Academic literature on the topic 'Model of reliability assessment'

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Journal articles on the topic "Model of reliability assessment"

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Rebba, Ramesh, and Sankaran Mahadevan. "Computational methods for model reliability assessment." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 93, no. 8 (2008): 1197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2007.08.001.

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Munali, Munali, and Siti Alifah. "ANALISIS BUTIR SOAL STATISTIKA MODEL SUMMATIVE EVALUATION ASSESSMENT MENGGUNAKAN MODEL RASCH." Jurnal Lebesgue : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Matematika, Matematika dan Statistika 5, no. 3 (2024): 1319–34. https://doi.org/10.46306/lb.v5i3.657.

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The summative evaluation assessment model is a model combining formative assessment and summative assessment. Learning outcomes in Statistics courses were measured using the summative evaluation assessment model on students of the Information Systems Study Program at Indraprastha PGRI University Jakarta even semester of the 2023/2024 academic year as many as 185 students. The purpose of this study was to analyze the items of the summative evaluation assessment model of the Statistics Course as many as 13 items. This research uses quantitative methodology. Items analysis using the Rasch Model.
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Alsharqawi, Mohammed, Tarek Zayed, Laya Parvizsedghy, Ahmed Senouci, and Hassan Al-Derham. "Reliability Assessment Model for Water Distribution Networks." Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice 11, no. 2 (2020): 04019059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000442.

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Zhang, Bin, Dong Dong Yu, and Peng Su. "In Service Beam Bridge Reliability Assessment." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1034.

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In order to evaluate the reliability of existing bridges ,based on maximum value of the load and model of probability calculation of resistance attenuation, according to the data of the bridge which actually collected, and by using the ADINA finite element software to build the finite element model of considering the damage detection of beam bridge. The component and system failure criteria are determined on the basis of the bridge load-bearing characteristics.The Time-dependent reliability of the system by using the probability calculation model for assessing the maximum value of the load and
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Kolarik, William J., Jeffrey C. Woldstad, and Shuxia Lu. "Real-Time Human Performance Reliability Assessment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 22 (2000): 843–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004402290.

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This paper describes a real-time conditional human reliability model constructed to predict the likelihood of human performance metrics exceeding critical boundaries in a future time interval. The model is implemented by collecting real-time data from selected performance measures, modeling and forecasting these measures, and then converting the forecast results into reliability measures. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model, a prototype software package has been developed and tested for a simple movement task.
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Gandhi, Parul, Mohammad Zubair Khan, Ravi Kumar Sharma, Omar H. Alhazmi, Surbhi Bhatia, and Chinmay Chakraborty. "Software Reliability Assessment Using Hybrid Neuro-Fuzzy Model." Computer Systems Science and Engineering 41, no. 3 (2022): 891–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/csse.2022.019943.

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DONG, Yun-Wei, Guang-Ren WANG, Fan ZHANG, and Lei GAO. "Reliability Analysis and Assessment Tool for AADL Model." Journal of Software 22, no. 6 (2011): 1252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1001.2011.04014.

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Huang, Jiale, Fei Xiao, and Yang Zhang. "Reliability Evaluation of Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment Model." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2018 (October 18, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4172519.

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Inventory reliability of the life-cycle assessment (LCA) model highly depends on the data quality and normally exhibits significant uncertainty. A rigorous statistical methodology was established to capture and quantify the inherent uncertainties linked to the results of the LCA model. Two sources of uncertainty, data quality and model, were identified. The former was captured by converting the deterministic value to probability density function using beta distribution according to the evaluation matrix of data quality; the latter was assessed by prescribing variation interval through defining
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Castañeda, G. A. Pérez, J.-F. Aubry, and N. Brinzei. "Stochastic hybrid automata model for dynamic reliability assessment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability 225, no. 1 (2011): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748006xjrr312.

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Slot, René M. M., John D. Sørensen, Bruno Sudret, Lasse Svenningsen, and Morten L. Thøgersen. "Surrogate model uncertainty in wind turbine reliability assessment." Renewable Energy 151 (May 2020): 1150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.11.101.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Model of reliability assessment"

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Williamson, Jamie D. "Reliability of the Brief Assessment Model." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1101994832.

