Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Model-based definitions'

With the recent development of technology in manufacturing and the rise of Industry 4.0, the Model-Based Definition approach has gained popularity in industries since it is trying to eliminate the use of drawings and the scattering of data and create a digital unified source of information. Scania has initiated this practice attempting to digitalize data, methods and processes comprehensively in the manufacturing section on the single parts level. The purpose of this project is to investigate the requirements in the component mounting section on the assembly level along with the potential benefits and challenges for the MBD scenario before implementation. Through analyzing interviews and questionnaires, the company’s needs are presented while recommendations for proceeding to solely 3D models handling are stated. As a conclusion, it is shown that there are fundamental issues in the current way of data handling and that MBD could provide solutions in improving efficiency, product quality and reduce risk of errors.
Utvecklingen av teknik inom tillverkningsindustrin och utvecklingen av Industri 4.0 har medfört att begreppet modellbaserad definition (MBD) har vunnit mark, eftersom den strävar efter att eliminera användning av ritningar och utspridd data, genom att skapa en enhetlig digital informationskälla. Scania har tidigare inlett arbetet med att digitalisera data, metoder och processer för enskilda komponenter inom tillverkningssektorn. Syftet med detta projekt är att undersöka vilka krav som gäller för montering av komponenter på sammanställningsnivå, potentiella fördelar och utmaningar med MBD innan det implementeras. Genom att analysera intervjuer och frågor, presenteras företagets behov. Utifrån detta ger vi rekommendationer för hur Scania ska kunna övergå till helt till att använda 3D-modeller. Slutsatsen är att den nuvarande datahanteringen har brister och att MBD kan tillhandahålla lösningar för att förbättra effektivitet, produktkvalitet och minska risken för fel.

Idag verkar 2D-ritningen på Scania som den primära metoden att presentera, skicka, och lagra information gällandes en produkt utmed dess livscykel. Sedan 90-talet har detta kommit att ändras, då det har blivit mer och mer populärt att frångå 2D-ritningen och istället presentera produkten och dess beskrivande text i en 3D-miljö, en metod känd som Model Based Definition, eller MBD. MBD blivit en förändrare inom tillverkningsindustrin, då kostnadskurvan har stagnerat för flertalet företag som har implementerat metoden. Det här examensarbetet utfördes på Scania CV AB i Södertälje, Sweden, med avsikt för att utforska vad för effekt en implementering av MBD har i en tillverkningsindustri inom fordonsbranschen. Över 30 intervjuer och observationer utfördes på Scania, och ytterligare tre undersökningar utfördes på tre externa företag med liknande bakgrund som Scania. Resultaten sammanställdes och analyserades gentemot ett teoretiskt ramverk inom de kopplade disciplinerna till MBD. Utredningsresultatet antyder att en implementation är möjlig, och att fördelarna väger tyngre än de förutsagda nackdelarna. De största fördelarna var relaterade till integrerad produktutveckling (concurrent engineering), då MBD integrerar nedströmsavdelningar i ett tidigare skede. Det bedömdes även att en enda informationskälla är mycket fördelaktigt för alla avdelningar, då det förebygger tvetydighet som annars inträffar vid användandet av både 2D och 3D. Eftersom MBD har mycket inflytande över Scanias samtliga avdelningar, utforskades det även hur Scania ska gå tillväga för att implementera MBD i sin organisation.
As of today at Scania, the 2D drawing is the primary way to convey, forward, and store information regarding a product through its lifecycle. Since the 90’s however, this has come to change, bringing more and more popularity to discard the 2D drawing and instead present the product and all of its annotations in a 3D environment, a method known as Model Based Definition or MBD. MBD has become a game changer in the manufacturing industry, as the cost curve has declined for several companies that have implemented the method. This thesis was conducted at Scania CV AB in Södertälje, Sweden, in order to investigate the impacts of implementing MBD in an automotive manufacturing organization. Over 30 interviews and observations took place at Scania, as well as investigating three external organizations with similar backgrounds. The results were compiled and analyzed with a theoretical framework, covering the interconnected disciplines of MBD. The findings suggest that an implementation is indeed possible and that the benefits outweigh the predicted challenges that come with an implementation. The main benefits were related to concurrent engineering, as MBD integrates downstream departments at an earlier stage. It was also deemed that a single source of truth is greatly beneficial for every department, as this counteracts ambiguity that otherwise occurs when using both 2D and 3D. As MBD has great influence in most of Scania’s departments, guidance for how and when to conduct the change management was also presented.

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 199-210).
