Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles murins du SD'
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Ahumada, Saavedra José Tomás. "Craniofacial analysis of Down syndrome rodent models." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ041.
Full textThe most frequent and distinctive alterations found in Down syndrome (DS) are learning disability and craniofacial (CF) dysmorphism. The CF phenotype includes reduced head dimensions, brachycephaly, reduced mediolateral orbital region, reduced bizygomatic breadth, small maxilla, small mandible, and increased individual variability. Until now, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this CF phenotype remain unknown. This thesis, using a new panel of rats and mice models proposed new candidate genes for the DS-CF phenotype. We confirmed the role of Dyrk1a in neurocranium brachycephaly and identified the overdosage of the transcription factor Ripply3 for midface shortening through the downregulation of Tbx1, another transcription factor involved in similar phenotypes was found in Di George Syndrome. We defined new dosage-sensitive genes responsible for DS-CF malformations, and new models were proposed to rescue the DS-CF phenotype. This new knowledge may also lead to insights for specific brain and cardiovascular phenotypes observed in Tbx1 mutants and DS models
Leoni, Anne-Laure. "Modèles murins en rythmologie expérimentale." Nantes, 2006. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=538b454d-5553-4cc8-8af0-c8f22d052097.
Full textCardiac impulse originates from the sinus node and propagates through the cardiac conduction system to depolarise atrial and ventricular myocardium. The work exposed herein reveals the implications of two ion channel subunits in sinus node automaticity and in cardiac electrical conduction by the use of mouse models. The first model confirms the hypothesis implicating the calcium channel subunit Cav3. 1 in sinus node automaticity, and shows its implication in atrioventricular (AV) conduction. The second model shows that heterozygous invalidation of Nav1. 5 sodium channel subunit (Scn5a+/- mice) induces sinus node dysfunction, impaired AV conduction and delayed intramyocardial conduction. These cardiac abnormalities are similar to the phenotype observed in patients with SCN5A mutations. Moreover, Scn5a+/- mice showed phenotype heterogeneity, just as in patients, revealing the importance of modulator genes or environment in the phenotype of genetic disorders. Finally, as cardiac rhythm modulation is of major interest in cardiac therapeutics, we have shown that chronic inhibition of HCN channels induces a complex ionic remodelling in the sinus node, but has little impact on ion channel expression in the mouse ventricle
Royer, Moës Anne. "Canalopathies cardiaques et modèles murins." Nantes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NANTA001.
Full textCardiac channelopathies are inherited or acquired diseases linked to ionic channel dysfonction. This thesis is about two transgenic murine models. The interest of transgenese is that gene expression and function can be study in vivo. The first murine model overexpresses the human HERG channel in the mouse heart. Its study has shown for the first time antiarrhythmic effects of HERG expression in vivo. The second murine model is a knock-out of Scn5a gene. Heterozygous mice have a 50 % reduction in their cardiac myocytes Na+ current and exhibit cardiac conduction defects. These cardiac conduction defects worsen with age and are associated with fibrosis. Scn5a +/- mice are a convincing model for Lenègre's disease
Faugeroux, Julie. "Caractérisation de modèles murins du syndrome d'Ehlers-Danlos vasculaire." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T032.
Full textVascular Ehlers-Danlos (vEDS) syndrome is a rare, inherited, autosomal dominant disease that results from mutations in the COL3A1 gene, encoding type III collagen. Patients are mostly affected by missense mutations probably acting through a dominant negative mechanism. A few patients present large deletions or nonsense mutations leading to a haploinsufficient mechanism. These mutations are supposed to lead to a defect in the synthesis and secretion of collagen type III, resulting in arterial wall fragility. Consequently, vEDS is mostly characterized by ruptures/dissections in arteries at a young age, which ultimately lead to premature death. While there is currently no surgical or therapeutic treatments available, a recent study reported the beneficial effect of the beta-blocker celiprolol, which prevents vascular complications in patients.To investigate the vascular phenotype of vEDS, a mouse model of this disease has been generated by the complete and ubiquitous inactivation of the COL3A1 gene. Col3a1-/- mice exhibit severe perinatal mortality and die prematurely from spontaneous vascular rupture. However, Col3a1+/- mice are viable and exhibit no obvious vascular phenotype. To determine the susceptibility of Col3a1+/- mice to develop vascular rupture/dissection, an experimental model of aneurysm induction was used, through the chronic infusion of Angiotensin II (Ang II). Our results showed that Ang II infusion led to severe premature mortality in Col3a1+/- compared to wild type. This fragility was characterized by the development of rupture/dissection in the ascending aorta. These lesions could be caused by the elevation of blood pressure and/or the activation of Ang II signaling pathways. We showed that treatment with a beta-blocker (propranolol) and an arterial vasodilator (hydralazine) reduced the mortality induced by Ang II in Col3a1+/- mice. These results suggest the beneficial effect of adding a preventive treatment inhibitor of Ang II to the beta-blocker treatment recommended in human pathology.Meanwhile, given that a majority of human vEDS cases is caused by missense mutations in the COL3A1 gene, we established a knock-in mouse model bearing a point mutation (Gly183Ser) found in vEDS patients. The preliminary characterization of this model showed that Col3a1+/G183S mice die spontaneously as early as 4 weeks of age from a dissection or rupture of the ascending aorta. However, these mice do not showed any changes of their hemodynamic parameters or aortic diameter. Furthermore, about 20 % of mouse Col3a1+/G183S display wounds in the back and legs. This new mouse model is currently the only that mimic more closely the human disease and could therefore be used to test different therapeutic strategies
Boucher, Jérémie. "Modèles murins d'obésité : implication des catécholamines et des adipocytokines." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30120.
Full textDysregulation of energetic balance results in modification of adipose tissue mass. A decrease in caloric intake leads to lipid mobilization whereas an increase results in energy storage mainly in existing adipocytes (hypertrophy) or newly differenciated ones (hyperplasia). Catecholamines are potent modulators of adipocyte activity (metabolic as well as trophic) through activation of adrenergic receptors (AR). There's no suitable animal model to study the role of catecholamines in adipose tissue metabolism or development. Indeed, the b3-AR is highly expressed in adipocytes of most of rodents whereas there's a few or no expression of a2-AR. The contrary is true for humans. Thus we created transgenic mice with " human like " adrenergic receptivity in adipocytes. In b3-AR knock-out mice, expression of human a2-AR was performed with injection of a large human genomic DNA fragment (>30 kb). This fragment contains the regulatory sequences before (11 kb) and after (18 kb) the coding sequence of the a2C10 gene coding the a2-AR. In transgenic mice, expression profile of a2-AR in adipose tissue is similar to that usually described in humans. Moreover, whereas there's no apparent phenotype on a chow diet, these transgenic mice become obese when fed a high fat diet. Excessive adipose tissue development in obese mice is mainly due to hyperplasia of adipose tissue rather than hypertrophy of fat cells. However, depite obesity, these mice don't develop obesity associated disorders such as type II diabetes or hypertension. .
Frugier, Tony. "Création et caractérisation de modèles murins de l'amyothérapie spinale." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05N093.
Full textDeffert, Delbouille Christine. "Modèles murins déficients en NOX1 ou NOX2 : applications physiopathologiques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10335.
