Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modèles de langage de protéines'
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Hladiš, Matej. "Réseaux de neurones en graphes et modèle de langage des protéines pour révéler le code combinatoire de l'olfaction." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5024.
Full textMammals identify and interpret a myriad of olfactory stimuli using a complex coding mechanism involving interactions between odorant molecules and hundreds of olfactory receptors (ORs). These interactions generate unique combinations of activated receptors, called the combinatorial code, which the human brain interprets as the sensation we call smell. Until now, the vast number of possible receptor-molecule combinations have prevented a large-scale experimental study of this code and its link to odor perception. Therefore, revealing this code is crucial to answering the long-term question of how we perceive our intricate chemical environment. ORs belong to the class A of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and constitute the largest known multigene family. To systematically study olfactory coding, we develop M2OR, a comprehensive database compiling the last 25 years of OR bioassays. Using this dataset, a tailored deep learning model is designed and trained. It combines the [CLS] token embedding from a protein language model with graph neural networks and multi-head attention. This model predicts the activation of ORs by odorants and reveals the resulting combinatorial code for any odorous molecule. This approach is refined by developing a novel model capable of predicting the activity of an odorant at a specific concentration, subsequently allowing the estimation of the EC50 value for any OR-odorant pair. Finally, the combinatorial codes derived from both models are used to predict the odor perception of molecules. By incorporating inductive biases inspired by olfactory coding theory, a machine learning model based on these codes outperforms the current state-of-the-art in smell prediction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive and successful application of combinatorial coding to odor quality prediction. Overall, this work provides a link between the complex molecule-receptor interactions and human perception
Alain, Pierre. "Contributions à l'évaluation des modèles de langage." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S003.
Full textThis work deals with the evaluation of language models independently of any applicative task. A comparative study between several language models is generally related to the role that a model has into a complete system. Our objective consists in being independant of the applicative system, and thus to provide a true comparison of language models. Perplexity is a widely used criterion as to comparing language models without any task assumptions. However, the main drawback is that perplexity supposes probability distributions and hence cannot compare heterogeneous models. As an evaluation framework, we went back to the definition of the Shannon's game which is based on model prediction performance using rank based statistics. Our methodology is able to predict joint word sequences that are independent of the task or model assumptions. Experiments are carried out on French and English modeling with large vocabularies, and compare different kinds of language models
Delot, Thierry. "Interrogation d'annuaires étendus : modèles, langage et optimisation." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001VERS0028.
Full textOota, Subba Reddy. "Modèles neurocomputationnels de la compréhension du langage : caractérisation des similarités et des différences entre le traitement cérébral du langage et les modèles de langage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0080.
Full textThis thesis explores the synergy between artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive neuroscience to advance language processing capabilities. It builds on the insight that breakthroughs in AI, such as convolutional neural networks and mechanisms like experience replay 1, often draw inspiration from neuroscientific findings. This interconnection is beneficial in language, where a deeper comprehension of uniquely human cognitive abilities, such as processing complex linguistic structures, can pave the way for more sophisticated language processing systems. The emergence of rich naturalistic neuroimaging datasets (e.g., fMRI, MEG) alongside advanced language models opens new pathways for aligning computational language models with human brain activity. However, the challenge lies in discerning which model features best mirror the language comprehension processes in the brain, underscoring the importance of integrating biologically inspired mechanisms into computational models. In response to this challenge, the thesis introduces a data-driven framework bridging the gap between neurolinguistic processing observed in the human brain and the computational mechanisms of natural language processing (NLP) systems. By establishing a direct link between advanced imaging techniques and NLP processes, it conceptualizes brain information processing as a dynamic interplay of three critical components: "what," "where," and "when", offering insights into how the brain interprets language during engagement with naturalistic narratives. This study provides compelling evidence that enhancing the alignment between brain activity and NLP systems offers mutual benefits to the fields of neurolinguistics and NLP. The research showcases how these computational models can emulate the brain’s natural language processing capabilities by harnessing cutting-edge neural network technologies across various modalities—language, vision, and speech. Specifically, the thesis highlights how modern pretrained language models achieve closer brain alignment during narrative comprehension. It investigates the differential processing of language across brain regions, the timing of responses (Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF) delays), and the balance between syntactic and semantic information processing. Further, the exploration of how different linguistic features align with MEG brain responses over time and find that the alignment depends on the amount of past context, indicating that the brain encodes words slightly behind the current one, awaiting more future context. Furthermore, it highlights grounded language acquisition through noisy supervision and offers a biologically plausible architecture for investigating cross-situational learning, providing interpretability, generalizability, and computational efficiency in sequence-based models. Ultimately, this research contributes valuable insights into neurolinguistics, cognitive neuroscience, and NLP
Marcou, Gilles. "Modèles dynamiques aux grandes échelles des protéines." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12653.