Instrument systems such as imagers, radars, spectrometers, and radiometers are important to users in the astronomy, Earth science, defense, and intelligence communities. Relatively early in the development cycle, performance requirements are defined at the top level and allocated to various subsystems or components. This is a critical step, as poor requirement definition and resulting requirement instability has historically led to increased cost and, in some cases, program cancelation. Defining requirements for instrument systems is uniquely challenging in part due to the divide between system users (e.g. scientists) and system designers (e.g. engineers). The two groups frequently differ in terms of background, objectives, and priorities, and this disconnect often leads to difficulty in evaluating and resolving requirement trade-offs. The objective of this thesis is to develop a model-based approach to requirement definition that addresses the above challenges. The goal of the methodology is to map science objectives to a set of top-level engineering requirements in a manner that enables traceability in the requirement hierarchy and facilitates informed trades across the science/engineering interface. This is accomplished by casting the requirement definition process as an optimization problem. First, an executable instrument model is created to capture the forward mapping between engineering decisions and science capability. The model is then exercised to find an inverse mapping that produces multiple sets of top-level engineering requirements that all meet the performance objectives. A new heuristic optimization algorithm is developed to carry out this task efficiently and exhaustively. Termed the Level Set Genetic Algorithm (LSGA), this procedure identifies contours of equal performance in the design space using an elite-preserving selection operator to ensure convergence, together with a global diversity metric to ensure thorough exploration. LSGA is derivative-free, parallelizable, and compatible with mixed integer problems, making it applicable to a wide variety of modeling and simulation scenarios. As a case study, the model-based requirement definition methodology is applied to the Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS), an instrument currently in development at MIT and scheduled to launch on NASA's OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission in the fall of 2016. REXIS will determine the elemental composition of the target asteroid by measuring the solar-induced fluorescence spectrum in the soft x-ray regime (0.5-7.5 keV). A parametric model of the instrument is created to simulate its end-to-end operation, including x-ray propagation and absorption, detector noise processes, pixel read-out, signal quantization, and spectrum reconstruction. After validating the model against laboratory data, LSGA is used to identify multiple sets of top-level engineering requirements that meet the REXIS science objectives with regard to spectral resolution. These results are compared to the existing baseline requirement set, providing insights into the alternatives enabled by the model-based approach. Several additional strategies are presented to quantify and mediate requirement trades that may occur later in the development cycle due to science creep or engineering push-back. Overall, these methods provide a means of synthesizing and then evaluating top-level engineering requirements based on given science objectives. By doing so in a comprehensive and traceable manner, this approach clarifies the trade-offs between scientists and engineers that inevitably arise during the design of instrument systems.
by Matthew William Smith.
Ph. D.

Remanufacturing is a process of bringing used products to a "like-new" functional state by rebuilding and replacing their component parts. The practice has a low profile in world economies, however, studies indicate that it obtains cost savings in the region of 20% to 80%, as well as quality similar to that of an equivalent "new" product. In fact, in excess of 73,000 firms are engaged in some sort of remanufacturing in the United States alone. The key remanufacturing issues are the ambiguity in its definition and the scarcity of its analytic models. The objective of the research was to address these issues, and was achieved using a 3-Phase research approach that followed Eisenhardt's (1989) case study methodology. Initially, the research examined remanufacturing operations in order to unambiguously define it. Following this, the remanufacturing business process was modelled to define remanufacturing in the context of its total system. The research contributions are a robust definition of remanufacturing and a comprehensive generic model of the remanufacturing business process. The research beneficiaries are industry and academia, because the unambiguous definition permits remanufacturing to be differentiated from alternative secondary market operations for the first time. This assists researchers to explicitly understand remanufacturing so they can undertake effective remanufacturing research and correctly disseminate their findings. The generic model is a remanufacturing-specific, analytic error-reduction tool to reduce risk in remanufacturing. The research originality is that for the first time remanufacturing has been analysed from a business process perspective, an unambiguous definition of remanufacturing is determined and a generic model of the remanufacturing business process has been established.

