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Magalla, Champa Hemanthi. "Model adequacy tests for exponential family regression models." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13640.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Statistics
James Neill
The problem of testing for lack of fit in exponential family regression models is considered. Such nonlinear models are the natural extension of Normal nonlinear regression models and generalized linear models. As is usually the case, inadequately specified models have an adverse impact on statistical inference and scientific discovery. Models of interest are curved exponential families determined by a sequence of predictor settings and mean regression function, considered as a sub-manifold of the full exponential family. Constructed general alternative models are based on clusterings in the mean parameter components and allow likelihood ratio testing for lack of fit associated with the mean, equivalently natural parameter, for a proposed null model. A maximin clustering methodology is defined in this context to determine suitable clusterings for assessing lack of fit. In addition, a geometrically motivated goodness of fit test statistic for exponential family regression based on the information metric is introduced. This statistic is applied to the cases of logistic regression and Poisson regression, and in both cases it can be seen to be equal to a form of the Pearson chi[superscript]2 statistic. This same statement is true for multinomial regression. In addition, the problem of testing for equal means in a heteroscedastic Normal model is discussed. In particular, a saturated 3 parameter exponential family model is developed which allows for equal means testing with unequal variances. A simulation study was carried out for the logistic and Poisson regression models to investigate comparative performance of the likelihood ratio test, the deviance test and the goodness of fit test based on the information metric. For logistic regression, the Hosmer-Lemeshow test was also included in the simulations. Notably, the likelihood ratio test had comparable power with that of the Hosmer-Lemeshow test under both m- and n-asymptotics, with superior power for constructed alternatives. A distance function defined between densities and based on the information metric is also given. For logistic models, as the natural parameters go to plus or minus infinity, the densities become more and more deterministic and limits of this distance function are shown to play an important role in the lack of fit analysis. A further simulation study investigated the power of a likelihood ratio test and a geometrically derived test based on the information metric for testing equal means in heteroscedastic Normal models.
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MARINHO, Pedro Rafael Diniz. "Some new families of continuos distributions." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18862.
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FACEPE
The area of survival analysis is important in Statistics and it is commonly applied in biological sciences, engineering, social sciences, among others. Typically, the time of life or failure can have different interpretations depending on the area of application. For example, the lifetime may mean the life itself of a person, the operating time of equipment until its failure, the time of survival of a patient with a severe disease from the diagnosis, the duration of a social event as a marriage, among other meanings. The time of life or survival time is a positive continuous random variable, which can have constant, monotonic increasing, monotonic decreasing or non-monotonic (for example, in the form of a U) hazard function. In the last decades, several families of probabilistic models have been proposed. These models can be constructed based on some transformation of a parent distribution, commonly already known in the literature. A given linear combination or mixture of G models usually defines a class of probabilistic models having G as a special case. This thesis is composed of independent chapters. The first and last chapters are short chapters that include the introduction and conclusions of the study developed. Two families of distributions, namely the exponentiated logarithmic generated (ELG) class and the geometric Nadarajah-Haghighi (NHG) class are studied. The last one is a composition of the Nadarajah-Haghighi and geometric distributions. Further, we develop a statistical library for the R programming language called the AdequacyModel. This is an improvement of the package that was available on CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) and it is currently in version 2.0.0. The two main functions of the library are the goodness.fit and pso functions. The first function allows to obtain the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the model parameters and some goodness-of-fit of the fitted probabilistic models. It is possible to choose the method of optimization for maximizing the log-likelihood function. The second function presents the method meta-heuristics global search known as particle swarm optimization (PSO) proposed by Eberhart and Kennedy (1995). Such methodology can be used for obtaining the MLEs necessary for the calculation of some measures of adequacy of the probabilistic models.
A área de análise de sobrevivência é importante na Estatística e é comumente aplicada às ciências biológicas, engenharias, ciências sociais, entre outras. Tipicamente, o tempo de vida ou falha pode ter diferentes interpretações dependendo da área de aplicação. Por exemplo, o tempo de vida pode significar a própria vida de uma pessoa, o tempo de funcionamento de um equipamento até sua falha, o tempo de sobrevivência de um paciente com uma doença grave desde o diagnóstico, a duração de um evento social como um casamento, entre outros significados. O tempo de vida é uma variável aleatória não negativa, que pode ter a função de risco na forma constante, monótona crescente, monótona decrescente ou não monótona (por exemplo, em forma de U). Nas últimas décadas, várias famílias de modelos probabilísticos têm sido propostas. Esses modelos podem ser construídos com base em alguma transformação de uma distribuição padrão, geralmente já conhecida na literatura. Uma dada combinação linear ou mistura de modelos G normalmente define uma classe de modelos probabilísticos tendo G como caso especial. Esta tese é composta de capítulos independentes. O primeiro e último são curtos capítulos que incluem a introdução e as conclusões do estudo desenvolvido. Duas famílias de distribuições, denominadas de classe “exponentiated logarithmic generated” (ELG) e a classe “geometric Nadarajah-Haghighi” (NHG) s˜ao estudadas. A ´ultima ´e uma composi¸c˜ao das distribuições de Nadarajah-Haghighi e geométrica. Além disso, desenvolvemos uma biblioteca estatística para a linguagem de programação R chamada AdequacyModel. Esta é uma melhoria do pacote que foi disponibilizado no CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) e está atualmente na versão 2.0.0. As duas principais funções da biblioteca são as funções goodness.fit e pso. A primeira função permite obter as estimativas de máxima verossimilhança (EMVs) dos parâmetros de um modelo e algumas medidas de bondade de ajuste dos modelos probabilísticos ajustados. E possível escolher o método de otimização para maximizar a função de log-verossimilhan¸ca. A segunda função apresenta o método meta-heurístico de busca global conhecido como Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) proposto por Eberhart e Kennedy (1995). Algumas metodologias podem ser utilizadas para obtenção das EMVs necessárias para o cálculo de algumas medidas de adequação dos modelos probablísticos ajustados.
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Fung, James Cheuk Lun. "An agent-based model of the interbank market : reserve and capital adequacy requirements." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8242/.
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Hollmann, Axel [Verfasser], and Fevzi [Akademischer Betreuer] Belli. "Model-based mutation testing for test generation and adequacy analysis / Axel Hollmann. Betreuer: Fevzi Belli." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1033764116/34.
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Poudyal, Niraj. "Confronting Theory with Data: the Case of DSGE Modeling." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/19197.
