Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modélisation anatomique'
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Palombi, Olivier. "Modélisation anatomique par surfaces implicites à squelettes." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2006INPG0189.
Computer-based anatomical models are generated from data set of seriai 2D sections (medical imaging, histological sections). The goal of this thesis is to present an original method to build 3D-models using skeleton-based implicit surfaces. First, a geometric skeleton (g-skeleton) is extracted, for each structures sectioned in one plan, from the medial axis computed in a distance map (chanfrein distance are used). We propose to use g-skeleton to calculate an i-skeleton. This skeleton could be used to compute implicit surfaces. A convolution surface with variable radius along the i-skeleton allows reconstruction of outlines of the initial structures without optimisation computation. The 3D reconstruction from a set of contours is realised using a blending function between two adjacent plans. The implicit surface resulting is a continued surface witch interlopes contours
Palombi, Olivier. "Modélisation anatomique par surfaces implicites à squelettes." Grenoble INPG, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPG0189.
Computer-based anatomical models are generated from data set of seriai 2D sections (medical imaging, histological sections). The goal of this thesis is to present an original method to build 3D-models using skeleton-based implicit surfaces. First, a geometric skeleton (g-skeleton) is extracted, for each structures sectioned in one plan, from the medial axis computed in a distance map (chanfrein distance are used). We propose to use g-skeleton to calculate an i-skeleton. This skeleton could be used to compute implicit surfaces. A convolution surface with variable radius along the i-skeleton allows reconstruction of outlines of the initial structures without optimisation computation. The 3D reconstruction from a set of contours is realised using a blending function between two adjacent plans. The implicit surface resulting is a continued surface witch interlopes contours
Hedou, Rouillier Véronique. "Méthodes numériques pour la modélisation électro-anatomique du cerveau." Rennes 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN10058.
Pirró, Nicolas. "Modélisation du rectum et du tissu périrectal : étude anatomique et biomécanique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX20670.
The aim if this thesis was to evaluate the rectum and perirectal tissue with 3 principal views: the morphologic study of the rectum and perirectal tissue, the evaluation of the feasibility of reconstructing the anal sphincter without electro-stimulation material and the evaluation of the feasibility of pelvic dynamic patient-specific modelling. The morphological study of the rectum allowed us to demonstrate the important variability of the rectal length and of the height of rectal peritoneal insertion line. This variability suggests that the evaluation of the location of the tumours of the rectum using a simple centimetric measure is insufficient. The morphological study also allowed us to establish a correlation between the number of the rectal lymph nodes and the rectal morphometry. This correlation should be considered when determining the minimum number of lymph nodes required for histological examination after surgery for patients with rectal cancer. In the second part of this thesis we have demonstrated the technical feasibility of reconstructing the anal sphincter using a transposed gracilis muscle and a pudendal terminoterminal or termino-lateral nerve anastomosis. This procedure could allow transposing gracilis muscle to achieve the characteristics of the external anal sphincter and to integrate intact sensory mechanisms. The last part of this thesis allowed generating a complete dynamic model of female pelvis specific to each patient. The validation of this model is the first step before the simulation of a model of pelvic floor diseases and the simulation of their corrections. This model would be a tool for the planning of surgical procedure and for a preoperative functional evaluation of the correction of pelvic floor disorders. This thesis is a basis for the development of clinical works the purpose of which is to improve the healthcare and quality of life of patients with a functional or tumoral pathology of the rectum
Bauer, Armelle. "Modélisation anatomique utilisateur-spécifique et animation temps-réel : Application à l'apprentissage de l'anatomie." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAM071/document.
To ease the complex task of anatomy learning, there exist many ways to represent and structure anatomy : illustrations, books, cadaver dissections and 3d models. However, it is difficult to understand and analyse anatomy motion, which is essential for medicine students. We present the "Living Book of Anatomy" (LBA), an original and innovative tool to learn anatomy. For a specific user, we superimpose a 3d anatomical model (skin, skeleton, muscles and visceras) onto the user’s color map and we animate it following the user’s movements. We present a real-time mirror-like augmented reality (AR) system. A Kinect is used to capturebody motions.The first innovation of our work is the identification of the user’s body measurements to register our 3d anatomical model. We propose two different methods to register anatomy.The first one is real-time and use affine transformations attached to rigid positioned on each joint given by the Kinect body tracking skeleton in order to deform the 3d anatomical model using skinning to fit the user’s measurements.The second method needs a few minutes to register the anatomy and is divided in 3 parts : skin deformation (using Kinect body tracking skeleton and the Kinect partial point cloud), with it and strict anatomical rules we register the skeleton. Lastly we deformm the soft tissues to completly fill the space inbetween the registered skeleton and skin.Secondly, we want to capture realistically and in real-time the user’s motion. To do that we need to reproduce anatomical structure motion but it is a complex task due to the noisy and often partial Kinect data. We propose here the use of anatomical rules concerning body articulations (angular limits and degrees of freedom) to constraint Kinect captured motion in order to obtain/gain plausible motions. a kalman filter is used to smooth the obtaiined motion capture.Lastly, to embed visual style and interaction, we use a full body reproduction to show general knowledge on human anatomy and its differents joints. We also use a lower-limb as structure of interest to higlight specific anatomical phenomenon, as muscular activity.All these tools have been integrated in a working system detailed in this thesis.We validated our tool/system by presenting it as a live demo during different conferences and through user studies done with students and professionnals from different backgrounds
Mitulescu, Anco Andréia. "Contribution à la reconstruction 3D du rachis et du bassin à partir de la stéréoradiographie conventionnelle et basse dose (Charpak)." Paris, ENSAM, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENAM0015.