Full textReactive oxygen species (ROS) are molecules derived from oxygen. They are generated by professional NADPH oxidases (NOX). The NOX family is proteins that transfer electrons across biological membranes. In general, the electron acceptor is oxygen and the product of the electron transfer reaction is superoxide. Seven NOXs proteins has been described and all of them generate or ROS. Despite their similar structure and enzymatic function, NOX family enzymes differ in their mechanism of activation, their tissues, cellular and subcellular localizations and in consequence their physiological functions. Physiological and pathological roles of NOX enzymes are usually discovered in transgenic mouse models. The goal of this thesis was to determine two new roles of NOX1 in human diseases : hypertension and respiratory distress syndrome using Nox1-deficient mice. Secondly, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory role of NOX2 using Nox2-deficient mice. NOX1 has been involved in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. In this study, it has been demonstrated that NOX1-generated ROS have also implicated in angiotensin II-induced aneurysms. They can regulate the metallo-protease activity and fibrosis. NOX1 is activated by angiotensin II receptor (AT1) engagement. We have demontrated that NOX1 also regulates the AT1 expression to the plasma membrane. NOX1 seems to be a possible therapeutical target in hypertension and aneurysm formation. The respiratory distress syndrome especially in premature babies is characterized by immature lung development. During respiratory distress syndrome treatment with mechanical ventilation and high oxygen concentration, the lungs are exposed to increased oxidative stress leadings to pulmonary injury. During this study, we have demonstrated that Nox1 but not Nox2 participates to hyperoxie-induced lung injury. In Nox1-deficient mice, decreased ROS generation reduce cell death in alveolar epithelial and endothelial cells. NOX1 seems also to be possible therapeutical target in respiratory distress syndrome. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an immunodeficiency syndrome due to mutations in gene gp91(phox) coding for NOX2 protein. In consequence, CGD patients suffer from severe and recurrent infections. Indeed, they present hyperinflammatory response which plays a role in the morbidity of the disease. During this study, we have demonstrated that a possible stimulus of this CGD inflammatory complication is the β-glycans, in Nox2-deficient mice. These glucose polymers induce inflammatory that cannot be resolved in absence of NOX2. Also, CGD hyperinflammation is characterized by important TNFα production. But the blockage of TNFα has not dampened CGD hyperinflammation. In the other hand, the blockage of the principal β-glycans receptor, dectin-1 pharmacologically or genetically, has reduced significantly CGD inflammation. These data constiture new therapeutical target in CGD inflammatory syndrome
Le, Quang Khai. "Troubles du rythme cardiaque dans les modèles murins transgéniques." Thèse, Nantes, 2010. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=77640043-d85a-4ffa-b817-17b1b0c76068.
Full textCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world each year. If no action is taken to improve cardiovascular health and current trends continue, WHO estimates that 25% more healthy life years will be lost to cardiovascular disease globally by 2020. Cardiac hypertrophy is the consequence of an excessive workload of the heart muscle leading to cardiac remodeling process. As the workload increases, the ventricular walls grow thicker, lose elasticity and eventually may fail to pump with as much force as a healthy heart. Furthermore, hypertrophied myocardium is not physiologically normal and may confer a predisposition to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Generally, the causal mechanism is ventricular fibrillation, a cardiac rhythm disorder which is irreversible but the pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. The functional consequences of mutations or ionic remodeling are relatively simple to study in vitro, but their role in the pathophysiology of arrhythmias in vivo is more difficult to grasp. Among the different animal models developed in cardiac arrhythmias research, the mouse is increasingly used because of our ability to mutate, knock-out or over-express genes of interest. The objective of my thesis was to study the role of ion channels in physiology as well as cardiac pathophysiology, particularly in the involvement of the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. This thesis will improve our understanding of the role of genetic abnormalities involving ionic remodeling in the pathogenesis of the heart and may also open new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of cardiac remodeling as well as sudden cardiac death
Le, Quang Khai. "Troubles du rythme cardiaque dans les modèles murins transgéniques." Thèse, Nantes, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4903.
Full textCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world each year. If no action is taken to improve cardiovascular health and current trends continue, WHO estimates that 25% more healthy life years will be lost to cardiovascular disease globally by 2020. Cardiac hypertrophy is the consequence of an excessive workload of the heart muscle leading to cardiac remodeling process. As the workload increases, the ventricular walls grow thicker, lose elasticity and eventually may fail to pump with as much force as a healthy heart. Furthermore, hypertrophied myocardium is not physiologically normal and may confer a predisposition to potentially fatal arrhythmias. Generally, the causal mechanism is ventricular fibrillation, a cardiac rhythm disorder which is irreversible but the pathophysiological mechanisms are complex and poorly understood. The functional consequences of mutations or ionic remodeling are relatively simple to study in vitro, but their role in the pathophysiology of arrhythmias in vivo is more difficult to grasp. Among the different animal models developed in cardiac arrhythmias research, the mouse is increasingly used because of our ability to mutate, knock-out or over-express genes of interest. The objective of my thesis was to study the role of ion channels in physiology as well as cardiac pathophysiology, particularly in the involvement of the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. This thesis will improve our understanding of the role of genetic abnormalities involving ionic remodeling in the pathogenesis of the heart and may also open new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of cardiac remodeling as well as sudden cardiac death.
Thèse en cotutelle avec Université de Nantes - Pays de La Loire - France (2005-2010)
St-Amour, Isabelle. "Effet des IGIV dans des modèles murins de maladies neurodégénératives." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30473/30473.pdf.
Full textIn the search of therapeutic solutions to neurodegenerative diseases, active and passive immunization strategies have been proposed for the clearance of protein aggregates. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a pharmaceutical preparation of over 98% immunoglobulin G prepared from the plasma of thousands of healthy donors. Since natural autoantibodies against pathological proteins have been identified in IVIg, it has been proposed as an alternative to immunotherapy and clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients are underway. The aim of my PhD project was to evaluate the efficacy, analyze the mechanisms of action of IVIg in animal models of AD and Parkinson’s disease (PD), and identify potential targets for the development of pharmacological alternatives. The bioavailability of IVIg and its ability to reach therapeutic targets in the brain are unknown. In the first part of the project, we quantified the passage of IVIg through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our results provide quantitative evidence of BBB transport and brain bioavailability of IVIg in the absence of permeabilization and in sufficient amount to interact with therapeutic targets. In a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD) that reproduces amyloid and tau pathologies, IVIg injections have improved the cognitive performance and reduced anxiety-like behaviors of treated mice. Despite limited effects on tau pathology, IVIg modulated the central (IL-5/IL-10 ratio) and peripheral (CX3CR1 + and T cells), and reduced the ratio of soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 (-22%) and the concentration of 56 kDa oligomers of Aß (Aß*56) by over 60%. This effect of IVIg on cognition, immunity and Aß pathology suggests that Aβ oligomers, effector T cells and the fractalkine pathway are potential pharmacological targets of IVIg in AD. Finally, we studied the effect of an IVIg treatment in a mouse model of PD. In this model of MPTP intoxication, our results did not demonstrate neurorestorative effects of IVIg on the nigrostriatal system and even suggested adverse effects of IVIg on the dopaminergic system. These preclinical data highlighted the importance of proceeding cautiously in the initiation of clinical trials with IVIg to treat PD patients.
Magnol, Laetitia. "Approches génotypique et phénotypique de modèles murins de pathologies humaines." Orléans, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ORLE2077.
Full textHraiech, Sami. "Evaluation de stratégies thérapeutiques dans des modèles murins de pneumonie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5076/document.