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The primary objective of this is to confront the DSGE model (Ireland, 2011) with data in an attempt to evaluate its empirical adequacy. The perspective used for this evaluation is based on unveiling the statistical model (structural VAR) behind the DSGE model, with a view to test its probabilistic assumptions vis-a-vis the data. It is shown that the implicit statistical model is seriously misspecified and the information from mis-specification (M-S) testing is then used to respecify the original structural VAR in an attempt to achieve statistical adequacy. The latter provides a precondition for the reliability of any inference based on the statistical model. Once the statistical adequacy of the respecified model is secured through thorough M-S testing, inferences like the likelihood-ratio test for the overidentifying restrictions, forecasting, impulse response analysis are applied to the original DSGE model to evaluate its empirical adequacy. At the end, the same inferential procedure is applied to the CAPM model. Ph. D.
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Meid, Sandra A. [Verfasser]. "Split Analysis Methods and Parametric Bootstrapping in Molecular Phylogenetics : Taking a closer look at model adequacy / Sandra A. Meid." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107728991X/34.
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MORAES, Alan Kelon Oliveira de. "On the influence of test adequacy criteria on test suite reduction for model-based testing of real-time systems." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/558.
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O teste baseado em modelos é uma abordagem de teste de software que usa modelos abstratos de uma aplicação para gerar, executar e avaliar os testes. A geração de casos de testes exerce um papel importante no teste baseado em modelos. Como essa geração consiste na busca sistemática por casos de testes que possam ser extraídos dos modelos, o teste baseado em modelos geralmente produz suítes de testes que são caras demais para serem executadas completamente. Técnicas de redução de suítes de testes têm sido propostas para abordar este problema. O objetivo dessas técnicas é obter suítes de testes reduzidas que são mais baratas de serem executadas e tão efetivas na detecção de faltas quanto as suítes completas, dado que as suítes reduzidas mantém o mesmo nível de cobertura, definido por um critério de adequação de testes, da suíte completa. Esses critérios definem que partes do sistema serão testados, com que frequência e sob quais circunstâncias. Entretanto, pouca atenção tem sido dada ao impacto que a escolha do critério tem na redução de suítes de testes. Por outro lado, sistemas de tempo-real são sistemas reativos cujos comportamentos são restringidos pelo tempo. Consequentemente, faltas relacionadas ao tempo são específicas desses sistemas. Para lidar com isso, modelos para sistemas de tempo real devem trabalhar com tempo e, consequentemente, há critérios de adequação de testes específicos para eles. Contudo, a pesquisa sobre redução de suítes de testes não tem focado em sistemas de tempo-real, portanto o impacto de critérios de adequação de testes na redução de suítes é desconhecido. Nesta pesquisa de doutorado objetivamos investigar a influência de critérios de adequação de testes nos resultados da redução de suítes de testes no contexto de teste baseado em modelos de sistemas de tempo-real. Em particular, nós estamos interessados no modelo Timed Input-Output Symbolic Transition Systems (TIOSTS), porque ele é um modelo de sistema de transições no qual dados e tempo são definidos simbolicamente, já que sistemas de transição são a base para o teste de conformidade de sistemas de tempo real. Para alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa, primeiramente, nós definimos 19 critérios de adequação de testes para o modelo TIOSTS. Os critérios definidos incluem critérios baseados em transições, fluxo de dados e tempo. Depois nós formalizamos uma hierarquia com esses critérios, onde eles estão parcialmente ordenados pela relação de inclusão estrita. Segundamente, nós avaliamos empiricamente o custo-benefício de doze dos critérios definidos e cinco técnicas de redução de suítes de testes. Nós avaliamos o tamanho, o tempo de execução e a detecção de faltas das suítes de testes reduzidas de cada uma das 60 combinações de critério e técnica. No experimento, nós usamos modelos de especificação, em TIOSTS, de uma máquina de recarga de cartão do metrô, de um sistema de alarme anti-roubo e de um limitador automático de velocidade de carros. Além disso, usamos simulações das implementações, que geram rastros corretos para os modelos. Por fim, o teste de mutação foi usado para gerar mutantes dos modelos de especificação, que, por sua vez, foram traduzidos para simulações com a finalidade de simular modelos de implementações defeituosas. As evidências empíricas sugerem que os critérios de adequação de testes mais próximos do topo da hierarquia produziram suítes reduzidas com melhor custo-benefício com relação à detecção de faltas e tempo de execução. Com relação às técnicas de redução, a técnica aleatória obteve melhor custo-benefício dentre as técnicas avaliadas. Os resultados apontam que os critérios explicam mais a variação nos resultados do que as técnicas.
Model-based testing is a testing approach that relies on the existence of abstract models of an application to generate, execute and evaluate tests. Test case generation plays an important role in model-based testing. Since it consists of a systematic search for test cases that can be extracted from models, model-based testing usually generates large test suites which are too expensive to execute in full. Test suite reduction techniques have been proposed to address this problem. The goal of the techniques is to obtain reduced test suites that are both cheaper to execute and as effective at detecting faults as the original suite, given that the reduced test suites maintain the same coverage level of the complete test suite required by a test adequacy criterion. These criteria define which parts of the system are going to be tested, how often and under what circumstances. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the impact of the criterion choice in test suite reduction research. On the other hand, real-time systems are reactive systems whose behavior is constrained by time. Consequently, time-related faults are specific to these systems. In order to cope with this issue, models for real-time systems must deal with time and, consequently, there are specific test adequacy criteria for them. However, test suite reduction research has not focused on real-time systems, therefore the impact of test adequacy criteria for models of real-time systems on test suite reduction is unknown. In this doctoral research, we aim at investigating the influence of test adequacy criteria on the outcomes of test suite reduction techniques in the context of model-based testing of real-time systems. In particular, we are interested in the Timed Input-Output Symbolic Transition Systems (TIOSTS) model because it is an expressive transition system in which data and time are symbolically defined, and transition systems are the basis for conformance testing of real-time systems. In order to achieve the research objective, first, we defined 19 test adequacy criteria for TIOSTS models. The defined criteria include transition-based criteria, data-flow-oriented criteria and real-time systems criteria. Next, we formalized a hierarchy with these criteria which is partially ordered by the strict inclusion relation. Second, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of twelve criteria and five test suite reduction techniques in empirical studies of test suite reduction. We evaluated the size, execution time and fault detection of reduced test suites obtained from each combination of criterion and technique. In the experiment, we used TIOSTS specification models of a refilling machine for charging the subway card, a burglar alarm system, and an automated car speed limiter; simulations of the implementations, which generate correct traces for the models; and mutation testing to generate mutants of the specification models, which were also translated to simulations in order to simulate faulty model implementations. Empirical evidence suggests that test adequacy criteria closer to the top of the family obtained reduced test suites with better costeffectiveness regarding fault detection and execution time. With respect to the test suite reduction techniques, the Random technique obtained better cost-effectiveness among the evaluated criteria. Results also suggests that the criteria explain more the variation in fault detection and execution time of reduced test suites than the techniques.
