Journal articles on the topic 'Model mimicry'
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1
Pimonov, V. I. "MIMICRY AND THEATRICALITY: A FORMAL MODEL." Izvestiya of the Samara Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Social, Humanitarian, Medicobiological Sciences 24, no. 87 (2022): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2413-9645-2022-24-87-83-90.
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Object of the article: mimicry and theatricality. Subject of the article: difference and similarity between mimicry and theatricality. Purpose of the research: creating the semiotic model of transformation of mimicry into theatricality. Results: in mimicry, three meta-roles are at play: the mimic, the dupe and the model. The mimic imitates signals, emitted by the model. The dupe, being an enemy of the mimic, is thus deceived by the mimic's signals. Mimicry can be expressed by the scheme: “A” acts in front of “B” in the role of “C”, where “A” is the mimic, “B” is the dupe - a victim of deception, “C” is the model. Mimicry formally resembles theatricality, where "A" is the character of the play (functionally corresponding to the mimic), "B" is the character-spectator, corresponding to the dupe (victim of deception), "C" is another character, functionally corresponding to the "model". Even so, the difference between signals in mimicry and signs in theater is crucial. Field of application: semiotics, literary studies. Conclusions: The mimicry-to-theatricality transformation requires a real or imaginary border between the space of everyday life and “marked” territory (museum, houseof-worship, stage) that serves as a stop-signal inhibiting (or preventing) automatic actions.
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Kikuchi, David W., and David W. Pfennig. "A Batesian mimic and its model share color production mechanisms." Current Zoology 58, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 658–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.4.658.
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Abstract Batesian mimics are harmless prey species that resemble dangerous ones (models), and thus receive protection from predators. How such adaptive resemblances evolve is a classical problem in evolutionary biology. Mimicry is typically thought to be difficult to evolve, especially if the model and mimic produce the convergent phenotype through different proximate mechanisms. However, mimicry may evolve more readily if mimic and model share similar pathways for producing the convergent phenotype. In such cases, these pathways can be co-opted in ancestral mimic populations to produce high-fidelity mimicry without the need for major evolutionary innovations. Here, we show that a Batesian mimic, the scarlet kingsnake Lampropeltis elapsoides, produces its coloration using the same physiological mechanisms as does its model, the eastern coral snake Micrurus fulvius. Therefore, precise color mimicry may have been able to evolve easily in this system. Generally, we know relatively little about the proximate mechanisms underlying mimicry.
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Cheney, Karen L., and Isabelle M. Côté. "Aggressive mimics profit from a model–signal receiver mutualism." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1622 (June 25, 2007): 2087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0543.
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Mimetic species have evolved to resemble other species to avoid predation (protective mimicry) or gain access to food (aggressive mimicry). Mimicry systems are frequently tripartite interactions involving a mimic, model and ‘signal receiver’. Changes in the strength of the relationship between model and signal receiver, owing to shifting environmental conditions, for example, can affect the success of mimics in protective mimicry systems. Here, we show that an experimentally induced shift in the strength of the relationship between a model (bluestreak cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus ) and a signal receiver (staghorn damselfish, Amblyglyphidodon curacao ) resulted in increased foraging success for an aggressive mimic (bluestriped fangblenny, Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos ). When the parasite loads of staghorn damselfish clients were experimentally increased, the attack success of bluestriped fangblenny on damselfish also increased. Enhanced mimic success appeared to be due to relaxation of vigilance by parasitized clients, which sought cleaners more eagerly and had lower overall aggression levels. Signal receivers may therefore be more tolerant of and/or more vulnerable to attacks from aggressive mimics when the net benefit of interacting with their models is high. Changes in environmental conditions that cause shifts in the net benefits accrued by models and signal receivers may have important implications for the persistence of aggressive mimicry systems.
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Finkbeiner, Susan D., Patricio A. Salazar, Sofía Nogales, Cassidi E. Rush, Adriana D. Briscoe, Ryan I. Hill, Marcus R. Kronforst, Keith R. Willmott, and Sean P. Mullen. "Frequency dependence shapes the adaptive landscape of imperfect Batesian mimicry." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1876 (April 4, 2018): 20172786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2786.
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Despite more than a century of biological research on the evolution and maintenance of mimetic signals, the relative frequencies of models and mimics necessary to establish and maintain Batesian mimicry in natural populations remain understudied. Here we investigate the frequency-dependent dynamics of imperfect Batesian mimicry, using predation experiments involving artificial butterfly models. We use two geographically distinct populations of Adelpha butterflies that vary in their relative frequencies of a putatively defended model ( Adelpha iphiclus ) and Batesian mimic ( Adelpha serpa ). We found that in Costa Rica, where both species share similar abundances, Batesian mimicry breaks down, and predators more readily attack artificial butterfly models of the presumed mimic, A. serpa . By contrast, in Ecuador, where A. iphiclus (model) is significantly more abundant than A. serpa (mimic), both species are equally protected from predation. Our results provide compelling experimental evidence that imperfect Batesian mimicry is frequency-dependent on the relative abundance of models and mimics in natural populations, and contribute to the growing body of evidence that complex dynamics, such as seasonality or the availability of alternative prey, influence the evolution of mimetic traits.
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Jamie, Gabriel A. "Signals, cues and the nature of mimicry." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1849 (February 22, 2017): 20162080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2080.
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‘Mimicry’ is used in the evolutionary and ecological literature to describe diverse phenomena. Many are textbook examples of natural selection's power to produce stunning adaptations. However, there remains a lack of clarity over how mimetic resemblances are conceptually related to each other. The result is that categories denoting the traditional subdivisions of mimicry are applied inconsistently across studies, hindering attempts at conceptual unification. This review critically examines the logic by which mimicry can be conceptually organized and analysed. It highlights the following three evolutionarily relevant distinctions. (i) Are the model's traits being mimicked signals or cues? (ii) Does the mimic signal a fitness benefit or fitness cost in order to manipulate the receiver's behaviour? (iii) Is the mimic's signal deceptive? The first distinction divides mimicry into two broad categories: ‘signal mimicry’ and ‘cue mimicry’. ‘Signal mimicry’ occurs when mimic and model share the same receiver, and ‘cue mimicry’ when mimic and model have different receivers or when there is no receiver for the model's trait. ‘Masquerade’ fits conceptually within cue mimicry. The second and third distinctions divide both signal and cue mimicry into four types each. These are the three traditional mimicry categories (aggressive, Batesian and Müllerian) and a fourth, often overlooked category for which the term ‘rewarding mimicry’ is suggested. Rewarding mimicry occurs when the mimic's signal is non-deceptive (as in Müllerian mimicry) but where the mimic signals a fitness benefit to the receiver (as in aggressive mimicry). The existence of rewarding mimicry is a logical extension of the criteria used to differentiate the three well-recognized forms of mimicry. These four forms of mimicry are not discrete, immutable types, but rather help to define important axes along which mimicry can vary.