Integrerad produktutveckling och liknande tekniker växer i industrin. De är bevisade i forskning och i praktiken att effektivisera och öka kvalitén i produktutveckling. Model-Based Definition är en av dessa tekniker, och för att beskriva det kort är det integrerad produktutveckling realiserat med hjälp av omfattande och strategisk användning av CAD verktyg. Saab Dynamics är en tillverkare av militära produkter. De söker nu att börja använda högkvalitetsstrategin Model-Based Definition, och mer specifikt vill de modernisera mjukvaran de använder och se till att de använder den nya programvaran med en tydlig strategi i åtanke. Denna uppsats sökte att analysera implementering av Model-Based Definition i ett tidigt skede av utveckling för att förbereda Saab Dynamics att applicera denna typ av strategi för framtida produktutveckling. Detta undersöktes genom en case studie inom ett annat Saab bolag, Saab Electronic Defence Systems. Genom litteraturstudier inriktningen på arbetet bestämdes till att innehålla en stor fokus på ledningsproblematik inom Model-Based Definition. Detta för att expandera kunskapen inom området, eftersom det i nuläget är dominerat av teknikfokus. Case studien själv utfördes genom intervjuer med medarbetare på Saab EDS, med prioriteringen att urvalet ska bestå av en mångfald av medarbetare från olika funktioner, för att få ett kors-funktionellt perspektiv i resultaten. Analys av den insamlade informationen visade att även om tekniska problem inte var i fokus för undersökningen, så var det fortfarande en framstående faktor för Model-Based Definition implementering i ett tidigt skede. Dock kan det argumenteras för att det var lika mycket, om inte mer som pekar på lednings- och organisations- relaterade faktorer som viktiga för en framgångsrik Model-Based Definition strategi. Relaterat till dessa faktorer, rekommendationer för Saab att applicera i tidig implementering inkluderar bland andra: Skapa en stark laganda för att ackompanjera den huvudsakligen samarbetsrelaterade strategin, planera framtida arbete i projektet för att uppnå kortsiktiga vinster och hitta nya affärsmöjligheter för att få ett större utbrett stöd i organisationen.
Concurrent engineering and similar techniques are on the rise in the industry. They are proven in research and in practice to strengthen the efficiency and quality in product development. Model-Based Definition is one of these techniques, in short it is concurrent engineering realized through an extensive and strategic use of CAD tools. Saab Dynamics is a producer of military products. They are now seeking to join the stronger players in this market in the use of the high quality strategy Model-Based Definition. Specifically, they seek to modernize their software and create a methodology where the software is used in a strategic manner. This thesis sought to analyze the implementation of a Model-Based Definition strategy in its initial stages of development to prepare the project owner Saab Dynamics to transition into using this type of strategy for future product development. This was researched through a case-study of another Saab subsidiary, Saab Electronic Defence Systems. Through literature studies the direction of the thesis was chosen to contain a large focus on managerial issues of Model-Based Definition, to expand the knowledge in the area from the highly technical perspective that is dominant today. The case-study itself was conducted by interviewing co-workers at Saab EDS, with prioritization towards a large diversity among the functions of co-workers to achieve a cross-functional perspective in the results. Analysis of the gathered information showed that even though the technical issues was not the main focus of the research, it was still a prominent factor in early Model-Based Definition implementation. However, arguably there are as much if not more that points to organisational and managerial factors being important for a succesful Model-Based Definition strategy. Pertaining to these factors, recommendations for Saab to solve issues encountered in the early implementation at Saab EDS include (but not limited to) the following: Create a strong team culture to accompany the cooperative strategy, planning the further progress to achieve short term benefits and new business opportunities to gain widespread support in the organization.

Tesis por compendio
[ES] Hoy en día, el software existe en casi todo. Las empresas a menudo desarrollan y mantienen colecciones de sistemas de software personalizados que comparten algunas características entre ellos, pero que también tienen otras características particulares. Conforme el número de características y el número de variantes de un producto crece, el mantenimiento del software se vuelve cada vez más complejo. Para hacer frente a esta situación la Comunidad de Ingeniería del Software basada en Modelos está abordando una actividad clave: la Localización de Fragmentos de Modelo. Esta actividad consiste en la identificación de elementos del modelo que son relevantes para un requisito, una característica o un bug. Durante los últimos años se han propuesto muchos enfoques para abordar la identificación de los elementos del modelo que corresponden a una funcionalidad en particular. Sin embargo, existe una carencia a la hora de cómo se reportan las medidas del espacio de búsqueda, así como las medidas de la solución a encontrar. El objetivo de nuestra tesis radica en proporcionar a la comunidad dedicada a la actividad de localización de fragmentos de modelo una serie de medidas (tamaño, volumen, densidad, multiplicidad y dispersión) para reportar los problemas de localización de fragmentos de modelo. El uso de estas novedosas medidas ayuda a los investigadores durante la creación de nuevos enfoques, así como la mejora de aquellos enfoques ya existentes. Mediante el uso de dos casos de estudio reales e industriales, esta tesis pone en valor la importancia de estas medidas para comparar resultados de diferentes enfoques de una manera precisa. Los resultados de este trabajo han sido redactados y publicados en foros, conferencias y revistas especializadas en los temas y contexto de la investigación. Esta tesis se presenta como un compendio de artículos acorde a la regulación de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Este documento de tesis presenta los temas, el contexto y los objetivos de la investigación. Presenta las publicaciones académicas que se han publicado como resultado del trabajo y luego analiza los resultados de la investigación.