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Чупрін, Денис Станіславович. "Моделювання нестаціонарних процесів ціноутворення." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/32012.
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Актуальність теми. Сучасні методи аналізу фінансових процесів значною мірою ґрунтуються на використанні математичних моделей, які описують динаміку самого процесу. Модулі використовуються для розв’язання задачі короткострокового прогнозування.
Мета та задачі дослідження. Побудова адекватних моделей нестаціонарних процесів ціноутворення для оцінювання короткострокових прогнозів досліджуваних процесів.
Рішення поставлених завдань та досягнуті результати. Виконано аналіз методів мат моделювання нестаціонарних процесів ціноутворення . Досліджено статистичні тести для аналізу даних на наявність тренду і гетероскедастичності
Об’єкт досліджень: нестаціонарні процеси у ціноутворенні.
Предмет досліджень: математичні моделі досліджуваних процесів
статистичні критерії для аналізу адекватності моделей і якості оцінок прогнозу. Методи досліджень: регресійний аналіз; статистичний аналіз даних даних
за допомогою спеціальних тестів.
Наукова новизна: нові математичні моделі вибраних процесів
ціноутворення; удосконалення методики регресійного моделювання фінансових процесів; оцінки короткострокових прогнозів. Практичне значення одержаних результатів. Отримані результати можуть використовуватись для виконання математичних обчислень людьми, не знайомими із програмуванням.Topicality. Modern methods of analysis of financial processes are largely based on the use of mathematical models that describe the dynamics of the process itself (pricing, profitability, investment processes, price indicators, etc.), trend, variance, periodic effects, abrupt changes and various nonlinear effects. Purpose. Building adequate models of non-stationary pricing processes to evaluate the short-term forecasts of the processes under study. Solution. The analysis of methods of mat modeling of non-stationary pricing processes is performed. Statistical tests are investigated to analyze data for trend and heteroskedasticity. Object of research. Non-stationary processes in pricing. Subject of research . Statistical criteria for analyzing the adequacy of models and the quality of forecast estimates. Research methods: regression analysis; statistical analysis of data by special tests. Scіentіfіc novelty: new mathematical models of vibration pricing processes; improvement of regression modeling methods of different processes; Short-term forecasts. The practical value of the results: The results obtained can be used to perform mathematical calculations by people unfamiliar with programming, including mathematical equations and so on.
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Solat, Karo. "Generalized Principal Component Analysis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83469.
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The primary objective of this dissertation is to extend the classical Principal Components Analysis (PCA), aiming to reduce the dimensionality of a large number of Normal interrelated variables, in two directions. The first is to go beyond the static (contemporaneous or synchronous) covariance matrix among these interrelated variables to include certain forms of temporal (over time) dependence. The second direction takes the form of extending the PCA model beyond the Normal multivariate distribution to the Elliptically Symmetric family of distributions, which includes the Normal, the Student's t, the Laplace and the Pearson type II distributions as special cases. The result of these extensions is called the Generalized principal component analysis (GPCA).
The GPCA is illustrated using both Monte Carlo simulations as well as an empirical study, in an attempt to demonstrate the enhanced reliability of these more general factor models in the context of out-of-sample forecasting. The empirical study examines the predictive capacity of the GPCA method in the context of Exchange Rate Forecasting, showing how the GPCA method dominates forecasts based on existing standard methods, including the random walk models, with or without including macroeconomic fundamentals.Ph. D.
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Bauries, Scott Robert. "Judicial review and the separation of powers in state constitutional litigation challenging the adequacy of education spending complementary analyses and a proposed adjudicatory model /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024795.
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Swiegers, Johannes Pieter. "The effect of oat silage replacement with wheat straw in dairy cow diets on animal performance, rumen fermentation and adequacy of CPM dairy model predictions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18096.
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Thesis (PhDAgric (Animal Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the replacement of oat silage by wheat straw in low forage diets for high producing dairy cows. In the first trial, 28 multiparous Holsteins were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments, namely silage and straw after completing a covariate period coinciding with the first 40 days of lactation and remained on these diets for the remainder of experimental period from 41 to 252 days. In order to evaluate the effect of substitution during different stages of lactation, the experimental period was divided into four phases. Diets were formulated to support similar levels of milk for both treatment groups and for all phases. The substitution of oat silage by wheat straw had a negative effect on dry matter intake, milk production and composition, as well as on feed and nitrogen efficiency, but had no effect on body weight and body condition. A rumen fermentation trial was also done, where six multiparous cannulated cows were randomly allocated in a changeover design to the same dietary treatments used in the animal performance trial. Despite a relatively low peNDF content and high NFC content of the diets, the mean rumen pH and time spent below pH 5.8 indicated that cows were actually not subjected to subclinical rumen acidosis, probably due to effective chewing activity. Forage source had no significant effect on rumen fermentation end products or mean daily rumen pH. However, the time spent below pH 5.8 was significantly lower for cows in the silage treatment than for those in the straw treatment, which could be related to a longer chewing time and more effective chewing activity that was observed on the straw treatment. Cows on the straw treatment sorted less against the medium sized particles, which was not expected, since straw inclusion is normally associated with a higher degree of sorting. In a third experiment, the effect of the replacement of silage by wheat straw was evaluated in terms of pre and postpartum animal performance. Dry cow diets were formulated with the objective to restrict intake, thus preventing cows from consuming metabolizable energy in excess of their requirements. Both treatments were successful in controlling intake and the replacement of oat silage by wheat straw in dry cow diets had no apprent effect on postpartum animal performance. Using the data from the lactation experiment, the adequacy of the CPM Dairy model to predict animal performance from low forage diets was also evaluated. The model was highly accurate in predicting adjusted milk production of cows consuming oat silage as basal forage, with a mean bias of only 0.05 kg milk/d, but it overpredicted milk production of cows receiving diets with wheat straw as the sole forage source, with