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Akcali, Christopher K., Hibraim Adán Pérez-Mendoza, David W. Kikuchi, and David W. Pfennig. "Multiple models generate a geographical mosaic of resemblance in a Batesian mimicry complex." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1911 (September 18, 2019): 20191519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1519.
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Batesian mimics—benign species that receive protection from predation by resembling a dangerous species—often occur with multiple model species. Here, we examine whether geographical variation in the number of local models generates geographical variation in mimic–model resemblance. In areas with multiple models, selection might be relaxed or even favour imprecise mimicry relative to areas with only one model. We test the prediction that model–mimic match should vary with the number of other model species in a broadly distributed snake mimicry complex where a mimic and a model co-occur both with and without other model species. We found that the mimic resembled its model more closely when they were exclusively sympatric than when they were sympatric with other model species. Moreover, in regions with multiple models, mimic–model resemblance was positively correlated with the resemblance between the model and other model species. However, contrary to predictions, free-ranging natural predators did not attack artificial replicas of imprecise mimics more often when only a single model was present. Taken together, our results suggest that multiple models might generate a geographical mosaic in the degree of phenotype matching between Batesian mimics and their models.
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Iserbyt, Arne, Jessica Bots, Stefan Van Dongen, Janice J. Ting, Hans Van Gossum, and Thomas N. Sherratt. "Frequency-dependent variation in mimetic fidelity in an intraspecific mimicry system." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1721 (March 2, 2011): 3116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0126.
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Contemporary theory predicts that the degree of mimetic similarity of mimics towards their model should increase as the mimic/model ratio increases. Thus, when the mimic/model ratio is high, then the mimic has to resemble the model very closely to still gain protection from the signal receiver. To date, empirical evidence of this effect is limited to a single example where mimicry occurs between species. Here, for the first time, we test whether mimetic fidelity varies with mimic/model ratios in an intraspecific mimicry system, in which signal receivers are the same species as the mimics and models. To this end, we studied a polymorphic damselfly with a single male phenotype and two female morphs, in which one morph resembles the male phenotype while the other does not. Phenotypic similarity of males to both female morphs was quantified using morphometric data for multiple populations with varying mimic/model ratios repeated over a 3 year period. Our results demonstrate that male-like females were overall closer in size to males than the other female morph. Furthermore, the extent of morphological similarity between male-like females and males, measured as Mahalanobis distances, was frequency-dependent in the direction predicted. Hence, this study provides direct quantitative support for the prediction that the mimetic similarity of mimics to their models increases as the mimic/model ratio increases. We suggest that the phenomenon may be widespread in a range of mimicry systems.
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Hlaváček, Antonín, Klára Daňková, Daniel Benda, Petr Bogusch, and Jiří Hadrava. "Batesian-Müllerian mimicry ring around the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 92 (August 31, 2022): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.92.81380.
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Mimicry is usually understood to be an adaptive resemblance between phylogenetically distant groups of species. In this study, we focus on Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, which are often viewed as a continuum rather than distinct phenomena, forming so-called Batesian-Müllerian mimicry rings. Despite potent defence and wide environmental niche of hornets, little attention has been paid to them as potential models in mimicry research. We propose a Batesian-Müllerian mimicry ring of the Oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis, Hymenoptera: Vespidae) consisting of eight species that coexist in the Mediterranean region. To reveal general ecological patterns, we reviewed their geographical distribution, phenology, and natural history. In accordance with the ‘model-first’ theory, Batesian mimics of this ring occurred later during a season than the Müllerian mimics. In the case of Batesian mimic Volucella zonaria (Diptera: Syrphidae), we presume that temperature-driven range expansion could lead to allopatry with its model, and, potentially, less accurate resemblance to an alternative model, the European hornet (Vespa crabro: Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Colour morphs of polymorphic species Cryptocheilus alternatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Delta unguiculatum (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), Rhynchium oculatum (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), and Scolia erythrocephala (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) appear to display distinct geographical distribution patterns, and this is possibly driven by sympatry with alternative models from the European hornet (Vespa crabro) complex. General coevolution patterns of models and mimics in heterogenous and temporally dynamic environments are discussed, based on observations of the proposed Oriental hornet mimicry ring.
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McLean, Donald James, and Marie E. Herberstein. "Mimicry in motion and morphology: do information limitation, trade-offs or compensation relax selection for mimetic accuracy?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1952 (June 9, 2021): 20210815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0815.
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Many animals mimic dangerous or undesirable prey as a defence from predators. We would expect predators to reliably avoid animals that closely resemble dangerous prey, yet imperfect mimics are common across a wide taxonomic range. There have been many hypotheses suggested to explain imperfect mimicry, but comparative tests across multiple mimicry systems are needed to determine which are applicable, and which—if any—represent general principles governing imperfect mimicry. We tested four hypotheses on Australian ant mimics and found support for only one of them: the information limitation hypothesis. A predator with incomplete information will be unable to discriminate some poor mimics from their models. We further present a simple model to show that predators are likely to operate with incomplete information because they forage and make decisions while they are learning, so might never learn to properly discriminate poor mimics from their models. We found no evidence that one accurate mimetic trait can compensate for, or constrain, another, or that rapid movement reduces selection pressure for good mimicry. We argue that information limitation may be a general principle behind imperfect mimicry of complex traits, while interactions between components of mimicry are unlikely to provide a general explanation for imperfect mimicry.
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Holen, Øistein Haugsten, and Rufus A. Johnstone. "Reciprocal mimicry: kin selection can drive defended prey to resemble their Batesian mimics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1890 (October 31, 2018): 20181149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.1149.
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Established mimicry theory predicts that Batesian mimics are selected to resemble their defended models, while models are selected to become dissimilar from their mimics. However, this theory has mainly considered individual selection acting on solitary organisms such as adult butterflies. Although Batesian mimicry of social insects is common, the few existing applications of kin selection theory to mimicry have emphasized relatedness among mimics rather than among models. Here, we present a signal detection model of Batesian mimicry in which the population of defended model prey is kin structured. Our analysis shows for most of parameter space that increased average dissimilarity from mimics has a twofold group-level cost for the model prey: it attracts more predators and these adopt more aggressive attack strategies. When mimetic resemblance and local relatedness are sufficiently high, such costs acting in the local neighbourhood may outweigh the individual benefits of dissimilarity, causing kin selection to drive the models to resemble their mimics. This requires model prey to be more common than mimics and/or well-defended, the conditions under which Batesian mimicry is thought most successful. Local relatedness makes defended prey easier targets for Batesian mimicry and is likely to stabilize the mimetic relationship over time.
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Russell, Avery L., David W. Kikuchi, Noah W. Giebink, and Daniel R. Papaj. "Sensory bias and signal detection trade-offs maintain intersexual floral mimicry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1802 (May 18, 2020): 20190469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0469.
