Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles statistiques – Dissertation universitaire'
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Deltreil, Guillaume. "Matrices emplois expositions biomécaniques et troubles musculosquelettiques : comment modéliser au mieux les contraintes physiques par matrice dans la prédictivité des troubles musculosquelettiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2023. https://dune.univ-angers.fr/documents/dune17781.
Full textMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent a major occupational health issue. The growth in the number of workers affected by these pathologies is a marker of the worsening of working conditions. Job-exposure matrices area tool for assessing the impact on the relationship between these conditions and these disorders. The objective of this thesis was to study, from a lifetime perspective,musculoskeletal disorders based on data from job-exposure matrices and using statistical tools.The CONSTANCES job-exposure matrix was used as a source of exposure across this work. It is based on the cohort of the same name and gathers personal and work-related data concerning the general population. Through the development of a tool, it was possible to select a logistic regression model linking the interaction between the duration of exposure and the level of exposure with the appearance of the pathology within the framework of the study of knee pain. It was showed that the level of exposure was the most strongly impacting factor (1.34-2.81) on the onset of disorders, although the duration also increased (0.83-1.10) the risks. Secondly, it was possible to found that this same model should also be selected for the study of low back pain and severe hand pain, with similar results. Finally, using a machine learning tool, it was possible to adapt our model within the framework of the study of the imbalance data. Tor the carpal tunnel surgery, the impact of the duration (1.29) was more important than in the other studies but it is the level of intensity (1.31) which remained the most determining.In conclusion, the job-exposure matrices made it possible to obtain an assessment of the impact of different factors on the occurrence of several disorders, even in a context of data imbalance, although many more studies are needed before it can be applied by practitioners
Karpf, Léa. "Systematic Study of OX40 Ligand Context-Dependent Function on Human T Helper Cell Polarization A Quantitative Multivariate Model of Human Dendritic Cell-T Helper Cell Communication TH Cell Diversity and Response to Dupilumab in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis Inborn Errors of Type I IFN Immunity in Patients With Life-Threatening COVID-19 Quantitative Modeling of OX40 Ligand Context-Dependent Function on Human T Helper Cell SARS-CoV-2 Induces Activation and Diversification of Human Plasmacytoid Pre-Dendritic Cells." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL044.
Full textAdaptive immunity is mainly orchestrated by CD4 T helper cells. They have the ability to polarize in several subsets, each associated to a suitable phenotype for the encounter pathogen. T helper cell activation can be regulated by co-stimulator, such as OX40 Ligand, or co-inhibitor immune checkpoint molecules. These molecules have been studied individually, in specific conditions. However, context-dependency may explain large parts of the functional variability of biological molecules on a given output. Currently, there is no framework to analyze and quantify context-dependency of a molecule over multiple contexts and response outputs. My PhD project focused on OX40L function on T helper cell polarization, in 4 molecular and 11 cellular contexts. We measured 17 T helper cytokines and developed a statistical modeling strategy to quantify OX40L context-dependency on these cytokines. This revealed highly variable qualitative and quantitative context-dependency scores, depending on the output cytokine and context type. Among molecular contexts, Th2 was the most influential on OX40L function. Among cellular contexts, dendritic cell type rather than activating stimulus was dominant in controlling OX40L contextdependency. My thesis work unveils the complex determinants of OX40L function, provides a unique framework to quantify the context-dependent functional variability of any biomolecule, and supports that context-dependency should be more taken into consideration in future studies
Valmy, Larissa. "Modèles hiérarchiques et processus ponctuels spatio-temporels - Applications en épidémiologie et en sismologie." Phd thesis, Université des Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841146.
Full textGarcia, Aurélie. "Établissement de modèles cellulaires de cancer du sein et de l'ovaire permettant l'étude des effets des récepteurs des œstrogènes sur la proliférération et l'activation de gènes." Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1TA07.
Full textEstrogen Receptors a and β (ERa and ERβ), which are members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, impact on cell proliferation and difrrentiation genes expression in an opposite manner. Both transcription factors activity belong to a natural ligand, but also to many environmental molecules, efficient to bind and disrupt their mechanism. Breast and ovarian cancers can be hormono-dependant cancers. Therapies aimed at counteract ERa positive breast cancers progression are mainly based on its invalidation. Nowadays, two strategies are applied: estrogen production inhibition using aromatase inhibitors, and ERa activity inhibition by anti-estrogens. On the contrary, hormono-therapy is not proposed for ovarian cancer treatment, because of a de nova resistance which remains to be better understood. It also appears essential to improve our knowledge about breast cancer resistance acquisition mechanisms, in order to research new therapies. The aim of this work was first to precise estrogen actions on~ cell proliferati n and target genes activation. For that, we established estrogen-responsive bioluminescent breast and ovarian cancers models. These cell lines allowed us to determine effects of naturat synthetic and environmental selective ligands on natural and synthetic genes activation through ERa and ERβ. The other part of this study consisted in establishing other breast and ovarian bioluminescent cell lines, allowing us to study cell and tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We also show these bioluminescent models relevance to investigate hormono-resistance acquirement mechanisms and new anti-tumoral treatments
Plancade, Sandra. "Estimation par sélection de modèles à partir de données partiellement observées." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05S008.
Full textThis manuscript presents several non parametric estimation procedures in frameworks involving partially observed data. The estimators rely on the model selection method adapted to the L2 risk (following Birge and Massart procedure) and also to the risk at a given point. The first part of the manuscript is devoted to the estimation of regression error density, and the second part to survival analysis issues: estimation of the hazard rate in presence of right censoring and estimation of the conditional distribution function from interval censored data
Carrard, Julie. "Impact d'une exposition aux nanoparticules de carbone couplées au benzo(a)pyrène sur la réponse inflammatoire dans des modèles expérimentaux d'asthme." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S004.
Full textAllergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is characterized by therecruitment of inflammatory cells including CD4+ type 2 helper T-lymphocytes (Th), interleukin(IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 producers, eosinophils as well as mast cells and basophils. The prevalenceof asthma has continued to increase in recent decades and genetic changes cannot be solelyresponsible Air pollution, especially particulate matter, is suspected to be part of this rising trend.Atmospheric particles can be classified according to their aerodynamic diameter, includingultrafine particles (< 100 nm). These particles are potentially more harmful because of their smallsize, which gives them the ability to settle deep in the bronchial tree. They are also able to adsorbmolecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, some of these hydrocarbons,such as benzo(a)pyrene, are known to be harmful to health and in particular to the respiratorysystem. We investigated the effects of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene-bound ultrafine particles onthe inflammatory response in two experimental models of allergen-induced asthma. For this, weused a simplified model of particles from an industrial process that we call « nanoparticles ».In our first model, chronic exposure to carbon nanoparticles coupled or not to benzo(a)pyrene,was performed in C57Bl/6 mice sensitized intranasally to the allergen Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus. Nanoparticles had no effect on cell recruitment in allergen-inducedbronchoalveolar lavage. Surprisingly, co-administration of nanoparticles with the allergendecreased bronchial hyperreactivity compared to allergen alone. In contrast, we observed aneffect on lung tissue when co-exposed to benzo(a)pyrene-coupled nanoparticles and allergen.Indeed, this co-exposure induced a strong increase in Th2 cytokine expression and cellrecruitment in lung tissue compared to sensitized mice. In addition, this co-exposure modify thetype of cells recruited by the allergen, with an increase in the number of neutrophils, NKT-likecells, CD8+ T cells, Ly6C+ and Ly6C- monocytes/macrophages. These results were not found inco-exposure to nanoparticles not coupled to benzo(a)pyrene.In our second model, exposure to carbon nanoparticles, coupled or not with benzo(a)pyrène, wasperformed in C57Bl/6 mice sensitized intranasally with a low dose of the allergenDermatophagoides farinae. Preliminary results showed an adjuvant effect of nanoparticles withthe allergen on immunoglobulin E production but also on the inflammatory infiltrate in thebroncho-alveolar lavage, mainly composed of eosinophils. The expression of Th2 cytokines isalso increased by the administration of allergen with nanoparticles uncoupled to benzo(a)pyreneand not with benzo(a)pyrene-coupled particles. But, co-exposure of allergen withbenzo(a)pyrene-coupled nanoparticles induces the expression of Il-33, an alarmin produced bythe epithelium, which is also pro-Th2. In conclusion, our results suggest that nanoparticles have an impact on inflammation in allergensensitizedmice in our two experimental models. However, the dose, the amount of allergen andthe nature of the inhaled nanoparticles appear to influence the induced response in vivo
Branchereau, Julien. "Etude et techniques innovantes de préservation du pancréas dans des modèles de transplantation précliniques." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1008.