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Moon, Min-Yeong. "Confidence-based model validation for reliability assessment and its integration with reliability-based design optimization." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5816.

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Conventional reliability analysis methods assume that a simulation model is able to represent the real physics accurately. However, this assumption may not always hold as the simulation model could be biased due to simplifications and idealizations. Simulation models are approximate mathematical representations of real-world systems and thus cannot exactly imitate the real-world systems. The accuracy of a simulation model is especially critical when it is used for the reliability calculation. Therefore, a simulation model should be validated using prototype testing results for reliability anal
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Hernandez, Hernandez Erika. "SEGMENT-BASED RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS." UKnowledge, 2017. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/59.

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In recent years, water utilities have placed a greater emphasis on the reliability and resilience of their water distribution networks. This focus has increased due to the continuing aging of such infrastructure and the potential threat of natural or man-made disruptions. As a result, water utilities continue to look for ways to evaluate the resiliency of their systems with a goal of identifying critical elements that need to be reinforced or replaced. The simulation of pipe breaks in water reliability studies is traditionally modeled as the loss of a single pipe element. This assumes that eac
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Zhao, Liang. "Reliability-based design optimization using surrogate model with assessment of confidence level." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1194.

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The objective of this study is to develop an accurate surrogate modeling method for construction of the surrogate model to represent the performance measures of the compute-intensive simulation model in reliability-based design optimization (RBDO). In addition, an assessment method for the confidence level of the surrogate model and a conservative surrogate model to account the uncertainty of the prediction on the untested design domain when the number of samples are limited, are developed and integrated into the RBDO process to ensure the confidence of satisfying the probabilistic constraints
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Lyons, Melinda. "Evaluation of a task performance resource constraint model to assess the impact of offshore emergency management on risk reduction." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2000. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4056.

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In this age of safety awareness, technological emergencies still happen, occasionally with catastrophic results. Often human intervention is the only way of averting disaster. Ensuring that the chosen emergency managers are competent requires a combination of training and assessment. However, assessment currently relies on expert judgement of behaviour as opposed to its impact on outcome, therefore it would be difficult to incorporate such data into formal Quantitative Risk Assessments (QRA). Although there is, as yet, no suitable alternative to expert judgement, there is a need for methods of
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Zhuang, Xing. "A New Reliability Assessment Model for Power Electronic Modules Considering Failure Mechanism Interaction." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27615.

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A reliability prediction method is proposed to determine the lifetime of IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) under power cycling test based on the performance of solder joint and wire bond. The failure characteristics of solder joint and wire bond are captured via selected PoF model respectively. To provide precise reliability prediction, PoF models are converted into probabilistic models. In addition, the failure interaction between wire bond and solder joint is studied. Wire bond lift-off is treated as the predominant failure mode based upon experiments from literature and solder join
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Gil, Sagás Esteban Manuel. "Integrated network flow model for a reliability assessment of the national electric energy system." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Tiassou, Kossi Blewoussi. "Aircraft operational reliability : A model-based approach and case studies." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAT0012/document.

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Lors de la conception des avions, il est courant que les constructeurs évaluent la sûreté de fonctionnement en utilisant des modèles stochastiques, mais l'évaluation de la fiabilité opérationnelle à l’aide de modèles en ligne, pendant la réalisation des missions, reste rarement effectuée. Souvent, l'évaluation stochastique concerne la sécurité des avions. Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation de la fiabilité opérationnelle des avions, pour aider à la planification des activités de maintenance et des missions, ainsi qu’à la bonne réalisation de ces dernières. Nous avons développé une approche d
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Bakouros, Y. L. "Offshore pipeline reliability prediction : An assessment of the breakdown characteristics of offshore pipelines and the development of a statistical technique to improve their reliability prediction with particular reference." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233657.

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Buhari, Muhammad. "Reliability assessment of ageing distribution cable for replacement in 'smart' distribution systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/reliability-assessment-of-ageing-distribution-cable-for-replacement-in-smart-distribution-systems(e253c774-b5e3-4872-9139-894e7df553f0).html.