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Mimicry is common in interspecies interactions, yet conditions maintaining Batesian mimicry have been primarily tested in predator–prey interactions. In pollination mutualisms, floral mimetic signals thought to dupe animals into pollinating unrewarding flowers are widespread (greater than 32 plant families). Yet whether animals learn to both correctly identify floral models and reject floral mimics and whether these responses are frequency-dependent is not well understood. We tested how learning affected the effectiveness and frequency-dependence of imperfect Batesian mimicry among flowers using the generalist bumblebee, Bombus impatiens , visiting Begonia odorata , a plant species exhibiting intersexual floral mimicry. Unrewarding female flowers are mimics of pollen-rewarding male flowers (models), though mimicry to the human eye is imperfect. Flower-naive bees exhibited a perceptual bias for mimics over models, but rapidly learned to avoid mimics. Surprisingly, altering the frequency of models and mimics only marginally shaped responses by naive bees and by bees experienced with the distribution and frequency of models and mimics. Our results provide evidence both of exploitation by the plant of signal detection trade-offs in bees and of resistance by the bees, via learning, to this exploitation. Critically, we provide experimental evidence that imperfect Batesian mimicry can be adaptive and, in contrast with expectations of signal detection theory, functions largely independently of the model and mimic frequency. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.
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Akcali, Christopher K., and David W. Pfennig. "Rapid evolution of mimicry following local model extinction." Biology Letters 10, no. 6 (June 2014): 20140304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0304.
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Batesian mimicry evolves when individuals of a palatable species gain the selective advantage of reduced predation because they resemble a toxic species that predators avoid. Here, we evaluated whether—and in which direction—Batesian mimicry has evolved in a natural population of mimics following extirpation of their model. We specifically asked whether the precision of coral snake mimicry has evolved among kingsnakes from a region where coral snakes recently (1960) went locally extinct. We found that these kingsnakes have evolved more precise mimicry; by contrast, no such change occurred in a sympatric non-mimetic species or in conspecifics from a region where coral snakes remain abundant. Presumably, more precise mimicry has continued to evolve after model extirpation, because relatively few predator generations have passed, and the fitness costs incurred by predators that mistook a deadly coral snake for a kingsnake were historically much greater than those incurred by predators that mistook a kingsnake for a coral snake. Indeed, these results are consistent with prior theoretical and empirical studies, which revealed that only the most precise mimics are favoured as their model becomes increasingly rare. Thus, highly noxious models can generate an ‘evolutionary momentum’ that drives the further evolution of more precise mimicry—even after models go extinct.
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Kazemi, Baharan, Gabriella Gamberale-Stille, and Olof Leimar. "Multi-trait mimicry and the relative salience of individual traits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1818 (November 7, 2015): 20152127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2127.
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Mimicry occurs when one species gains protection from predators by resembling an unprofitable model species. The degree of mimic–model similarity is variable in nature and is closely related to the number of traits that the mimic shares with its model. Here, we experimentally test the hypothesis that the relative salience of traits, as perceived by a predator, is an important determinant of the degree of mimic–model similarity required for successful mimicry. We manipulated the relative salience of the traits of a two-trait artificial model prey, and subsequently tested the survival of mimics of the different traits. The unrewarded model prey had two colour traits, black and blue, and the rewarded prey had two combinations of green, brown and grey shades. Blue tits were used as predators. We found that the birds perceived the black and blue traits to be similarly salient in one treatment, and mimic–model similarity in both traits was then required for high mimic success. In a second treatment, the blue trait was the most salient trait, and mimic–model similarity in this trait alone achieved high success. Our results thus support the idea that similar salience of model traits can explain the occurrence of multi-trait mimicry.
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Lehtonen, Jussi, and Michael R. Whitehead. "Sexual deception: Coevolution or inescapable exploitation?" Current Zoology 60, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.52.
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Abstract Sexual deception involves the mimicry of another species’ sexual signals in order to exploit behavioural routines linked to those signals. Known sexually deceptive systems use visual, acoustic or olfactory mimicry to exploit insects for prédation, cleptoparasitism and pollination. It is predicted that where sexual deception inflicts a cost on the receiver, a coevolutìonary arms race could result in the evolution of discriminating receivers and increasingly refined mimicry. We constructed a conceptual model to understand the importance of trade-offs in the coevolution of sexually deceptive mimic and receiver. Four components examined were: the cost of mimicry, the cost to receiver for being fooled, the density of mimics and the relative magnitude of a mimicry-independent component of fitness. The model predicts that the exploitation of non-discriminating receivers by accurate signal mimicry will evolve as an evolutionary stable strategy under a wide range of the parameter space explored. This is due to the difficulty in minimising the costs of being fooled without incurring the cost of falsely rejecting real mating opportunities. In the model, the evolution of deception is impeded when mimicry imposes substantial costs for both sides of the arms race. Olfactory signals that are potentially cheap to produce are therefore likely to be more vulnerable to exploitation than expensive visual ornaments.
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O’Hanlon, J. C., G. I. Holwell, and M. E. Herberstein. "Predatory pollinator deception: Does the orchid mantis resemble a model species?" Current Zoology 60, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.90.
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Abstract Cases of imperfect or non-model mimicry are common in plants and animals and challenge intuitive assumptions about the nature of directional selection on mimics. Many non-rewarding flower species do not mimic a particular species, but attract pollinators through ‘generalised food deception’. Some predatory animals also attract pollinators by resembling flowers, perhaps the most well known, yet least well understood, is the orchid mantis Hymenopus coronatus. This praying mantis has been hypothesised to mimic a flower corolla and we have previously shown that it attracts and captures pollinating insects as prey. Predatory pollinator deception is relatively unstudied and whether this occurs through model mimicry or generalised food deception in the orchid mantis is unknown. To test whether the orchid mantis mimics a specific model flower species we investigated similarities between its morphology and that of flowers in its natural habitat in peninsular Malaysia. Geometric morphometries were used to compare the shape of mantis femoral lobes to flower petals. Physiological vision models were used to compare the colour of mantises and flowers from the perspective of bees, flies and birds. We did not find strong evidence for a specific model flower species for the orchid mantis. The mantis’ colour and shape varied within the range of that exhibited by many flower petals rather than resembling one type in particular. We suggest that the orchid mantis resembles an average, or generalised flower-like stimulus. Thus predatory pollinator deception in the orchid mantis is likely to function as a form of generalised food deception, as opposed to model mimicry.
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Balgooyen, T. G. "Evasive Mimicry Involving a Butterfly Model and Grasshopper Mimic." American Midland Naturalist 137, no. 1 (January 1997): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426768.