Full textThe dynamic of proteins is dominated by slow and large movements involving a large number of atoms. These movements are responsible for the transitions between two very different forms of the same protein. Il was shown that those movements could be described by a small number of degrees of liberty. These were well described by a small sub-ensemble of normal modes of the proteins. In this thesis are presented some bids to relealize from a complete molecular modelling model of proteins, a model reduced to those large cale movements. The importance of the fast movements is shown. Those are reintroduced in the model by two means ; first a scaling factor is applied to the parameters of the bonded interactions of the original force field and second, a stochastic teerm called Generalized Langevin term, is introduced. The thesis explains how to obtain the parameters of this new model. A derived approach is also presented, in which the protein is decomposed in several blocks each being described with the model previously developed. At last, somme examples of efficient calculation of the non bonded interactions are presented using the characteristics of the new model
Hemery, Mathieu. "Modèles d'évolution de protéines en environnement variable." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066665/document.
Full textThis thesis studies the influence of an evolutionary fluctuating environment on the functional architecture of proteins.The appearance of restricted groups of amino acids – sectors, with particular functional, evolutional and structural properties has no simple explanation in the classical paradigm of proteins physics. So we choose to study the role of evolutionary history on the construction of this particular architecture and the resulting properties.We have thus constructed a model of functional protein inspired by the elastic network models, that we have evolved in silico while temporarily varying the targeted function with various frequencies. We have shown that these fluctuations induce a form of sparsity close to that observed in proteins and has identified the key parameters of this phenomenon. We finally investigate the link between the temporal statistics of the environment and the appearance of different independent sectors
Chauveau, Dominique. "Étude d'une extension du langage synchrone SIGNAL aux modèles probabilistes : le langage SIGNalea." Rennes 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996REN10110.
Full textFleurey, Franck. "Langage et méthode pour une ingénierie des modèles fiable." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538288.
Full textTaly, Jean-François. "Evaluation de la structure des modèles de protéines par dynamique moléculaire." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077138.
Full textIn this study we monitor different protein structural properties along molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories to discriminate correct from erroneous models. These models are based on the sequence-structure alignments provided by our fold recognition method, FROST. We define correct models as being built from alignments of sequences with structures similar to their native structures and erroneous models from alignments of sequences with structures unrelated to their native structures. We built a set of models intended to cover the whole spectrum: from a perfect model, i. E. , the native structure, to a very poor model, i. E. , a random alignment of the test sequence with a structure belonging to another structural class, including several intermediate models based on fold recognition alignments. We submitted these models to 11 ns of MD simulations at 3 different temperatures. We monitored along the corresponding trajectories the mean of the Root-Mean-Square deviations (RMSd) with respect to the initial conformation, the RMSd fluctuations, the number of conformation clusters, the evolution of secondary structures, and new statistical potential scores based on atomic interaction surface areas. None of these criteria alone is 100% efficient in discriminating correct from erroneous models. However if we consider these criteria in combination it is straightforward to discriminate thé two types of models. The ability of discriminating correct from erroneous models allows us to improve the specificity and sensitivity of our fold recognition method for a number of ambiguous cases
Lopes, Marcos. "Modèles inductifs de la sémiotique textuelle." Paris 10, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA100145.
Full textEyssautier-Bavay, Carole. "Modèles, langage et outils pour la réutilisation de profils d'apprenants." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00327198.
Full textIl n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle de solution technique permettant de réutiliser ces profils hétérogènes. Cette thèse cherche donc à proposer des modèles et des outils permettant la réutilisation pour les différents acteurs de profils d'apprenants créés par d'autres.
Dans nos travaux, nous proposons le modèle de processus de gestion de profils REPro (Reuse of External Profiles). Pour permettre la réutilisation de profils hétérogènes, nous proposons de les réécrire selon un formalisme commun qui prend la forme d'un langage de modélisation de profils, le langage PMDL (Profiles MoDeling Language). Nous définissons ensuite un ensemble d'opérateurs permettant la transformation des profils ainsi harmonisés, ou de leur structure, tels que l'ajout d'éléments dans le profil, ou la création d'un profil de groupe à partir de profils individuels. Ces propositions ont été mises en œuvre au sein de l'environnement EPROFILEA du projet PERLEA (Profils d'Élèves Réutilisés pour L'Enseignant et l'Apprenant), avant d'être mises à l'essai auprès d'enseignants en laboratoire.
Swaileh, Wassim. "Des modèles de langage pour la reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR024/document.