Essahbi, Nabil. "Modélisation de corps mous appliquée à la commande de procédé robotisé de découpe anatomique de muscles." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957821.
Tadde, Oladédji bachirou. "Modélisation dynamique des sphères anatomique, cognitive et fonctionnelle dans la maladie d’Alzheimer : une approche par processus latents." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0306/document.
In public health, the study of the progression of a chronic disease and its mechanisms may require the joint modeling of several longitudinal markers and their dependence structure. Modeling approaches exist in the literature to partially address these modeling objectives. But these approaches become rapidly numerically expensive and difficult to use in some complex diseases involving latent, dynamic and multidimensional aspects, such as in Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this thesis was to propose an innovative methodology for modeling the dynamics of several latent processes and their temporal influences for the purpose of causal interpretations, from repeated observations of continuous Gaussian and non Gaussian markers. The proposed latent process approach defines a structural model in discrete time for the latent processes trajectories and an observation model to relate longitudinal markers to the process they measure. In the structural model, the initial level and the rate of change of individual-specific processes are modeled by mixedeffect linear models. The rate of change model has a first order auto-regressive component that can model the effect of a process on another process by explicitly accounting for time. The structural model as defined benefits from the same causal interpretations as the models with differential equations (ODE) of the mechanistic approach of the causality while avoiding major numerical problems. The observation model uses parameterized link functions to handle possibly non-Gaussian continuous markers. The consistency of the ML estimators and the accuracy of the inference of the influence structures between the latent processes have been validated by simulation studies. This approach, applied to Alzheimer’s disease, allowed to jointly describe the dynamics of hippocampus atrophy, the decline of episodic memory, the decline of verbal fluency, and loss of autonomy as well as the temporal influences between these dimensions in several stages of Alzheimer’s dementia from the data of the ADNI initiative
Delorme, Maxime. "Modélisation du squelette pour la génération réaliste de postures de la langue des signes française." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672085.
Galdames, Grunberg Francisco Jose. "Segmentation d'images IRM du cerveau pour la construction d'un modèle anatomique destiné à la simulation bio-mécanique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747448.
Bastien, Hugo. "Modélisation dynamique des effets de l'explosion d'une mine anti-véhicule sur le corps humain." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1509.
Galdames, Francisco José. "Segmentation d'images IRM du cerveau pour la construction d'un modèle anatomique destiné à la simulation bio-mécanique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENS007/document.
The general problem that motivates the work developed in this thesis is: how to obtain anatomical information during a neurosurgery?. Magnetic Resonance (MR) images are usually acquired before the surgery to provide anatomical information for diagnosis and planning. Also, the same images are commonly used during the surgery, because to acquire MRI images in the operating room is complex and expensive. To make these images useful inside the operating room, a registration between them and the patient's position has to be processed. The problem is that the brain suffers deformations during the surgery, in a process called brain shift, degrading the quality of registration. To correct this, intra-operative information may be used, for example, the position of the brain surface or US images localized in 3D. The new registration will compensate this problem, but only to a certain extent. Mechanical models of the brain have been developed as a solution to improve this registration. They allow to estimate brain deformation under certain boundary conditions. In the literature, there are a variety of methods for implementing these models, different equation laws used for continuum mechanic, and different reported mechanical properties of the tissues. However, a patient specific anatomical model is always required. Currently, most mechanical models obtain the associated anatomical model by manual or semi-manual segmentation. The aim of this thesis is to propose and implement an automatic method to obtain a model of the brain fitted to the patient's anatomy and suitable for mechanical modeling. The implemented method uses deformable model techniques to segment the most relevant anatomical structures for mechanical modeling. Indeed, the internal membranes of the brain are included: falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli. Even though the importance of these structures is stated in the literature, only a few of publications include them in the model. The segmentation obtained by our method is assessed using the most used online databases. In addition, a 3D model is constructed to validate the usability of the anatomical model in a Finite Element Method (FEM). And the importance of the internal membranes and the variation of the mechanical parameters is studied
Guilley, Edith. "La densité du bois de chêne sessile (Quercus petraea Liebl.) : Elaboration d'un modèle pour l'analyse des variabilités intra- et inter-arbre; Origine et évaluation non destructive de l'effet « arbre »; Interprétation anatomique du modèle proposé." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2000. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002809.
Comte, Nicolas. "Apprentissage des formes de scoliose à l'aide de modèles anatomiques et de la capture de mouvement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALM068.