Full textThe emergence multi-drug resistant bacteria hardens the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. Our objective was to evaluate new therapeutic strategies and pathophysiological hypotheses in murine models of pneumonia.In a first model of acute lethal pneumonia with A. baumannii in rats, we compared the virulence of two hospital strains, one susceptible (ABCS) and the other resistant (ABCR) to colistin. We showed a reduction in mortality, pulmonary bacterial count, incidence of bacteremia and pulmonary histological lesions in animals infected with ABCR. This confirms the impaired virulence associated with the acquisition of resistance to colistin. In a second study, we developed a model of chronic pneumonia with P. aeruginosa in rats and showed thataerosols of squalamine permitted a reduction in pulmonary bacterial load and the number of histological lesions of pneumonia. In a third study, we evaluated the quorum quenching effects of a lactonase in vitro and in a model of acute lethal P. aeruginosa pneumonia in rats. We found a decrease in virulence gene activation and bacterial biofilm synthesis in vitro. This was associated with a decreased mortality from 75 to 20% in the treated animals.ConclusionsIn this work, we described the therapeutic potential of 2 molecules in P. aeruginosa pneumonia and illustratesd the loss of virulence associated with resistance to colistin in a clinical strain of A. baumannii
Bouamrane, Mohamed Lamine. "Dysfonctionnements préfrontaux et pharmacothérapies dans des modèles murins de maladies spychiatriques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4106/document.
Full textThe pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders such as mood disorders and schizophrenia involves genetic and environmental factors. The reelin, a protein of the extracellular matrix and social isolation (SI), an environmental stress participate in the etiology of these diseases. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) involved in cognitive and executive functions, exhibits morpho-functional abnormalities in patients with these disorders. The purpose of my thesis is to study the effect of the SI and a haploinsufficiency in reelin (HIR) on the properties of the adult PFC. We used wild mice and reelin heterozygous mice that underwent and proceed to electrophysiological, morphological and behavioral analyses. Our results show that the SI altered synaptic transmission and plasticity and behavior. We also showed that the HIR aggravates these alterations. Finally, we explored a promising therapy
Xia, Lin. "Analyse de profils d'expression génique dans des modèles murins d'anxiété/dépression." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00923149.
Full textLeduc, Michèle. "Conséquences immunologiques du microchimérisme foetal et maternel dans plusieurs modèles murins." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066485.
Full textBozoyan, Lusine. "Rôle des cellules myéloïdes dans des modèles murins de la neuroinflammation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27007.
Full textInflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), known as neuroinflammation, is a hallmark of chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Detailed characterization of each cell population and its specific molecular signature in different pathologies will allow us to master and, thus, control neuroinflammatory processes. The present work aimed to understand the mechanisms of action of two types of myeloid cells, microglia and neutrophils, in various models of CNS disorders. The specific goals of my research were: (a) understanding the role of IL-36 in neuroinflammation established during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); (b) evaluating the implication of GPR84, a G-protein coupled receptor, which is specifically expressed by microglia in the CNS during cognitive function alterations in a transgenic mouse model of AD. Our results showed that the levels of IL-36/IL-36R signalling pathway elements are increasing in three different models of EAE, however they contribute neither to the development nor to the progression of this pathology. Using flow cytometry we identified neutrophils as a major source of IL-36γ. Moreover, we demonstrated that microglia express IL-36R and their stimulation with IL-36γ results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the second part of our research, we characterized the increase of GPR84 expression on microglia during AD progression using APP/PS1 mice. Crossing these mice with GPR84 deficient mice decreases the activation and the recruitment of microglia around β-amyloid plaques and accelerates the cognitive decline. Our data imply an important role for GPR84 in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis since its lack contributes to the dendritic degeneration in the brain. Discoveries made during my studies provide new and valuable insights that may contribute to the development of efficient therapies targeting myeloid cells in different CNS pathologies. My results open up new avenues to elucidate the role of IL-36γ in neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, through my work, we introduce an in vivo model for identifying the endogenous ligand of GPR84, which is a potential therapeutic target for prevention and/or treatment of AD.
Monestier, Olivier. "Développement et caractérisation de deux modèles murins présentant un phénotype hypermusclé." Limoges, 2012. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/449dba1c-e93c-40ca-9977-2115d7357bf4/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4001.pdf.
Full textSkeletal muscle development and growth are tightly regulated processes involving multiple factors which control different cellular programs such as proliferation, differentiation and fusion. Understanding muscle mass regulation represents key issues in public health or agronomy. Thus, the identification of molecular mechanisms participating in muscular hypertrophy has major interest for therapies improvement of muscular atrophy or for applications in meat production. In this context, the work of my thesis concerned the development and characterisation of two mouse lines presenting a hypermuscular phenotype. The analysis of the first model, called surGasp1, showed that the ubiquitous overexpression of the Gasp1 gene leads to a generalized increase of muscular mass due to a hypertrophy of the type I, IIa and IIb fibres without change of the fatty tissue amount. This model provides an excellent tool to study the GASP1 function during the muscular development, in particular its role in relationship with the myostatin, a key factor in muscle growth regulation. I have also undertaken a study of the GASP1 protein during evolution. The substitution rate analysis from the ancestor of Ciona to tetrapods showed that the important domains in the interaction with the myostatin (GDF8) were the most preserved. These data allow me to propose a three dimensional model describing the GASP protein action. The second mouse line, GMA06, resulting from a sensitized mutagenesis screen, presents a hypermuscular phenotype which differs from the one observed in myostatine knockout mice. The identification of the causal mutation in this line will allow to better understand the interactions which could exist between this last one and the myostatin and constitutes an interesting model for functional studies of gene modifiers of the Gdf8-/- phenotype
Depiets, Bérengère. "Etude physiopathologique de modèles murins de leucodystrophies dysmyélinisantes et approche thérapeutique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1MM04/document.
Full textMutations of the proteolipoprotein gene, PLP1, coding the major structural proteins of the central nervous system, PLP and DM20, are responsible of some X-linked dysmyelinating leukodystrophies. The most severe form, the Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), due to gene duplications, causes a major hypomyelination ; while the moderate form, the spastic paraplegia type 2 (SPG2), due to non-sense mutations or gene deletions, leads leading to unpacked myelin and late axonal degeneration. This thesis work focuses on phenotypic characterization of transgenic male mice with Plp1 invalidation (Plp null mice), together with heterozygous females for this mutation and overexpressing Plp1 (PLOA mice), models of carrier mothers of these diseases. A longitudinal study on mice behavior was performed and allowed to highlight in Plp null male mice, the onset of motor, sensitive and cognitive defects, then linked to expression abnormalities of (1) astrocytic or microglial markers and neuropeptides involved in painful processes in spinal dorsal horn, (2) markers implied in cognitive processes in brain and especially some hippocampus regions, (3) alterations of nerve conduction velocities. In Plp1-mutated females, behavior abnormalities seem to be related to genotype, with development of symptoms only in females carrying moderate mutation. Since few years, data suggest a role of white matter, and particularly myelin, in cognitive and behavioral functions. Results of this study confirm the interest of Plp null mice to better understand this role. Further, similarities identied between animal models and human pathology, allow to consider these models to assess new therapeutic perspectives. We thus assessed the efficiency of a typical neuroleptic on Plp null mice behavioral alterations
Elhai, Muriel. "Thérapie ciblée anti-OX40 Ligand dans des modèles murins de Sclérodermie systémique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05T042/document.