Full textThis thesis is about the design of a complete processing chain dedicated to unconstrained handwriting recognition. Three main difficulties are adressed: pre-processing, optical modeling and language modeling. The pre-processing stage is related to extracting properly the text lines to be recognized from the document image. An iterative text line segmentation method using oriented steerable filters was developed for this purpose. The difficulty in the optical modeling stage lies in style diversity of the handwriting scripts. Statistical optical models are traditionally used to tackle this problem such as Hidden Markov models (HMM-GMM) and more recently recurrent neural networks (BLSTM-CTC). Using BLSTM we achieve state of the art performance on the RIMES (for French) and IAM (for English) datasets. The language modeling stage implies the integration of a lexicon and a statistical language model to the recognition processing chain in order to constrain the recognition hypotheses to the most probable sequence of words (sentence) from the language point of view. The difficulty at this stage is related to the finding the optimal vocabulary with minimum Out-Of-Vocabulary words rate (OOV). Enhanced language modeling approaches has been introduced by using sub-lexical units made of syllables or multigrams. The sub-lexical units cover an important portion of the OOV words. Then the language coverage depends on the domain of the language model training corpus, thus the need to train the language model with in domain data. The recognition system performance with the sub-lexical units outperformes the traditional recognition systems that use words or characters language models, in case of high OOV rates. Otherwise equivalent performances are obtained with a compact sub-lexical language model. Thanks to the compact lexicon size of the sub-lexical units, a unified multilingual recognition system has been designed. The unified system performance have been evaluated on the RIMES and IAM datasets. The unified multilingual system shows enhanced recognition performance over the specialized systems, especially when a unified optical model is used
Roth, Eberhard. "Protéines fer-soufre : caractérisation et études physicochimiques de modèles biomimétiques." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10147.
Full textBarrat-Charlaix, Pierre. "Comprendre et améliorer les modèles statistiques de séquences de protéines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS378.
Full textIn the last decades, progress in experimental techniques have given rise to a vast increase in the number of known DNA and protein sequences. This has prompted the development of various statistical methods in order to make sense of this massive amount of data. Among those are pairwise co-evolutionary methods, using ideas coming from statistical physics to construct a global model for protein sequence variability. These methods have proven to be very effective at extracting relevant information from sequences, such as structural contacts or effects of mutations. While co-evolutionary models are for the moment used as predictive tools, their success calls for a better understanding of they functioning. In this thesis, we propose developments on existing methods while also asking the question of how and why they work. We first focus on the ability of the so-called Direct Coupling Analysis (DCA) to reproduce statistical patterns found in sequences in a protein family. We then discuss the possibility to include other types of information such as mutational effects in this method, and then potential corrections for the phylogenetic biases present in available data. Finally, considerations about limitations of current co-evolutionary models are presented, along with suggestions on how to overcome them
Igel, Angélique. "Mécanismes d'inactivation des protéines amyloïdes." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077101.
Full textAmyloides fibers correspond to insoluble protein assemblies associated to the neurodegenerative diseases. By taking into account properties biophysics of these fibers which confer them a very high resistance, and the spectre of their transmissibility, everything lets suggest that medical surgical acts could potentially lead or transmit amyloidoses by the inoculation of nucleation seed. The objective of this work is to estimate mechanisms of inactivation of A ß and prion assemblies, to understand the mechanisms of inactivation of amyloides proteins. At first, we estimated the evolution of the quaternary structure of the assemblies of prion stemming from 3 strains (263K, vCJD and 139A) after decontamination treatments. Ail results demonstrate that the inactivation of prion are strain dependent. This intrinsic property of strain would be due to different structuring of PrP protomers within the assemblies. Finally, similar approaches to those used on the field of prions were used to estimate the résistance of amyloide assemblies stemming from the Alzheimer's disease (peptide A ß). Our preliminary results of synthetic peptide A ß inactivation, show that this peptide, in its fibrillar state, possesses properties conferring it a high strength. To deepenour results in a model of peptide having sudden a maturation of in-vivo withdrawal, we have designed a new cellular model expressing the peptide A640. This new tool is operational recently and seems promising for the study of the properties of the peptide Aß
Giard, Aude. "Étude quantique de sites métalliques dans des peptides et protéines modèles." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENCM0008/document.