Full textPancreatic transplantation is the treatment of choice for unstable diabetes. The two main causes of early failure in this transplant are pancreatitis and venous graft thrombosis. Due to its anatomy and physiology the pancreas is an organ that is particularly sensitive to ischemia reperfusion injury. The current standard technique for preserving transplants after removal and before transplantation remains static hypothermic preservation. Changes in donor characteristics have led transplant teams to consider increasingly fragile pancreases, which are even more susceptible to ischemia reperfusion injury. The objective of this work was to establish the modalities of an innovative technique for the preservation of pancreatic transplants on a pulsatile hypothermic perfusion machine.The first step was to assess the technical feasibility and safety of this perfusion on human pancreas that had been discarded for transplantation. The second step was to test this perfusion model on nonU human primate pancreas. The third step consisted of an evaluation of the impact of hypothermic pulsatile preservation in a model of pancreatic alloUtransplantation in diabetic pigs. The fourth step was carried out in collaboration with the University of Oxford in order to develop normothermic ex situ reperfusion of the pancreas. The next step will be to assess the value of pulsatile hypothermic preservation of the pancreas with a PEG solution and oxygenation in a porcine donation model of death after circulatory arrest. We have in this study determined the parameters for hypothermic pulsatile perfusion of the pancreas and shown its effectiveness in the preserving of the exocrine pancreas. We are now working on the implementation of a clinical trial evaluating this hypothermic pulsatile perfusion
Bergeron, Sandrine. "Microhémorragies cérébrales et cognition : impact fonctionnel à court, moyen et long termes dans un modèle murin." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S048.
Full textIn magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebral microbleeds (CMB) appear as small, oval hypointense lesions corresponding to focal hemosiderin depositions. CMB prevalence in the general population is about 15,3%. Considered as biomarkers of small vessel diseases, CMBs are more frequent in people with cognitive impairments or dementia with a prevalence of 23% in A.lzheimer disease (AD). Several population-based studies show an effect of CMBs on cognitive functions. They could have a key role in AD pathophysiology creating a link between amyloid and vascular hypothesis. However, their cognitive impact in AD remains unclear. A new murine model of cortical microhemorrhage (CMH) has been developed in order to study with a multimodal approach, the functional impact of the cortical lesion: i) in Wild type (WT) mice without any underlying pathology, ii) in transgenic J20 mice expressing the human mutated amyloid protein precursor (APP). The effect of a pharmacological modulation by atorvastatin was also studied in this model._x000D_10 weeks-old male mice, WT and APP were operated by stereotaxic injection of collagenase 0.8 µUI/µL to induce the CMH. 24 hours after surgery, mice underwent MRI acquisition (T2* sequence) to visualize the bleeding. Mice were divided into sham, CMH and CMH treated by atorvastatin groups. Atorvastatin was administered by mixing a tablet into the mice’s standard chow at a dose of 5mg/kg/day and initiated after surgery. Follow-up included a neurobehavioral assessment (locomotor activity, anxiety, working memory, special reference memory, visiospatial memory), imaging (tesla MRI 7, positron emission tomography), and immunohistochemistry at different time from 1,5 months to 12 months post-surgery.An initial WT mice cohort assessed at 6 weeks post-surgery demonstrated an impact of CMH on anxiety, spatial reference and visuospatial memory. An improvement in cognition performances was depicted under atorvastatin indicating this CMH-model is sensitive to pharmacological modulation.A longitudinal follow-up on WT and APP groups was performed assessing cognitive performances at 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months post-surgery. In WT mice, the CMH group showed a decreased level of anxiety and an impaired spatial reference memory at 1.5 months. Cognitive impairment was also found at 9 and 12 months in this group. This study did not allow to conclude in a precipitating or aggravating effect of the CMH in APP mice. The treatment by atorvastatin seemed to have a positive effect on cognition in both WT and APP mice. A decreased volume of ipsilateral hippocampus was observed in all APP and WT groups at 12 months. No difference in metabolism of brain structures was found.It is hypothesized that either the presence of CMB or the cerebrovascular damages underlying their occurrence may cause cognitive impairment. This study proved that isolated CMH can affect cognitive functions in WT mice, regardless of any underlying vascular pathology. It is likely that the burden of neurodegenerative lesions exceeds the cognitive impact of the CMH in APP mice. Atorvastatin seems to have a neuroprotective effect
Le, Guern Rémi. "Colonisation digestive par entérobactéries productrices de carbapénémase dans un modèle murin : aggravation de la pneumopathie à Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S033.
Full textAntibiotics disrupt the gut microbiota, and are considered a risk factor of colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria. In a murine model, we studied the impact of digestive colonization with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) on the severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Mice colonized by CPE presented a more severe pneumonia (clinical score and alveolocapillary permeability) and a higher mortality compared to controls or mice that received only clindamycin. Fecal microbiota transplant was associated with better outcomes. After infection by P. aeruginosa, lung dendritic cells and CD4 T lymphocytes were decreased in mice colonized by CPE. Gut microbiota was specifically altered in mice colonized by CPE: Muribaculaceae relative abundance was greatly reduced, associated with an expansion of the Hungatella genus. Tryptophan metabolites were modified by CPE colonization. Asymptomatic digestive colonization with CPE had a detrimental effect on the host response to P. aeruginosa pneumonia
Ramdani, Linda. "Stratégies de vaccination basées sur l’exposition de peptides ou de protéines à la surface de particules virales : modèles de l’adénovirus 5 et du bactériophage T5." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS597.
Full textViral vectors capable of inducing the expression of an antigen of interest and VLP composed by proteins that can self-assemble into a non-infectious but immunogenic viruslike particles have shown their potential to induce immune responses and protect against different pathogens. During my work, I became interested in two vaccination approaches based on the exposure of antigens, epitopes or proteins, on the surface of viral particles. In the first part of my thesis, I evaluated the ability of epitope-displaying adenoviruses to induce cellular immune responses in mice. Different adenoviral vectors with capsid modified by insertion of a T epitope derived from the ovalbumin model antigen have been produced and I have shown that these vectors are capable of inducing CD8+ cellular responses. In addition, I observed that this epitope display strategy was more effective in inducing cellular responses when the epitope was inserted into the hexon, regardless of the host's status towards Ad. These observations led me, in the 2nd part of my thesis, to evaluate the ability of the epitope display to induce cellular responses against a therapeutic target, the human papillomavirus. I have constructed and characterized different vectors displaying T epitopes derived from the E6 and E7 proteins of HPV16 or HPV18. Then, I analyzed their ability to induce anti-HPV cellular responses in mice. Among the different vectors produced, one Ad vector displaying a T epitope derived from HPV16 E7 protein induced CD8+ LT responses against E7 protein in mice. Finally, in the last part of my thesis, I evaluated the ability of T5 bacteriophage capsids exposing a protein fused with the ovalbumin antigen on their surface to induce humoral and cellular immune responses against this antigen. I have shown that these ovalbuminexposed capsids generate strong humoral and cellular responses. The results obtained allowed to precise the molecular bases of the effectiveness of vaccination by exposure of epitopes (epitope display) to the surface of adenoviral vectors or exposure of proteins (protein display) to the surface of capsids of the T5 phage
Papegay, Bérengère. "Identification des mécanismes moléculaires de l'hépatoprotection du foie de rat isolé." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S015.