As scoliosis is a complex medical condition affecting different parts of the human body, this manuscript will start with anatomical definitions of the spine and an introduction of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in a dedicated chapter. Next, we will outline the existing methodologies and state-of-the-art approaches that allow for a comprehensive characterization of this condition and its early detection. Then, we will present our contributions and how they address the current challenges.By covering different kind of approaches in this thesis, we can facilitate the dissertation by categorizing them into two distinct types:The first is the static method of examination from medical images. We will point out the current limitations and challenges in the characterization of the spinal alignments using X-ray radiographs. A particular emphasis will be placed on the quantification of the 3D deformities from non-ionizing methods by the external analysis of the torso using machine-learning methods. We will make a review of the literature before a presentation of our contribution that allow a 3D characterization of the full thoracolumbar spine while proposing an accessible, non-ionising examination method.The second type of approach is dynamic, mainly based on motion capture analysis. We will present the different biomarkers that are usually tracked during the acquisitions and show the different methods presented in the literature with their limitations. Then, we will present our approach to address the current challenges in the dynamic characterization of scoliosis with motion capture analysis by leveraging subject-specific kinematic models
Malkani, Karan. "Modélisation géométrique de structures anatomiques extraites d'un volume numérique." Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX22006.
Hurpeau, Jean-Christophe. "Étude de modifications de la sensibilité cutanée après microchirurgie reconstructrice des membres supérieurs et de la main en particulier : métrologie et modélisation informatique associées." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL151N.
Dameron, Olivier. "Modélisation, représentation et partage de connaissances anatomiques sur le cortex cérébral." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN1B077.
Pihuit, Adeline. "Croquis interactifs pour l’enseignement de l’anatomie." Grenoble, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENM082.
Since a few years, numerical technologies have become a new pedagogical tool which is more and more used by professors: CD-Roms, interactive DVDs or even 3D simulation software offer new resources as well as new points of view on traditional teaching. Of course, anatomists try to exploit these new multimedia supports in their teaching. Meanwhile, medical imaging techniques have made significant progress and now provide detailed images of the human body. Therefore, these data are more and more used by professors, whose goal is to add a realistic aspect to their courses. Despite the pedagogical benefit of hand-drawn sketches on a blackboard, these anatomical sketches cannot exhibit such a realistic aspect. The goal of our work is to provide anatomists with a new tool for 3D modeling of organic structures, which exploits both their 2D anatomical sketch know-how, and the advantages of modern 3D technologies. In this context, we are led to explore three complementary approaches for 3D modeling form a set of parallel cross-section images such as MRI and 3D modeling from a single sketch representing a single view of complex, overlapped and non –planar structures such as vascular systems. The combination of these three approaches results in a new system for teaching anatomy that eases the modeling of various anatomical structures, depending on their specificities
Dumoncel, Jean. "Analyse morphométrique 3D de structures anatomiques pour la paléoanthropologie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30060/document.
The biological evolution of organisms can be studied as a set of morphological transformations which are characterized by the modification of their global three- dimensional geometry and by some discrete traits. In this context, it is necessary to develop comparative mathematical and computational tools for the study of the inter- and intraspecific variation. Within the three-dimensional data processing workflow (3D images or 3D meshes) employed in " virtual paleoanthropology ", the method that is most commonly used in comparative analysis is based on landmarks (most often anatomical landmarks) from which coordinates are analyzed by using mathematical tools such as " geometric morphometrics ". More recently, other methods allowing global comparisons between three-dimensional reconstructions without landmarks have been proposed. They allow for example the statistical analysis of a global shape and its variability. We suggest to study the process for morphometric analysis of 3D data commonly used in paleoanthropology, from the digitization to the exploration of 3D data. This dissertation introduces analytical methods for the processing of data provided by paleoanthropological studies, from the digitization of the excavation sites to the acquisition and the analysis of specimens. We established digital ground models (multidimensional analyses of data from various modalities of acquisition such as laser scanner and photogrammetry) that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of fossil remains in their context and we proposed relevant analyses for resolving specific problems inherent to biological studies. In particular, we developed appropriate tools for analyses and viewing (3D mappings and statistical analyses) dedicated specifically to problems of deformation-based registrations. Additionally, we introduced a method for the analysis of partial data in order to use all the specimens available in the fossil and modern records. Besides opening up new possibilities of capturing shape variation, our results highlight that techniques based on surface registration provide a reliable methodological framework for working on global shapes without focusing on specific points. We reported in particular that these methods allow the development of tools which are particularly suitable for the paleoanthropological studies
Hassan, Sahar. "Intégration de connaissances anatomiques a priori dans des modèles géométriques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00607260.
Prieto, Bernal Juan Carlos. "Multiparametric organ modeling for shape statistics and simulation procedures." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0010/document.
Geometric modeling has been one of the most researched areas in the medical domain. Today, there is not a well established methodology to model the shape of an organ. There are many approaches available and each one of them have different strengths and weaknesses. Most state of the art methods to model shape use surface information only. There is an increasing need for techniques to support volumetric information. Besides shape characterization, a technique to differentiate objects by shape is needed. This requires computing statistics on shape. The current challenge of research in life sciences is to create models to represent the surface, the interior of an object, and give statistical differences based on shape. In this work, we use a technique for shape modeling that is able to model surface and internal features, and is suited to compute shape statistics. Using this technique (s-rep), a procedure to model the human cerebral cortex is proposed. This novel representation offers new possibilities to analyze cortical lesions and compute shape statistics on the cortex. The second part of this work proposes a methodology to parameterize the interior of an object. The method is flexible and can enhance the visual aspect or the description of physical properties of an object. The geometric modeling enhanced with physical parameters is used to produce simulated magnetic resonance images. This image simulation approach is validated by analyzing the behavior and performance of classic segmentation algorithms for real images
Le, Goualher Georges. "Modélisation de structures anatomiques cérébrales pour l'aide à l'interprétation d'images médicales et à la fusion des données." Rennes 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN10010.