Full textNicotianamine is a triamino acid that plays an essential role in regulation and transportation of transition metals in plants by a chelation process. Functional analogues of this molecule have already been synthesised that we hope to use for selective soil decontamination thanks to their property changes with respect to nicotianamine. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to find a predictive protocol for the chelating properties of these analogues, using the know example of nicotianamine. We worked out a predictive protocol focusing on the four following points : pKas, chelation, EPR tensors and vibrational properties. It uses quantum chemistry methods such as hybrid DFT functionals and implicit solvent models.The pKa calculations for nicotianamine and metal-nicotianamine complexes were performed using a novel graphical method well suited to these systems. The pKas are useful to understand the effect of the various plants pHs on the complexes. Then we computed the chelation constants and the structures of metal-nicotianamine complexes. As a complement to the study of these complexes, we set up protocols to calculate the EPR tensors of the copper-nicotianamine complex and to analyse the infra-red vibrations of the complexes, using respectively a parametrised method and a local code
Bettan, Mickaël. "Transfert de gènes par électrotransfert dans le muscle squelettique et dans des modèles de tumeurs." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0032.
Full textAmeur-Boulifa, Rabéa. "Génération de modèles comportementaux des applications réparties." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE4094.
Full textFrom the formal semantics of ProActive – 100 % Java library for concurrent, distributed, and mobile computing -, we build, in a compositional way, finite models of finite abstract applications. These models are described mathematically and graphically. The procedure for building, of which we guaranty the ending, is described by semantics rules applied to an intermediate form of programs obtained by static analysis. Afterwards, these rules are extended so as to build parameterized models of infinite applications. Practically, a prototype for analysing a core of Java and ProActive library is constructed. Moreover, some realistic examples are studied
Trojet, Mohamed Wassim. "Approche de vérification formelle des modèles DEVS à base du langage Z." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30040.
Full textThe general framework of the thesis consists in improving the verification and the validation of simulation models through the integration of formal methods. We offered an approach of formal verification of DEVS models based on Z language. DEVS is a formalism that allows the description and analysis of the behavior of discrete event systems, ie systems whose state change depends on the occurrence of an event. A DEVS model is essentially validated by the simulation which permits to verify if it correctly describes the behavior of the system. However, the simulation does not detect the presence of a possible inconsistency in the model (conflict, ambiguity or incompleteness). For this reason, we have integrated a formal specification language, known as Z, in the DEVS formalism. This integration consists in: (1) transforming a DEVS model into an equivalent Z specification and (2) verifying the consistency of the resulting specification using the tools developed by the Z community. Thus, a DEVS model is subjected to an automatic formal verification before its simulation
Janiszek, David. "Adaptation des modèles de langage dans le cadre du dialogue homme-machine." Avignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AVIG0144.
Full textCurrently, most of the automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are based on statistical language models (SLM). These models are estimated from sets of observations. So, the implementation of an ASR system requires having a corpus in adequacy with the aimed application. Because of the difficulties occurring while collecting these data, the available corpora may be insufficient to estimate SLM correctly. To raise this insufficiency, one may wish to use other data and to adapt them to the application context. The main objective is to improve the performances of the corresponding dialogue system. Within this framework, we've defined and implemented a new paradigm: the matrix representation of the linguistic data. This approach is the basis of our work; it allows a new linguistic data processing thanks to the use of the linear algebra. For example, we've defined a semantic and functional similarity between words. Moreover, we have studied and developed several techniques of adaptation based on the matrix representation. During our study, we've investigated several research orientations: Filtering the data: we've used the technique of the minimal blocks. The linear transformation: this technique consists in defining an algebraic operator to transform the linguistic data. The data augmentation: this technique consists in reestimating the occurrences of a word observed according to its functional similarity with other words. The selective combination of histories: this technique is a generalization of the linear interpolation of language models. Combining techniques: each technique having advantages and drawbacks, we've sought the best combinations. The experimental results obtained within our framework of study give us relative improvements in term of word error rate. In particular, our experiments show that associating the data augmentation and the selective combination of histories gives interesting results
Oger, Stanislas. "Modèles de langage ad hoc pour la reconnaissance automatique de la parole." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954220.
Full textFichot, Jean. "Langage et signification : le cas des mathématiques constructives." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010653.
Full textSourty, Raphael. "Apprentissage de représentation de graphes de connaissances et enrichissement de modèles de langue pré-entraînés par les graphes de connaissances : approches basées sur les modèles de distillation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30337.