Full textSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune orphan disease which is characterized by alterations of the microvasculature and fibrosis affecting the skin and internal organs. SSc is the most severe connective tissue disease associated with a high risk of mortality. Until now, there is no effective treatment to counteract the fibrotic process and to improve the prognosis of this disease. SSc results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors. TNFSF4 was recently identified as a genetic risk factor for SSc. TNFSF4 encodes OX40L, which is involved in late T-cell co-stimulatory signals, but also in generation and reactivation of memory T cells and promotion of plasma cell phenotype. OX40L blockade was effective in reducing clinical symptoms in several animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, asthma or graft-versus-host-disease. The anti-OX40L antibody presents the advantage of a targeted therapy against pathogenic recently activated T cells, which might not expose patients to increased risk of infections, unlike other conventional immunosuppressants. Following the observation of an increased expression of OX40L in fibrotic skin in SSc-patients, we aimed to investigate the contribution of OX40L in SSc and to assess the efficacy of a targeted therapy against OX40L in SSc, using complementary experimental mouse models. First, we characterized the optimum in vivo parameters required for the successful induction of dermal fibrosis in the widely used bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis mouse model, which is usually the first step in most of pharmacological studies assessing anti-fibrotic therapies. We also aimed to determine whether ultrasonography could be used to assess skin fibrosis in this model, but our results showed that it was not efficient enough to assess dermal thickening in this model. Invalidation of OX40L prevented dermal fibrosis in the bleomycin mouse model. Then pharmacologic approaches, using a monoclonal anti-OX40L antibody, demonstrate that blockade of OX40L not only prevented dermal fibrosis, but also induced regression of established fibrosis in this model. We also showed that OX40L acts directly on both dermal fibroblasts and inflammatory cells and on cytokine release (IL-6, TNF-α), by regulating NF kappa B and AP 1 pathways. We observed that OX40L inhibition interfered with early inflammatory stages of matrix remodeling using the excisional wound healing mouse model. Conversely, blocking OX40L did not display antifibrotic properties in the non-inflammatory Tsk-1 mouse model. Given that interstitial lung involvement and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are key prognostic factors in SSc, we aimed to assess the effects of OX40L pharmacological inhibition in a new murine model: the fra-2 transgenic mice, which are characterized by both fibrosing alveolitis and PAH. In this model, using both CT-scan and histology, we demonstrated that mice treated by anti-OX40L antibody were markedly protected from fibrosing alveolitis and vessel remodeling leading to PAH. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses of our cohort of SSc-patients showed that soluble OX40L is a promising serum biomarker to predict the worsening of lung and skin fibrosis. Altogether, our results show that OX40L is as an attractive target in inflammation-driven fibrosis. This work also strengthens the relation between inflammation and fibrosis in SSc-pathogenesis. This work underlines advantages of combination of several animal models in translational approach to SSc
Thomas, Sophie. "PCP4, trisomie 21 et maladies neurodégénératives : construction et étude de modèles murins." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05N16S.
Full textPCP4 (PEP-19) belongs to a family of Iq motif proteins involved in calcium transduction signals. It binds calmodulin and regulates CamKII and nNOS wich are involved in neuronal plasticity and wich may also mediate the transduction of apoptotic signal. The gene is localized on HSA21 and is in 3 copies in Down syndrome (DS) patients. To determine whether PCP4 may be involved in some DS phenotypic features, we analysed its expression pattern during mouse development and in the adult brain. PC expression pattern suggests that its overexpression may be involved in some of the DS features such as abnormalities in neuronal differentiation in cluding synaptogenesis and migration. We thus constructed a mouse model of PCP4 overexpression using the ES cells transgenesis method. The transgenicline is currently under study. PCP4 expression in the aging brain has been shown not to vary systematically during normal aging suggesting that PCP4 modulations in human neuropathologies are induced by genes involved in these diseases. Moreover, microarrays analysis suggests that PCP4 modulation is associated with other genes involved in neurotransmission
Simon, Delphine. "Modèles murins pour l'ataxie de Friedreich : De la caractérisation aux essais thérapeutiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/SIMON_Delphine_2004.pdf.
Full textFriedreich ataxia (FA), an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease, leads to a progressive decrease of coordination and balance associated to a cardiomyopathy. The gene responsible for FA encodes a mitochondrial protein, frataxin, which exact function is unknown although three hypothesis linked by a vicious circle are proposed : biosynthesis of iron-sulfur cluster (ISC), mitochondrial iron homeostasis control, oxidative stress regulation. We generated and characterized two conditional mouse models with frataxin deletion in heart or nervous system to study the cardiomyopathy and neurological symptoms respectively. The cardiac model develops a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a biochemical profile typical of human disease (reduced ISC-containing enzymes activities, mitochondrial iron accumulation). A detailed evolution study has shown a primary alteration in ISC-containing enzymes activities. The severity and the numerous non-specific lesions of the conditional neurological model led us to generate two new neurological models with a tissue and time-specific deletion. These new models develop progressive mixed cerebellar/sensory ataxia resembling FA. The ultrastructural and molecular analysis show a caspase-independent cell death mechanism with autophagy induction. Administration of idebenone, an antioxidant, is cardioprotective in the cardiac model but its effect on the neurological symptoms is unknown, although our preliminary results are very encouraging. Furthermore, by several methods, we have excluded any major and primary role of oxidative stress in the cerebellum of one of the neurological models as well as in the heart of the cardiac model. Therefore, our models are valuable tools for understanding the molecular pathogenesis and to evaluate therapy
Chaussenot, Rémi. "Neurobiologie des troubles cognitifs des modèles murins de la myopathie de Duchenne." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS127/document.
Full textDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular syndrome caused by mutations in the dmd gene, leading to the loss of dystrophin proteins, which are normally expressed in various tissues including the brain. Patients exhibit heterogenous cognitive profiles and the presence of intellectual disability depends on the location of the mutation within the gene. This variability can be explained by the complexity of the dmd gene, which includes several internal promoters leading to the cerebral expression of several dystrophins of different sizes. In this thesis work, we focused on two dystrophins : the full-length dystrophin (Dp427) normally expressed in muscle and brain and lost by all DMD patients, and the shortest dystrophin, Dp71, major cerebral product of the dmd gene that is absent in a subgroup of patients. These two dystrophins have distinct cellular functions : Dp427, normally interacting with GABA receptors in inhibitory synapses, plays a role in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. Its loss leads to mild cognitive deficits. Dp71, mostly expressed in perivascular astrocytes, contributes to the anchoring of ionic channels involved in brain homeostasis and also plays a role in glutamatergic synapses. Dp71 loss strongly aggravate the deficits associated with the loss of Dp427 in patients and lead to severe intellectual disability. Genotype-phenotype relationships need be further specified and it is assumed that beyond deficits severity, the actual nature of cognitive alterations, as well as the presence of sensorial, cognitive, executive and neuropsychiatric disturbances, depend on the specific forms of dystrophin affected by mutations. To study the role of these two dystrophins, we used two mouse models : the mdx mouse that only lacks Dp427, and the Dp71-null mouse that only lacks Dp71. A extensive behavioral study allowed us to better characterize the phenotype associated with the loss of Dp427 and Dp71, detailing integrity of perception and processing of auditory sensory stimuli, of emotional responses and stress reactivity, of learning performance, and of components of executive functions, such like spatial working memory and behavioral flexibility. The work has been completed by collaborative studies aimed at characterizing the role of Dp71 in cortical plasticity and at developing gene therapy approaches to rescue Dp427 function in the mdx mouse. We demonstrate that Dp427 loss perturbs GABAergic functions, stress-induced emotional responses, as well as emotional and long-term memories, without major alterations of sensory and executive functions. We also show that a gene therapy based on systemic injections of antisens oligonucleotides holding specific chemistries and crossing the blood-brain barrier enables Dp427 functional rescue by exon-skipping strategy and alleviates emotional disturbances in mdx mice. The loss of Dp71 has a distinct impact : It alters cortical excitation/inhibition balance and plasticity and disrupt learning, behavioral flexibility and working memory in spatial learning tasks. Our study of these mouse models therefore enabled to clarify the genotype-phenotype relationships and neurobiological bases of this disease, and identified valuable phenotypes to validate treatment efficacy in future brain-targeting preclinical studies
Gilet, Jules. "Rôle des chimiokines dans le développement des réactions allergiques : apport des modèles murins." Lille 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL2S052.