[CA] Hui en dia, el programari existix en quasi tot. Les empreses sovint desenrotllen i mantenen col·leccions de sistemes de programari personalitzats que compartixen algunes característiques entre ells, però que també tenen altres característiques particulars. Conforme el nombre de característiques i el nombre de variants d'un producte creix, el manteniment del programari es torna cada vegada més complex. Per a fer front a esta situació la Comunitat d'Enginyeria del Programari basada en Models està abordant una activitat clau: la Localització de Fragments de Model. Esta activitat consistix en la identificació d'elements del model que són rellevants per a un requisit, una característica o un bug. Durant els últims anys s'han proposat molts enfocaments per a abordar la identificació dels elements del model que corresponen a una funcionalitat en particular. No obstant això, hi ha una carència a l'hora de com es reporten les mesures de l'espai de busca, així com les mesures de la solució a trobar. L'objectiu de la nostra tesi radica a proporcionar a la comunitat dedicada a l'activitat de localització de fragments de model una sèrie de mesures (grandària, volum, densitat, multiplicitat i dispersió) per a reportar els problemes de localització de fragments de model. L'ús d'estes noves mesures ajuda als investigadors durant la creació de nous enfocaments, així com la millora d'aquells enfocaments ja existents. Per mitjà de l'ús de dos casos d'estudi reals i industrials, esta tesi posa en valor la importància d'estes mesures per a comparar resultats de diferents enfocaments d'una manera precisa. Els resultats d'este treball han sigut redactats i publicats en fòrums, conferències i revistes especialitzades en els temes i context de la investigació. Esta tesi es presenta com un compendi d'articles d'acord amb la regulació de la Universitat Politècnica de València. Este document de tesi presenta els temes, el context i els objectius de la investigació. Presenta les publicacions acadèmiques que s'han publicat com resultat del treball i després analitza els resultats de la investigació.
[EN] Nowadays, software exists in almost everything. Companies often develop and maintain a collection of custom-tailored software systems that share some common features but also support customer-specific ones. As the number of features and the number of product variants grows, software maintenance is becoming more and more complex. To keep pace with this situation, Model-Based Software Engineering Community is addressing a key-activity: Model Fragment Location (MFL). MFL aims at identifying model elements that are relevant to a requirement, feature, or bug. Many MFL approaches have been introduced in the last few years to address the identification of the model elements that correspond to a specific functionality. However, there is a lack of detail when the measurements about the search space (models) and the measurements about the solution to be found (model fragment) are reported. The goal of this thesis is to provide insights to MFL Research Community of how to improve the report of location problems. We propose using five measurements (size, volume, density, multiplicity, and dispersion) to report the location problems during MFL. The usage of these novel measurements support researchers during the creation of new MFL approaches and during the improvement of those existing ones. Using two different case studies, both real and industrial, we emphasize the importance of these measurements in order to compare results in a deeply way. The results of the research have been redacted and published in forums, conferences, and journals specialized in the topics and context of the research. This thesis is presented as compendium of articles according the regulations in Universitat Politècnica de València. This thesis document introduces the topics, context, and objectives of the research, presents the academic publications that have been published as a result of the work, and then discusses the outcomes of the investigation.
Ballarin Naya, M. (2021). Definition of Descriptive and Diagnostic Measurements for Model Fragment Retrieval [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171604
TESIS
Compendio

This master thesis was performed at the business area of Aeronautics at Saab AB in collaboration with Linköping University during the spring of 2015. In a complex product development environment, having knowledge about different processes is advantageous for efficiency. Model Based Definition (MBD) is a product development process where a 3D-model is the main source of information and the same 3D-model is applied all the way from design to production. In assembly, the operator follows work instructions where the 3D-model, and its requirements, is visualized. The model is always updated to the latest version and no 2D-drawings are needed. Saab applied MBD during the development of the new generation of the fighter aircraft JAS 39 Gripen. This change, from previously 2D to 3D, has caused that both internal and external people have minor knowledge about the new developing process of MBD. The purpose of the thesis was to develop a demonstrator acting as an educational environment to share knowledge about the MBD-process and the 3D work instructions. New methods and processes could be tested and evaluated in the demonstrator before implementing into the real product development process. By following and developing an interdependent and iterative product development process, this work has visualized the MBD-process. Designing and developing a demonstrator, using the same tools as in the real product development process, accomplished this. This thesis has developed a demonstrator that includes the main components of a physical model with corresponding 3D work instructions and a conceptual layout. A physical Lego model of Gripen provides a flexible and interesting way of sharing knowledge to the user who interacts with the demonstrator. The 3D work instructions were created in a way so that the user can assemble and interact with the same expressions and terms in order to get an understanding about how they are used. The educational aspect is important where simplifications and additional notes to the instructions help to get a better understanding. Depending on who the user is, different levels of preparations are needed. The recognition factor is important to a user with experience of MBD; it needs to be able to understand how different terms and requirements are used in the development process. The future work is about setting up the demonstrator and conduct usability tests to evaluate, modify and implement more details. Using a demonstrator in this purpose can be helpful for evaluating different techniques, methods or systems and reduce the errors in the product development process. It can also encourage people to a new enjoyable way of learning.