Full textNatural language processing (NLP) is a rapidly growing field focusing on developing algorithms and systems to understand and manipulate natural language data. The ability to effectively process and analyze natural language data has become increasingly important in recent years as the volume of textual data generated by individuals, organizations, and society as a whole continues to grow significantly. One of the main challenges in NLP is the ability to represent and process knowledge about the world. Knowledge graphs are structures that encode information about entities and the relationships between them, they are a powerful tool that allows to represent knowledge in a structured and formalized way, and provide a holistic understanding of the underlying concepts and their relationships. The ability to learn knowledge graph representations has the potential to transform NLP and other domains that rely on large amounts of structured data. The work conducted in this thesis aims to explore the concept of knowledge distillation and, more specifically, mutual learning for learning distinct and complementary space representations. Our first contribution is proposing a new framework for learning entities and relations on multiple knowledge bases called KD-MKB. The key objective of multi-graph representation learning is to empower the entity and relation models with different graph contexts that potentially bridge distinct semantic contexts. Our approach is based on the theoretical framework of knowledge distillation and mutual learning. It allows for efficient knowledge transfer between KBs while preserving the relational structure of each knowledge graph. We formalize entity and relation inference between KBs as a distillation loss over posterior probability distributions on aligned knowledge. Grounded on this finding, we propose and formalize a cooperative distillation framework where a set of KB models are jointly learned by using hard labels from their own context and soft labels provided by peers. Our second contribution is a method for incorporating rich entity information from knowledge bases into pre-trained language models (PLM). We propose an original cooperative knowledge distillation framework to align the masked language modeling pre-training task of language models and the link prediction objective of KB embedding models. By leveraging the information encoded in knowledge bases, our proposed approach provides a new direction to improve the ability of PLM-based slot-filling systems to handle entities
Galvez, Thierry. "Oligomérisation et activation des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G : ce que révèle l'étude du récepteur GABAb." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20068.
Full textBoyarm, Aristide. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'un langage de simulation à événements discrets pour modèles continus." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30050.
Full textNogier, Jean-François. "Un système de production de langage fondé sur le modèles des graphes conceptuels." Paris 7, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA077157.
Full textStrub, Florian. "Développement de modèles multimodaux interactifs pour l'apprentissage du langage dans des environnements visuels." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I030.
Full textWhile our representation of the world is shaped by our perceptions, our languages, and our interactions, they have traditionally been distinct fields of study in machine learning. Fortunately, this partitioning started opening up with the recent advents of deep learning methods, which standardized raw feature extraction across communities. However, multimodal neural architectures are still at their beginning, and deep reinforcement learning is often limited to constrained environments. Yet, we ideally aim to develop large-scale multimodal and interactive models towards correctly apprehending the complexity of the world. As a first milestone, this thesis focuses on visually grounded language learning for three reasons (i) they are both well-studied modalities across different scientific fields (ii) it builds upon deep learning breakthroughs in natural language processing and computer vision (ii) the interplay between language and vision has been acknowledged in cognitive science. More precisely, we first designed the GuessWhat?! game for assessing visually grounded language understanding of the models: two players collaborate to locate a hidden object in an image by asking a sequence of questions. We then introduce modulation as a novel deep multimodal mechanism, and we show that it successfully fuses visual and linguistic representations by taking advantage of the hierarchical structure of neural networks. Finally, we investigate how reinforcement learning can support visually grounded language learning and cement the underlying multimodal representation. We show that such interactive learning leads to consistent language strategies but gives raise to new research issues
Roque, Matthieu. "Contribution à la définition d'un langage générique de modélisation d'entreprise." Bordeaux 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR13059.
Full textBouchmarina, Natalia. "L'étude du mécanisme du repliement des protéines par les méthodes biophysiques sur deux protéines modèles : l'α-lactalbumine et l'anhydrase carbonique B." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10204.
Full textProtein folding is one of the central problems in biology. Denaturation and folding of the proteins with more than 100 amino acids is not cooperative and goes through the accumulation of stable intermediates. Structural characterization of such intermediates is essential for better understanding of protein folding reaction and possible deviations that can lead to the development of severe diseases. The folding and denaturation mechanisms have been studied for two model proteins alpha-lactalbumin and carbonic anhydrase B. Several intermediates have been discovered during the equilibrium denaturation of carbonic anhydrase in different denaturating conditions. These intermediates differ by their capability to aggregate and associate. In the case of alpha-Iactalbumin, metal effects on the refolding kinetics have been characterized in detail. Thermodynamic aspects of metal binding to different intermediate states of the alpha lactalbumin are discussed. Then, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy were associated for study the secondary and tertiary structure changes that occur during the folding reaction of alpha-lactalbumin. A method of correlation spectroscopy has been usee to compare the observations done by the two types of spectroscopy and for a very detailed description of ail the structural changes implied in the reaction
Marcil, Josée. "Étude des protéines G couplées au système adénylyl cyclase dans différents modèles d'hypertension." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21488.pdf.
Full textGambin, Yann. "Dynamique en milieux confinés : peptides et protéines en interaction avec des bicouches modèles." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066609.
Full textCheynet, Valérie. "De la détection du virus VIH-1 : protéines recombinantes et modèles cellulaires d'infection." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO1T211.