Izard, Camille. "Modélisation et estimation statistique pour l'imagerie médicale : application à la détection d'amers." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10026/document.
We present a family of statistical mode/s based on deformable template for medical image analysis, and more specifically for the detection of anatomical landmarks. Deformable template models are commonly used for image matching to perform segmentation, registration or classification. We show that if the position of the landmarks characterizes uniquely the deformation of an image, the landmark detection problem can be formalized as a local matching problem. Based on the proposed statistical models and using maximum Iikelihood principles, we derive both an algorithm to learn the model from training data and a testing algorithm for the detection of landmarks in new images. The first two statistical models we propose rely on intensity or edge matching to identify the location of the landmarks; while the third one uses simultaneous image segmentation and template registration to locate the landmarks. We introduce a foregroundlbackground statistical model for medical imaging, which allows us to limit the computational effort to matching discriminative patterns surrounding the land marks. The proposed a/gorithms provide simple generic methods to perform automatic detection of landmarks in medical imaging. We tested our approach on the detection of landmarks ln brain Magnetic Resonance Images
Assi, Chahine. "La hanche : anatomie morpho-fonctionnelle du complexe muscle-aponévrose-tendon. (Bases biométriques de modélisation)." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON11061.
Dekens, Alexandre. "Anatomie de la magnétographie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0300.
The work presented here is about the magnetographic printing systems designed and manufactured by NIPSON Technology. The medium that is supposed to retain the information one would like to print is a metallic cylinder, called the drum, on which two magnetic layers are grown: a FeNi ferromagnetic underlayer that acts as a “magnetic keeper” and a CoNiP semi-hard ferromagnetic medium. Using writing heads, an assembly of magnetized dots is recorded, thus forming the latent image to be written. This latent image is then revealed with magnetic ink particles that are attracted to regions that exhibit high gradients of stray field. Then the printing process is finalized by transferring the ink onto plain paper, cardboards, etc. Magnetic printing seems, at first glance, to be similar to the hard disk drive technology in the way the writing process works. However, the “read-out” in the former case sets itself apart by the necessity of having a sufficiently strong magnetic force to attract the ink particles, which involves layers that are tens of microns thick. The main objective of the thesis is to provide NIPSON Technology with options as to how to improve the printing speed of their devices from 150 m/min currently up to 600 m/min in the long run. To achieve that, a deeper understanding of the writing and the erasing processes in the magnetic medium is necessary. The task in the thesis is threefold. First, the magnetic field applied on the medium was determined by finite elements modelling both in the writing and the erasure processes. In the meantime, we studied the structural properties of the CoNiP and how they were linked to the magnetic properties of the medium. Then, by analyzing the results obtained in the two previous steps we succeeded in establishing a first model of the magnetic configuration in a single dot written by magnetic printing. On the erasure side, we managed to figure out how the parameters of the printer shape the AC demagnetization process used to erase an old latent image. Furthermore, we examined the possibility of implementing a DC erasure process as an alternative to the AC demagnetization, as well as an incremental alteration of the magnetic medium, so as to get a printing quality at 600 m/min as good as what one has at 150 m/min in the current system
Passot, Sixtine. "Exploration du système racinaire du mil et ses conséquences pour la tolérance à la sécheresse." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT160/document.
Pearl millet plays an important role for food security in arid regions of Africa and India. Nevertheless, it lags far behind other cereals in terms of genetic improvement. Improving its root system could improve pearl millet tolerance to abiotic constraints (drought and low nutrient availability) and lead to a significant increase in production. The objective of this work is to characterize pearl system root system development in order to produce knowledge for breeding, mainly targeted on tolerance to drought stress occurring at the early growth stages.First, we described the dynamics of early pearl millet root system development and the anatomy of the different root types. This work revealed the existence of three anatomically distinct types for lateral roots. We also showed the existence of variability in primary root growth and lateral root density in a diversity panel derived from cultivated varieties, which opens the possibility to use this existing variability in root system breeding. Our study also revealed a large variability among the growth profiles of lateral roots.To further analyze this diversity, the growth rates of a large number of lateral roots were measured daily and a statistical model developed to classify these lateral roots into three main trends, according to their growth profiles. These three categories distinguish roots with high growth rate that keep on growing after the end of the experiment, roots with intermediate growth rates and roots with low growth rates that quickly stop growing. These different lateral root types are randomly distributed along the primary root and there seem to be no influence of root types on the intervals between successive lateral roots. The three growth types correspond, though imperfectly, to the three anatomical types evidenced in the first chapter. A similar work has been performed on maize, which was used to compare these two phylogenetically close cereals.Finally, we searched for genetic markers associated to primary root growth, a root trait potentially involved in early drought stress tolerance. A large panel of genetically fixed pearl millet inbred lines was phenotyped, confirming the presence of a large variability existing for this trait. These lines were then genotyped by sequencing. Analyses of association between phenotype and genotype are underway.This work provides a precise description of pearl millet root system that was little studied to date. Our data were used for parameterization and testing of functional structural plant models simulating root growth and water transport. The statistical tool developed for the characterization of the different lateral root growth types is an original approach that can be used on other cereals. Finally, results from our association study will reveal new information on the genetic control of root growth and open the way to marker assisted selection for root traits in pearl millet
Jeusel, Elise. "Evolution et modélisation tridimensionnelle du palais osseux des hominidés fossiles dans la perspective de l’acquisition du langage articulé." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30035.