Detta examensarbete utfördes på Saab AB, Support & Service, i Tannefors, Linköping, samt vid Institutionen för datavetenskap på Linköpings universitet. Ett moment i kvalitetsarbetet för komplexa industriprodukter, som till exempel flygplan, är att skifta från tvådimensionellt konstruktionsunderlag till tredimensionellt. Tredimensionella modeller har funnits i flera år. Nackdelen med dessa modeller är att de inte kunnat bära någon extra information, förutom den information som krävs för att de ska vara uppritade. Tekniken har gått framåt och nu går det att lagra teknikinformation i modellerna samt göra simuleringar som inte gått att göra förut. I och med att teknikinformation finns i modellerna, går det även att använda denna information till de olika publikationer som skrivs. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera hur teknikinformationsflödet mellan modeller och användare kan komma att se ut vid användning av modellbaserat konstruktionsunderlag, samt att föreslå exempel på hur tekniska publikationer för Gripen NG kan komma att se ut i framtiden. När all information finns i modellen, behövs inte lika mycket personal som redigerar bilder eller skriver text. Detta kommer innebära ekonomisk vinst och efter ett tags användning, kommer det även ge en ytterligare ekonomisk vinst, eftersom användarna har lärt sig hur produkten fungerar och på så sätt blivit effektivare på att använda den än de nuvarande dokumenten.
This thesis was carried out at Saab AB, Support & Service, in Tannefors, Linköping, and at the Department of Computer Science at Linköping University. One item in the quality work for complex industrial products, such as aircrafts, is to shift from two-dimensional design data to three-dimensional. Three-dimensional models have been around for years. The disadvantage of these models is that they could not carry any extra information, in addition to the information necessary for them to be plotted. The technology has moved on and now it is possible to store technical information in the models and do simulations that didn't work before. As the technical information is contained in the models, you can also use this information to the various publications that are printed. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the technical information flow between models and users, and also to propose examples of how technical publications for the Gripen NG may be in the future when using model-based design documents. Once all information is in the model, it is not needed to have as much staff employed for editing pictures or writing text. This will involve a financial gain, and after some time, it will also provide an additional financial benefit, because the users have learned how the product works and will be more efficient in using it than the current documents.

Thesis (M.S. in Engineering Acoustincs) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2000.
"December 2000." Thesis advisor(s): Don Brutzman, Kevin B. Smith. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68). Also available online.

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is an enterprising systems engineering methodology, which in replacing traditional, document-centric systems engineering methods, has the potential to reduce project costs, time, effort and risk. The potential benefits of applying MBSE on a project are widely discussed but are largely anecdotal. Throughout the System Engineering and Project Management industries, there is a strong desire to quantify these benefits, particularly within organizations that are looking to apply it to their complex, system of systems projects. The objective of this thesis was to quantify the benefits that model-based systems engineering presents, particularly in terms of project cost estimates. In order to quantify this qualitative data, statistical analysis was conducted on collected perceptions from industry experts and professionals. The results of this work led to identifying future research that should be completed in order to make MBSE an industry-wide standard for the development and estimation of projects.

Inom militär flygindustri är produktdatahantering i produktlivscykeln och utveckling av logistikstöd centrala områden för att hantera krav och kostnader. Senaste strategin för dessa utmaningar grundar sig i modellbaserat konstruktionsunderlag – model-based definition (MBD). I detta perspektiv står disciplinen teknikinformation inför förändringsarbetet att utnyttja möjligheterna med MBD. Förbättringar i presentationsmetod för illustrationer och effektivare arbetsmetoder för produktion förväntas. Detta förändringsarbete undersöktes genom en fallstudie av Saabs konceptutveckling för teknikinformation till stridsflygplanet Gripen NG. Studien fokuserade på publikationstypen reservdelskatalog och användningen av den. Arbetet bidrar med en modell som beskriver fyra nivåer för design av informationssystem, varav nivån presentation är i fokus. Därtill undersöks jämförbara arbetsmetoderför hantering av MBD-data inom fallet. Studien fann att teknikinformationsavdelningen står inför en övergång från dokumentbaserad förvaltning till utveckling av informationssystem. Därefter diskuteras tre förslag för nästa generations reservdelskatalog. Det mynnar ut i två slutsatser: dels att en bristfällig bild av reservdelskatalogens användning gör det svårt att bedöma nya presentationsmetoders lämplighet, och dels att förbättringarna gjorda i arbetsmetod och presentationsmetod vid MBD-införande på andra områden i produktlivscykeln inte är direkt överförbara på reservdelskatalogen. Till följd av detta presenteras förslag på framtida forskning och arbete.