Full textDedieu, Alain. "Exploration des modifications post-traductionnelles des protéines : nouvelles approches et nouveaux modèles biologiques." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON13516/document.
Full textRecently, the study of post-translational modifications has greatly evolved, mainly because of crucial progresses in mass spectrometry methodology which have allowed high-throughput, high resolution analysis. Their variety and their role in the regulation of key molecular mechanisms are increasingly documented. In this work, the different degrees of iodination of tyrosine were probed with a "shotgun" approach carried out from an entire organ, the mice thyroid. Post-translational modifications present in two radioresistant organism models, the bacterium Deinococcus deserti and the archaeon Thermococcus gammatolerans, were analyzed. The large scale exploration of N-terminal acetylation in D. deserti indicates a specific pattern of this modification on serine and threonine, as well as an atypical, high propension to acetylation with 50% of modified N-termini. In T. gammatolerans, N-terminal acetylation is rare, but the presence of acetylation on lysine side chains is significant. The presence of phosphorylation on these proteins suggests a potential "cross talk" between the acetylated lysine and phosphorylated serine or threonine residues. This work demonstrates that the complexity of the proteome in prokaryotes through post-translational modifications is higher than expected when extremophiles are scrutinized compared to classical prokaryote models. Interdependencies between post-translational modifications definitively deserve a fresher look
Debret, Gaëlle. "Etude par Modélisation Moléculaire des Propriétés Mécaniques d'un Système Membranaire : le Canal mécanosensible Mscl au sein de Bicouches Lipidiques Modèles." Paris 7, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189606.
Full textMechanosensitive channels of large conductance are integral membrane proteins that permit the bacterium to survive when hypo-osmotic shock occurs. Their principal characteristic is to open in response to a mechanical stress : a tension of the membrane. Understanding their mode of activation is necessary to work out a global model of the mechanism of sensitivity to membrane tension. We studied the first stages of the gating mechanism of MscL induced by membrane thinning, as well as the interactions controlling these conformational changes by moleculardynamics simulations. The comparison of principal component analysis of the trajectories and the directions given by the normal modes enabled us to highlight the influence of the membrane on the intrinsic dynamics of the channel. We then studied MscL channels from various organisms and having different sensitivities. Significant differences between the behaviours of the two Systems plunged in membranes of variable thickness were highlighted. These differences led us to explore the role of the various domains and in particular the role of the periplasmic loops by building hybrid channels by combination of domains from different organisms. The results obtained confirm the fundamental role of the periplasmic loops in the sensitivity of the MscL
Chaari, Ali. "Modulation de l'agrégation des protéines amyloïdes par de petites molécules : modèle du lysozyme." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0003.
Full textAt least twenty human proteins can fold abnormally to form pathological deposits that are associated with several degenerative diseases. Despite extensive investigation on amyloid fibrillogenesis and toxicity of certain aggregate forms, its detailed molecular mechanisms remain unknown. During my PhD, I was analysed the aggregation process of lysozyme at pH 2 and 57°C by different techniques. Particular attention has been focused on the exploring the inhibitory activity of natural products such us nicotine, dopamine, resveratrol, rutine and tyrosol against the fibrillation of hen lysozyme by using fluoresecence spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, infra rouge spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering. We found that the formation of amyloid fibrils in vitro was inhibited by all products in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, they were also capable of robustly disaggregating pre-formed oligomers. Based upon structure analysis we demonstrate that natural products inhibit the aggregation with the same efficacity but they remodel differently oligomers and amyloid fibrils. Also we have tested the effect of these products in the aggregation of alpha synuclein and results demonstrate that the formation of alpha synuclein amyloid fibrils was inhibited by all products in a dose dependent manner. Thus, it appears that nicotine; dopamine, resveratrol, rutine and tyrosol are generic inhibitors of amyloid fibril formation and can remodel different conformers of amyloid proteins
Tron, Cécile. "Modèles quantitatifs de machines parallèles : les réseaux d'interconnexion." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0179.
Full textKettani, Omar. "Modèles du calcul sans changement d'état : quelques développements et résultats." Aix-Marseille 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX24005.
Full textTuring machine takes his information in a box marked between severl others. Taking informationat once on parts of two contiguous boxes makes state desappear from algorithm. Correspondent information is else noted in each contiguous part of the two boxes. It becomes so necessary to employ large set of symbols. Here is proved equivalence of such machines with turing machines. Author imagines now parallel machines in whic a plenty of contiguous boxes can be marked simultaneously, and the travelling of marks scan part of box all at once. He applie it to several classical problems. In marking at once two contiguous boxes, it is possible to take at once half part of the first and half part of the second one, third part of the first and two thrid part of the second one, and so on. On the bound, at the utmost shift, it rests two values in common, and in this case author proves again equivalence of such machine with turing machine he proves so existence of an unviersal machine and establishes relation with cellular automata
Navizet, Isabelle. "Modélisation et analyse des propriétés mécaniques des protéines." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066309.