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Hoyal Cuthill, Jennifer F., Nicholas Guttenberg, Sophie Ledger, Robyn Crowther, and Blanca Huertas. "Deep learning on butterfly phenotypes tests evolution’s oldest mathematical model." Science Advances 5, no. 8 (August 2019): eaaw4967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw4967.
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Traditional anatomical analyses captured only a fraction of real phenomic information. Here, we apply deep learning to quantify total phenotypic similarity across 2468 butterfly photographs, covering 38 subspecies from the polymorphic mimicry complex of Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene. Euclidean phenotypic distances, calculated using a deep convolutional triplet network, demonstrate significant convergence between interspecies co-mimics. This quantitatively validates a key prediction of Müllerian mimicry theory, evolutionary biology’s oldest mathematical model. Phenotypic neighbor-joining trees are significantly correlated with wing pattern gene phylogenies, demonstrating objective, phylogenetically informative phenome capture. Comparative analyses indicate frequency-dependent mutual convergence with coevolutionary exchange of wing pattern features. Therefore, phenotypic analysis supports reciprocal coevolution, predicted by classical mimicry theory but since disputed, and reveals mutual convergence as an intrinsic generator for the unexpected diversity of Müllerian mimicry. This demonstrates that deep learning can generate phenomic spatial embeddings, which enable quantitative tests of evolutionary hypotheses previously only testable subjectively.
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Blows, Terence R., and Barry J. Wimmer. "A simple mathematical model for Batesian mimicry." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2005, no. 1 (2005): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/ddns.2005.87.
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A simple mathematical model is presented for Batesian mimicry, which occurs when a harmless species (mimic) is morphologically similar to another species (model) that is noxious or distasteful to predators, thus gaining a measure of protection. Although mathematical models for species interaction, such as predator-prey or competition, are well known, there is no similar literature on mimicry. The mathematical model developed here is a one-dimensional iterated map which has the full range of dynamic behavior present in the logistic map, depending on the values of its parameters. The dynamics ranges from a stable fixed point and stable cycles through chaotic dynamics achieved through a sequence of period doubling bifurcations.
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Cheney, Karen L., and Isabelle M. Côté. "Frequency-dependent success of aggressive mimics in a cleaning symbiosis." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1581 (October 4, 2005): 2635–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3256.
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Batesian mimics—palatable organisms that resemble unpalatable ones—are usually maintained in populations by frequency-dependent selection. We tested whether this mechanism was also responsible for the maintenance of aggressive mimicry in natural populations of coral reef fishes. The attack success of bluestriped fangblennies ( Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos ), which mimic juvenile bluestreaked cleaner wrasses ( Labroides dimidiatus ) in colour but tear flesh and scales from fishes instead of removing ectoparasites, was frequency-dependent, increasing as mimics became rarer relative to their model. However, cleaner mimics were also more successful on reefs with higher densities of potential victims, perhaps because a dilution-like effect creates few opportunities for potential victims to learn to avoid mimics. Further studies should reveal whether this second mechanism is specific to aggressive mimicry.
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Shamble, Paul S., Ron R. Hoy, Itai Cohen, and Tsevi Beatus. "Walking like an ant: a quantitative and experimental approach to understanding locomotor mimicry in the jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1858 (July 12, 2017): 20170308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0308.
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Protective mimicry, in which a palatable species avoids predation by being mistaken for an unpalatable model, is a remarkable example of adaptive evolution. These complex interactions between mimics, models and predators can explain similarities between organisms beyond the often-mechanistic constraints typically invoked in studies of convergent evolution. However, quantitative studies of protective mimicry typically focus on static traits (e.g. colour and shape) rather than on dynamic traits like locomotion. Here, we use high-speed cameras and behavioural experiments to investigate the role of locomotor behaviour in mimicry by the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne formicaria , comparing its movement to that of ants and non-mimicking spiders. Contrary to previous suggestions, we find mimics walk using all eight legs, raising their forelegs like ant antennae only when stationary. Mimics exhibited winding trajectories (typical wavelength = 5–10 body lengths), which resemble the winding patterns of ants specifically engaged in pheromone-trail following, although mimics walked on chemically inert surfaces. Mimics also make characteristically short (approx. 100 ms) pauses. Our analysis suggests that this makes mimics appear ant-like to observers with slow visual systems. Finally, behavioural experiments with predatory spiders yield results consistent with the protective mimicry hypothesis. These findings highlight the importance of dynamic behaviours and observer perception in mimicry.
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Jønsson, Knud Andreas, Kaspar Delhey, George Sangster, Per G. P. Ericson, and Martin Irestedt. "The evolution of mimicry of friarbirds by orioles (Aves: Passeriformes) in Australo-Pacific archipelagos." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1833 (June 29, 2016): 20160409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0409.
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Observations by Alfred Wallace and Jared Diamond of plumage similarities between co-occurring orioles ( Oriolus ) and friarbirds ( Philemon ) in the Malay archipelago led them to conclude that the former represent visual mimics of the latter. Here, we use molecular phylogenies and plumage reflectance measurements to test several key predictions of the mimicry hypothesis. We show that friarbirds originated before brown orioles, that the two groups did not co-speciate, although there is one plausible instance of co-speciation among species on the neighbouring Moluccan islands of Buru and Seram. Furthermore, we show that greater size disparity between model and mimic and a longer history of co-occurrence have resulted in a stronger plumage similarity (mimicry). This suggests that resemblance between orioles and friarbirds represents mimicry and that colonization of islands by brown orioles has been facilitated by their ability to mimic the aggressive friarbirds.
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Prusa, Louis A., and Ryan I. Hill. "Umbrella of protection: spatial and temporal dynamics in a temperate butterfly Batesian mimicry system." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 685–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab004.
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Abstract Batesian mimicry involves both spatial and temporal interactions between model, mimic and predator. Fundamental predictions in Batesian mimicry involve space, time and abundance; specifically, that the model and mimic are found in sympatry and that protection for the mimic is increased when predators interact with the model first and more frequently. Research has generally confirmed these predictions for Batesian mimicry at large spatial scales, with recent work on two nymphalid butterflies in western North America, the mimic Limenitis lorquini (Boisduval, 1852) and its model Adelpha californica (Butler, 1865) in western North America indicating that the mimic generally has lower abundance and emerges later in the season among widely separated populations in the California Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. However, no studies have investigated model–mimic dynamics at small scales in the temperate zone to test whether temporal habitat use and movements conform to predictions. If mimicry is as important a part of the biology of these temperate species as it is for their tropical counterparts, then in addition to emerging later and being less abundant overall, the mimic should be less widespread, should be less abundant in each habitat and should move less among available habitats. Our results using mark–release–recapture methods confirm these predictions and indicate that the mimic, L. lorquini, is enjoying an umbrella of protection against habitat specialist and generalist predators alike.
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Kloock, Carl T., and Thomas Getty. "A mathematical model of aggressive mimicry." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary145.