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Majority of electricity networks have growing number of ageing elements. Critical network components, such as ageing underground cables, are very expensive to install and disruptive to replace. On the other hand, global climate changes have made connection of new low carbon technologies (LCT) into the grids increasingly necessary. These factors are contributing to the increasing complexity of the planning and management of power systems. Numerous techniques published on this subject tend to ignore the impact of LCT integration and the anchoring ꞌSmartꞌ solutions on ageing network assets, such
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Books on the topic "Model of reliability assessment"

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Nash, Franklin R. Estimating device reliability: Assessment of credibility. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.

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Workshop on Model Uncertainty, Its Characterization and Quantification (1993 Annapolis, Maryland). Proceedings of Workshop on Model Uncertainty, Its Characterization and Quantification: Annapolis, Maryland, USA, October 20-22, 1993. University Printing Services, University of Maryland, 1995.

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McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company--Houston Division. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Independent Orbiter assessment: Assessment of the pyrotechnics subsystem. McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, Houston Division, 1988.

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Chan, Hing Kai. Fuzzy Hierarchical Model for Risk Assessment: Principles, Concepts, and Practical Applications. Springer London, 2013.

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M, Ermolʹev I͡U︡, Institut kibernetiki im. V.M. Glushkova., and Nauchnyĭ sovet AN Ukrainy po probleme "Kibernetika"., eds. Modeli i metody issledovanii͡a︡ operat͡s︡iĭ, teorii riska i nadezhnosti: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Akademii͡a︡ nauk Ukrainy, In-t kibernetiki im. V.I. Glushkova, 1992.

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Yuriy, Greg M. Discrete-event simulation of mine equipment systems combined with a reliability assessment model /by Greg M. Yuriy. Laurentian University, School of Graduate Studies, 2005.

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McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company--Houston Division. and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Independent Orbiter assessment: Assessment of the nose wheel steering subsystem. McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, Houston Division, 1988.

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European Safety and Reliability Conference (10th 1999 Munich-Garching, Germany). Safety and reliability: Proceedings of ESREL'99. A.A. Balkema, 1999.

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Gardner, J. R. Independent Orbiter assessment: Assessment of the instrumental subsystem FMEA/CIL. McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, Houston Division, 1988.

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Stockholm, Sweden) Workshop on Human Reliability Models: Theoretical and Practical Challenges (1994. Proceedings of Workshop on Human Reliability Models Theoretical and Practical Challenges: Stockholm, Sweden, August 22-24, 1994. Center for Reliability Engineering, University of Maryland, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Model of reliability assessment"

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Nowakowski, Tomasz. "Reliability Model of Combined Transportation System." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management. Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_323.

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Aslansefat, Koorosh, Panagiota Nikolaou, Martin Walker, et al. "SafeDrones: Real-Time Reliability Evaluation of UAVs Using Executable Digital Dependable Identities." In Model-Based Safety and Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15842-1_18.

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Solovjova, Irina, and Inna Romānova. "Bank Reliability Assessment Model: Case of Latvia." In Eurasian Business Perspectives. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35051-2_19.

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Kabir, Sohag, Martin Walker, and Yiannis Papadopoulos. "Reliability Analysis of Dynamic Systems by Translating Temporal Fault Trees into Bayesian Networks." In Model-Based Safety and Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12214-4_8.

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Aslansefat, Koorosh, Gholamreza Latif-Shabgahi, and Mehrdad Mohammadi. "Reliability Evaluation of Reconfigurable NMR Architecture Supported with Hot Standby Spare: Markov Modeling and Formulation." In Model-Based Safety and Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58920-2_4.

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Hu, Yunwei, Wei Zhang, and Bin Li. "Benchmarking Software Reliability Growth Models." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management. Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_147.

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Zapata-Rivera, Luis Felipe, and Maria M. Larrondo-Petrie. "A Reliability Assessment Model for Online Laboratories Systems." In Smart Industry & Smart Education. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95678-7_28.

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Becker, Günter, Leonidas Camarinopoulos, and Dimitris Kabranis. "Adapting a Dynamic Reliability Model to Measurements using Bayesian Inference." In Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management. Springer London, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-410-4_272.