In the military aerospace industry, product data management in the product lifecycle, and development of logistics support are key areas that affect management of requirements and costs. The most recent strategy for these challenges is model-based definition (MBD). The discipline of technical communication has yet to explore and exploit the potential of MBD. Expected benefits include better ways of presenting illustrations and more efficient methodologies for production. This problem was investigated through a case study of the concept development of technical communication for Saab's fighter aircraft Gripen NG. The study focused on the illustrated parts catalog and its use. This work contributes with a model that describes four design levels for information systems, where presentation is the one in focus. In addition, comparable practices for management of MBD data were investigated in the case. The study found that the technical communication department is facing a transition from document-based management to development of information systems. Furthermore, three proposals for the next generation of parts catalogs are discussed. Two conclusions were reached. First, a lack of knowledge regarding the use of the parts catalog makes it difficult to assess new ways of presentation. And second, the improvements made in methodology and presentation in other MBD applications of the product life cycle are not immediately transferable to the parts catalog. Hence, suggestions for future research and work are presented.

This master thesis aims to examine how the transfer of product related information is carried out in the manufacturing industry. The study was supposed to give suggestions for improving the CAD courses provided at Linköping University. This thesis is the concluding step for the authors’ master’s degree in mechanical engineering.In the beginning of the project a study of relevant literature was made. The literature was aimed to gain more knowledge of the subject at hand and finding relevant methods for collecting and analyzing data. To examine how the industry deals with product related data a multiple case study was conducted, investigating seven different companies that are working with both product development and production. As data collection method, semi-structured interviews of employees on the different companies were conducted.An adaptation of the “affinity diagram technique” was used when analyzing the collected data. The method divided the answers to questions provided by the different companies into different categories, in the form of statements. These where compared between the companies by the use of tables, showing the results in a clear manner. To give better insight in each company´s methods, a descriptive summary was written for each of the studied companies.To be able to give propositions of improvement for the courses at the University, some of the courses given where analyzed by reviewing the course description and goals, and through informal interviews of the course administrator. This led to better insight in what is included in the courses and what they are supposed to teach the students. The knowledge of what is included in the courses at this time and the results of the study of the companies, were the foundation when determining what could be changed in the courses.The case study showed that it varies greatly how much the companies are adapting new approaches for generating and spreading product related data. This made it difficult to find tangible evidence supporting changes to the courses, however, a few conclusions could be drawn from the results. It was found that 2D-drawings are still used to a great extent for carrying product related information. Only one of the studied companies have transitioned to using the 3D-model as an information carrier. Although it was mentioned on some of the other companies that such an approach seemed interesting.The study also showed that less handling of physical papers seems to be something most companies are interested in, and are also trying to achieve. It was also noted that all the companies studied had implemented some form of digital platform for handling product related documents.A few things that were deemed worth implementing in the mandatory courses were the introduction to PDM/PLM, introduction of 3D-annotations for dimensions and tolerances and increased use of the 3D-model for manufacturing operations.
Detta examensarbete ämnar undersöka hur informationsöverföringen av produktrelaterad data sker i industrin för att kunna ge förbättringsförslag för Linköpings Universitets CAD- och ritteknikskurser. Detta för att kurserna bättre ska spegla industrins nuvarande och även framtida behov. Examensarbetet utfördes på avdelningen maskinkonstruktion vid Linköpings Universitet och är det avslutande momentet på författarnas civilingenjörsutbildning i maskinteknik.Till att börja med utfördes en litteraturstudie. Detta för att ge kunskap inom det aktuella området och vilka metoder som kan användas för datainsamling och analys. För att undersöka hur industrins arbetssätt ser ut utfördes en flerfallstudie på sju olika företag som bedriver produktutveckling tillsammans med egen produktion. Som datainsamlingsmetod valdes semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda på de olika företagen.Analysen utfördes med hjälp av en adaption av ”affinity diagram technique” vilket delade upp företagens svar i kategorier i form av påståenden. Dessa jämfördes mellan företagen med hjälp av tabeller eftersom det var tydligt sätt att representera resultatet. För att ge en inblick i hur varje enskilt företag arbetar utarbetades även en deskriptiv sammanfattning av varje företag.För att kunna ge förbättringsförslag till universitetets CAD- och ritteknikskurser granskades några av de nuvarande kursernas kursplaner. Detta tillsammans med en informell intervju av de kursansvariga ledde till bättre insikt om hur kurserna är uppbyggda och vad målen med dem är. Insikten om vad kurserna innehåller i dagsläget tillsammans med analysen av de studerade företagens arbetssätt bidrog till att ett antal förbättringsförslag kunde föreslås.Det visade sig att graden av användande av modernare arbetssätt varierar kraftigt bland företagen. Detta gjorde det svårt att komma fram till ett enhetligt resultat som gällde för alla de studerade företagen. Däremot kunde ett antal slutsatser dras. Bland annat används fortfarande 2D-ritningar flitigt som ett informationsbärande dokument. En övergång till att enbart använda 3D-modellen som informationsbärare noterades endast på ett utav företagen men nämndes på ett par andra.Papperslöst arbete verkar vara på frammarsch trots att vissa specifika moment fortfarande utförs på papper. Det noterades även att digitala system används för lagring och hantering av produktrelaterad information hos alla de studerade företagen.Det som ansetts värt att implementera i universitets obligatoriska kurser efter genomförd studie är främst ökad användning av PDM/PLM-system, introduktion av 3D-måttsättning samt utnyttjande av 3D-modellen vid tillverkning.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009