Full textThe protective effect of fasting has been observed in several areas of health. To study it, a rat liver model perfused exvivo was used here. In this model, we did not observe, for an 18h fasting, the protective effect reported for the liverin situ. However, we did emphasize the importance of the energy cost of the protective mechanism in the isolatedliver under experimental stress of ischemia/reperfusion and correlated protection with higher glycogen levels and anenergy load that required an exceeding threshold below which protection fades. The administration of energysubstrates (lactate and alanine) allowed us to confirm the energetic need for protection of the isolated liver. Then,increasing the duration of fasting of the donor rat from 18 to 24 hours proved to be hepatoprotective and, moregenerally, showed that the capacity for energy mobilization and, as such, autophagy contributed to hepatoprotection,the well-known energy cost of autophagy being in line with previous PhD work. Three candidate signaling pathwaysfor the activation of autophagy, involving AMPK, HMGB1 and ADP, were studied. Phosphorylation of AMPK wasincreased in fasted rat liver 24 hours vs. 18 hours. However, the addition of AICAR, an activator of AMPK, althoughincreasing its phosphorylation in isolated fasted rat liver 18h, did not induce protection. HMGB1 accumulation knownto induce autophagy, showed no correlation with markers of hepatic cytolysis (LDH) and autophagy (LC3II/Actin ratio).ADP, in its ADP/(AMP+ADP+ATP) and ADP/(AMP+ATP) ratios, was higher in 24-hour fasted rat livers and was correlatedwith hepatoprotection. ADP induced autophagy by activation of the membrane P2Y13 receptor, a specific inhibitor,MRS2211, was used. Its inclusion in the perfusate blunted the hepatoprotection and activation of autophagyassociated with prolonged fasting, validating the key role of this signaling in hepatoprotection.In conclusion, the Ph.D. allowed a substantial advance in the understanding of the role played by the nutritional statusof the donor on the hepatoprotection of the isolated liver. The identification of the molecular mechanisms ofhepatoprotection (energy mobilization, autophagy) and of its signaling (ADP, P2Y13 receptor) opens up innovativetherapeutic perspectives for liver diseases and new strategies for liver graft preservation. From a cell survivalperspective, autophagy ensures both a function of maintaining the quality of cellular components and an energeticrole. This maintenance of quality protects the cell and costs energy, making it indispensable for this type of protection.In other words, the maintenance preserves from deterioration and this protection has a cost that goes throughsignalling (internal funding decision) which, once identified, can now be requested as desired. Also, external financing(contribution of energy substrates) can be chosen or even added to the previous one
Guedjdal, Sarah. "Le rôle d’une nouvelle forme tronquée de la protéine Tau dans le développement de la maladie d’Alzheimer et son potentiel thérapeutique." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S021.
Full textTau protein is involved in the pathophysiology of more than twenty neurodegenerative diseases referred to as Tauopathies. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common Tauopathy, Tau is found aggregated in neurons. These pathological aggregates of Tau called neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are the hallmarks of AD brains. The progression of NFT in AD brain is correlated with cognitive impairment. The mechanisms underlying this pathophysiological process are not well understood yet. Nevertheless, post-translational modifications of Tau protein seem to play an etiopathological role. Furthermore, these post-translational modifications may provide early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for AD. Our team has recently identified a new truncated Tau protein starting at methionine 11 and bearing a modification that has never been described for the Tau: N-α-acetylation (AcMet11-Tau). In addition, our team has developed a monoclonal antibody, 2H2D11, which specifically targets the AcMet11-Tau form. The first studies from AD brains indicate that AcMet11-Tau protein is present in degenerating neurons and that it is part of pathological Tau proteins. The present thesis work aims to establish the role of AcMet11-Tau in the development of Tau pathology linked to AD and its associated dysfunctions, using a transgenic model mimicking the Tau side of AD (THY-Tau22 model). These THY-Tau22 mice reproduce with age several aspects of Tau pathology associated with memory loss. We have showed in these mice that AcMet11-Tau form appears early before the onset of memory impairment. One of my thesis objectives was to evaluate an in vivo modeling approach, based on stereotaxic injections of lentiviral vectors, in the hippocampus of wild and THY-Tau transgenic mice, to express the Met11-Tau protein. Our immunohistochemical analyzes show that this protein is stably expressed throughout the hippocampus as an N-α-acetylated form. More particularly, AcMet11-Tau is detected in brain regions having an important role in synaptic plasticity and memory. In addition, our preliminary results suggest that AcMet11-Tau is likely a seeding factor that promotes the aggregation of Tau proteins. Thus, AcMet11-Tau appears to be an important player in the pathological process, representing hence a good candidate for therapeutic targeting. To date, there are several therapeutic strategies aiming to treat Tau pathology, including immunotherapy. The second objective of my thesis aims to establish the proof of concept of a passive immunotherapy approach targeting AcMet11-Tau. We have showed that immunization of THY-Tau22 mice against the truncated AcMet11-Tau form prevents the alteration of working memory in the Y-maze test and improves animal learning during the evaluation of the spatial reference memory by the Barnes maze at the age of 8 months. This beneficial effect is associated with a decrease in abnormal Tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus and a significant reduction in insoluble Tau species. We have also showed that targeting AcMet11-Tau exerts anti-inflammatory effects in this model of Tauopathy. Together, our data demonstrate that the new truncated form AcMet11-Tau plays an instrumental role in Tau pathology development; its targeting by passive immunotherapy is likely a promising therapeutic strategy for AD treatment
Chen, Yaohua. "Maladie d’Alzheimer : influence des microhémorragies, du sexe et de la modulation pharmacologique : données cliniques et expérimentales." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S043/document.
Full textThe physiopathology of Alzheimer disease (AD) is complex. Associated factors, in particular at the vascular level with damaged small blood vessels, might be involved. Cerebral microbleeds(CMB) in particular, could be one of the key contributing factor in AD. The cumulative evidence suggested a sex-specific patterns of disease. Furthermore, statins might be interesting by pleitropic effects. The objectives of this study was to evaluate the interaction between vascular and neurodegenerative lesions in Alzheimer, the influence of sex, and the pharmacological modulation by atorvastatin. This experimental model is designed in a multimodal approach to ensure its scientific relevance and to fit with clinical research. The third objective is indeed to confront theresulting experimental data to the clinical data of cohorts of Alzheimer patients. With an original model of CMB in female mice, we folio wed-up them from 1.5 months to 12 months postsurgery.For the clinical part, we studied patients with AD from a database of a tertiary memory center, with standardized framework. In a translational way, we observed a cognitive and a non cognitiveimpact of CMBs, differently in wild-type mice and in diseased mice. Different outcome was noticed for young female mice. And Atorvastatine offered a mild neuroprotection particularly in presymptomatic stage. Finally, the mechanism implied will be studied, in particular the inflammatory pathway, and will help to propose targeted pharmacological modulation in order to prevent or limit the impact of CMB on AD, by offering a personalized approach
Barus, Romain. "Effet du sexe sur les mécanismes induits par une microhémorragie cérébrale et leurs conséquences cognitives dans un modèle murin et évaluation d’un traitement par atorvastatine." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S025.