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Taylor, Christopher H., Tom Reader, and Francis Gilbert. "Why many Batesian mimics are inaccurate: evidence from hoverfly colour patterns." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1842 (November 16, 2016): 20161585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1585.
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Mimicry is considered a classic example of the elaborate adaptations that natural selection can produce, yet often similarity between Batesian (harmless) mimics and their unpalatable models is far from perfect. Variation in mimetic accuracy is a puzzle, as natural selection should favour mimics that are hardest to distinguish from their models. Numerous hypotheses exist to explain the persistence of inaccurate mimics, but most have rarely or never been tested against empirical observations from wild populations. One reason for this is the difficulty in measuring pattern similarity, a key aspect of mimicry. Here, we use a recently developed method, based on the distance transform of binary images, to quantify pattern similarity both within and among species for a group of hoverflies and their hymenopteran models. This allowed us to test three key hypotheses regarding inaccurate mimicry. Firstly, we tested the prediction that selection should be more relaxed in less accurate mimics, but found that levels of phenotypic variation are similar across most hoverfly species. Secondly, we found no evidence that mimics have to compromise between accuracy to multiple model species. However, we did find that darker-coloured hoverflies are less accurate mimics, which could lead to a trade-off between mimicry and thermoregulation in temperate regions. Our results shed light on a classic problem concerning the limitations of natural selection.
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Kikuchi, David W., and David W. Pfennig. "High-model abundance may permit the gradual evolution of Batesian mimicry: an experimental test." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277, no. 1684 (December 2, 2009): 1041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.2000.
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In Batesian mimicry, a harmless species (the ‘mimic’) resembles a dangerous species (the ‘model’) and is thus protected from predators. It is often assumed that the mimetic phenotype evolves from a cryptic phenotype, but it is unclear how a population can transition through intermediate phenotypes; such intermediates may receive neither the benefits of crypsis nor mimicry. Here, we ask if selection against intermediates weakens with increasing model abundance. We also ask if mimicry has evolved from cryptic phenotypes in a mimetic clade. We first present an ancestral character-state reconstruction showing that mimicry of a coral snake ( Micrurus fulvius ) by the scarlet kingsnake ( Lampropeltis elapsoides ) evolved from a cryptic phenotype. We then evaluate predation rates on intermediate phenotypes relative to cryptic and mimetic phenotypes under conditions of both high- and low-model abundances. Our results indicate that where coral snakes are rare, intermediate phenotypes are attacked more often than cryptic and mimetic phenotypes, indicating the presence of an adaptive valley. However, where coral snakes are abundant, intermediate phenotypes are not attacked more frequently, resulting in an adaptive landscape without a valley. Thus, high-model abundance may facilitate the evolution of Batesian mimicry.
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Ihalainen, Eira, Hannah M. Rowland, Michael P. Speed, Graeme D. Ruxton, and Johanna Mappes. "Prey community structure affects how predators select for Müllerian mimicry." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 11, 2012): 2099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2360.
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Müllerian mimicry describes the close resemblance between aposematic prey species; it is thought to be beneficial because sharing a warning signal decreases the mortality caused by sampling by inexperienced predators learning to avoid the signal. It has been hypothesized that selection for mimicry is strongest in multi-species prey communities where predators are more prone to misidentify the prey than in simple communities. In this study, wild great tits ( Parus major ) foraged from either simple (few prey appearances) or complex (several prey appearances) artificial prey communities where a specific model prey was always present. Owing to slower learning, the model did suffer higher mortality in complex communities when the birds were inexperienced. However, in a subsequent generalization test to potential mimics of the model prey (a continuum of signal accuracy), only birds that had foraged from simple communities selected against inaccurate mimics. Therefore, accurate mimicry is more likely to evolve in simple communities even though predator avoidance learning is slower in complex communities. For mimicry to evolve, prey species must have a common predator; the effective community consists of the predator's diet. In diverse environments, the limited diets of specialist predators could create ‘simple community pockets’ where accurate mimicry is selected for.
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Harper, George R., and David W. Pfennig. "Mimicry on the edge: why do mimics vary in resemblance to their model in different parts of their geographical range?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1621 (June 13, 2007): 1955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0558.
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Batesian mimics—benign species that predators avoid because they resemble a dangerous species—often vary geographically in resemblance to their model. Such geographical variation in mimic–model resemblance may reflect geographical variation in model abundance. Natural selection should favour even poor mimics where their model is common, but only good mimics where their model is rare. We tested these predictions in a snake-mimicry complex where the geographical range of the mimic extends beyond that of its model. Mimics on the edge of their model's range (where the model was rare) resembled the model more closely than did mimics in the centre of their model's range (where the model was common). When free-ranging natural predators on the edge of the model's range were given a choice of attacking replicas of good or poor mimics, they avoided only good mimics. By contrast, those in the centre of the model's range attacked good and poor mimics equally frequently. Generally, although poor mimics may persist in areas where their model is common, only the best mimics should occur in areas where their model is rare. Thus, counter-intuitively, the best mimics may occur on the edge of their model's range.
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Skowron Volponi, Marta A., Donald James McLean, Paolo Volponi, and Robert Dudley. "Moving like a model: mimicry of hymenopteran flight trajectories by clearwing moths of Southeast Asian rainforests." Biology Letters 14, no. 5 (May 2018): 20180152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0152.
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Clearwing moths are known for their physical resemblance to hymenopterans, but the extent of their behavioural mimicry is unknown. We describe zigzag flights of sesiid bee mimics that are nearly indistinguishable from those of sympatric bees, whereas sesiid wasp mimics display faster, straighter flights more akin to those of wasps. In particular, the flight of the sesiids Heterosphecia pahangensis , Aschistophleps argentifasciata and Pyrophleps cruentata resembles both Tetragonilla collina and T. atripes stingless bees and, to a lesser extent, dwarf honeybees Apis andreniformis , whereas the sesiid Pyrophleps sp. resembles Tachysphex sp. wasps. These findings represent the first experimental evidence for behavioural mimicry in clearwing moths.
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Kitamura, Tasuku, and Michio Imafuku. "Behavioural mimicry in flight path of Batesian intraspecific polymorphic butterfly Papilio polytes." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1809 (June 22, 2015): 20150483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0483.
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Batesian mimics that show similar coloration to unpalatable models gain a fitness advantage of reduced predation. Beyond physical similarity, mimics often exhibit behaviour similar to their models, further enhancing their protection against predation by mimicking not only the model's physical appearance but also activity. In butterflies, there is a strong correlation between palatability and flight velocity, but there is only weak correlation between palatability and flight path. Little is known about how Batesian mimics fly. Here, we explored the flight behaviour of four butterfly species/morphs: unpalatable model Pachliopta aristolochiae , mimetic and non-mimetic females of female-limited mimic Papilio polytes , and palatable control Papilio xuthus . We demonstrated that the directional change (DC) generated by wingbeats and the standard deviation of directional change (SDDC) of mimetic females and their models were smaller than those of non-mimetic females and palatable controls. Furthermore, we found no significant difference in flight velocity among all species/morphs. By showing that DC and SDDC of mimetic females resemble those of models, we provide the first evidence for the existence of behavioural mimicry in flight path by a Batesian mimic butterfly.