Este trabalho propõe analisar o fenômeno da terceirização desenvolvido ao longo das duas últimas décadas em Bio-Manguinhos. Trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado na unidade de produção de vacinas e reagentes para diagnóstico da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo de cenário, analisando a política de gestão do trabalho desenvolvida pelo Estado brasileiro para as instituições públicas. A seguir, a análise passou a verificar a inserção da Fiocruz nessas políticas, desde a sua criação e no decorrer de vigência de diferentes formas de contratação, alternando da extrema rigidez para a total flexibilidade sempre com foco na gestão do trabalho, e, como essas políticas se refletiram no desempenho de Bio-Manguinhos. Baseado no contexto da conformação do Estado e na análise do desempenho da unidade, o trabalho critica a falta de planejamento e de prospecção dessas políticas, que favoreça a inovação de processos, produtos e procedimentos e o desempenho pleno de uma unidade de produção de insumos para a saúde, tão necessários ao atendimento das necessidades da população brasileira. Critica também, a ausência de um modelo de Estado consolidado que sirva de arcabouço à formulação dessas políticas. Devido às fortes críticas dos órgãos de controle acerca da extrapolação dos limites da terceirização praticada nas últimas duas décadas e à falta de definição clara desses marcos legais, o trabalho apresenta uma metodologia baseada nas atribuições dos cargos do plano de carreiras da Fiocruz e culmina com a apresentação de uma matriz de atribuições passíveis de serem realizadas por contratação indireta. Conclui pela necessidade de convivência de dois quadros de trabalhadores: um permanente formado por servidores, estáveis e de carreira e outro flexível, executado por contratação indireta, de caráter eventual, temporário ou de apoio às atividades relacionadas à missão de Bio-Manguinhos. O trabalho ainda sugere a aplicação da mesma metodologia às demais unidades da Fiocruz e que a instituição afirme, frente aos órgãos de controle, quais atividades que ela precisa manter no quadro de servidores permanente e quais ela quer delegar a terceiros sem contudo, ferir a legislação vigente. Por fim, constata-se que a metodologia apresentada ameniza, mas não resolve o problema, dessa forma, recomenda-se à Fiocruz buscar mecanismos que altere o modelo de gestão pelo qual está submetida a fim de viabilizar as duas formas de incorporação de mão-de-obra.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
工業教育學系在職進修碩士班
98
As the bandwidth of Internet booms in recent years, consumers are accustomed to transmit image and video multimedia files through the network. Therefore, demands for optical devices including the digital video camera, web camera, and IP camera, increased rapidly in the past decade. In order to fulfill such demands, the notebook (NB) brand vendors, such as HP, Dell, Toshiba, Acer, and so on, have started to request their original design manufacturers (ODMs) to integrate the camera modules into NBs. Accordingly, the diffusion rate of NBs with the built-in camera module increased rapidly. Although the NBs equipped with a built-in camera module is a mega trend and becomes the basic feature in the NB market, most NB ODMs which survey built-in camera modules from specific vendors, do not realize exactly what features they really need due to insufficient domain knowledge. Consequently, the built-in camera module vendors are required to offer NB ODMs fundamental knowledge about the optical devices as well as proposed solutions which can fulfill the needs of ODM customers (i.e., the NB brand vendors) by either improving the designs or by adopting better technologies. What features can fulfill ODM customers’ wants as well as end-users’ needs from all aspects are always the most significant problem for the built-in camera module vendors. Built-in camera module vendors usually define the specifications based on their intuition since end-users of NBs usually are not familiar with the specification of modules. Traditional market research approaches cannot be leveraged. However, the module vendors usually define built-in camera modules based on their intuitions, which could be misleading. For above reasons, an appropriate research method for camera module vendors to resolve the specification definition problem can be very useful. Therefore, this research aims to resolve the above mentioned camera module feature definition problems by introducing a hybrid Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) based business to business (B to B) Lead User Method (LUM) consisting of the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Method (DEMATEL Method), the Analytic Network Process Method (ANP Method), and the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje Method (VIKOR Method). The evaluation criteria for a built-in camera module are first summarized by using the B to B LUM. After that, the DEMATEL method is introduced for deriving the structure of the decision problem. Furthermore, the ANP method is brought in to derive weights versus each criterion. Finally, the VIKOR method is launched to rank the alternatives and obtain the compromise solution. An empirical case based on a real-world NB built-in camera module design project is leveraged to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed hybrid MCDM based B to B LUM. This verified hybrid MCDM based B to B LUM can be applied on specification definitions of products which improves what the traditional market research approaches cannot be leveraged.