Full textVallerand, David. "Etude du stroma de tumeurs mammaires humaines xénogreffées et de modèles transgéniques murins." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T001.
Full textTumor development is a multi-step process influencing by interactions between tumor cells and surrounding stroma. Breast cancer development involves a high level of communication between mammary epithelial cells, inflammatory cells, myofibroblasts and endothelial cells. So, the tumoral microenvironment appears as a prime target for anti-tumoral treatment. The use of preclinical models is a critical step in development and validation processes of new therapies. Nevertheless, the role of stroma in these models is poorly understood.In order to evaluate stromal cell populations in breast cancer preclinical models, we combined flow cytometry analysis and immunohistochemistry to identify, and then quantify, various stromal populations as hematopoietic cells (lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, polymorphonuclear leukocytes) and non-hematopoietic cells (myofibroblasts, endothelial cells). Twenty-one breast cancer patient-derived xenografts as well as 2 transgenic mouse models (MMTV-PyMT and MMTV-ErbB2), and their respective allografts, were studied.Analysis of human and murine tumors showed a strong heterogeneity between tumors regarding infiltrating stroma-cells, with a high proportion of macrophages. A significant amount of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was also detected in PDXs, indicating a local inflammation in these models. The phenotypic analysis of macrophages showed a variable expression of M1 and M2 markers in PDXs. Macrophages infiltrating transgenic mouse tumors, spontaneous or allografted, were mainly M1. Transcriptomic analyses of sorted macrophages, allowed us to validate previous results but also highlighted major differences in the expression of numerous genes implicated in various pathways as tumor growth, invasion and metastasis.Finally, this study highlighted the impact of tumor cells on their surrounding stroma. Indeed, we demonstrate that cancer cells are able to attract a specific panel of stromal cells and activate them in a specific way
Diawara, Malika. "Etude du rôle des microARNs dans des modèles murins de diabète et d’obésité." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066580.
Full textThe metabolic syndrome associates some of the most frequent and prevalent human disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and insulin resistance (IR). The etiology of these diseases is complex and involves genetic risk factors and environmental influences. MicroRNAs (miRs) are short non coding RNAs which play key regulatory roles in this cluster of diseases. This research aimed at characterizing the impact of altered expression of miRs on IR, which we investigated in adipose tissue using a targeted strategy and a global approach in two mouse strains showing evidence of sensitivity (C57BL/6J) and relative resistance (BALB/c) to acute and chronic high fat diet (HFD)-induced T2D, obesity and IR. We demonstrate differential expression of miR-125a between C57BL/6J and BALB/c mice in response to acute or chronic HFD feeding, which may have consequences on IR and obesity in mice and humans. Following next generation sequencing of small RNAs in adipose tissue, we were able to determine (i) an inventory of small RNAs present in the adipose tissue and an absolute quantification of their abundance, (ii) their expression patterns in response to HFD feeding, (iii) the impact of genetic differences on miR expression and (iv) coordinated expression regulation of miRs and their transcript targets. Results from this study demonstrate the reactivity of miR expression to nutritional challenges and underline the importance of global genome-wide gene and miR expression strategies to identify molecular mechanisms and biomarkers associated with susceptibility and relative resistance to complex disorders
Trak, Smayra Viviane. "La stéatose hépatique non-alcoolique et la NASH : approche diagnostique et modèles murins." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077247.
Full textRammaert, Blandine. "Interactions précoces entre barrière respiratoire et champignons : modèles murins d'aspergillose, mucormycose et cryptococcose." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC100.
Full textBoth molds, Aspergillus fumigatus and Lichtheimia corymbifera, and the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans are responsible for invasive fungal diseases in immuncompromised patients. They share a pulmonary portal of entry. Clinical data suggest a bronchial invasion by fungi, and in vitro data pointed out the ease of fungal spore internalization by the respiratory epithelium. Our main objective is to study the fungal spore internalization by the epithelium in immunosupppressed mouse models. After developing intratracheal inoculation murine models, we studied the early infection kinetics for the three fungi in four underlying conditions (neutropenia, diabetes, corticosteroids, immunocompetent). We showed with histopathology, computer-assisted morphometry and a transmission electronic microscopy analysis, that there is no early internalization nor crossing of the bronchial epithelium by the fungi in the first 18 hours post-inoculation. These studies, however, showed very similar patterns between Aspergillus and Lichtheimia in early pulmonary infection steps. In addition, decreased clearance of fungal spores in corticosteroid mice could enhance late bronchial invasion or destruction. In the second part of this project, we studied Lichtheimia spore phagocytosis in naive mice by alveolar/interstitial CD11b+ and intraepithelial CD103+ dendritic tells (DC) thanks to flux cytometry and biphotonic microscopy in situ. DC, whatever their localization, seem to play a minor role in spore capture contrary to alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. The CD11b+ DC closely connect with macrophages that have phagocytized spores at 1 and 24 hours post-inoculation. This phenomenon was never observed for fungal spores. We also demonstrate the presence of Lichtheimia spore in the thoracic lymph nodes. The identification of the cells involved in the spore transportation could improve our knowledge on the link between anti-Lichtheimia innate and adaptative response
Bouslama, Myriam. "Adaptation à l'hypoxie et troubles du développement du prématuré : apport des modèles murins." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST0041.
Full textPreterm infant's breathing pattern is characterized by apneas associated with repeated episodes of brain hypoxia. Pathophysiological effects of apneas on development are difficult to investigate in newborn infants. We have studied these effects in newborn mice, the immaturity of which is similar to human preterm's immaturity. We have developed methods for cognitive assessment of newborn mice, and we have shown that excitotoxic brain lesions caused cognitive disorders. These disorders were prevented by neuroprotective treatments. Moderate intermittent hypoxia (6 hrs/day, 20 events/hour) protected newborn mice against adverse effects of maternal separation on memory, activated the synthesis of trophic factors, BDNF and VEGF, increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and reduced brain lesion size. Newborn mice are therefore a valid model of neurodevelopmental disorders and they may be used to assess the efficacy of neuroprotective treatments. Apneas of prematurity may exert a neuroprotective effects of brain development. The stimulation of synthesis of neurotrophic factors may provide a new therapeutic strategy to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm infants
Lemaitre, Stéphanie. "Suivi thérapeutique d'un traitement par photothérapie dynamique sur des modèles murins de rétinoblastome." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS495.