Full textLe, Gloahec Vincent. "Un langage et une plateforme pour la définition et l’exécution de bonnes pratiques de modélisation." Lorient, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LORIS239.
Full textThe most valuable asset of an IT company lies in knowledge and know-how acquired over the years by its employees. Unfortunately, lacking means they deem appropriate, most companies do not streamline the management of such knowledge. In the field of software engineering, this knowledge is usually collected in the form of best practices documented in an informal way, rather unfavorable to the effective and adequate use of these practices. In this area, the modeling activities have become predominant, favoring the reduction of effort and development costs. The effective implementation of best practices related to modeling activities would help improve developer productivity and the final quality of software. The objective of this thesis, as part of a collaboration between the Alkante company and the VALORIA laboratory, is to provide a both theoretical and practical framework favoring the capitalization of best modeling practices. An approach for the management of good modeling practices (GMPs) is proposed. This approach relies on the principles of model-driven engineering (MDE), by proposing a division into two levels of abstraction: a PIM level (Platform Independent Model) dedicated to the capitalization of GMPs independently of any specific platform, ensuring the sustainability of knowledge, and a PSM level (Platform Specific Model) dedicated to the verification of compliance of GMPs in modeling tools. To ensure the capitalization of good practices (GPs), a specific language dedicated to the description of GMPs has been developed on the basis of common characteristics identified by a detailed study of two types of GPs : those focusing on process aspects, and others more focused on style or shape of models. This langage, called GooMod, is defined by its abstract syntax, represented as a MOF compliant metamodel (MOF stands for Meta Object Facility), a description of its semantics, and a graphical concrete syntax. A platform provides the two necessary tools for both the definition of GMPs (that conforms to the GooMod language) and their effective application in modeling tools. The GMP Definition Tool is a graphical editor that facilitates the description of GMPs targeting any modeling language (e. G. GMPs for the UML), but independently of modeling tools. The GMP Execution Tool is a PSM level implementation specifically targeting modeling tools based on the Graphical Modeling Framework (GMF) of the Eclipse integrated development environment. During modeling activities performed by designers, this tool automates the verification of compliance of GMPs originally described in GooMod. This work has been validated on two aspects of the proposed approach. An industrial case study illustrates the definition, using the GooMod language, of a GMP specific to the modeling of Web applications developed by the Alkante company. An experiment on the evaluation of the effectiveness and usability of the GMP Execution Tool was conducted among students
Guihal, David. "Modélisation en langage VHDL-AMS des systèmes pluridisciplinaires." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157570.
Full textRamadour, Philippe. "Modèles et langage pour la conception et la manipulation de composants réutilisables de domaine." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30092.
Full textRossi, Claire. "Construction et validation de modèles membranaires biomimétiques supportés pour l'étude des interactions protéines/membranes." Compiègne, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005COMP1611.
Full textOur aim is to develop biomimetic membrane systems for protein-membrane interactions studies. These artificial membrane systems are assembled and anchored on solid substrates in order to allow the application of physicochemical measurements (SPR, FRAP, AFM). Ln order to create tethered lipid membrane, which delimit two distinct compartments (cis/in and trans/out), the selected approach is to anchor a lipid bilayer on a functionalized planar surface : (gold, glass, etc. ) in a covalent way, via functionalized lipids which are directly incorporated in lipids vesic1es. A experimental design Doelhert study allowed us to control the formation way of these tethered lipid bilayers. These biomimetic membranes were applied to the study of the calcium-dependent interactions on two proteins: the Myr-neurocalcine, a myristoyled protein and a bacterial toxin, the Adenylate cyc1ase of Bordetella pertussis
Morin, Bénédicte. "Systèmes modèles pour l'étude de la formation de pontages ADN-protéines induits par photosensibilisation." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10099.
Full textMimouni, Arnaud. "Cristallisation du lactose et épaississement dans les lactosérums concentrés." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NSARB177.