Full textCerebral microhemorrhages (CMH) are small lesions whose prevalence increases withage. CMH are associated with a risk of cognitive impairment. The mechanisms by which CMHimpair cognitive function and an eventual sex effect on CMH remain under-explored. The firstgoal of this work was to characterize the mechanisms induced by a cortical CMH, in male andfemale mice. The second objective was to determine the effects of atorvastatin (AT), a drugknown for its pleiotropic effects, on those mechanisms and on cognition. Six weeks after theformation of a CMH, induced by an injection of collagenase in the cortex of C57BL/6J mice,sex-specific cellular, protein, genomic, and metabolic modifications were observed in thecortex and hippocampus of male and female mice, suggesting an impairment of the corticohippocampalnetwork explaining the cognitive impairment in males. AT has modified theCMH-induced sex-specific modifications and has improved cognition in males. This studyhighlights the necessity to take sex into account in preclinical studies to increase ourcomprehension of pathophysiological mechanisms and develop the most appropriate treatment
Pellay, François-Xavier. "Méthodes d'estimation statistique de la qualité et méta-analyse de données transcriptomiques pour la recherche biomédicale." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10058/document.
Full textTo understand the biological phenomena taking place in a cell under physiological or pathological conditions, it is essential to know the genes that it expresses Measuring genetic expression can be done with DNA chlp technology on which are set out thousands of probes that can measure the relative abundance of the genes expressed in the cell. The microarrays called pangenomic are supposed to cover all existing proteincoding genes, that is to say currently around thirty-thousand for human beings. The measure, analysis and interpretation of such data poses a number of problems and the analytlcal methods used will determine the reliability and accuracy of information obtained with the microarrays technology. The aim of thls thesis is to define methods to control measures, improve the analysis and deepen interpretation of microarrays to optimize their utilization in order to apply these methods in the transcriptome analysis of juvenile myelomocytic leukemia patients, to improve the diagnostic and understand the biological mechanisms behind this rare disease. We thereby developed and validated through several independent studies, a quality control program for microarrays, ace.map QC, a software that improves biological Interpretations of microarrays data based on genes ontologies and a visualization tool for global analysis of signaling pathways. Finally, combining the different approaches described, we have developed a method to obtain reliable biological signatures for diagnostic purposes
Castra, Laurent. "Typologie des arrêts cardiaques au regard des inégalités sociales et territoriales de santé en Ile-de-France : application au registre national des arrêts cardiaques (RéAC)." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S025/document.
Full textCardiac arrest (CA) is considered a major public health problem. Preventing cardiac arrest and subsequent deaths and optimizing their management are objectives shared by both emergency professionals and public health policy makers. At a time when territorialization is taking into account the needs of populations, very few studies have been devoted to the variations in incidence induced by the geographical location of cardiac arrests and the socio-economic characteristics of patients. The objective of this thesis is to identify, based on data from the national register of cardiac arrests RéAC, in the three departments of the inner suburbs of Ile-de-France, clusters of municipalities with a high or low incidence of cardiac arrest, and then to characterize them based on the socio-economic factors that can be associated with them. Equipment and Methods: We studied cardiac arrest data from the three departments of Ile-de-France that make up the inner suburbs of the Paris region. We have worked on a total of 123 municipalities. Data on cardiac arrests were extracted from the French register of cardiac arrests RéAC. Socio-economic data were collected for each of these municipalities from the Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques (INSEE). In terms of methods, we used a statistically twofold approach, combining Bayesian methods to study geographical variations in the incidence of cardiac arrest and CT statistics to identify clusters of communes according to the incidence level of cardiac arrest. Finally, we characterized and compared these clusters of municipalities according to socio-economic factors
Baloche, Valentin. "Contributions négatives et positives de la galectine-9 au développement tumoral : étude dans des modèles tumoraux murins syngéniques In the MB49 Murine Model, Genetic Ablation of Galectin-9 Enhances Anti-Tumor Immune Response: Possible Role of a Greater CXCL9/Il-6 Production Tumor Exosomal Micrornas Thwarting Anti-Tumor Immune Responses in Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas Interferon β and Anti-PD1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Blockade Cooperate in NK Cell-Mediated Killing of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells Interferon Beta Increases NK Cell Cytotoxicity against Tumor Cells in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma via Tumor Necrosis Factor Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Opportunities and Challenges Galectin-9 Promotes a Suppressive Microenvironment in Human Cancer by Enhancing STING Degradation." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS117.
Full textLike other galectins, galectin-9 (gal-9) is an animal lectin which interacts with a defined subgroup of glycans carried by glycoproteins or glycolipids. Gal-9 associated with cells performs multiple functions in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus and at the surface of the plasma membrane. Some publications suggest that intracellular gal-9 inhibits the mobility of malignant cells and exerts an anti-metastatic effect. In addition, gal-9 can be secreted into the extracellular medium where it behaves like a cytokine with mainly immunosuppressive effects. These effects have been demonstrated in the context of human tumors and in mouse tumor models. However, so far there was no murine tumor model available to assess the pro-tumor or anti-tumor effet of gal-9 independently of gal-9 produced by infiltrating cells. To address this issue, we derived isogenic clones invalidated or not for gal-9 from 2 murine tumoral lines : CT26 (BABL/c genetic background) and MB49 (C57BL/6 genetic background), using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. In the case of the MB49 line, we were able to demonstrate a remarkable phenotype in vivo. During serial transplantations, we saw, for tumors derived from invalidated clones, a dramatic reduction in tumor growth after 3 or 4 passages in syngenic mice but not in immunodeficient mice. The emergence of the immune response responsible for this arrest of tumor growth was investigated by immunohistochemistry, multiplex cytokine assay in tumor extracts and transcriptome analysis by RNAseq. Increased intra-tumor production of interferon-γ, CXCL9 and Il-6 appears to play an important role in enhancing the immune response against KO-gal-9 tumors
Canouil, Mickaël. "Développement et application de méthodologies statistiques pour études multi-omiques dans le diabète de type 2 : au-delà de l'ère des études d'association pangénomiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S017/document.
Full textGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have resulted in the identification of several dozen of genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributing to type 2 diabetes.More generally, GWAS have identified thousands of SNPs contributing to complex diseases in humans.However, the functional characterization and biological mechanisms involving these SNPs and genes remain largely to be explored. Indeed, the consequences of these polymorphisms are complex and little known.One direct consequence of the SNPs is the alteration of the protein encoded by a gene, or even a complete transcriptional gene silencing (e.g. codon stop in the sequence). Furthermore, these polymorphisms may have a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, by interfering with the binding of transcription factors and enzymes involved in DNA methylation.Despite the strong associations of identified SNPs, they cannot explain the full heritability of type 2 diabetes, suggesting interactions mechanisms between the different layers of -omics, such as genomics, transcriptomics and Epigenomics.The shift of paradigm in statistical genetics and the availability of transcriptomic and epigenomic data are responsible for the evolution of the discipline, moving from association studies to multi-omics, and providing insights on the functional aspect of the SNPs or genes involved, and in some cases allowing to evaluate the causal link of these variants on the pathology.The methodological developments and their applications proposed in this thesis are various, ranging from a similar approach to GWAS, leveraging the longitudinal data available in some cohorts (e.g. D.E.S.I.R.), using an joint model approach; the functional characterisation of candidate genes in insulin secretion by a multi tissue transcriptomic study and transcriptomic study in a cell model; the identification of a new candidate gene (PDGFA) involved in the deregulation of the insulin\\\'s pathway in type 2 diabetes through epigenetic and transcriptomic mechanisms; and finally, the characterisation of the effect on the transcriptome of two substitutes of bisphenol A in a primary adipocyte model.The increase of knowledge in biological processes involving SNPs and genes identified by GWAS could enable the development of more effective diagnostic strategies, and the identification of therapeutic targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated complications (e.g., insulin resistance, NAFLD, cancer, etc.).More generally, these multi-omics studies pave the way for the emerging approach of precision medicine, allowing the treatment and prevention of pathologies while taking into account what makes the specificity of an individual, namely his genome and his environment, both interacting on his transcriptome and his epigenome
Alari, Anna. "Variations temporelles et géographiques des méningites à pneumocoque et effet du vaccin conjugué en France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV070/document.