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Holmgren, Noél M. A., Niclas Norrström, and Wayne M. Getz. "Artificial neural networks in models of specialization, guild evolution and sympatric speciation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1479 (January 11, 2007): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1970.
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Sympatric speciation can arise as a result of disruptive selection with assortative mating as a pleiotropic by-product. Studies on host choice, employing artificial neural networks as models for the host recognition system in exploiters, illustrate how disruptive selection on host choice coupled with assortative mating can arise as a consequence of selection for specialization. Our studies demonstrate that a generalist exploiter population can evolve into a guild of specialists with an ‘ideal free’ frequency distribution across hosts. The ideal free distribution arises from variability in host suitability and density-dependent exploiter fitness on different host species. Specialists are less subject to inter-phenotypic competition than generalists and to harmful mutations that are common in generalists exploiting multiple hosts. When host signals used as cues by exploiters coevolve with exploiter recognition systems, our studies show that evolutionary changes may be continuous and cyclic. Selection changes back and forth between specialization and generalization in the exploiters, and weak and strong mimicry in the hosts, where non-defended hosts use the host investing in defence as a model. Thus, host signals and exploiter responses are engaged in a red-queen mimicry process that is ultimately cyclic rather then directional. In one phase, evolving signals of exploitable hosts mimic those of hosts less suitable for exploitation (i.e. the model). Signals in the model hosts also evolve through selection to escape the mimic and its exploiters. Response saturation constraints in the model hosts lead to the mimic hosts finally perfecting its mimicry, after which specialization in the exploiter guild is lost. This loss of exploiter specialization provides an opportunity for the model hosts to escape their mimics. Therefore, this cycle then repeats. We suggest that a species can readily evolve sympatrically when disruptive selection for specialization on hosts is the first step. In a sexual reproduction setting, partial reproductive isolation may first evolve by mate choice being confined to individuals on the same host. Secondly, this disruptive selection will favour assortative mate choice on genotype, thereby leading to increased reproductive isolation.
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Kloock, Carl T., and Thomas Getty. "Corrigendum: A mathematical model of aggressive mimicry." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 3 (April 10, 2019): 882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz051.
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Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Roger Ratcliff, Pablo Gomez, and Geoffrey J. Iverson. "Assessing model mimicry using the parametric bootstrap." Journal of Mathematical Psychology 48, no. 1 (February 2004): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2003.11.004.
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Yamauchi, Atsushi. "A population dynamic model of Batesian mimicry." Researches on Population Ecology 35, no. 2 (December 1993): 295–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02513602.
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McElroy, J. Scott. "Vavilovian Mimicry: Nikolai Vavilov and His Little-Known Impact on Weed Science." Weed Science 62, no. 2 (June 2014): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-13-00122.1.
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Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was an early 20th century Russian plant scientist who was killed by Joseph Stalin in 1943 for his adherence to basic genetic principles. Vavilov is well known within plant breeding and plant evolutionary biology circles, yet the science of Vavilov is just as important to the field of weed science. Specifically, Vavilov proposed that certain weeds adapted to weed control practices to survive in prehistorical agrarian societies. Most would refer to this adaption as crop mimicry, but the term “Vavilovian mimicry” is more apt. Vavilovian mimicry requires three factors: a model—the crop or desirable plant; a mimic—the weed; and an operator—the discriminating agent, possibly human, animal, or machine. In a modern context, it is proposed that weed adaptation to herbicide applications be included as a form of Vavilovian mimicry, with the acknowledgement that the operator is the herbicide. In this context, Vavilovian mimicry is the adaption of the weed mimic to be perceived by the operator as visually, physically, or biochemically indistinguishable from the crop model. This review will cover the history and legacy of Vavilov in a condensed version in the hope that weed scientists will hold this individual in high regard in our future endeavors and begin to acknowledge Vavilov as one of the first scientists to propose that weeds can mimic the attributes of crops.
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Cheney, Karen L. "Cleaner wrasse mimics inflict higher costs on their models when they are more aggressive towards signal receivers." Biology Letters 8, no. 1 (August 24, 2011): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0687.
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Aggressive mimics are predatory species that resemble a ‘model’ species to gain access to food, mating opportunities or transportation at the expense of a signal receiver. Costs to the model may be variable, depending on the strength of the interaction between mimics and signal receivers. In the Indopacific, the bluestriped fangblenny Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos mimics juvenile cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus . Instead of removing ectoparasites from larger coral reef fish, fangblennies attack fish to feed on scales and body tissue. In this study, juvenile cleaner wrasse suffered significant costs when associated with P. rhinorhynchos mimics in terms of reduced cleaning activity. Furthermore, the costs incurred by the model increased with heightened aggression by mimics towards signal receivers. This was apparently because of behavioural changes in signal receivers, as cleaning stations with mimics that attacked frequently were visited less. Variation in the costs incurred by the model may influence mimicry accuracy and avoidance learning by the signal receiver and thus affect the overall success and maintenance of the mimicry system.
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Kelley, Laura A., and Susan D. Healy. "Vocal mimicry in male bowerbirds: who learns from whom?" Biology Letters 6, no. 5 (March 17, 2010): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0093.
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Vocal mimicry is one of the more striking aspects of avian vocalization and is widespread across songbirds. However, little is known about how mimics acquire heterospecific and environmental sounds. We investigated geographical and individual variation in the mimetic repertoires of males of a proficient mimic, the spotted bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus maculatus . Male bower owners shared more of their mimetic repertoires with neighbouring bower owners than with more distant males. However, interbower distance did not explain variation in the highly repeatable renditions given by bower owners of two commonly mimicked species. From the similarity between model and mimic vocalizations and the patterns of repertoire sharing among males, we suggest that the bowerbirds are learning their mimetic repertoire from heterospecifics and not from each other.
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Hassall, Christopher, Jac Billington, and Thomas N. Sherratt. "Climate-induced phenological shifts in a Batesian mimicry complex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 3 (December 3, 2018): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813367115.