Full textLactose crystallization is a key step in the manufacture of whey powders and derivates. Both crystal size and mass of crystals producted affect the subsequent step of spray drying and whey powder quality. Consequently it is essential to control crystallization kinetics, crystal quality and how these properties are affected by whey components. A simple method to measure lactose crystal size on line by laser light scattering was developed. Whey proteins were shown to enhance lactose nucleation rate and to have a large lowering effect on final size of crystals during unseeded crystallization process. At industrial scale, high lactose supersaturations prevail during scrystallization step so that nucleation cystal growth and mutarotation simultaneously occurred
Meuriot, Frédéric. "Etude et modélisation des effets de l'intensité de la coupe et du niveau des réserves organiques initiales sur la dynamique de l'azote et du carbone au cours de la repousse chez la luzerne (Medicago sativa L. )." Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2016.
Full textBitard, Tristan. "Méthode de prédiction ab initio de la structure tertiaire des protéines dans l'espace des angles dièdres." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077264.
Full textProteins are essential components of cellular function. Obtaining a protein sequence is a relatively easy job. However a detailed understanding of the functioning of a protein requires the acquisition and analysis of its three-dimensional structure. The acquisition of a structure by biochemical methods is a long and expensive work. In addition, some protein structures can be very difficult to obtain. The implementation of computational methodologies for predicting protein structure from its sequence is a work of major importance in the world of bioinformatics. Two major types of methods exist. Methods that use a reference structure to make a prediction and methods without reference, also called ab initio methods. This thesis focuses on ab initio methods. These methods require: a protein model, a function of energy and varions algorithms. This thesis makes a historic return on varions models and functions used. A mixed model, non-aromatic side chain residues coarse-grained and backbones chains all atoms, is proposed. The statistical potential is composed of different terms from the literature or from our analyzes. Different mining algorithms are implemented, including a concerted rotation algorithm, allowing movement in space angles without disturbing the overall topology. Finally an algorithm for selecting candidate structures, from a simulation, based on the density of points on a graph is proposed. The first results of simulations are presented
Beaumont, Jean-François. "Adaptation non supervisée des modèles de langage pour le sous-titrage de bulletins de nouvelles." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79997.
Full textChebaro, Yassmine. "Agrégation des peptides et protéines amyloïdes par simulations numériques." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077120.
Full textThe aggregation of amyloid peptides and proteins is the hallmark of neurodegenerative disease. In this thesis, we were interested in the Alzheimer disease and the prion related diseases. The two proteins implicated in those pathologies are the Abeta peptides and the prion protein respectively. The self-assembly of these soluble proteins into toxix oligomers is difficult to caracterize using the actual experimental techniques and the formation of amyloid fibrils is a very slow process in vitro and in vivo. The use of in silico simulation methods is therefore a useful tool to a better understanding of the pathological assembly. In this work, we used the coarse-grained force field (OPEP) based on a reduced representation of the amino-acids, allowing the acccess to longer simulation times in order to identify the structural modifications associated with the amyloid assembly. First, we review the coarse-grained model and the energy function associated to it, followed by its validation on numerous Systems. Then, we present the results of OPEP on the identification of the structural and thermodynamical properties of the amyloid peptide Abeta(16-35), the study of the inhibition mechanism on a preformed fibril in the presence of N-methylated inhibitors, and finally the study of de novo synthesized model peptides of the amyloid aggregation. The last part of the work concerns the study of the prion protein and the effect of the T183A mutation, causing Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, on its structure and stability, in the monomeric and dimeric forms of the protein, as well as the aggregation properties of the Hl helix of the prion protein in its monomeric, dimeric and tetrameric states
Ruffiot, Pauline. "Développement de systèmes membranaires modèles pour la vacuole parasitophore de Toxoplasma gondii : intéractions des protéines de granules denses (protéines GRA) avec des vésicules unilamellaires." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10104.
Full textGRA proteins are secreted by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii into the parasitophorous vacuole, where most of them interact with two systems of tubular membranes: the Host Organelle Sequestering Tubules (HaSTs) and the Membrane Nanotubules Network (RNM). Although most of the GRA proteins contain potential transmembrane domains, they are secreted as soluble forms and become membrane-associated only when they reach their target membranes. This unusual property led to consider them as attractive models of protein-membrane interactions. 1 developed two experimental approaches to study the interactions of GRA proteins, extracted trom the parasite or trom the vacuole, with model membranes. Firstly, biochemical approaches using Small Unilamellar Vesic1es (SUVs) led to characterize the solubilisation forms of GRA proteins and their association with SUVs membranes. Secondly, 1 developed a Giant Unilamellar Vesic1es (GUVs) model to study the interactions of GRA proteins with membranes by fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The results provide elements 1) which help to decipher the traffic of GRA proteins within the parasite and the PV, and 2) which open the way to set up an in vitro minimal system to study the building up of the parasitophorous vacuole and of its associated tubular membranes
Martin, Juliette. "Prédiction de la structure locale des protéines par des modèles de chaîne de Markov cachées." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077154.
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