Full textStreptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive commensal bacterium of the oropharyngeal flora usually colonizing human’s rhino pharynx, of which almost 100 serotypes are known. Infants and young children constitute its main reservoir. Pneumococcus may cause serious infections, such as meningitis, bacteremia and pneumonia, or less serious but more common such as sinusitis and acute otitis media (AOM). Two conjugate pneumococcal vaccines have been introduced in France: PCV7 (covering 7 serotypes) in 2003 and PCV13 (covering 6 additional serotypes) in 2010. The overall objective of this thesis is to assess the impact of vaccination policy on invasive pneumococcal diseases in France, by focusing on temporal and geographical trends of the most serious of them: pneumococcal meningitis (PM). An initial study of PMs temporal dynamics over the 2011-2014 period assessed the impact of conjugate vaccines’ introduction. Statistical modeling techniques were used for time series analysis. The results confirm the effects found in literature: a reduction of vaccine serotypes PMs but at the same time an increase of PMs, due to non-vaccine serotypes (effect of “serotype replacement”). Therefore, the first benefit of vaccine introduction at population scale has been observed no less than 11 years after PCV7 introduction, and then principally after PCV13 was introduced in 2010, with a 25% decrease in PMs in 2014. The geographic component was then implemented to analyze the role of vaccine coverage in annual PM variability between geographic units over the 2001-2016 period. Results confirm the effectiveness of both vaccine compositions on vaccine serotypes PMs and suggest homogeneity of this effect among geographic units. Conversely the serotype replacement has been confirmed only after the first vaccine composition was introduced and presents a variable and heterogeneous geographical repartition. Variability in vaccine coverage among geographic units doesn’t explain the differences in PMs, which could suggest the role of others factors such as demographic density. Finally, a dynamic modeling capable of taking into consideration fundamental aspects of pneumococcus transmission and infection mechanisms not integrated in static modeling has been proposed in order to predict the impacts of different vaccination strategies for 65+ adults and therefore assess their cost-utility ratios
Bauvin, Pierre. "Modélisation de la stéatose hépatique (NAFLD) et de ses facteurs de risque par apprentissage sur des données de santé." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S028.
Full textNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease which is a combination of simple, slowly progressing steatosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory form which accelerates its progression. It is estimated that one in four people in the world is affected by NAFLD, and its prevalence is increasing rapidly, in parallel with the prevalence of its main risk factors: overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes.This pathology is asymptomatic up to the complications, cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC), which leads to late diagnosis and a negative impact on the associated morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the reference diagnosis requires a liver biopsy, an invasive examination that cannot be performed routinely. As a result, the progression of the disease is poorly known and its estimation may suffer from a selection bias, towards patients with significant risk factors, who require a biopsy in the first place. A better understanding would allow the implementation of strategies to reduce its burden.The modelling approach is appropriate to take into account all susceptible patients, without having to carry out a large-scale follow-up study using liver biopsies in patients who are mostly asymptomatic. The objectives of this thesis are to describe and quantify the progression of NAFLD, to predict the associated morbidity and mortality, and to identify the population at risk, using Markov models. To do this, it is necessary to fill in some of the progression parameters via a literature review, to characterise the initial states (population likely to develop NAFLD) and the final states (mortality due to NAFLD), in order to deduce the missing progression parameters between the onset of the disease and mortality, by back-calculation.To exhaustively characterise NAFLD mortality, we identified all patients with cirrhosis or HCC from national hospital databases, representing more than 380,000 patients. We then developed an identification algorithm to determine the etiology underlying the hepatic complication, based on all the stays of the identified patients. This algorithm requires the identification of patients with cirrhosis or HCC of alcoholic or viral origin, to obtain by elimination only NAFLD patients. Once the specific mortality data had been obtained, we estimated the population likely to develop NAFLD, defined as all individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes, excluding the population of excessive drinkers. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of this population, and modelled its evolution with age and years, based on individual data from surveys representative of the French population.Finally, we quantified the progression of NAFLD, and the impact of risk factors, using two approaches: from the literature, and from biopsy data from more than 1,800 obese patients who were candidates for bariatric surgery, resulting in a tool for predicting the progression of NAFLD in this population. We chose to back-calculate the progression parameters corresponding to the asymptomatic states, which are the most susceptible to selection bias.We obtained a model of the progression of NAFLD, taking into account the dynamic distribution of the population among weight classes and diabetes status, and resulting in the observed statistics of NAFLD deaths. The model takes into account gender, age, year, BMI (body mass index) class, diabetes status and the presence of a genetic polymorphism (PNPLA3 rs738409, C→G) as covariates of progression. It is a tool for assessing the impact of a possible treatment or public health policy on morbidity and mortality
Kamel, Rima. "Implication de la dynamique mitochondriale et de la voie de la kynurénine dans la cardioprotection au cours de l’infarctus du myocarde." Thesis, Angers, 2019. https://dune.univ-angers.fr/documents/dune12955.
Full textMyocardial infarction remains a leading cause of mortality in developed countries. Although timely reperfusion is indispensable for ischemic myocardium salvage, final infarct size is due to both ischemia and reperfusion injuries. Cardioprotection consists of activating endogenous signaling protective pathways to decrease ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries. Mitochondrial fission has been shown increased after ischemia, thus we studied the impact of mitochondrial dynamics proteins deficiency in mice models. Mitochondrial fission deficient DRP1+/- mice, exhibited a smaller infarct size compared to WT due to a potential increase in mitophagy. Simultaneous deficiency in mitochondrial fusion and fission proteins (Drp1+/-Opa1+/-) did not influence cardiac morphology and function at baseline and infarct size was comparable to WT. Next, We showed an importance of kynurenine pathway in cardioprotection. A recent study conducted in our laboratory showed that kynurenine, was increased after remote ischemic conditioning. Kynurenine is a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway which is the main tryptophan degradation route. We showed that kynurenine and kynurenic acid, a byproduct of kynurenine, mediated cardioprotection in a rat myocardial I/R model. Cardioprotection was associated to stimulation of mitophagy and anti-oxidant defense system. However a better understanding of associated signaling pathways is necessary to identify therapeutic targets
Dib, Abdallah. "Programmation foetale du système vasculaire en réponse à l'exposition in utero au diabète maternel chez le rat." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0066/document.
Full textCardiovascular alterations including hypertension are lifelong consequences of in utero exposure to maternal diabetes. One possibility was that hypertension could be caused by alterations of vascular function. Preliminary studies demonstrated that rat exposed in utero to moderated maternal hyperglycemia (DMO) developed hypertension around 6 months of age, associated with a specific alteration of prostacyclin-induced vasodilation in aorta. Because prostacyclin plays a key role in the control of vascular tone in resistance arteries, we aimed to determine whether maternal hyperglycaemia could affect this parameter in offspring. We hypothesized that fetal programming of vascular tone could impact regulation of arterial pressure in DMO. We found that prostacyclin induced relaxation was reduced in resistance arteries both at 3- and 18-month of age ; endothelium-mediated relaxation was reduced in 18-monthold DMO although an increase of contractile activity of smooth muscle cells (myogenic tone) was measured at the same age. Secondly, because vascular tone is closely linked to vascular remodeling, we studied the effect of maternal diabetes on vascular remodeling after chronic alteration of pressure or flow. In old DMO, hypertension did not induce inward remodeling neither in aorta nor in mesenteric arteries. In young DMO, the reduction of left carotid flow (induced by ligation) induced an inward remodeling ; the right carotid underwent an increased flow involving outward remodeling. Conversely, in mesenteric arteries, after 1 or 3 weeks of ligation, DMO did not exhibitin ward remodeling in response to low-flow although outward remodeling in high-flow arteries is maintained.These results evidenced a fetal programming of vascular system in adult rats exposed in utero to maternal diabetes, which may be involved in the development of hypertension
Carene, Dimitri. "Décrypter la réponse thérapeutique des tumeurs en intégrant des données moléculaires, pharmacologiques et cliniques à l’aide de méthodes statistiques et informatiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS589.