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Climate-induced changes in spatial and temporal occurrence of species, as well as species traits such as body size, each have the potential to decouple symbiotic relationships. Past work has focused primarily on direct interactions, particularly those between predators and prey and between plants and pollinators, but studies have rarely demonstrated significant fitness costs to the interacting, coevolving organisms. Here, we demonstrate that changing phenological synchrony in the latter part of the 20th century has different fitness outcomes for the actors within a Batesian mimicry complex, where predators learn to differentiate harmful “model” organisms (stinging Hymenoptera) from harmless “mimics” (hoverflies, Diptera: Syrphidae). We define the mimetic relationships between 2,352 pairs of stinging Hymenoptera and their Syrphidae mimics based on a large-scale citizen science project and demonstrate that there is no relationship between the phenological shifts of models and their mimics. Using computer game-based experiments, we confirm that the fitness of models, mimics, and predators differs among phenological scenarios, creating a phenologically antagonistic system. Finally, we show that climate change is increasing the proportion of mimetic interactions in which models occur first and reducing mimic-first and random patterns of occurrence, potentially leading to complex fitness costs and benefits across all three actors. Our results provide strong evidence for an overlooked example of fitness consequences from changing phenological synchrony.
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Maran, Timo. "Semiotic modeling of mimicry with reference to brood parasitism." Sign Systems Studies 38, no. 1/4 (December 1, 2010): 349–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2010.38.1-4.12.
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Biological mimicry can be considered as having a double-layered structure: there is a layer of ecological relations between species and there is a layer of semiotic relations of the sign. The present article demonstrates the limitations of triadic models and typologies of mimicry, as well as their lack of correspondence to mimicry as it actually occurs in nature. It is argued that more dynamical semiotic tools are needed to describe mimicry in a theoretically coherent way that would at the same time allow comparative approach to various mimicry cases. For this a five-stage model of analysis is proposed, which incorporates classical mimicry theory, Jakob von Uexküll’s Umwelt-theory, as well as semiotic and communication analysis. This research model can be expressed in the form of five questions: 1) What is the formal structure of mimicry system? 2) What are the perceptual and effectual correspondences between the participants of mimicry? 3) What are the characteristics of resemblances? 4) How is the mimicry system regulated in ontogenetic and evolutionary processes? 5) How is the mimicry system related to human cultural processes? As a practical example of this semiotic methodology, brood parasitism between the common cuckoo Cuculus canorus and his frequent host species is examined.
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Feeney, W. E., J. Troscianko, N. E. Langmore, and C. N. Spottiswoode. "Evidence for aggressive mimicry in an adult brood parasitic bird, and generalized defences in its host." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1810 (July 7, 2015): 20150795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0795.
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Mimicry of a harmless model (aggressive mimicry) is used by egg, chick and fledgling brood parasites that resemble the host's own eggs, chicks and fledglings. However, aggressive mimicry may also evolve in adult brood parasites, to avoid attack from hosts and/or manipulate their perception of parasitism risk. We tested the hypothesis that female cuckoo finches ( Anomalospiza imberbis ) are aggressive mimics of female Euplectes weavers, such as the harmless, abundant and sympatric southern red bishop ( Euplectes orix ). We show that female cuckoo finch plumage colour and pattern more closely resembled those of Euplectes weavers (putative models) than Vidua finches (closest relatives); that their tawny-flanked prinia ( Prinia subflava ) hosts were equally aggressive towards female cuckoo finches and southern red bishops, and more aggressive to both than to their male counterparts; and that prinias were equally likely to reject an egg after seeing a female cuckoo finch or bishop, and more likely to do so than after seeing a male bishop near their nest. This is, to our knowledge, the first quantitative evidence for aggressive mimicry in an adult bird, and suggests that host–parasite coevolution can select for aggressive mimicry by avian brood parasites, and counter-defences by hosts, at all stages of the reproductive cycle.
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TSOULARIS, A., and J. WALLACE. "A MARKOV CHAIN MODEL OF PREDATOR-MODEL-MIMIC INTERACTIONS." Journal of Biological Systems 13, no. 03 (September 2005): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339005001483.
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The population dynamics for predator and prey environments have been studied extensively, and several major mathematical models have been introduced to quantify this. The situation becomes more complex, however, when the prey incorporates preservation strategies for survival. One of the most interesting approaches here is the use of mimicry of prey which are unacceptable to the predator, to avoid being consumed. Here we develop a Markov chain model of interactions between a predator and a prey population comprising unpalatable models, general mimics and specific mimics. This incorporates a simple stochastic procedure for the predator, enabling modifiable behavior to be modeled. We calculate equilibrium consumption probabilities and introduce a fitness measure for each type of prey. Finally, by taking into account the population size of each type of prey, we extend the previously reported notion of a predator benefit function for this more complex situation and provide various mathematical forms of optimal benefit for the predator under selected scenarios of biological importance.
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Kjellsson, Gösta, Finn N. Rasmussen, and David Dupuy. "Pollination of Dendrobium infundibulum, Cymbidium insigne (Orchidaceae) and Rhododendron lyi (Ericaceae) by Bombus eximius (Apidae) in Thailand: a possible case of floral mimicry." Journal of Tropical Ecology 1, no. 4 (November 1985): 289–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400000389.
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ABSTRACTThe orchids Dendrobium infundibulum and Cymbidium insigne are pollinated by the bumblebee Bombus eximius, which also pollinates the ericaceous shrub Rhododendron lyi, A study of the three plants and the bumblebee in maquis-like mountainous vegetation in northern Thailand suggests that they form a floral mimicry system with two mimics (the orchids) to one model (R. lyi). The flowers of the two orchid species offer no food reward to pollinators. Flowers of the three species show definite morphological and visual resemblance, and the species overlap to a great extent in flowering phenology and habitat Mimic flowers were much less numerous than model flowers, which occurred abundantly in the area. The rate of pollinaria removal was very low in both orchid species, resulting in a relatively small percentage of fruit set, especially in D. infundibulum. Infrequency of pollinator visits was, however, somewhat counterbalanced by long-lasting flowers. The pollinaria of the two orchid species are differently positioned on the bee, hence interference between the different reproductive systems is minimized. This is the first report which indicates floral mimicry from tropical Asia.
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Ratna, Purwaningsih, Rahardjo Danu, Budiawan Wiwik, Adi Wicaksono Purnawan, and Santosa Haryo. "Product Development Using Bio-mimicry Design Spiral Approach of Swimming Aid." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187308007.
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In the search for sustainable products idea, Bio-mimicry is one of the method to find alternative solutions. Bio mimicry is a method to define solution that is filtered and developed by nature. This study used bio mimicry technology to formulate a model of “hand swimming aids” to increase hands thrust in the water when swimming. The proposed model is based on the use of the Bio mimicry Design Spiral rule. Spiral Bio mimicry Design Rules used to simulate the shape and functional design of selected natural organisms. This study learn how frog lining model help frog to swim and select one model and apply it on hand swimmer tool design so that it can produce more sustainable products and can apply the design function of natural model well.
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Gammon, David E. "How is model selection determined in a vocal mimic?: Tests of five hypotheses." Behaviour 150, no. 12 (2013): 1375–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003101.