a mean bias overprediction of 2.3 kg milk per day during the corresponding period of positive energy balance. Overprediction of energy balance from straw was confirmed in the dry cow experiment where a statistical analysis of the residuals between predicted and actual body condition score change indicated an overprediction on the straw treatment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van die vervanging van hawerkuilvoer deur koringstrooi in diëte vir hoogproduserende melkkoeie is in ‘n reeks proewe nagegaan. In die eerste proef is 28 volwasse Holsteinkoeie ewekansig aan ‘n kuilvoer- of strooigebaseerde behandeling toegeken na die voltooiing van ‘n kovariaatperiode van 40 dae. Ten einde die invloed van die behandeling tydens verskillende stadia van laktasie te evalueer, is die proefperiode in vier fases verdeel. Diëte is geformuleer om vergelykbare melkproduksies vir beide behandelings tydens al die fases te ondersteun. Vervanging van hawerkuilvoer deur koringstrooi het ‘n negatiewe invloed op droëmateriaalinname, melkproduksie, melksamestelling, voeromset en stikstofbenutting gehad, maar geen invloed op ligaamsmassa- en kondisieverandering nie. In ‘n rumenfermentasieproef is ses volwasse, gekannuleerde Holsteinkoeie in ‘n omswaai-ontwerp aan twee diëte, soortgelyk aan dié wat tydens die laktasieproef gebruik is, in toegewys. Ten spyte van ‘n relatief lae peNDF-inhoud en ‘n relatief hoë NFC-inhoud van die diëte was daar, te oordeel aan die gemiddelde rumen pH en tyd waartydens die rumen pH onder 5.8 was, geen aanduiding van subkliniese rumenasidose nie, waarskynlik as gevolg van ‘n langer kou-tyd en meer doeltreffende kouaktiwiteit. Ruvoerbron het skynbaar ook geen invloed op rumenfermentasie-eindprodukte en gemiddelde rumen pH gehad nie. Die periode waartydens rumen pH laer as 5.8 was, was egter korter vir koeie in die kuilvoerbehandeling as vir dié in die strooibehandeling. Dit kan waarskynlik aan meer doeltreffende herkou-aktiwiteit toegeskryf word. Aangesien strooiinsluiting in herkouerdiëte normaalweg met ‘n groter mate van voerseleksie geassosieer word, was die kleiner mate van seleksie teen mediumgrootte partikels met die strooibehandeling verrassend. In ‘n derde proef is die invloed van van die vervanging van kuilvoer met koringstrooi in terme van pre- en postpartum diereprestasie ondersoek. Droëkoeidiëte is geformuleer met die doel om inname te beperk en koeie sodoende te verhoed om meer metaboliseerbare energie in te neem as wat hulle benodig. Albei behandelings was doeltreffend om inname te beheer en die vervanging van hawerkuilvoer met koringstrooi het geen invloed op postpartum diereprestasie gehad nie. Deur van die data van die laktasieproef gebruik te maak, is die toereikendheid van die CPM Dairy model om diereprestasie vanaf lae ruvoerdiëte te voorspel, ook bepaal. Die model was hoogs akkuraat in die voorspelling van melkproduksie in die geval van die kuilvoerbehandeling, maar dit het melkroduksie met 2.3 kg/dag oorskat in die geval van die koringstrooibehandeling. Hierdie oorberaming van energiebalans is tydens die droëkoeiproef bevestig.
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Michaelides, Michael. "Revisiting the CAPM and the Fama-French Multi-Factor Models: Modeling Volatility Dynamics in Financial Markets." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77515.
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The primary objective of this dissertation is to revisit the CAPM and the Fama-French multi-factor models with a view to evaluate the validity of the probabilistic assumptions imposed (directly or indirectly) on the particular data used. By thoroughly testing the assumptions underlying these models, several departures are found and the original linear regression models are respecified. The respecification results in a family of heterogeneous Student's t models which are shown to account for all the statistical regularities in the data. This family of models provides an appropriate basis for revisiting the empirical adequacy of the CAPM and the Fama-French multi-factor models, as well as other models, such as alternative asset pricing models and risk evaluation models. Along the lines of providing a sound basis for reliable inference, the respecified models can serve as a coherent basis for selecting the relevant factors from the set of possible ones. The latter contributes to the enhancement of the substantive adequacy of the CAPM and the multi-factor models.Ph. D.
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Pfefferová, Alena. "Účinnost plánovaného experimentu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228265.
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Diplomová práce se zabývá plánováním a analýzou experimentu. Je zde zkoumán vliv počtu centrálních bodů v plánu experimentu na nalezení významných faktorů procesu. Pro určení tohoto vlivu je použita metoda Monte Carlo, pomocí které hledáme míru nalezení významných faktorů procesu. Simulace experimentu je vytvořena v programu MATLAB, kde se především využívá Statistics toolbox pro generování náhodných čísel. V závěru je zhodnoceno a graficky ukázáno, jak je určení významnosti faktoru procesu závislé na počtu uvažovaných faktorů experimentu a na počtu měření v centrálním bodě.
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Mourão, Hugo Miguel Pacheco Botelho. "Será que o modelo de negócios é o mais adequado : estudo de caso Sportwink." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7826.
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Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia IndustrialEsta dissertação procura definir através de uma análise crítica as tipologias do modelo de negócios, suas condicionantes, variações e limitações, com base em múltiplas referências e autores. Será abordado o conceito de modelo de negócio e as suas origens, aprofundado o conceito e por fim, aplicado a uma empresa, a Sportwink.Esta dissertação mostra que o factor inovador da ideia é o ponto de partida. A elaboração de uma estratégia aliada a um modelo de negócio correto, bem definido e estruturado, agregará vantagem competitiva e que, apesar de haver barreiras à replicação, este processo é uma aprendizagem constante, de forma a melhorar continuamente e criar sustentabilidade. Por último, o impacto da globalização e o crescimento da internet são vantagens para a Sportwink, que mesmo optando pelo modelo de negócio freemium, é fundamental desenhar um Business Model Canvas, de forma a mapear os passos a ser seguidos, indo sempre ao encontro das necessidades dos consumidores.
This dissertation seeks to define, through a critical analysis, the types of business model, their constraints, limitations and variants, based on multiple references and authors. It will be addressed the concept of business model, its origins, the deepening of the concept and finally it will be applied to a company, Sportwink. This dissertation shows that the innovation factor idea is the starting point. The elaboration of a strategy combined with a well structured and defined business model, will aggregate competitive advantage, and even there are barriers to replication, this is a learning process for continuous improvement to create sustainability.Finally, the impact of globalization and the growth of internet are advantages to Sportwink, even opting for freemium business model, it is essential to design a Business Model canvas, in order to map out the steps to be followed, always meeting the needs of consumers.
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Guo, Xu. "Checking the adequacy of regression models with complex data structure." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/90.