The modern articulated language rests on anatomical basis not preserved during fossilization. Only the bony palate is preserved. This work has consisted to study this complex structure anatomically, metrically and three-dimensionally. The studied material is composed of modern Homo sapiens, great apes and fossil hominids skulls. This functional cavity was studied with silicone and a digitizer. Twelve nonmetric palatine traits have been studied. Some show a diachronic evolution from first to more recent hominids. The palate tends to be more complex with a spatial restructuration, and to modernize before the posterior part of the basicranium. That way, a modern-like bony palate exists since Europeans Homo erectus whereas the basicranium has not attained his modern flexion. A palate suited to the production of modern articulated language is set up among these hominids. However, many parameters and physiological functions like cerebral one contribute to the language production ; therefore it is impossible starting from the bony palate to know the moment of the emergence of an articulated language in the fossil hominids
Aubry, Sébastien. "Modélisation tridimensionnelle des vertèbres à but didactique en radio-anatomie et radiologie interventionnelle sous guidage tomodensitométrique." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA2031.
The high spatial resolution of computed tomography leads to a constant increase in size and number of medical images. Thus, radiologists must work on software platforms dedicated to volumic post-treatment. This recent evolution hasn't been yet integrated in radio-anatomy and interventional radiology under CT control teaching methods. After 3D modelling of vertebras, we developed a software inspired by those daily used in radiology departments. It considers CT -scan as a volume which can be analysed on multi-planar reconstructions. It allows to construct element by element the modelled vertebras. It is a new and more powerful and didactic radio-anatomy teaching way. At the same time, interventional radiology under CT control continually developed itself because it groups minimally invasive procedures : It is a secure guidance method for biopsy and treat with drug injections, neurolysis, cementoplasty and vertebroplasty. Efficiency and safety of these procedures are correlated with a perfect target and direction knowledge of needles. We used 3D modelisation to insert into the real volume virtual objects representing interventional material. We hereby simulated typical rachidian interventional procedures under CT control. Their spatial understanding and learning are then improved
Turcotte, Marie-Christine. "La queue du rat : un modèle expérimental prometteur pour l'étude mécanobiologique du fascia in vivo." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1584.
Nicolle, Stéphane. "Identification et modélisation du comportement viscoélastique linéaire et non linéaire du tissu cérébral en situation d'impacts." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13157.
The aim of this work is to contribute to the development of the ULP human head Finite Element model. This study concerns the linear and nonlinear viscoelastic brain tissue behaviour of which the knowledge remains currently incomplete and contrasted. The small shear strains brain properties are determined on new frequency range (from 0. 1 to more than 6000 Hz) which includes frequencies associated with traffic road accidents and non penetrating ballistic impacts. The robustness of the protocol and the reliability of the experimental results are confirmed by the use of two different testing devices and by the analysis of several factors which could affect measurements objectivity. The study is also accompanied by an analysis of the anisotropy for a particular area of the brain (the corona radiate), and inter-species and regional differences. The large strain brain behaviour is characterized by shear relaxation tests between 0. 1% and 50% strain. The results show the increase of the strain level affect the modulus magnitude but not their relaxation times. The brain linear behaviour is modelled by a phenomenological five-mode Maxwell model. The brain rubberlike behaviour is modelled by an Ogden hyperelastic law. This law is extended to take account of the observed dissipative effects on all time range (visco-hyperelastic law). Finally, a comparison of these brain linear and nonlinear constitutive laws is realised from numerical simulations of a reference and a ballistic impact. The conclusion is that the pertinence of the different laws contribution requires other numerical model validation criteria
Wagnac, Eric. "Expérimentation et modélisation détaillée de la colonne vertébrale pour étudier le rôle des facteurs anatomiques et biomécaniques sur les traumatismes rachidiens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22140.
The objective of this thesis was to study the influence of anatomical and biomechanical factors such as the presence of vertebral osteophytes, the loading rate and the sagittal profile of the spine (defined by the orientation and shape of the spine in the sagittal plane) on spinal injuries at the thoracic and lumbar levels. To fulfill this objective, experiments on human cadaveric spines were performed and a detailed biomechanical model of the spine was refined, validated against experimental data, and exploited. Results showed that the presence of large osteophytes significantly influenced the location, pattern and type of fracture, and provided to the underlying vertebra a protective mechanism against severe compression fractures (e.g. burst fractures). They also showed that the loading rate played a key-role on the onset of spinal trauma and that the sagittal profile of the spine had a significant influence on the bone fracture in accidents that involve compression mechanisms. On the other hand, the sagittal profile of the spine had a limited influence on the nature of spinal injuries in accidents that involved flexion-distraction mechanisms
Junger, Jean-Claude. "Modélisation et réalisation d'une prothèse de genou." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPL052N.