Full textCancer is the most frequent cause of death in the world, with 8.2 million death / year. Large-scale genome studies have shown that each cancer is characterized by a unique genomic profile. This has led to the development of precision medicine, which aims at targeting treatment using tumor genomic alterations that are patient-specific. In hormone-receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 negative early breast cancer, clinicopathologic characteristics are not sufficient to fully explain the risk of distant relapse, despite their well-established prognostic value. The main objective of this thesis project was to use statistical and computational methods to assess to what extent genomic alterations are involved in distant breast cancer relapse in addition to classic prognostic clinicopathologic parameters. This project used clinical and genomic data (i.e., copy numbers and driver gene mutations) from the PACS04 and METABRIC trial.In the first part of my thesis project, I first evaluated prognostic value of copy numbers of predefined genes including FGFR1, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1; CCND1, Cyclin D1; ZNF217, Zinc Finger Protein 217; ERBB2 or HER2, Human Epidermal Growth Factor, as well as a panel of driver gene mutations. Results from the PACS04 trial showed that FGFR1 amplification increases the risk of distant relapse, whereas mutations of MAP3K1 decrease the risk of relapse. Second, a genomic score based on FGFR1 and MAP3K1, allowed to identify three levels of risk of distant relapse: low risk (patients with a MAP3K1 mutation), moderate risk (patients without FGFR1 copy number aberration and without MAP3K1 mutation) and high risk (patients with FGFR1 amplification and without MAP3K1 mutation). Finally, this genomic score was validated in METABRIC, a publicly available database. In the second part of my thesis project, new prognostic genomic biomarkers of survival were identified using penalized methods of LASSO type, taking into account the block structure of the data.Keywords: Copy number aberrations (CNA), mutations, breast cancer (BC), biomarkers, variable selection methods, dimension reduction, cox regression
Buffiere, Anne. "Etude de l’importance de la kinase LCK, des radeaux lipidiques et de la sécrétion autocrine de l’interleukine 7 dans les leucémies aiguës lymphoblastiques T, via des modèles de souris humanisées." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCI001.
Full textMy PhD work concerns T-cells acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and includes two projects. The first one, Saracatinib impairs maintenance of human T-ALL by targeting the LCK tyrosine kinase in cells displaying high level of lipid rafts, allow us to identify a new signaling pathway important for the proliferation of T-ALL cells. We showed that LCK is localized into lipid rafts and is involved in the growth of T-ALL cells. The LCK inhibitor Saracatinib affects T-ALL cells in vitro and in vivo by targeting the most aggressive cells displaying high level of lipid rafts. These results highlight a new therapeutic strategy to treat T-ALL and were published in Leukemia in January 2018. The second project, T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia produces autocrine interleukin 7, demonstrated for the first time that T-ALL cells are able to produce IL-7 cytokine. We performed an analysis of epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of this autocrine secretion. Our results showed that when the IL-7 gene promoter is low methylated, Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF-1) and (IRF-2) transcription factors bind IRF-E sequence and upregulate IL-7 gene transcription. Thanks to IL 7 gene inactivation in one of our T ALL models, we demonstrated that autocrine secretion promotes leukemia development on xenografted mice through increasing engraftment cells capacity and leukemia initiating cells number. Thus, epigenetic regulation of IL-7 autocrine secretion may be involved in the leukemogenesis of T-ALL
Payen, Cyrielle. "Implication des troubles métaboliques maternels sur la programmation fœtale des fonctions métabolique hépatique et vasculaire de la descendance." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0047.
Full textIn utero exposure to maternal metabolic pathologies leads to fetal programming, which increases the occurrence of metabolic, vascular and hepatic diseases in offspring. In this thesis, we focused on fetal programming induced by two types of maternal metabolic dysfunctions : obesity and diabetes. We highlighted that maternal obesity induced direct fetal programming of the vascular function in offspring regardless of metabolic disorders. In addition, we showed that disruption of perinatal nutrition leads to the early occurrence of metabolic disorders in offspring of obese mothers, without modifying the fetal programming of vascular function. Bariatric surgery doesn’t seem tobe able to reverse fetal programming of metabolic and vascular functions as described in obese mothers offspring. We also showed that fetal programming of vascular dysfunction of diabetic mother’s offspring can be transmitted from the F1 to the F2 generation. Finally, we highlighted the importance of sexual dimorphism in the fetal programming of vascular function. These results demonstrate that vascular (arterial hypertension) and metabolic (obesity, diabetes) diseases are not exclusively behavioral diseases but can also have a fetal life origin. They can be transmitted over several generations, thus contributing to explain the worldwide spread of obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Delacôte, Claire. "Vers une meilleure compréhension de la maladie du foie liée à l'alcool et des facteurs influençant sa progression : approche de modélisation." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S029.
Full textIn France, excessive alcohol consumption is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ahead of viral hepatitis and metabolic syndrome. In 2016, there were nearly 10,500 deaths by cirrhosis or HCC, despite a significant decrease in per capita alcohol consumption since 1960 (26L in 1960, 11.7L in 2017).Alcohol drinkers are at risk of developing alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). It progresses from the initial stage of steatosis to more advanced stages of fibrosis and cirrhosis, which may lead to complications: decompensation and HCC. ALD is an asymptomatic disease prior to the onset of complications, and many patients are diagnosed late with life-threatening consequences.Implementing early actions targeting excessive alcohol drinkers could help to reduce liver morbidity and mortality through the avoidance or earlier diagnosis of complications. The evaluation of the possible benefit of such public health actions requires, on the one hand, knowledge of the different stages leading to the development of complications and, on the other hand, knowledge of the impact of risk factors on progression, in order to be able to determine the populations to target. Among the risk factors identified, the metabolic syndrome plays an important role. Thus, in order to understand the mechanisms of evolution of ALD, it is necessary to study in parallel those leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).The natural history of ALD is still poorly described, especially for the stages preceding cirrhosis. Mathematical modeling provides a conceptual framework to overcome the ethical issues that would arise from a cohort study of the evolution of ALD.The main objective of this work is to mathematically reconstruct the natural history of ALD and to predict the associated morbidity and mortality. The secondary objectives are to estimate the incidence of this pathology and to identify the at-risk population. For this purpose, we developed a Markov model that simulates the trajectory of cohorts of individuals from the moment they start at-risk alcohol consumption until their death. It integrates the main risk factors described as associated with the progression of ALD in the literature (sex, age, overweight and obesity, amount of alcohol, genetic polymorphism). Unknown parameters of progression are estimated by a back-calculation method.Three steps were necessary to supply and calibrate this model : 1) characterize mortality by decompensated cirrhosis and HCC related to alcohol consumption or metabolic syndrome from data provided by the French National Hospital Discharge database; 2) set up a Markov model on hospitalization data of excessive consumers to estimate the progression of fibrosis; 3) implement a Markov model on survey data from the general French population to estimate the process of entry into at-risk alcohol consumption or the onset of overweight and obesity.In conclusion, this work is the first to characterize the progression of ALD in the general French population. It is based on robust epidemiological data to which new insights are provided. The developed tools could be used to test the impact of public health policies that could be implemented in populations most likely to develop liver damage
Ngabirano, Laure. "Matrices Emplois-Expositions : Exemples de création, validation et application." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS072.