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In this thesis, we investigate the model checking problem for parametric regression model with missing response at random and nonignorable missing response. Besides, we also propose a hypothesis-adaptive procedure which is based on the dimension reduction theory. Finally, to extend our methods to missing response situation, we consider the dimension reduction problem with missing response at random. The .rst part of the thesis introduces the model checking for parametric models with response missing at random which is a more general missing mechanism than missing completely at random. Di.erent from existing approaches, two tests have normal distributions as the limiting null distributions no matter whether the inverse probability weight is estimated parametrically or nonparametrically. Thus, p-values can be easily determined. This observation shows that slow convergence rate of nonparametric estimation does not have signi.cant e.ect on the asymptotic behaviours of the tests although it may have impact in .nite sample scenarios. The tests can detect the alternatives distinct from the null hypothesis at a nonparametric rate which is an optimal rate for locally smoothing-based methods in this area. Simulation study is carried out to examine the performance of the tests. The tests are also applied to analyze a data set on monozygotic twins for illustration. In the second part of the thesis, we consider model checking for general linear regression model with non-ignorable missing response. Based on an exponential tilting model, we .rst propose three estimators for the unknown parameter in the general linear regression model. Three empirical process-based tests are constructed. We discuss the asymptotic properties of the proposed tests under null and local alternative hypothesis with di.erent scenarios. We .nd that these three tests perform the same in the asymptotic sense. Simulation studies are also carried out to assess the performance of our proposed test procedures. In the third part, we revisit traditional local smoothing model checking procedures. Noticing that the general nonparametric regression model can be considered as a special multi-index model, we propose an adaptive testing procedure based on the dimension reduction theory. To our surprise, our method can detect local alternative at faster rate than the traditional optimal rate. The theory indicates that in model checking problem, dimensionality may not have strong impact. Simulations are carried out to examine the performance of our methodology. A real data analysis is conducted for illustration. In the last part, we study the dimension reduction problem with missing response at random. Based on the work in this part, we can extend the adaptive testing procedure introduced in the third part to the missing response situation. When there are many predictors, how to e.ciently impute responses missing at random is an important problem to deal with for regression analysis because this missing mechanism, unlike missing completely at random, is highly related to high-dimensional predictor vector. In su.cient dimension reduction framework, the fusion-re.nement (FR) method in the literature is a promising approach. To make estimation more accurate and e.cient, two methods are suggested in this paper. Among them, one method uses the observed data to help on missing data generation, and the other one is an ad hoc approach that mainly reduces the dimension in the nonparametric smoothing in data generation. A data-adaptive synthesization of these two methods is also developed. Simulations are conducted to examine their performance and a HIV clinical trial dataset is analysed for illustration. Keywords: Model checking; Inverse probability weight; Non-ignorable missing response; Adaptive; Central subspace; Dimension reduction; Data-adaptive Synthesization; Missing recovery; Missing response at random; Multiple imputation.
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Romero, Alfredo A. "Statistical Adequacy and Reliability of Inference in Regression-like Models." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27782.
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Using theoretical relations as a source of econometric specifications might lead a researcher to models that do not adequately capture the statistical regularities in the data and do not faithfully represent the phenomenon of interest. In addition, the researcher is unable to disentangle the statistical and substantive sources of error and thus incapable of using the statistical evidence to assess whether the theory, and not the statistical model, is wrong. The Probabilistic Reduction Approach puts forward a modeling strategy in which theory can confront data without compromising the credibility of either one of them. This approach explicitly derives testable assumptions that, along with the standardized residuals, help the researcher assess the precision and reliability of statistical models via misspecification testing. It is argued that only when the statistical source of error is ruled out can the researcher reconcile the theory and the data and establish the theoretical and/or external validity of econometric models.
Through the approach, we are able to derive the properties of Beta regression-like models, appropriate when the researcher deals with rates and proportions or any other random variable with finite support; and of Lognormal models, appropriate when the researcher deals with nonnegative data, and specially important of the estimation of demand elasticities.Ph. D.
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Sagitov, Ildar. "Adequate model complexity and data resolution for effective constraint of simulation models by 4D seismic data." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2754.
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4D seismic data bears valuable spatial information about production-related changes in the reservoir. It is a challenging task though to make simulation models honour it. Strict spatial tie of seismic data requires adequate model complexity in order to assimilate details of seismic signature. On the other hand, not all the details in the seismic signal are critical or even relevant to the flow characteristics of the simulation model so that fitting them may compromise the predictive capability of models. So, how complex should be a model to take advantage of information from seismic data and what details should be matched? This work aims to show how choices of parameterisation affect the efficiency of assimilating spatial information from the seismic data. Also, the level of details at which the seismic signal carries useful information for the simulation model is demonstrated in light of the limited detectability of events on the seismic map and modelling errors. The problem of the optimal model complexity is investigated in the context of choosing model parameterisation which allows effective assimilation of spatial information in the seismic map. In this study, a model parameterisation scheme based on deterministic objects derived from seismic interpretation creates bias for model predictions which results in poor fit of historic data. The key to rectifying the bias was found to be increasing the flexibility of parameterisation by either increasing the number of parameters or using a scheme that does not impose prior information incompatible with data such as pilot points in this case. Using the history matching experiments with a combined dataset of production and seismic data, a level of match of the seismic maps is identified which results in an optimal constraint of the simulation models. Better constrained models were identified by quality of their forecasts and closeness of the pressure and saturation state to the truth case. The results indicate that a significant amount of details in the seismic maps is not contributing to the constructive constraint by the seismic data which is caused by two factors. First is that smaller details are a specific response of the system-source of observed data, and as such are not relevant to flow characteristics of the model, and second is that the resolution of the seismic map itself is limited by the seismic bandwidth and noise. The results suggest that the notion of a good match for 4D seismic maps commonly equated to the visually close match is not universally applicable.
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Hasan, Nazmul. "Adequacy of surface diffusion models to simulate nonequilibrium mass transfer in soils." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/n_hasan_063008.pdf.
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O'LEARY, CHRISTOPHER JOSEPH. "AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE BENEFIT ADEQUACY (RATIONING CONSTRAINTS, TOBIT MODELS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183901.