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Balu, A. S., and B. N. Rao. "Multicut-High Dimensional Model Representation for Reliability Bounds Estimation." In Numerical Methods for Reliability and Safety Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07167-1_18.

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Faroz, Sharvil A., Devang B. Lad, and Siddhartha Ghosh. "Bayesian Model Calibration and Model Selection of Non-destructive Testing Instruments." In Reliability, Safety and Hazard Assessment for Risk-Based Technologies. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9008-1_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Model of reliability assessment"

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Basak, Saikat, and Lixuan Lu. "Reliability and Safety Assessment Model for LOCA Event in BWRX-300." In 2025 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/rams48127.2025.10935162.

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Guan, Jirui, Yang Gao, Yuntian Ta, Bo Li, Tiantian Wang, and Jinsong Xie. "A Rolling Bearing Condition Assessment Method Driven by Data-Model." In 2024 Global Reliability and Prognostics and Health Management Conference (PHM-Beijing). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/phm-beijing63284.2024.10874461.

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Alonso, Pablo David, Angel Adrian Moreno, and Franco Luis Palmieri. "Petroleum Facilities Reliability Assessment Model." In Latin American & Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/107012-ms.

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Pearson, D. J. "Risk assessment model for distribution system reliability." In 14th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 1997 - Distributing Power for the Millennium). IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19970650.

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"Group assessment of Interview Ready Model reliability." In 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.j5.coutts.

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Georgieva, Olga, and Aleksandar Dimov. "Software reliability assessment via fuzzy logic model." In the 12th International Conference. ACM Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2023607.2023716.

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Lai, Peng, Weiwei Hu, and Yufeng Sun. "Anisotropic coupling damage model for reliability life assessment." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2015.7385762.

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Chen, He-tao, and Hong-jie Yuan. "Reliability assessment based on proportional degradation hazards model." In EM2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icieem.2010.5646465.

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Vikram Kumar Kamboj, Amit Bhardwaj, Harkamaljeet Singh Bhullar, Krishan Arora, and Kulraj Kaur. "Mathematical model of reliability assessment for generation system." In 2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peoco.2012.6231118.

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Gafurov, Tokhir, Milan Prodanovic, and Julio Usaola. "PV system model reduction for reliability assessment studies." In 2013 4th IEEE/PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isgteurope.2013.6695420.

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Reports on the topic "Model of reliability assessment"

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McKay, S., Nate Richards, and Todd Swannack. Ecological model development : evaluation of system quality. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45380.

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Ecological models are used throughout the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to inform decisions related to ecosystem restoration, water operations, environmental impact assessment, environmental mitigation, and other topics. Ecological models are typically developed in phases of conceptualization, quantification, evaluation, application, and communication. Evaluation is a process for assessing the technical quality, reliability, and ecological basis of a model and includes techniques such as calibration, verification, validation, and review. In this technical note (TN), we describe an approac
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Thacker. L51930 Optimized Sampling Frequencies for Weld Reliability Assessments of Long Pipeline Segments. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011322.

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This project responds to a need to obtain statistically adequate quantities of input data for probabilistic assessments of girth welded pipelines. It is desirable to limit the data collection efforts to that warranted by overall reliability and confidence requirements. This is motivated by the challenge of limited and/or high-cost access to in-service pipelines for property measurement and flaw inspection. The goal of this project was to develop a methodology for specifying the minimum, cost-optimized sampling frequency for each of the model input parameters in a multiple girth weld fitness-fo
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Nessim. L52263 Reliability-based Design and Assessment Guidelines for Onshore Pipelines - A Proposed Standard. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011290.

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This is a proposed standard for reliability-based design and assessment (RBDA) of onshore natural gas pipelines. The standard is organized into two main sections: requirements and commentary. The requirements section gives an overview of the RBDA process, a definition of applicable limit states and a set of reliability targets that must be met. It also defines requirements related to developing limit state functions, defining probability models for input variables and calculating reliability in order to evaluate it against the targets. The commentary provides background information intended to
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Maes. PR-328-123601-R01 Improvements to Consequence Modeling in RBDA - Targets Risk Consequence Analysis. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010773.