Full textRetinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children. Current retinoblastoma treatments have many adverse effects. New therapeutic approaches (like photodynamic therapy [PDT] or intravitreal injections [IVT] of chemotherapy) must therefore be evaluated on animal models, before a clinical application.In this thesis we first characterized an orthotopic xenograft murine model obtained with human retinoblastoma cells. We showed that intraocular tumor growth can be achieved in immunodeficient mouse strains (Swiss-nude and SCID [severe combined immunodeficiency]) and in an immunocompetent strain (B6Albino). Due to insufficient tumor engraftment rates (between 28.4 and 68.8% depending on the mouse strains) and to ocular complications after the injection of tumor cells (cataract, chronic retinal detachment) the treatments (PDT and IVT of chemotherapy) were performed on a transgenic retinoblastoma mouse model (LHBetaTag).In order to perform PDT, an MRI study (magnetic resonance imaging) of the photosensitizer (PS, DEG-mannose) coupled with manganese and a biodistribution study based on the dosage of the PS were performed. Both studies showed that the illumination of the tumor should be performed between 24 and 48h after the intraperitoneal injection of the PS (which corresponds to the “drug-to-light interval” of PDT). Using these parameters, PDT was effective on the retinal tumors of LHBetaTag mice. In the area treated with PDT we found 91.7% chorioretinal scars on OCT (optical coherence tomography) with a “drug-to-light interval” of 24h, and 100% chorioretinal scars with a “drug-to-light interval” of 48h. The retina outside the treated area had a normal aspect on histology, showing that PDT is not toxic on healthy tissues. Laser treatment alone had no anti-tumor effect.IVT of chemotherapy were also performed in LHBetaTag mice. We used melphalan, carboplatin and topotecan, alone or in association. We showed that 4 weekly IVT of carboplatin at the dose of 1.5 µg had the best anti-tumor effect (83.3% of eyes had no tumor mass on histology) and little retinal toxicity (21.4% of eyes had diminished retinal thickness on OCT). Carboplatin seems an interesting alternative to melphalan which is currently the most commonly used chemotherapy for IVT (but has a retinal toxicity).In conclusion, these preclinical studies on a retinoblastoma mouse model (LHBetaTag) show that PDT could be used to treat retinal tumors in human retinoblastoma. IVT of carboplatin could be used to treat vitreous seeds in this disease. Functional tests (electroretinogram, optokinetic reflex) should be performed in mice in order to evaluate more precisely the retinal toxicity of these treatments
Mouton-Liger, François. "Fonction, régulation de PCP4 et trisomie 21 : analyse de modèles murins de surexpression." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077062.
Full textPcp4/pepl9 is a modulator of Ca2+-CaM, a key molecule for calcium signaling, expressed in postmitotic neuroectoderm cells during mouse embryogenesis. PCP4 gene is located on human chromosome 21, and present in three copies in Down syndrome (DS). To evaluate the consequences of 3 copies of this gene on the development of these cells in the nervous System, we constructed a transgenic (TgPCP4) mouse model, with one copy of human PCP4, and investigated the effects in this model. We showed that pcp4 overexpression is present at transcript and protein levels, and overexpression induced precocious neuronal differentiation, as shown by the distribution and levels of early neuronal markers. We also demonstrated that pcp4 overexpression was associated with an increase in CaMKIIdelta activation, TgPCP4 and TslCje, a mouse model of DS, developed similar modifications, demonstrating that these mechanisms may account for abnormal neuronal development in DS
Rochet, Élise. "Étude de la réponse immunitaire au cours d’une toxoplasmose oculaire dans des modèles murins." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ099/document.
Full textThe obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects more than one third of the world population. Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), whether acquired or congenital, is a common and frightening infection which can strongly impair the visual function. OT is considered as a major cause of posterior uveitis and retinochoroiditis is its most common manifestation. The presence of the parasite in the retina as well as the immune response it generates in the host are two factors involved in the development of ocular lesions. However, up to now, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the destruction of the retina and those implied in the parasite latency and reactivation have not been clearly identified. Morever, improvements of current treatments are necessary in order to give all patients a better care but also to fight the parasite latent form and relapses they may cause. Our mouse models of OT acute phase have demonstrated that the parasite virulence factor ROP16 is responsible for the parasite load increase and the Th1 and Th17 ocular inflammatory responses. When this protein is in a different genotype than its original one – this has been made possible by recombining strains – the ocular pathology is more severe. We also showed that the IL-23 cytokine was involved in the destruction of the retina and in parasite multiplication. Our mouse model of OT reactivation highlighted the protective role of the Th1 pathway through IFN-γ as well as the highly deleterious IL-6 cytokine. By neutralizing this cytokine in our model, we reduced the ocular parasite load and the global inflammatory response without modifying the retinal structure. It would be very interesting to elaborate a therapy targeting the IL-6 receptor in order to counter the effects of OT recurrences
Ricard, Nicolas. "ALK1 et BMP9 dans le remodelage vasculaire de la génétique humaine aux modèles murins." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00854192.
Full textDeffert, Christine, Bernard Lardy, and Francoise Morel. "Rôles des NADPH oxydases lors de pathologies humaines à l'aide de modèles murins transgéniques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00862905.
Full textBessaguet, Flavien. "Effets de modulateurs du système rénine angiotensine sur des modèles murins de neuropathies sensitives." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0044.
Full textNeuropathic pain was characterized by positive symptoms as allodynia and negative symptoms as hypoalgesia. Neuropathic pain has a major impact on patient’s quality of life and there is, currently, no specific treatment for its preventive management. Recently, a specific renin angiotensin system in sensory peripheral nervous system has been showed and it has been demonstrated that its pharmacological modulation could modify pain perception in animals. In this work, we studied the neuroprotective potential of RAS modulators in two animal models of sensory neuropathy leading to neuropathic pain; a model of neuropathy induced by resiniferatoxin (RTX), a specific natural toxin of nociceptive nerve fibers, and a model of neuropathy induced by vincristine (VCR), a neurotoxic anticancer agent. Pharmacological study on mice with RTX-induced neuropathy allowed to conclude that only candesartan was neuroprotective and that its effect was AT2R-dependent.The effective neuroprotective effect of candesartan was confirmed on the model of VCR-induced neuropathy which was previously developed and characterized. This VCR-induced neuropathy mouse model allowed to demonstrate, for the first time, that C21 (a direct AT2R receptor agonist, Vicore Pharma) was neuroprotective against a peripheral neuropathy. All these results confirm the interest of stimulation of the AT2R receptor in the treatment of neuropathic pain associated with chemotherapy and more generally of toxic origin
Hubert, Violaine. "Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique des cellules phagocytaires cérébrales dans des modèles murins de neuroinflammation." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1226.