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Explicit parameterizations of labor supply are specified and estimated on a sample of single unattached individuals using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a generalized Tobit maximum likelihood method which is consistent under the assumption that employed hours are exogenous. Results of these estimations are then used to compute triangle approximation and direct closed form solutions for labor market constraint compensation. Underemployment compensation estimates are generated and compared to actual and hypothetical payments which would accrue under the UI systems of representative states. Certain compensation results for overemployment are also offered. Where they are directly comparable, results from Tobit estimation of the basic labor supply relations are found to strictly dominate ordinary least squares (OLS) results in terms of efficiency. While the OLS and Tobit parameter estimates differ dramatically in most cases, the latter are consistent with the bulk of recent empirical labor supply research. A corollary purpose of estimating the several labor supply specifications is the search for an appropriate structure of preferences to be used in modeling the labor-leisure choice problem. Direct likelihood ratio tests yielded no best form, but suggested that more flexible parameterizations are to be desired. Results on compensation amounts tend to support accepted standards of UI benefit adequacy. For all levels of unemployment the direct compensation results suggested that "one-half gross wage replacement" would slightly overcompensate individuals from a utility based perspective.
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Kim, Jae-yoon. "Essays on DSGE Models and Bayesian Estimation." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83515.
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This thesis explores the theory and practice of sovereignty. I begin with a conceptual analysis of sovereignty, examining its theological roots in contrast with its later influence in contestations over political authority. Theological debates surrounding God’s sovereignty dealt not with the question of legitimacy, which would become important for political sovereignty, but instead with the limits of his ability. Read as an ontological capacity, sovereignty is coterminous with an existent’s activity in the world. As lived, this capacity is regularly limited by the ways in which space is produced via its representations, its symbols, and its practices. All collective appropriations of space have a nomos that characterizes their practice. Foucault’s account of “biopolitics” provides an account of how contemporary materiality is distributed, an account that can be supplemented by sociological typologies of how city space is typically produced. The collective biopolitical distribution of space expands the range of practices that representationally legibilize activity in the world, thereby expanding the conceptual limits of existents and what it means for them to act up to the borders of their capacity, i.e., to practice sovereignty. The desire for total authorial capacity expresses itself in relations of domination and subordination that never erase the fundamental precarity of subjects, even as these expressions seek to disguise it. I conclude with a close reading of narratives recounting the lives of residents in Chicago’s Englewood, reading their activity as practices of sovereignty which manifest variously as they master and produce space.Ph. D.
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Webster, Gabriel. "Toward a psychologically and computationally adequate model of speech perception /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8409.
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Fjellstedt, Hanna, and Daniel Fischer. "IFRS 9 Finansiella instrument : Vilken effekt den nya regleringen har på svenska banker efter införandet." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30762.
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Bakgrund: En ny reglering har införts den 1 januari 2018, vilket är IFRS 9 finansiella instrument som ersätter IAS 39. Värdering och redovisning förändras från en objektiv till en subjektiv bedömning av kreditförluster. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vilken effekt IFRS 9 har på svenska banker efter införandet. Studien undersöker även om effekten varierar beroende av bankers storlek. Metod: För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvantitativ studie med deduktiv ansats tillämpats. Sekundärdata har inhämtats ur bankernas årsredovisningar för 2018 från respektive hemsida. Banker som ingår i studien är 43 svenska banker som står under Finansinspektionens tillsyn. Studiens tre hypoteser testades med hjälp av ttest, där parvis observation gjordes mellan åren 2017 och 2018. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visade en signifikant förändring av totala kapitalrelationen och kärnprimärkapitalrelationen i de större bankerna, vilka nyckeltalen var lägre efter införandet av IFRS 9. Egna kapitalet, kreditförlusterna och soliditeten kunde inte visa någon signifikant förändring. Slutsats av studiens resultat är att införandet av IFRS 9 haft en marginell effekt på svenska banker.Background: The new regulation IFRS 9 has replaced IAS 39. The new regulation is subjective, forward-looking, compared with the old, objective model. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect IFRS 9 has on Swedish banks after the transition. Another aim is to study the effect of IFRS 9 on different bank sizes. Method: To achieve the purpose of the study, a quantitative method has been applied. Data has been obtained from annual reports for the year of 2018. The data consist of shareholders equity, balance sheet total and reported loan losses. Hypothesis testing has been done by using t-test Result and conclusion: The results can support a week significant positive effect on Tier 1 capital and capital adequacy ratio from large banks. No results could be found for Shareholders equity, Credit loss or Solidity.
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Bardún, Adam. "Kapitálová příměřenost,Basel II a modely predikce defaultu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76448.
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Dissertation thesis deals with the topic of capital adequacy of financial institutions and tries to solve the problem of default and its prediction. In the theoretical part, the thesis provides summarization of historic and current approaches to capital adequacy of financial institutions and also presents currently used methodology of scoring models, which predict default of companies. Application part of the thesis aims to develop a scoring model, which would be usable by financial institutions for evaluation of their clients and their tendency to default.
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Carff, Paul F. "When is a simple model adequate for in scheduling in MSHN?" Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA362793.
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Beckford, John. "The viable system model : a more adequate tool for practising management?" Thesis, University of Hull, 1993. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4622.
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The primary purpose of this research is to explore the relationships between Beer's viable system model (VSM) and mainstream functionalist organisation theory.The latter is taken to include the classical, behavioural and systems models of organisation. For completeness, we also consider organisation theory situated in the interpretive, radical humanist and radical structuralist paradigms of Burrell and Morgan's (1979) sociological grid. Models of mainstream organisation theory have been used extensively by organisation theorists in the structuring of organisations and the design of information systems. Little interest, however, has been paid by organisation theorists to Beer's VSM, which is also used by cyberneticians to structure organisations and design information systems. The problem is that both camps have developed in isolation from one another. Theorists in each camp advocate their own stance regardless what the other might have to offer to their thinking. This situation is a result of a gap between the two camps owing to lack of dialogue between them. The aim of this thesis is to attempt to bridge the gap between the two camps. It is the author's firm belief that this is best done by adopting a complementary approach to pinpoint domains of support each camp may offer to the other. The outcome of this approach is an enhanced model of organisation. Part One of the research begins by introducing the science of cybernetics. Its history, tools, techniques and concepts are then put in place. Building on cybernetic tools and techniques, Beer developed a model of any viable system. Beer's VSM is presented in Chapter 2. Part Two of the thesis is totally devoted to organisational theory. First, we take up models of the functionalist mainstream organisation theory. The approach adopted is first to elaborate on each model, then to contrast each with the VSM. Attention is then directed to organisation theory located in the alternative paradigms, that is, the interpretive, radical humanist and radical structuralist paradigms, respectively. Again, theory of organisation within the above mentioned paradigms is contrasted with the VSM. We mark the end of Part Two by presenting an enhanced model of organisation. This model is the outcome of the comparison which took place between the functionalist organisation theory and the VSM. The argument is that the likelihood of the classical model providing support to the VSM is slim. In fact, the former stands to gain much from the VSM, particularly from the notion of recursive structures which explains how control and communication systems must be designed and organised. The behavioural model, which takes the informal aspects of organisation as its core, appears to be a useful adjunct to the VSM, which concentrates primarily on the formal organisation. Again, the behavioural model stands to gain much from the insights offered by the VSM. At least, the view of openness to the environment would surely give the behavioural model a boost in the right direction. However, we focus our interest on the systems model of organisation, specifically, the notion of semiautonomous work groups encapsulated in the sociotechnical systems approach. By incorporating this notion into the VSM we can, it is hoped, enhance the VSM. Once again, the insights of the VSM, especially that of recursivity of its structure, is of immense significance. In Part Three, the enhanced model is put to the test. This is done by applying it to an existing pharmaceutical manufacturer. The model proves to be not only practical, but also powerful in highlighting domains requiring attention if the effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation in concern is to improve, which the VSM, on its own, cannot provide.