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Many animal species imitate the sounds of other species, but we know little about why vocal mimics copy some species while failing to copy other species, i.e., ‘model selection’. In this observational study of free-living northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), I tested five hypotheses of model selection: (1) Proximity hypothesis: preferential imitation of species found in close proximity to the vocal mimic, (2) Aggression hypothesis: preferential imitation of species with which the mimic interacts aggressively, (3) Passive sampling hypothesis: preferential imitation of species heard frequently by the mimic, (4) Acoustic similarity hypothesis: preferential imitation of species whose sounds are acoustically similar to the non-imitative songs of the vocal mimic and (5) Alarm hypothesis: preferential imitation of alarm-associated vocalisations. The data supported only the acoustic similarity hypothesis. Given that this hypothesis has been supported in two additional mimicking lineages, it suggests a potential non-adaptive explanation for the evolution of vocal mimicry. Species that learn vocalisations are already predisposed toward learning sounds with key acoustic characteristics. Whenever natural selection favours a widening of the auditory template that guides model selection, vocal imitation of heterospecifics becomes more likely because of ‘learning mistakes’.
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Sherratt, Thomas N., and Casey A. Peet-Paré. "The perfection of mimicry: an information approach." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1724 (May 22, 2017): 20160340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0340.
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We consider why imperfect deceptive mimics can persist when it appears to be in the predator's interest to discriminate finely between mimics and their models. One theory is that a receiver will accept being duped if the model and mimic overlap in appearance and the relative costs of attacking the model are high. However, a more fundamental explanation for the difficulty of discrimination is not based on perceptual uncertainty, but simply based on a lack of information. In particular, predators in the process of learning may cease sampling imperfect mimics entirely because the immediate pay-off and future value of information is low, allowing such mimics to persist. This outcome will be particularly likely when the model is relatively costly to attack and/or the discriminative rules the predator has to learn are complex. Information limitations neatly explain why predators tend to adopt discriminative rules based on single traits (such as stripe colour), rather than on combinations of traits (such as stripe order). They also explain why predators utilize certain salient discriminative traits while ignoring equally informative ones (a phenomenon known as overshadowing), and why imperfect mimics may be more common in phenotypically diverse prey communities. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.
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Olson, Julie K., J. Ludovic Croxford, Miriam A. Calenoff, Mauro C. Dal Canto, and Stephen D. Miller. "A virus-induced molecular mimicry model of multiple sclerosis." Journal of Clinical Investigation 108, no. 2 (July 15, 2001): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/jci200113032.
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Halbritter, Dale, Johnalyn Gordon, Kandy Keacher, Michael Avery, and Jaret Daniels. "Evaluating an Alleged Mimic of the Monarch Butterfly: Neophasia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) Butterflies are Palatable to Avian Predators." Insects 9, no. 4 (October 29, 2018): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040150.
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Some taxa have adopted the strategy of mimicry to protect themselves from predation. Butterflies are some of the best representatives used to study mimicry, with the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) a well-known model. We are the first to empirically investigate a proposed mimic of the monarch butterfly: Neophasia terlooii, the Mexican pine white butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). We used captive birds to assess the palatability of N. terlooii and its sister species, N. menapia, to determine the mimicry category that would best fit this system. The birds readily consumed both species of Neophasia and a palatable control species but refused to eat unpalatable butterflies such as D. plexippus and Heliconius charithonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Given some evidence for mild unpalatability of Neophasia, we discuss the results considering modifications to classic mimicry theory, i.e., a palatability-based continuum between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, with a quasi-Batesian intermediate. Understanding the ecology of Neophasia in light of contemporary and historical sympatry with D. plexippus could shed light on the biogeography of, evolution of, and predation pressure on the monarch butterfly, whose migration event has become a conservation priority.
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Ishida, Takeshi. "A model of octopus epidermis pattern mimicry mechanisms using inverse operation of the Turing reaction model." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0256025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256025.
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Many cephalopods such as octopi and squid can purposefully and rapidly change their skin color. Furthermore, it is widely known that some octopi have the ability to rapidly change the color and unevenness of their skin to mimic their surroundings. However, there has been little research published on the mechanisms by which an octopus recognizes its surrounding landscape and changes its skin pattern. We are unaware of any hypothetical model that explains this mimicry mechanism to date. In this study, the mechanism of octopus skin pattern change was assumed to be based on the Turing pattern model. Here, pattern formation using the Turing model was realized using an equivalent filter calculation model and a cellular automaton instead of directly solving the differential equations. It was shown that this model can create various patterns using two feature parameters. Furthermore, for visual recognition where two features are extracted from the Turing pattern image, a method that requires minimal calculation using the characteristics of the cellular Turing pattern model is proposed. These two calculations can be expressed in the same mathematical frame based on the cellular automaton model using a convolution filter. As a result, a model that is capable of extracting features from patterns and reconstructing those patterns rapidly can be created. This represents a basic model of the mimicry mechanism of octopi. Further, this study demonstrates the potential for creating a model with minimal learning calculation for application to machine learning.
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Hamon-Hill, Cindy, and John Barresi. "Does motor mimicry contribute to emotion recognition?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001524.
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AbstractWe focus on the role that motor mimicry plays in the SIMS model when interpreting whether a facial emotional expression is appropriate to an eliciting context. Based on our research, we find general support for the SIMS model in these situations, but with some qualifications on how disruption of motor mimicry as a process relates to speed and accuracy in judgments.
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Holen, Øistein Haugsten. "Disentangling taste and toxicity in aposematic prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1753 (February 22, 2013): 20122588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2588.
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Many predators quickly learn to avoid attacking aposematic prey. If the prey vary in toxicity, the predators may alternatively learn to capture and taste-sample prey carefully before ingesting or rejecting them (go-slow behaviour). An increase in prey toxicity is generally thought to decrease predation on prey populations. However, while prey with a higher toxin load are more harmful to ingest, they may also be easier to recognize and reject owing to greater distastefulness, which can facilitate a taste-sampling foraging strategy. Here, the classic diet model is used to study the separate effects of taste and toxicity on predator preferences. The taste-sampling process is modelled using signal detection theory. The model is applicable to automimicry and Batesian mimicry. It shows that when the defensive toxin is sufficiently distasteful, a mimicry complex may be less profitable to the predator and better protected against predation if the models are moderately toxic than if they are highly toxic. Moreover, taste mimicry can reduce the profitability of the mimicry complex and increase protection against predation. The results are discussed in relation to the selection pressures acting on prey defences and the evolution of mimicry.
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Carlotti, Emanuela, and John G. Gribben. "Stem cell mimicry: key to transformation?" Blood 114, no. 15 (October 8, 2009): 3133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-08-236786.
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Abstract In this issue of Blood, Gentles and colleagues used a computational model to investigate FL and transformed DLBCL, and identified the acquisition of an ESC-like signature as a key feature of transformation.1