Sol, Kevin. "Une approche combinatoire novatrice fondée sur les matroïdes orientés pour la caractérisation de la morphologie 3D des structures anatomiques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20183/document.
In this thesis, we propose an innovative combinatorial method based on oriented matroids for the quantitative study of the shape of 3D anatomical structures. We rely on landmarks which were previously defined by experts on the studied anatomical structure. The novelty of this method results from the use of oriented matroids. These mathematical tools allow us to encode the relative position of landmarks in a purely combinatorial way, that is without using concepts of angles or distances, by associating a sign (0, + or -) for each subset of (d+1) landmarks where d is the dimension of space (in our case 2 or 3). In the first part, we assume that there exist constraints of orders on each coordinate axis for the landmarks. We obtain a characterization (in dimension 2 and 3) of the subsets of landmarks of which the associated sign is constant, regardless of the values of the coordinates satisfying the constraints of order. In a second part, we try to classify a set of 3D models, encoding in advance by these lists of signs. We first analyze how to apply classic clustering algorithms, and then describe how to characterize the classes directly, using signs associated with some subsets of landmarks. In the third part, we explain the algorithms and the implementation of this new morphometry method in order to apply it to real data. In the last part, we apply the method to three databases each consisting of several dozens of points defined on several dozens to several hundreds of cranial structures for applications in comparative anatomy, in orthodontics and on clinical cases of children with craniofacial deformities
Kulikova, Sofya. "Integration of multimodal imaging data for investigation of brain development." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T021/document.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a fundamental tool for in vivo investigation of brain development in newborns, infants and children. It provides several quantitative parameters that reflect changes in tissue properties during development depending on different undergoing maturational processes. However, reliable evaluation of the white matter maturation is still an open question: on one side, none of these parameters can describe the whole complexity of the undergoing changes; on the other side, neither of them is specific to any particular developmental process or tissue property. Developing multiparametric approaches combining complementary information from different MRI parameters is expected to improve our understanding of brain development. In this PhD work, I present two examples of such approaches and demonstrate their relevancy for investigation of maturation across different white matter bundles. The first approach provides a global measure of maturation based on the Mahalanobis distance calculated from different MRI parameters (relaxation times T1 and T2, longitudinal and transverse diffusivities from Diffusion Tensor Imaging, DTI) in infants (3-21 weeks) and adults. This approach provides a better description of the asynchronous maturation across the bundles than univariate approaches. Furthermore, it allows estimating the relative maturational delays between the bundles. The second approach aims at quantifying myelination of brain tissues by calculating Myelin Water Fraction (MWF) in each image voxel. This approach is based on a 3-component tissue model, with each model component having specific relaxation characteristics that were pre-calibrated in three healthy adult subjects. This approach allows fast computing of the MWF maps from infant data and could reveal progression of the brain myelination. The robustness of this approach was further investigated using computer simulations. Another important issue for studying white matter development in children is bundles identification. In the last part of this work I also describe creation of a preliminary atlas of white matter structural connectivity in children aged 17-81 months. This atlas allows automatic extraction of the bundles from tractography datasets. This approach demonstrated its relevance for evaluation of regional maturation of normal white matter in children. Finally, in the last part of the manuscript I describe potential future applications of the previously developed methods to investigation of the white matter in cases of two specific pathologies: focal epilepsy and metachromatic leukodystrophy
Nicolas, Guillaume. "Des données anatomiques à la simulation de la locomotion : application à l'homme, au chimpanzé, et à Lucy (A.L. 288-1)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00198655.
Nguyen, Thi Minh Luan. "Vers une aproche multi-échelle pour la modélisation et la simulation des systèmes complexes : (application à la simulation de l'hippocampe)." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA082504.
The aim of this thesis is to study the programmability of complex hierarchical systems taking geometry into account. These systems could be described by a hierarchy of interacting sub-systems, each being a set of interacting elements. Though complex systems may appear completely disjointed at first sight, they have some hidden common characteristics. The goal of the thesis is to develop theoretical aspects related to the problems mentioned above. We try to apprehend specifically complex systems modeling and simulation for observation and/or prediction purpose. Furthermore, the central topics of the thesis are, firstly, to solve the questions related to handling hierarchical models with graphs, and secondly to study the dynamics of these systems in a modular and hierarchical way by combining Zeigler's formalisms and multi-agents systems. The mapping of hierarchical graphs with Zeigler models and multi-agents systems is also studied
Chalopin, Claire. "Modélisation topologique 3D de l'arbre coronaire pour l'étiquetage automatique en angiographie par rayons X." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO1T068.
Pomero, Vincent. "Modélisation géométrique et mécanique des muscles du tronc : relation entre musculature, troubles posturaux et surcharges vertébrales." Paris, ENSAM, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENAM0004.