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Benton, Lori Rosen. "Examination and application of the education adequacy models and studies to the State of Florida." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0023549.
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Muniz, Bárbara Nicola Barbosa. "Is the 0.7% goal of ODA/GNI still adequate?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20925.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação InternacionalEsta dissertação tem como objetivo verificar se a meta da ajuda internacional de 0,7% da renda nacional dos países ricos a ser destinada à ajuda ao desenvolvimento ainda é adequada às condições mundiais atuais. Para tal, a dissertação investiga as origens da meta e as principais teorias econômicas e o contexto político que a fundamentaram. A revisão teórica mostrou que as teorias e modelos econômicos que embasaram a meta e sua lógica de assistência internacional são, em geral, considerados desatualizados no meio acadêmico. A análise empírica utilizou como metodologia o Two-Gap Model - com as mesmas premissas feitas para criar a meta na década de 1960, mas utilizando dados atuais - para estimar os valores da meta para os anos 2014-2019. Os resultados mostraram que, para quase todas as hipóteses, o montante da ajuda necessária para o desenvolvimento dos países pobres seria menor do que a meta sugere. Além disso, ao analisar diferentes regiões, foram encontrados números distintos para a meta, o que revela que a meta de 0,7% generalizou erroneamente as necessidades dos países em desenvolvimento.
This dissertation aims to verify whether the international aid target of 0.7% of the rich countries' national income to be destined to development aid is still adequate to the world current conditions. In order to do so, it investigates the origins of the target and the main economic theories and political context that underpinned it. The theoretical review showed that the economic theories and models that supported the target and its aid rationale are in general considered outdated in the academic field. The empirical analysis used the Two-Gap Model methodology - with the same assumptions made to create the target in the 1960s but using current data - to estimate the target's values for the years 2014-2019. The results showed that, for almost all assumptions, the amount of aid needed for the development of poor countries would be less than the target suggests. Furthermore, when analyzing different regions, distinct figures were found for the target, which reveals that the 0.7% target has wrongly generalized the developing countries' needs.
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Sweeney, K. G. "A conceptual & empirical investigation into the development & adequacy of explanatory models in modern medicine." Thesis, Exeter and Plymouth Peninsula Medical School, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701311.
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Leonardo, Pedro Miguel Amado Rodrigues. "Child programming: an adequate domain specific language for programming specific robots." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11921.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia InformáticaDue to the limited existence of dedicated robot programming solutions for children (as well as scientific studies), this work presents the design and implementation of a visual domain specific language (DSL), using the Model-Driven Development approach(MDD), for programming robotics and automaton systems with the goal to increase productivity and simplify the software development process. The target audience for this DSL is mostly children with ages starting from 8 years old. Our work implied to use the typical Software Language Engineering life cycle, starting by an elaborate study of the user’s profile, based on work in cognitive sciences, and a Domain analysis. Several visual design paradigms were considered during the design phase of our DSL, and we have focused our studies on the Behavior Trees paradigm, a paradigm intensively used in the gaming industry. Intuitive, simplicity and a small learning curve were the three main concerns considered during the design and development phases. To help validating the DSL and the proposed approach, we used a concrete robotic product for children built with the Open Source Arduino platform as target domain. The last part of this work was dedicated to study the adequacy of the language design choices, compared to other solutions (including commercial technologies), to the target users with different ages and different cognitive-development stages. We have also studied the benefits of the chosen paradigm to domain experts’ proficient on robot programming in different paradigms to determine the possibility to generalize the solution to different user profiles.
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Oliveira, Catarina Teixeira de. "Será que o modelo de negócio é o mais adequado : estudo de caso Madeby." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10979.
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Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia IndustrialOs modelos de negocio estao presentes nas trocas e no comportamento economico desde os tempos pre classicos. Contudo, apenas recentemente ganharam destaque enquanto conceito e potencial fonte de vantagem competitiva para as empresas. Dado o interesse recente no tema, a literatura sobre o mesmo e caraterizada por uma falta de clareza e sintonia relativamente ao seu significado, importancia e amplitude, nao havendo concordancia entre os autores. No entanto, e transversal a ideia de que um bom modelo de negocio permite nao so criar mais valor para os consumidores, como tambem permite que as empresas recolham grandes proveitos desse valor criado. A globalizacao, a consequente abertura dos mercados e livre circulacao de bens e pessoas, a ascensao da internet e a alteracao nas cadeias de valor globais vieram revolucionar as industrias e os modelos de negocio das mesmas. A industria da moda nao foi excecao. Com a internet, o mais rapido acesso a informacao, o acesso global a marcas, produtos e tendencias, novas formas de comercializar produtos surgiram, e uma industria caraterizada por ter modelos de negocio predominantemente tradicionalistas, foi revolucionada. Relativamente ao estudo de caso, foi utilizado o modelo dos nove blocos, Business Model Canvas, da autoria de Osterwalder, de forma a simular um modelo que levasse em conta os fenomenos anteriormente descritos. Posteriormente, cada bloco foi testado e validado, e de acordo com os resultados, procedeu-se a uma reformulacao do modelo inicialmente desenhado, de forma a maximizar a criacao de valor para os consumidores e a viabilidade do projeto.