碩士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
105
With the development of Computer - aided Design (CAD), the product design evolved from manual mapping to today''s 3D modeling. While the 3D model is able to display the geometric characteristics directly, non-geometric features cannot show properly. Therefore, in the product design process, 3D model is the role of auxiliary design. With the development of Model Based Definition (MBD) technology, CAD software has developed adding the defined manufacturing and design information directly to the 3D model, changing the traditional manufacturing method. MBD model not only contains the geometric feature information also contains the information such as dimensions, tolerances and design information so that the 3D model will replace the traditional 2D drawings in the future and become the only tool for product design and manufacturing information delivery. This study is based on the concept of MBD technology to develop a slide design navigating system. Using software - Creo Parametric and network technology and its secondary development tools to store product information in the sample file. Using the parameters to change features for the required model, effectively reduce the product development process and time. Also, the study develop a function - dimension-labeled to simplify the labeling step which help users quickly build the size and tolerance. Through the study, the system can save 70% of the model building time and 50% of the dimension labeling time for slide product and achieve the purpose of MBD technology.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
工業教育學系在職進修碩士班
100
In the IT supply chain, Semiconductor distributors play a vital role and serve as the significant bridge between Semiconductor manufacturers and system manufacturers. Furthermore, professional Semiconductor distributors assist the manufacturers with sales and promotion, customer service and relationship management as well as marketing information providing. On the other side, distributors provide downstream system manufacturers with logistic management, warehousing, payment flow and technical support. However, the margins for Semiconductor distributors are very limited while the risks are comparatively higher due the very short product life cycles, market uncertainties, and price decline of inventories, e.g. Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). For the past few years, many leading Semiconductor distributors expanded the business scale and product line by mergers and acquisitions to expand the scale and thus, achieve the scale of economies. So does the Semiconductor industry. In highly uncertain and complex and fast-moving high technology environments, business model innovation is more important than product innovation. Here, the managerial problem is how Semiconductor distributors can maximize their revenue and profits by business model innovation in the highly competitive environment. Thus, how to establish a decision support framework for business model innovations to enhance firms’ core competitiveness has already become one of the most critical issues for Semiconductor distributors. Thus, the business model innovation strategies selection problem is a typical multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem which requires considering numerous factors while evaluating appropriate strategies. According to Chesbrough and Rosenbloom, this research classified the business model into six dimensions: (1) value proposition; (2) market segment; (3) value chain; (4) revenue mechanism; (5) value network; (6) competitive strategy. To resolve the above mentioned problem, this research intends to develop a decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) based network process for deriving the strategies for business model innovation. First, the criteria and strategies for evaluating business model innovation are first summarized by literature review and then derivation of the exports opinion from Modified Delphi experts were invited to rank the influences of each criterion on other criteria. Then, the DEMATEL technique will be introduced to derive the key criteria for evaluating business model innovation strategies of Semiconductor distributors. The weights versus the factors will be derived by using the DEMATEL based network process (DNP). Finally, the performance scores versus the strategies will be evaluated by using the VIKOR. The empirical study based on experts’ opinions from the Semiconductor industry used for verifying the proposed MCDM framework. By and large, the empirical study indicates that competitive strategy and revenue mechanism were critical dimensions for business model innovation. In the meantime, build up barriers for competitors entry/ exit and generate revenue from licensing were selected as best strategies. The research results can serve as a basis of business model innovation strategy definition for executive officers.

Educators need access to a technology-based instructional model that provides opportunities for students to develop an expanded set of skills, accommodates students' unique learning styles and rates, and which allows teachers flexibility in adapting the model to their own instructional styles. The thesis presents a concise operational definition of Technology Enhancement as it applies to instruction in secondary school classrooms. The definition of Technology Enhancement then forms the basis for developing criteria that can be used to establish and evaluate Technology Enhanced Instruction (TEI) programs in secondary schools. These criteria will also enable educators to ensure the longevity and continuity of the program in their schools, thus maximizing the educational benefits afforded by technology, while minimizing the potential capital costs. Technology will continue to pervade all aspects of educational institutions; educators are faced with the challenge of making effective use of technology and helping students to develop life-long learning skills without discarding established, effective educational strategies.