The objective of this work is to build a muscular model adapted to patient evaluation, in order to investigate relationship between the trunk muscular system, postural default and spine overloading. The first chapter introduces the global issue (functional anatomy, mechanical formulation). A literature review is, then, performed to identify the different approaches proposed in the past concerning muscular modelling and its data acquisition protocols. In chapter III, a muscle regulation model is presented. This model is based on the hypothesis that the muscular system is a regulation system which maintains mechanical joint loads within the spine below mechanically admissible thresholds. Compared to literature, this model (described in the transversal section at the investigated intervertebral level) is relevant, particularly because of its ability to propose alternative muscular patterns that reduce intervertebral shear forces. A preliminary exploitation allows the reader to appreciate the potentiality of this approach. Chapter IV deals with personalized three-dimensional data acquisition for subjects in order to obtain the input data for the muscular regulation model. We propose a protocol adapted to the clinical environment (quick and minimally invasive). From a stereo-radiography (associated with a feet pressure measurement and photography of the lower limbs of the subject), 3D-reconstruction of the spine, the rib cage, the trunk external shape and of the pelvis are performed; a free body diagram allowed to calculate the external loads at the intervertebral levels. Combining 9 MRI slices of the subject with the 3D-reconstruction, personalized 3D-reconstructio
Perez, Alain François. "Modélisation de la dynamique du carpe." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344523.
Brémond-Gignac, Dominique. "Croissance du globe oculaire du fœtus et de l'enfant en imagerie par résonance magnétique." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S028.
Barillé, Laurent. "Ecophysiologie de l'alimentation de l'huître Crassostrea Gigas soumise aux variations naturelles et contrôlées de la nourriture particulaire : de l'ultrastructure à la modélisation." La Rochelle, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LAROS006.
Duchateau, Emmanuel. "Modélisation de la morphologie et de la distribution des nœuds à l’intérieur des tiges d’espèces résineuses." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30309/30309.pdf.
The presence of knots is one of the internal characteristics with the greatest impact on the mechanical properties of wood. Several models describe the impact of tree growth and of silvicultural strategies on the development of branches but fewer models describe the geometry of knots. However, the difficulties to obtain accurate internal data may explain that very few studies have focused on modelling the relationship between the knot morphology and tree and branch characteristics. The main objective of this study was to improve our knowledge of knottiness (frequency, distribution, shape and size) for integration into existing growth models. In a first stage, we developed a static model of knot geometry using only 5 parameters from a combination of two nonlinear equations. The flexibility of these equations allowed us to describe a wide range of knot types. The parameters obtained were then modelled as functions of measurable tree and branch characteristics, to facilitate the integration into a growth model. In a second stage, we analysed the ratio of knot to stem allocation over the tree development, and then developed a mixed effect model that was dynamic in time. The latter describes the evolution of knot morphology as a function of the stem’s secondary growth. Finally, through an empirical method based on two successive filters and using the branches diameter and the distance between them, we were able to improve the positioning of the growth units along black spruce stems. This allowed us to model the number of branches within growth units and their positions along and around the stem. The integration of these knot models coupled to a more realistic distribution of the knots along the trunk will allow the development of a tree growth simulator capable to represent the knot morphogenesis inside the stem.
Blendea, Sorin. "Modélisation de l'anatomie acétabulaire et de son influence sur le risque de luxation prothétique. Application à l'arthroplastie totale de hanche assistée par ordinateur." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENS030.
The hip arthroplasty is one of the most successful interventions in orthopedics. Despite its good results, there are still some important issues to clarify. One of the most disturbing complication is dislocation. It represents the number one cause of failure. Its causes are not fully understood, especially the relationship between the orientation of the acetabular cup and dislocation. There is no generally accepted optimal cup orientation, in the literature. Computer navigation technologies contributed to recognize these limitations in the field of hip arthroplasty. The thesis purpose is to identify the optimal position of the ace tabular cup, in relation withe the risk of dislocation. Two studies were conducted in parallel: firstly, the analysis of the normal anatomical acetabular orientation on 150 healthy subjects and secondly, a comparative case control study, analyzing the relationship between the risk of dislocation and the cup orientation. The first study found a very important variability in the anatomical orientation of the acetabulum. The second one allowed to describe and quantify the relationship between the risk of dislocation and the ace tabular cup overhang (the difference between the orientation of the acetabulum and the cup orientation). This research shows that cup positioning closest to the acetabulum orientation, diminishes the dislocation risk. This original data could be used by the navigation systems to increase the cup placement accuracy
Hostettler, Alexandre. "Modélisation et simulation patient-dépendante, préopératoire, prédictive, et temps-réel du mouvement des organes de l'abdomen induit par la respiration libre." Strasbourg 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13218.
The aim of this PhD thesis is to model and simulate in real-time the viscera motion during free breathing using a 3D CT acquisition. Indeed, many medical applications (radiotherapy) do not compensate variations in organ position and lead potentially to ill adapted treatments. We use a deformation field computed from the knowledge of the skin position (optical tracking) and a patient specific modelling of the diaphragm (from 3D CT acquisitions in inhale and exhale position). Viscera are assimilated to a single incompressible entity sliding along the peritonea and the pleurae. The originality of the method is to take the cranio-caudal viscera motion into account, as well as the anteroposterior and lateral motion due to the asymmetry of the motion. The new viscera position is computed at 50 Hz, and its accuracy has been evaluated on two patients within 2 and 3 mm
Jourdan, Christophe. "Modélisation de l'architecture et du développement du système racinaire du palmier à huile (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. )." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20208.