Full textStroke is a major public health issue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used for the emergency management of these patients, during the interruption of blood flow to better select patients who are candidates for reperfusion therapies, the only treatment approved to date. The discovery of new therapeutics is therefore a real challenge to protect the brain following a stroke. Among the different lines of research, anti-inflammatory therapeutics are particularly interesting. Indeed, cerebral ischemia causes an inflammatory reaction and it has been shown that the runaway of this reaction would cause an aggravation of the cerebral lesions. Although the establishment of this inflammatory reaction is still to be characterized more precisely, significant progress has been made in this area. It is now recognized that cells of the phagocytic monoclonal system play a predominant role in the establishment and maintenance of this inflammatory response, contributing in some cases to tissue damage. More recently, it has also been shown that choroid plexuses play an important role in the recruitment of immune cells to the level of ischemic injury, including circulating monocytes/macrophages. To improve our understanding of phagocytic cells involvement in ischemic stroke and neuroinflammatory pathologies in general, in vivo imaging is a promising translational tool. In our team, the non-invasive MRI method coupled with the intravenous injection of iron oxide nanoparticles, the USPIOs, has been developed and validated through pre-clinical and clinical studies. This technique enables to image the phagocytic cells present at the level of the ischemic lesion, following their internalization of the USPIOs.In this context, my thesis was articulated around the following two axes:1) Evaluate the potential of a new multimodal nanoparticle composed with gadolinium fluoride, the "NanoGd", to image phagocytic cells present in the ischemic lesion. A precise experimental protocol was implemented in a model of permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in CX3CR1-GFP transgenic mouse. The originality of our study rests on the fact that these mice were imaged in vivo with MRI sessions back-to-back with intravital two-photon microscopy sessions, allowing us to obtain valuable information on the biological origins of the signals visualized with the MRI. Our results indicate that multimodal imaging of NanoGd can be used to image phagocytic cells in vivo following ischemic stroke. 2) Evaluate the potential of USPIO-enhanced MRI as a tool to image in vivo the involvement of choroid plexuses in early inflammatory phenomena. For this, we worked with a mouse model of neuroinflammation induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. The presence of USPIOs at the level of the choroid plexuses was quantified on the MRI images using a multi-operator scoring system and compared between the LPS mouse group and the control group. We have shown with our study that the MRI coupled with the iv injection of USPIOs allowed to highlight in vivo the inflammatory phenomena inside the choroid plexuses. This study on in vivo imaging of inflammation in choroid plexuses followed the writing of a review about the clinical imaging of choroid plexuses in physiological and pathological conditions. In this study, we have shown that choroid plexuses are involved in many ways in maintaining cerebral homeostasis, and that although this is a rapidly expanding field, the clinical imaging of these structures is still largely insufficient. This work has allowed to develop and validate two in vivo imaging approaches for the study of brain inflammation, in stroke and pathologies with a neuroinflammatory component, and the use of these methods in mouse models of neuroinflammation has already made it possible to improve the understanding of inflammatory mechanisms in these pathologies
Levasseur, Régis. "Apport des modèles murins transgéniques dans la physiologie du tissu osseux et dans l'ostéoporose." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN3084.
Full textMarquet, Marie. "Modèles murins pour l’étude d’éléments régulateurs du locus IgH : ciblage des régions Eμ et 3’régulatrices." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/23828f3f-0b7e-42fb-90aa-36367cd81ed0/blobholder:0/2012LIMO310E.pdf.
Full textDuring B cells development, the IgH locus undergo many genetics rearrangements regulated by several cis-regulatory elements. The first regulatory region is composed of the intronic enhancer cEμ and its matrix attachment regions (MARsEμ). In our study, we have realized the Knock-Out of both full length Eμ and the MARsEμ regions. The first model led to a drastic B cell development blockade and confirms the importance of Eμ at the early stages. This model also highlights the important role of Eμ for the μ heavy chain expression at the pre-B cell stage. Eμ deletion results in the unbalance of peripheral B cells subsets wherein follicular B cell population is decreased in favor of marginal zone B cells. The second model revealed an important role of MARsEμ for somatic hypermutation. Surprisingly, the MARsEμ regions influence this process in cis at the IgH locus but also in trans at the ҡ light chain locus. The second regulatory region, located at the 3’ end of the locus, contains four transcriptional enhancers (hs3a, hs1-2, hs3b, hs4). It displays a “quasi-palindromic” architecture; including inverted repeated sequences organized around hs1-2 element (hs4 is outside of this structure). The function of this particular structure remains unknown. The “quasi-palindromic” Knock-Out confirms that hs4 allows an optimal expression of the μ heavy chain in resting B cells. This model demonstrates also a key role of this region for transcription-coupled somatic hypermutation
Robert, Karine. "Contribution à l'étude des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires induits par l'hyperhomocysteinemie." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077154.
Full textDemosthenes, Amelie. "Exploration physiopathologique du développement de douleurs neuropathiques dans deux modèles murins de sclérose en plaques." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS028.
Full textMulitple sclerosis (MS) is an auto-immune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system of unknown origin. It is characterised by a heterogeneity of clinical forms and symptoms. Neuropathic pain is one of the frequent symptoms without efficient treatment, requiring a better physiopathological comprehension and the identification of new therapeutic targets. The aim of this PhD work is to participate to this research, using two animal models: the first classically used and mimicking recurent-remittent form of the disease, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice (EAE-RR); the second less recognized but reproducing the symptoms and a part of the physiopathology of primary progressive forms (PP), mice with the invalidation of proteolipid proteins of myelin (Plp-null). We are making the hypothesis that comparison of data obtained in both models mimicking different physiopathological aspects, inflammatory vs degenerative, and different forms of SEP, will improve the predictive value of our results. Behavioural results have shown common sensitive dysfunctions between the two models as well as some specifics of one model, corroborating to a variable clinical presentation according to the etiologies. We then have initiated a chronic antioxidant treatment in Plp null mice and failed to show beneficial effect on sensitive behaviours. During the same time, data in the literature described a beneficial effect of a similar treatment in EAE-RR mice. In a second time, we have evaluated the effect of a chronic treatment with fingolimod (an immunomodulator used in SEP which could have a specific antinociceptive effect) and shown a beneficial effect in EAE-RR but not Plp null mice. Putting together, these results seem to confirm that symptoms related to PP forms are more difficult to improve than symptoms related to RR forms. They also seem to validate or experimental design comparing data obtained in both model. Despite identification of new therapeutic target, our work need to be completed by the characterisation of molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the behavioural and pharmacological effects observed
Coulombe, Katherine. "Effets des acides gras polyinsaturés oméga-3 dans deux modèles murins de maladie de Parkinson." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28207.
Full textParkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting the integrity of the dopaminergic system of patients. Several studies suggest that lifestyle and eating habits influence the onset and progression of the disease. A diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated acid (n-3 PUFA) shows protective effects on the dopaminergic system and a decrease of the neuronal degeneration in the substancia nigra (SNpc). The hypothesis that we propose is that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFA would slow the progression of the disease in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mice model and influence the presence of alpha-synuclein aggregates (αSyn) in the brain of a transgenic mice overexpressing the human αSyn, Thy1-αSyn mice. Our results show partial neurorecuperation of the dopaminergic system with an enriched diet. The n-3 PUFAs show little influence on the expression of αSyn levels. Altough, they seem to modulate the levels of different synaptic proteins in transgenic mice and increase mice longevity.
Ducottet, Cécile. "Etude de la relation entre anxiété et dépression : approche comportementale à partir de modèles murins." Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR4018.
Full textRichard, Magali. "Approches thérapeutiques non virales dans les modèles murins de mucopolysaccharidoses de type IIIA et VII." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066502.
Full textLy-Le, Moal Myriam. "Analyse clinico-pathologique de modèles murins de la Maladie d’Alzheimer pour l’identification de cibles thérapeutiques." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066122.
Full textAlzheimer's disease (AD) is neuropathologically characterized by the presence of two characteristic lesions: extracellular amyloid deposits (consisting mainly of Abeta peptide), and intracellular inclusions of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein called neurofibrillary tangles. This thesis work was concerned with identification at different scales of the neuropathological and functional consequences of the introduction of mutations associated with familial forms of AD in mice. It particularly emphasizes the importance of considering new lesions involving Abeta peptide: Abeta oligomers (Abetao) and intracellular Abeta in the physiopathogenic hypothesis of the amyloid cascade in order to better understand the etiology of the disease. The first experimental chapter deals with the dynamic formation of amyloid deposits. Our systematic studies using immunohistochemistry techniques allowed to infer that the Abetao forms settle at an early stage in the brain parenchyma, heralding the onset of "amyloid plaques" classically observed. The Abetao thus appears to be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of AD. In the second chapter, the memory deficits related to hippocampal dysfunction were characterized in two transgenic mouse models: a fast model (APPSL x PS1-knock-in model) and a slow model (APPS x PS1-deltaE9 model) using dedicated behavioural tests. Pathophysiological roles of extracellular and intracellular Abeta lesions and other lesions (like cell loss or reduced neurogenic potential) in the development of Alzheimer type cognitive impairments are evaluated. The possible role Abetao is discussed
Delhon, Laure. "Rôle d’ADAMTSL2 et FBN1 dans l’ossification endochondrale : étude des modèles murins mimant la dysplasie géléophysique." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB081/document.