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This study was performed to address specific issues in the �Reliability Based Design and Assessment� (RBDA) approach as laid out in e.g. GRI-04/0229 and CSA Z662 Annex O (2007). Specifically: improvement of the consequence model for equipment impact acceptable individual and societal risks clarification if reliability levels can be interpreted in an historical/absolute sense; examination of the role of knowledge uncertainty. All of these issues have been addressed in the present study. In addition, the RBDA design test cases on which the development of the current risk/reliability levels are b
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Francis, Andrew, Chas Jandu, and Mike Taylor. PR-408-124500-R01 Mechanical Damage Instantaneous Failure Model Numerical Simulation of Physical Tests. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010819.

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The overall objective was to develop two models for determining the effect of mechanical damage on the structural integrity of buried pipelines. The models that are to be developed are the instantaneous failure model (MD4-3) and the delayed failure model (MD4-4). The subject of this report is part of the work that has been undertaken in support of the development of the instantaneous failure model which is being undertaken within the remit of MD4-3. The overall objective of MD4-3 to produce a closed form expression that will be used as: (i) A Limit State Function in structural reliability and
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Ulrich, Thomas, Ronald Boring PhD, Jisuk Kim, et al. Solutions for Enhanced Legacy Probabilistic Risk Assessment Tools and Methodologies: Improving Efficiency of Model Development and Processing via Innovative Human Reliability Dependency Analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1964064.

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Weeks, Timothy "Dash." DTPH56-13-X-000013 Modern High-Toughness Steels for Fracture Propagation and Arrest Assessment-Phase II. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012037.

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NIST work developed processes to identify the stress/strain/crack velocity conditions for unstable high-rate ductile crack propagation found in a full-scale pipeline burst test and duplicate those conditions in a medium-scale test. With modeling to validate conditions and assumptions used in reducing the scale of the tests. A medium-scale test to elucidate material property data necessary to qualify high-strength high-toughness steels based on the correlation to large-scale tests. Parametric determination of the material properties governing fracture propagation or arrest-ability was developed
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Fricke, Julie, Meghan Galligan, Caryn Douma, Jeremy Souder, and Nikhil Mull. Examining the Impact of Implementing High-Reliability Organization Principles on Patient Safety Outcomes. AHRQ, 2025. https://doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepc_mhs4hro.

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Objectives. High-reliability organizations (HROs) operate in complex, high-hazard domains for extended periods without serious accidents or catastrophic failures. Interventions are designed to change thinking about patient safety and system performance through distinct HRO principles. The purpose of this review was to determine the effectiveness of implementing HRO principles on patient safety outcomes. Methods. We followed rapid review processes of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center Program. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library from January 20
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Bailey Bond, Robert, Pu Ren, James Fong, Hao Sun, and Jerome F. Hajjar. Physics-informed Machine Learning Framework for Seismic Fragility Analysis of Steel Structures. Northeastern University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.17760/d20680141.

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The seismic assessment of structures is a critical step to increase community resilience under earthquake hazards. This research aims to develop a Physics-reinforced Machine Learning (PrML) paradigm for metamodeling of nonlinear structures under seismic hazards using artificial intelligence. Structural metamodeling, a reduced-fidelity surrogate model to a more complex structural model, enables more efficient performance-based design and analysis, optimizing structural designs and ease the computational effort for reliability fragility analysis, leading to globally efficient designs while maint
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Pulugurtha, Srinivas S., Abimbola Ogungbire, and Chirag Akbari. Modeling and Evaluating Alternatives to Enhance Access to an Airport and Meet Future Expansion Needs. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2023.2120.

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The continued growth of air travel calls for the incessant construction effort at many airports and their surroundings. Thus, there is a need to determine how airports can better manage existing infrastructure to accommodate this growth. This study, therefore, focuses on (1) investigating how changes in transportation infrastructure have affected travel time reliability (TTR) of the surrounding road network within the airport vicinity over time, and, (2) exploring selected unconventional intersection designs and proposing new inbound/outbound access routes from the nearby major roads to the ai
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