Boisvert, Jonathan. "Modèles de la variabilité géométrique du rachis scoliotique." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00630221.
Girinon, François. "Modélisation géométrique personalisée du membre inférieur à partir de radiographies bi-planes." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ENAM0068.
For better understanding and efficient diagnosis of musculoskeletal and osteoarticular pathologies and a more efficient diagnosis, 3D modeling of the skeleton is essential. Compared to imaging modalities such as CT-scan or MRI, the EOS system allows to acquire the 3D skeletal geometry from low dose bi-planar x-rays in standing position. To obtain these reconstructions, various methods have already been proposed and implemented in clinical routine. Nevertheless, these processes rely on a qualified operator. This work aims to automate the process, thus lowering the inter operator variability and accelerating the reconstruction with a comparable precision. Therefore, a new methodology is proposed, which relies on an initial solution based on an intuitive digitization followed by an entirely automatic optimization. This last step relies on a statistical deformation (gaussian process regression) combined with an adapted minimal path algorithm allowing automatic detection of the image contours. This fast and robust approach yields a precise 3D reconstruction in less than two minutes and has been validated in terms of shape and clinical parameters for femur, tibia, patella and pelvis. Compared to previous works, we obtained lesser or identical errors on clinical parameters within a tolerance of 1°. In addition, the approach allows better reproducibility even though the operator is a beginner. The proposed tools open the way for a more efficient 3D reconstruction of the lower limbs leading to a more accurate diagnosis
Delerba, Frédéric. "Modélisation géométrique et mécanique tridimensionnelle du rachis thoracique et lombaire en configuration de choc automobile." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005772.
Girod, Loïc. "Développement et modélisation d'éléments de prothèse pour la main." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10076/document.
As any functional joint, the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) is the target of hurts or of pathologies which can compromise the global functions of the hand. The main objectives of a digital arthroplasty are to restore the function and the stability of the joint and to reduce or suppress the pain in a long-lasting way. The present work of thesis concerns the development and the modeling of two concepts of PIP prostheses: a semiconstrained prosthesis made of nickel-titanium alloy and a resurfacing prosthesis. Besides the work of sizing, fatigue and wear tests are done on both implants. Additional studies are presented for each concept. First, we focus on the shaping and the heat treatments of the semi-constrained prosthesis accompanied with a study nickel ion release and an investigation on the involved mechanisms. Eventually, a finite element modeling of the interaction between the prosthesis and the surrounding bone is presented to estimate the primary stability of implants
Jean, Dit Gautier-Gaudenzi Estelle. "Modélisation du système pelvien de la femme enceinte et simulation d'accouchement : outil analytique et pédagogique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S019/document.
We aim at developing a complete 3D numerical model of a parturient pelvic system representing all the anatomical structures of the pelvis such as ligament, muscle and organs. Then we generate a parametric FE model that allows simulating normal and dystocic vaginal delivery.We have developed a parturient pelvic numerical model at different gestational ages, 16, 32 and 38 weeks of gestation, (WG) and in postpartum (2months and 1year) from MRI. The different organs, muscles and ligaments of the pelvic system were segmented in order to generate a complete anatomical 3D model. Starting from this numerical model we studied the changes the muscles and ligaments undergo during pregnancy. Then we performed a Finite Element (FE) model that allows simulation and analysis of the deformations of pelvic anatomical structures under the stress induce by normal and dystocic vaginal delivery. In particular, we investigated the influence of the head size, terms and cephalic orientation and flexion. We particularly studied the structures that play an important role in the stability of the pelvic system.ResultsThe analysis during pregnancy of the US ligaments and levator ani muscle (LAM) reveals some geometrical modification, even then at the beginning of the second pregnancy trimester. This 3D anatomical model help to develop a teaching model for manual removing of the placenta, that could be integrated in a simple physic mannequin. The proof of pedagogical interest of this tool was made by different series of tests, underwent by gynaecolog-obstetrician and midwives. Then we worked with FE simulation of the vaginal delivery. The model developed is parametric. Than mean we can then change different maternal and fetal criteria such as gestational age, fetal head size, orientation and flexion. First place we performed normal vaginal delivery to study the impact of the fetal head descent in the pelvic system, and his stress impact on the different anatomical structures. Then we introduce dystocic element. We can evaluate and localize the strain levels and the most injured areas. Posterior cephalic presentation presents higher injury risk than the anterior one. Maternal geometry at different terms brings equivalent results contrary to the fetal head sizes that have an influence on the strain level and the potential damage induced. We developed pressure and trajectories sensors integrated in a forceps. We can then record an ex-vivo forceps extraction and then integrate all the information in the FE model.ConclusionThis multi-parametric investigation allows us to have a customizable and predictive tool evaluating the potential damages on the pelvis during vaginal delivery. We could then explain, understand and maybe predict some maternal and fetal complications that could happen during vaginal delivery. We can in particular try to explain the perinea injuries during, after and long time after vaginal delivery. This tool can be used to teach the complexity of obstetric