Full textGeleophysic dysplasia (GD) is a rare disease, which belong to acromelic group. This pathology is characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, joint stiffness, thick skin, facial dimorphism, broncho-pulmonary insufficiency and cardiac disease which lead to an early death in the first years of life. Two mode of inheritance have been identified. The first one, autosomal recessive, is due to mutations in ADAMTSL2 gene. The second, autosomal dominant, is due to hot-spot mutations in exon 41-42 of FBN1 gene, which encode the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) β-binding protein-like domain 5 (TB5) of the protein. FBN1 and ADAMTSL2 encode secreted proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). FBN1 encodes fibrilline-1, component of microfibrillar network, playing a role in the bioavailability of TGF- β. ADAMTSL2 protein belongs to ADAMTS family, but does not have enzymatic activity due to lack of catalytic domain. Its function remains unknown. However, ADAMTSL2 partners have been identified by our team: latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 (LTBP1) and FBN1, which are directly implied in storage of TGF-β. Recently, another protein, FBN2, have been identified as an ADAMTSL2 partner (Hubmacher D et. al.). The aim of my study was to understand the physiopathological mechanism of Geleophysic dysplasia by analysing murine models. A first murine model for the GD recessive form, CreCMV; Adamtsl2f/f (KO), have been generated. Phenotypic analysis of these mice showed short stature and shorter long bones and extremities. In long bone growth plate of mutant mice, we observed disorganization of chondrocyte columns, associated with decrease of collagen 10 expression, marker of chondrocyte differentiation. Analysis of ECM in growth plate revealed strong structural disorganization. Decrease of FBN1 and LTBP1 and were observed with an overactivation of TGF-β pathway in growth plate of mutant mice. We observed disorganization of microfibrillar network in chondrocyte cultures of mutant mice. These results suggest that ADAMTSL2 protein is implied in structure of microfibrillar network, where is stored TGF-β, and demonstrate major role of ADAMTSL2 in chondrogenesis. In order to study dominant form of GD, mouse model FBN1TB5+/-, have been generated. The mice were obtained by knock-in system, with mutation in exon 42 of FBN1 gene. Our results showed short stature of heterozygous (HT) and homozygous (Ho) mice compared to wild)type mice, at stage P1 and P30. At stage P1, we observed larger chondrocytes and deregulation of chondrogenesis markers in growth plate of HT and Ho mice. Furthermore, we observed high mortality of Ho mice at 2-3 months. We concluded that mutations in TB5 domain of FBN1 were linked to short stature and thus FBN1 have major role in chondrogenesis
Tabellion, Aurore. "Effets vasculaires des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et de l'azote dans différents modèles physiopathologiques murins." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10232.
Full textTabellion, Aurore. "Effets vasculaires des espèces réactives de l'oxygène et de l'azote dans différents modèles physiopathologiques murins." Nancy, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN12509.
Full textMartin, Cédric Bernard Pierre. "Etude des mécanismes de régulation des récepteurs 5-HT2C dans des modèles murins de troubles émotionnels." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05P611/document.
Full textSakkaki, Sophie. "Etude pharmacologique des canaux calciques de type T dans des modèles murins de convulsion et d'épileptogenèse." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON1T020/document.
Full textNumerous experimental studies show that calcium channels activated by membrane depolarization, especially T-type calcium channels (T-channels), play an important role in the physiopathology of epilepsy. There are three T-channels isoforms, Cav3.1, Cav3.2 and Cav3.3, all expressed in neuronal level. Conventionally, T-channels were the most studied in absence epilepsy. T-channels are also involved in partial secondarily generalized epilepsy models, as the pilocarpine model that mimics temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).Up to now, there was no specific pharmacology for this channels, but several molecules have recently been synthesized, particularly TTA-A2, appearing selective T-channels. The first goal of my thesis was to study the T-channels involvement in epileptogenesis. For this purpose we treated mice with TTA-A2 during the silent phase of the pilocarpine model (TLE model). Our experimental conditions do not allow us to conclude about a possible protective action of TTA-A2 on this model. The second goal was to study TTA-A2 effects on mice models of generalized seizures: the Maximal Electroshock model (MES) and the pentylenetetrazole model (PTZ). Two mice strains knock-out for Cav3.1 or Cav3.2 (KO Cav3.1 and KO Cav3.2) have also been characterized in this study. We show that the TTA-A2 reduces the appearance of tonic seizures in the MES model and the KO Cav3.1 mice are also protected, suggesting a preponderant role of Cav3.1 channels in the development of tonic seizures
Liautard, Camille. "Mécanismes physiopathologiques dans deux modèles murins d'épilepsie liée à la mutation des canaux sodiques 1. 1." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4080.
Full textDravet Syndrome (DS), a very severe pharmaco-resistant epilepsy of infancy, and Genetic Epilepsy with febrile Seizures Plus (GEFS+), presenting a moderate phenotype, are two epilepsies linked to an heterozygous mutation of SCN1A, the gene coding for voltage-dependent sodium channels 1. 1. To better understand the pathogenic mechanisms in these epilepsies, electrophysiological recordings in brain slices from two animal models with altered SCN1A were performed. Our data have shown a specific implication of the hippocampus in the generation of epileptic seizures in mice models of DS. This structure presents a hyperexcitability of the neuronal network due to an inhibitory transmission defect linked to the Nav1. 1 loss of function. In epileptogenic conditions, an activity specific to our model was identified. In GEFS+ mice models, the thalamo-cortical network, implied in the generation of absence seizures observed in patients, was studied. A spontaneous neuronal hyperexcitability in the circuit was detected. This hyperexcitability could be correlated to the specific alteration of the inhibitory neurons present in the different structures of the circuit. This alteration may be responsible for the inhibitory transmission dysfunction observed in the thalamo-cortical network. In conclusion, we have characterized the pathogenic mechanisms present in these neuronal networks. These mice models will be used in the future to develop new therapeutic strategies
Favre, Julie. "Application des modèles murins transgéniques à l’évaluation des dysfonctions vasculaires coronaires dans l’ischémie et l’insuffisance cardiaque." Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES033.
Full textCardiac ischemia is characterized by a necrosis of cardiomyocytes but also induces coronary endothelial injury, worsening myocardial dysfunction, leading to chronic heart failure which is associated with an increased aldosterone production. The development of genetically modified murine models allowed us to study mechanisms of coronary injury in a context of ischemia in mice deficient for Toll-like receptors (TLR) and in a context of cardiac aldosterone overproduction in transgenic mice. We established an original mouse model for the evaluation of in vitro coronary function which lead us in one hand, to show the involvement of TLR2 and 4 in inflammatory processes associated with an ischemia/reperfusion-induced endothelial coronary dysfunction and in the other hand, to demonstrate that aldosterone induced an altered coronary relaxation pathway by decreasing vascular ion channels expression. These findings open the door for new therapeutical strategies in coronary vascular dysfunction