Full textIn epidemiology of occupational risks, exposure assessment is commonly based on answers to a questionnaire, in particular to explore exposure to factors such as psychosocial and biomechanical work factors. This method of measure can suffer from bias: classification bias (including memory bias), bias in estimated associations with health variables (especially when exposure and disease are collected simultaneously). Job-exposure matrix (JEM) could be an alternative and a relevant exposure assessment method.Three main objectives for this thesis project were: 1) to create and validate a JEM ‘STRESSJEM’ using the data from the national SUMER surveys (waves of 2003 and 2010) for the assessment of a large panel of psychosocial work factors. The Classification And Regression Trees (CART) segmentation method was used; 2) to study the validity of biomechanical exposure scores based on the JEM ‘JEM Constances’ compared to self-reported assessment in the CONSTANCES cohort; 3) to apply the JEM Constances to perform etiological analyzes on the relationship between exposure to biomechanical factors during lifetime work and limitations in climbing stairs from the CONSTANCES cohort.The results of the first part of the thesis allowed to conclude that the JEM ‘STRESSJEM’ could constitute a complementary method for the evaluation of decisional latitude and shift work, or even other dimensions of the Karasek questionnaire, excluding psychological demand. In the second objective, we concluded that a cumulative exposure score based on the JEM Constances was adequate for assessing exposure to carrying heavy loads compared to self-reported data. The validity was rather moderate repetitive work and physically intense work. Etiological analysis has shown that cumulative work exposure to carrying heavy loads or kneeling across working life was associated with functional limitations in climbing stairs, especially among the less educated.The results presented in this thesis contribute to a better knowledge about what can be expected from JEMs, concerning both possibilities and limitations of this kind of approach, with research perspectives and applications
Mejlachowicz, Dan. "Développement de modèles in vitro et in vivo pour analyser la réponse aux radiations ionisantes du tissu thyroïdien normal humain." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL057.
Full textThe only demonstrated etiologic factor for thyroid cancer is an exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during childhood. Epidemiological studies can measure a significant risk to develop a cancer following thyroid doses above 50 mGy. This risk is observed after external exposure to high doses/dose rates (radiotherapy) and after contamination of iodine radioisotopes at lower doses.As the risk decreases with the dose, if radiation-induced cancers (R) develop after thyroid doses <50mGy, an excess of cancers cannot be measured by conventional epidemiology, especially because the incidence of sporadic cancers (S) increases. Consequently, it is not possible to answer the societal debates concerning the risk associated to low doses exposure, such as the risk for patients during medical diagnosis by imagery technics in the "head and neck" area especially for children, following Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents fallout, and following contamination after the atmospheric nuclear tests in French Polynesia.To answer the questionnning about the risk of low doses IR on human thyroid, a better knowledge of the exposure according to doses and dose rates is necessary,. Thyroid carcinogenesis presents specificities among species. Indeed, in mice, S or R thyroid cancers incidence is low, and the few R tumors developping are mainly follicular cancers whereas there are mainly papillary cancers in humans (S and R).In order to analyze the normal human thyroid tissue response to IR, we have developed several approaches using biopsies of non-pathological tissues from patients who have undergone thyroidectomy: primary thyrocyte cultures, in vitro 3D models (thyrospheres and organotypic cultures) and xenografts in mice.For 3D models, maintenance of polarity, cell differentiation, tissue complexity and physiological activity of the cultures were controlled. We obtained thyrospheres (6 donors) organized in follicles delimiting a lumen composed of thyroglobulin. We used the matrigel-based protocol described by Toda et al. (2002) for organotypic cultures of porcin tissue, and showed an hypoxic stress in the human tissue (7 donors). An optimal oxygenation of the tissue was obtained by air-liquid interface culture (3 donors). In ALI organotypic cultures, a secretion of free thyoid hormone T4 was observed (1 donor, at 1 week), and this protocol allowed the tissue maintenance over 4 weeks. Mouse xenografts permitted human tissue maintenance over a period of at least one year, we already succeed in maintaining the thyroid tissue over 5 weeks in SCID/beige mice (3 donors).In parallel, we compared the proliferation, the survival and the kinetics of DNA strand breaks induction/repair after exposure of thyrocytes from patients exposed (radiotherapy) during childhood (2 donors) or unexposed (3 donors), in primary cultures. We reproducibly observed that exposed thyrocytes are more radioresistant than unexposed thyrocytes. These results strongly suggest the existence of a long-term phenotypic signature of exposure to IR in normal thyroid tissue, consistent with the identification of molecular signatures discriminating exposed and unexposed normal thyroid tissue by C Ory and N Ugolin in the laboratory. As suggested by C Dupuy's team, this imprinting could be due to the development of a chronic oxidative stress following IR exposure in the thyroid.The models developed during this thesis will be essential to understand low and high doses IR effects and risks on the human thyroid. They will also be usefull to asses the effects of endocrine disruptors (ED) on human thyroid, alone or in cocktail and estimate if this ED exposure may modify the radiosensitivity of the thyroid. These models will be used to analyse the first steps on radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis as well as the origin of this persistent long-term exposure imprinting
Eller, Carla. "Un criblage gain-de-fonction identifie CDKN2C comme facteur d'hôte impliqué dans le cycle viral du virus de l'hépatite B." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ103.
Full textHepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is a major cause of progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. HBV infects human hepatocytes, and, because of the tiny size of its genome, depends on multiple host functions, contributing to species and tissue tropism. However, fundamental virus-host interactions remain obscure, owing to the lack of robust infectious models for HBV research. An innovative functional genomics screen revealed the role of CDKN2C as proviral host factor promoting HBV replication in a step of the life cycle after the formation of covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA via its function as cell cycle regulator. This provides a better understanding of virus-host interactions and limitations of currently available cell culture systems, and will contribute to the development of physiological infectious model systems and novel therapeutic strategies for viral cure
Alameddine, Asmaa. "Dysfonction vasculaire et conditions environnementales dans des modèles expérimentaux chez l’homme et l’animal." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0037/document.
Full textGravity is a major environmental factor. This force that shaped the life and the functioning of our body is closely related to gravity. To remain healthy, we should benefit from the daily influence of gravity and a food intake adapted to our physical activity. The objective of this thesis is to study vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction in sedentary models and metabolic disorders and to explore ways of countermeasures. 60 days of head down bed rest in healthy male induce a macrocirculation remodeling at the femoral artery and an endothelial dysfunction at the microcirculation level. Daily intake of complex plant extracts from traditional Chinese medicine (Taikong Yangxin) helped to prevent endothelial dysfunction. In a diabetic rat model with vascular dysfunction (GK rats), we tested the salidroside, an important compound from the Taikong Yangxin. Although it has no effect on diabetes, this compound showed a beneficial effect on endothelial -dependent and -independent vasodilation. In the last part of our work, we studied the involvement of type 2 angiotensin receptor and estrogen receptor in cardiovascular dysfunction induced by a high calorie diet in mice. Physical inactivity induces morphological and functional remodeling in the vascular tree, making it a major risk factor independent of cardiovascular diseases. Simple or complex plant extracts have beneficial effects on endothelial function. Angiotensin type 2 receptor and its interaction with the estrogen receptor could be a pharmacological target as a countermeasure against vascular damage related to the environment
Champon, Isabelle. "Compréhension et modélisation des mécanismes de désactivation d’un catalyseur de méthanation de CO2 au sein d’un réacteur-échangeur milli-structuré à lit fixe." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAF045.
Full textPower-to-SNG aims at storing the renewable electric surplus as SNG (Substitute Natural Gas) via the CO2 methanation reaction with a solid catalyst. For the purpose of the SNG direct injection into the gas network, high conversion rates are needed. Nevertheless, over time, the catalyst deactivates and the SNG may no longer meet the gas network injection specifications. In this work, a methodology is developed to understand the main deactivation mechanisms of a commercial catalyst (Ni/Al2O3) in a milli-structured fixed-bed reactor-heat exchanger in order to model them. Deactivation is dealt with at different experimental scales. A kinetic model and deactivation laws are identified and subsequently implemented in an already existing multi-scale reactor model. Finally, the simulation results are compared with experimental deactivation results obtained at the scale of the milli-structured reactor
Chauviere, Laëtitia. "Déficits cognitifs et altération de l'activité de réseau au cours de l'épileptogenèse dans un modèle expérimental d'épilepsie du lobe temporal." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20662/document.
