil water content spatio-temporal dynamics at the hillslope scale and the seasonaland event time scales. It confirmed the major contribution of bare areas to stream flows. Eventually, thehydrological modeling associated to the chemical and isotopic water tracing made it possible to better understand the spatial organization of the catchment hydrological response at the event scale
Ogilvie, Andrew. "Caractérisation des ressources et usages de multiples hydro-sociosystèmes : les retenues collinaires du bassin du Merguellil (Tunisie centrale)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS092/document.
Full textSmall reservoirs and other water and soil conservation techniques have become increasingly widespread across semi-arid regions, due to their ability to reduce transportation of eroded soil and harvest scarce and unreliable rainfall for local users. Revealing diverse but often limited levels of agricultural water use, the reasons behind these were explored based on assessments of water availability, practices and associated drivers upscaled across 50 small reservoirs in the Upper Merguellil catchment (Central Tunisia). MNDWI on 546 treated Landsat images over 1999-2014 were used in combination with extensive field data to develop and validate water availability assessments for all reservoirs. An Ensemble Kalman Filter approach was used to combine remotely sensed surface area with a GR4J-water balance model and notably reduce runoff uncertainties arising from highly variable and localised rainfall intensities. These notably reduced mean annual availability RMSE to the order of 10 000 m3 on lakes where initial capacities vary between 20 000 m3 and over 1 000 000 m3, and identified the potential of each lake to support agriculture during the dry season.In parallel, rapid surveys, quantitative questionnaires and semi directed interviews were used to identify water uses and socio economic and institutional drivers influencing the smallholder livelihoods around these reservoirs. Using multi-stage samples of farmers allowed to progressively narrow and refine the analysis which were then upscaled based on typologies of lakes. Results confirmed withdrawals remained limited and focussed essentially on the occasional watering of fruit trees. On a handful of lakes, water resources were a limiting factor but rarely a sufficient factor to explain the heterogeneous water uses observed around reservoirs. Most farmers were not equipped with the suitable capabilities to increase their withdrawals as a result of problems over pumps, water access and conflicts, compounded through limited and short term government assistance. Individual successes were observed as a result of farmers possessing adequate economic resilience and/or means to secure alternate water supplies during dry spells. Faced with limited available storage capacities and prolonged droughts, small reservoirs must in this climatic context retain their supplementary irrigation focus and not strive to support widespread intensification of practices
Souadi, Youssef. "L'érosion hydrique au Maghreb, étude d'un cas : le bassin versant de l'oued Barbara (Tunisie septentrionale)." Mémoire, 2011. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4419/1/M11965.pdf.
Full textBorges, Ana Luiza. "Modélisation de l'érosion sur deux bassins versants expérimentaux des Alpes du Sud." Phd thesis, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764428.
Full textVillemure, Normand. "Spatialisation des facteurs de l'érosion en nappe pour une gestion durable des sols en Afrique de l'Ouest à l'aide des SIG et du modèle RUSLE2." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/3517/1/M9288.pdf.
Full textCissokho, Robert. "Développement d'un indice de vulnérabilité à l'érosion éolienne à partir d'images satellitales, dans le Bassin arachidier du Sénégal : cas de la région de Thiès." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8427.
Full textWind erosion is an environmental issue among the most critical one in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions of the planet. Soil erosion accelerated by the wind action causes damages both locally and regionally. Locally, wind erosion decreases the soil nutrients by the mobilization of finer particles and organic matter. This mobilization is one of the causes of lost of soil fertility with lead to the drop in agricultural productivity and to the reduction of the topsoil depth. Regionally, dust storms raised by the wind have a significant impact on population health and infrastructure because of particles deposition. In areas where soils are frequently submitted to wind aggressions, studies are urgently required in order to spatially characterize the soils according to their degree of vulnerability. Such characterization is important for many reasons, especially for administrative authorities who must decide what action to undertake in order to preserve and conserve the agricultural potentialities of soils, often with limited financial resources available. However, in some regions, as in our study area, the region of Thiès in Senegal, such studies are lacking. In fact, in regions where soil erosion is active, the studies undertaken are much localized because of their approaches (soil erosion models) which require a substantial amount of data for short intervals of time to "capture" the spatial variability of the dynamics of the factors involved in the process of wind erosion. The availability of these data at a regional level is particularly problematic in developing countries because infrastructures and resources to support continuous monitoring of environmental variables are not always available. The approach in this research aims to fill this gap, mainly through satellite imagery and more particularly those provided by Landsat-5 and Landsat-7. Landsat images cover almost the entire optical spectrum (visible, near/mid/thermal infrared) at resolutions which allow to characterize spatially the soils, according to their vulnerability at a finer level (decametric resolution) than what is possible with satellite imagery often used in environmental studies (AVHRR images from the NOAA satellite series) with a kilometric resolution. In addition, the full archive of Landsat-5 and -7 covering more than 20 years is now easily accessible. This is an undeniable asset in order to study the dynamics of the process affecting soils vulnerability to wind erosion. Taking into account the parameters used in wind erosion models (climate, soil, vegetation), we have identified those we can estimate from satellite imagery either directly (e.g. fractional vegetation cover) or indirectly (e.g. characterization of soils by their degree of degradation). Using Landsat images acquired during to the two seasons of the region (rainy and dry season) as well as climatic data and the existing low scale soil map of the region, we developed a database describing the environmental conditions from 1988 to 2002. These data were then considered as inputs (criteria) in an empirical model we made, by modulating the impact of each criterion (weight and score). By this model, we created maps showing the degree of vulnerability (vulnerability index) of the region by date according to Landsat image acquisition date. Several tests are done to validate the internal consistency of the model. To evaluate the dynamic of the erosion process for the period we studied, we have compared our maps. Our principal conclusions are as follows: 1) the proposed model has a good internal consistency and is sensitive to spatial and temporal variation of the factors taken into consideration; 2) as expected, among the factors used to explain soil vulnerability, erodibility and fractional green vegetation cover are the most important; 3) these two factors present a high intra and inter-season variation so that it is difficult to bring out long term trends even if some parts of the territory (North and East) have high vulnerability indices regardless of season; 4) the diachronic analysis of vulnerability index maps shows seasonal trend because areas with low vulnerability indices are increasing in rainy season, when the surface moisture is higher and vegetation is particularly active, and significantly decrease in dry season; 5) as expected, susceptibility, or the impact of wind on vulnerability, is stronger when the wind speed is high and vulnerability is high. In areas where vulnerability is low, an increase in wind speed has less impact. In our study we have also included a comparative analysis of some factors derived from Landsat images and from the hyperspectral sensor of the experimental satellite HYPERION. Even if spatial resolution of the images provided by both sensors is similar, the accuracy of factors extracted from the hyperspectral images is definitely higher. This is due to the spectral resolution of the sensor which permits the selection of appropriate bands with the highest level of interaction with the factor of interest. This comparative study shows that in the near future, the accessibility to this type of images will improve the calculation of the index of vulnerability by our model. For now, Landsat imagery provides very interesting information to monitor the process of soil erosion by wind.