Full textTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common form of partial epilepsy in adults. TLE is characterized by a latent period during which TLE takes place. This period is called epileptogenesis. In TLE patients, epileptogenesis is unexplored. However, the use of animal models, like pilocarpine model, allows the study of epileptogenic processes, in order to try to prevent TLE. Thus, my PhD work tries to yield some predictive markers of epileptogenesis, in the pilocarpine model. We studied cognitive and electrophysiological in vivo alterations in this model. We showed that there are early and persistent spatial deficits that correlate with a decrease of the power of theta oscillations, i.e. during the early stage of epileptogenesis and the chronic stage. At the same time, there is also a decrease of power and frequency of theta rhythm during exploratory behaviors. Interictal-like activity (ILA) is a pathological activity present during epileptogenesis in experimental models. ILA does not correlate with cognitive deficits, but decreases theta power after the spike, i.e. in its wave, during epileptogenesis but not during the chronic stage anymore. This suggests an important network alteration before the chronic stage. Indeed, we described two types of ILA, whose properties (number, amplitude) and dynamics evolved during epileptogenesis with a major switch just before the first spontaneous seizure. All together, these results may constitute, with spatial deficits and theta rhythm alterations, predictive markers of epileptogenesis. Moreover, we showed an increase in the coupling, ILA-dependent, between the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex, during epileptogenesis but not during the chronic stage, whereas a reversal of the information flow between these two structures occurs at the early stage of epileptogenesis and persists without any modification till the chronic stage. These results suggest the build-up of an epileptogenic network, a major switch of network properties just before the first spontaneous seizure, and some markers that could be predictive of epileptogenesis. TLE, oscillations and cognition involved processes at the network level, in particular synchronization processes. These processes could be possible via oscillations, which allow information transfer between structures of the network, in order to provide behavioral and cognitive processing. Recordings performed in 15 different structures of the temporal lobe showed, in pilocarpine animals, a network with more “small-world” (SW) features, with a higher local clustering and a loss of long-range connections. These results could explain cognitive and oscillatory alterations observed previously during epileptogenesis. SW and coherence analysis, at the network level, between signals during different brain-states (behaviors and cognitive processes) showed changes in dynamics occurring during these states, in normal and epileptogenic conditions. All these modifications in network activities may be involved in the construction of an epileptic brain and in associated cognitive deficits
Fahs, Amin. "Modeling of naturel convection in porous media : development of semi-analytical and spectral numerical solutions of heat transfer problem in special domains." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2021. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2021/Fahs_Amin_2021_ED269.pdf.
Full textThe problem of the porous square cavity is extensively used as a common benchmark case for Natural convection (NC) problem in porous media. It can be used for several numerical, theoretical, and practical purposes. All the existing high accurate solutions are developed under steady-state conditions. However, it is well known that the processes of NC in porous media occurs naturally in a time-dependent procedure, as boundary conditions can be variable in time. Also, the convergence of the steady-state solution is known to be difficult. To overcome this difficulty, the steady-state solution is often simulated as a transient solution that evolves until reaching the steady-state condition. These time-dependent modes are very efficient to detect the effects of the parameter variations on the physical process of NC, especially for the subject of interest in this thesis: the domain inclination level and hot wall temperature variation in time. For this purpose, three goals are identified in this Thesis: 1. Developing a time-dependent solution of natural convection in porous media using the Darcy model in two modes: Transient and unsteady. 2. Investigating the time-dependent behavior of natural convection in porous media having the domain inclination level as a variable parameter in two modes: Transient and unsteady. 3. Developing a time-dependent solution of natural convection in porous media using the Darcy-Lapwood-Brinkman model in two modes: Transient and unsteady. To do so, according to the high accuracy in the simply connected domains, one of the Galerkin spectral weighted residual method is chosen to develop a space-time dependent solution for NC problem in a square porous cavity. Applying the Fourier-Galerkin (FG) procedure, two configurations dealing with transient and unsteady regimes are considered where each solution is derived for a wide range of Rayleigh numbers with other special conditions. This work of thesis is explained in details as five chapters.The NC physical process with the time-dependent variations is described in the transient mode to reach the steady-state solution and for the unsteady mode during a one period using periodic sinusoidal boundary conditions on the cavity hot wall. Finally, the work of this thesis is described in details in five chapters; while the sixth and last chapter is devoted to the summary and conclusion.The results in this thesis work provide a set of high-accurate data that are published in three papers to be used for testing numerical codes of heat transfer in time-dependent configurations
Moreno, Betancur Margarita. "Regression modeling with missing outcomes : competing risks and longitudinal data." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T076/document.
Full textMissing data are a common occurrence in medical studies. In regression modeling, missing outcomes limit our capability to draw inferences about the covariate effects of medical interest, which are those describing the distribution of the entire set of planned outcomes. In addition to losing precision, the validity of any method used to draw inferences from the observed data will require that some assumption about the mechanism leading to missing outcomes holds. Rubin (1976, Biometrika, 63:581-592) called the missingness mechanism MAR (for “missing at random”) if the probability of an outcome being missing does not depend on missing outcomes when conditioning on the observed data, and MNAR (for “missing not at random”) otherwise. This distinction has important implications regarding the modeling requirements to draw valid inferences from the available data, but generally it is not possible to assess from these data whether the missingness mechanism is MAR or MNAR. Hence, sensitivity analyses should be routinely performed to assess the robustness of inferences to assumptions about the missingness mechanism. In the field of incomplete multivariate data, in which the outcomes are gathered in a vector for which some components may be missing, MAR methods are widely available and increasingly used, and several MNAR modeling strategies have also been proposed. On the other hand, although some sensitivity analysis methodology has been developed, this is still an active area of research. The first aim of this dissertation was to develop a sensitivity analysis approach for continuous longitudinal data with drop-outs, that is, continuous outcomes that are ordered in time and completely observed for each individual up to a certain time-point, at which the individual drops-out so that all the subsequent outcomes are missing. The proposed approach consists in assessing the inferences obtained across a family of MNAR pattern-mixture models indexed by a so-called sensitivity parameter that quantifies the departure from MAR. The approach was prompted by a randomized clinical trial investigating the benefits of a treatment for sleep-maintenance insomnia, from which 22% of the individuals had dropped-out before the study end. The second aim was to build on the existing theory for incomplete multivariate data to develop methods for competing risks data with missing causes of failure. The competing risks model is an extension of the standard survival analysis model in which failures from different causes are distinguished. Strategies for modeling competing risks functionals, such as the cause-specific hazards (CSH) and the cumulative incidence function (CIF), generally assume that the cause of failure is known for all patients, but this is not always the case. Some methods for regression with missing causes under the MAR assumption have already been proposed, especially for semi-parametric modeling of the CSH. But other useful models have received little attention, and MNAR modeling and sensitivity analysis approaches have never been considered in this setting. We propose a general framework for semi-parametric regression modeling of the CIF under MAR using inverse probability weighting and multiple imputation ideas. Also under MAR, we propose a direct likelihood approach for parametric regression modeling of the CSH and the CIF. Furthermore, we consider MNAR pattern-mixture models in the context of sensitivity analyses. In the competing risks literature, a starting point for methodological developments for handling missing causes was a stage II breast cancer randomized clinical trial in which 23% of the deceased women had missing cause of death. We use these data to illustrate the practical value of the proposed approaches