Business models have been a part of economic exchanges and behaviour since pre-classical times. However, only recently has it gained traction as a concept and as a potential source of competitive advantage for firms. Given the recent surge of interest in the subject, the literature is characterized by a lack of clarity and concord about its meaning, importance and scope, without the existence of agreement among authors. Nevertheless, the idea that a good business model allows not only the creation of more value to the consumers, but that companies can capture that value is transversal. Globalization, the subsequent opening of markets and the free circulation of goods and people, the rise of the Internet and the change in global value chains came to revolutionize industries and their business models. The fashion industry was no exception. With the Internet, came about a faster access to information, global access to brands, products and tendencies, and new ways of trading products, and a industry characterized by predominantly traditionalist business models was revolutionized. Regarding the case study, the nine blocks method, the Business Model Canvas, created by Osterwalder, was used to simulate a business model that would take into consideration the phenomena previously described. Afterwards, each block was tested and validated, and, according to the results, the initially designed model was reformulated, in order to maximize value creation to consumers as well as project viability.
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Reips, Louise. "Modelo constitutivo para materiais viscoelásticos reforçados por fibras adequado à simulação de tecidos conectivos." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91974.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia MecânicaMade available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T04:27:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 261594.pdf: 2070671 bytes, checksum: 6d11b4ec46c6dab0b46b91f6653b430b (MD5)
O estudo do comportamento mec#anico de diferentes sistemas e componentes biol´ogicos submetidos a esfor¸cos termomec#anicos ´e uma ´area de conhecimento abordada pela biomec #anica. Diversos modelos mec#anicos matem´aticos apropriados para sistemas biol´ogicos podem ser resolvidos utilizando ferramentas num´ericas, possibilitando a simula¸c#ao de problemas complexos, com conseq¨uente aplica¸c#ao em diversas situa¸c#oes, como por exemplo, no planejamento de procedimentos cir´urgicos. A descri¸c#ao do comportamento dos diversos materiais frente a a¸c#ao de esfor¸cos mec#anicos ´e realizado mediante os denominados modelos constitutivos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de modelos constitutivos apropriados para tecidos biol´ogicos, em particular, ligamentos e tend#oes. Os ligamentos e tend#oes fazem parte do grupo de tecidos biol´ogicos conectivos moles formados por fibras de col´ageno envolvidas numa matriz intercelular. S#ao estruturas fortemente solicitadas mecanicamente, tendo como caracter´ýsticas principais o comportamento viscoel ´astico anisotr´opico quando submetidos a esfor¸cos mec#anicos. Prop#oe-se, assim, uma formula¸c#ao constitutiva apropriada para a simula¸c#ao desses tecidos biol´ogicos. Tal formula¸c#ao baseia-se na exist#encia de uma energia livre de deforma ¸c#ao, ., e no uso de vari´aveis internas, capaz de prever o comportamento desses materiais quando submetidos a deforma¸c#oes finitas. Considera-se uma lei viscoel´astica anisotr´opica, orientada devido `a incorpora¸c#ao das fibras de col´ageno no modelo. A proposta insere-se numa abordagem variacional, fornecendo estrutura matem´atica adequada para an´alise e estimativa de erro. Diferentes modelos de comportamento de material podem ser representados dependendo da escolha de fun¸c#oes potenciais adequadas. S#ao apresentados, ainda, testes num´ericos via Elementos Finitos como forma de valida¸c#ao do modelo proposto. The study of the mechanical behavior by different systems and biological components submitted to termodynamical efforts is an area of knowledge approached by biomechanics. Several appropriated mathematical mechanical models to biological systems can be solved using numerical tools, enabling the simulation of complex problems, with application in several situations, for example, planning cirurgical procedures. The description of the behavior of the materials against the action of mechanical efforts is realized by means of the denomined constitutive models. This work has as an objective the development of appropriated constitutive models to biological tissue, in particular, ligaments and tendons. The ligaments and tendons play a hole of the group of soft connective biological tissues made of colagen fibers involved in a intercellular matrix. They are structures strongly mechanically solicited, having the mains features the anisotropic viscoelastic behavior when submitted to mechanical efforts. Then, one can propose an appropriated constitutive formulation to the simulation of theses biological tissues. Such formulation is based in the existence of a free energy of deformation, Ø, and in the use of internal variables, capable of provide the behavior of theses materials when submitted to finite deformations. We consider an anisotropic viscoelastic law, oriented by an incorporation of collagen fibers in the model. The proposal is inserted in a variational approach, providing a proper mathematic structure to the analysis and error estimate. Different models of material behavior can be represented depending of the choice of suitable potential functions. We also present numerical tests via Finite Elements with validation form of the proposal model.
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Molist, Brunet Núria. "Adequació de la prescripció en pacients amb malalties i condicions cròniques avançades: model centrat en la persona." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399042.
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L’evidència científica actual suggereix que la prescripció dels pacients amb malalties cròniques avançades és sovint inadequada. Així, es pot generar morbiditat afegida, que representa una càrrega clínica i econòmica als pacients i a la societat en general, que requereix ser avaluada.
Donat aquest context, proposem el “model de prescripció centrat en la persona”, metodologia que aplica evidències científiques fent ús del judici clínic i d’acord amb el criteri del pacient. L’objectiu principal és millorar els resultats de salut dels pacients disminuint el risc d’efectes adversos. Per ser portat a terme requereix d’un treball multidisciplinari entre geriatres i farmacèutics clínics.
Per a validar l’aplicabilitat del Model de Prescripció centrat en la Persona en la pràctica clínica s’han portat a terme dos estudis a la Unitat Geriàtrica d’Aguts de l’Hospital Universitari de Vic, que ha identificat prescripció inadequada a més del 40% dels pacients i fa propostes per a millorar la prescripció.There is scientific evidence showing that current prescribing for patients with advanced chronic diseases is often inadequate. This results in added morbiditiy, which represents a clinical and economic burden to patients and to society in general that needs to be evaluated. In this context, we propose the "patient-centered prescription model". This is a systematic three step-process carried out by a geriatrician and a clinical pharmacist. It applies scientific evidence using clinical judgment and according to the criterion of the patient. It is performed by a multidisciplinary team of clinical pharmacists and geriatricians. The validation of the applicability of the model in clinical practice has been done throughtwo studies carried out in Acute Geriatric Unit of the Hospital Universitari de Vic, which identify more than 40% of patients with inappropriate prescribing and provide proposals to improve the prescription according to patient’s profile.
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Miranda, Lailson Rodrigues de. "Modelo de desdobramento da fun??o qualidade adequado a produ??o da cer?mica vermelha." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14978.
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Previous issue date: 2006-05-19A presente disserta??o representa uma contribui??o na resolu??o dos problemas que se apresentam no setor das ind?strias de cer?mica vermelha, apresentamos um modelo, baseado na estrat?gia do QFD (Desdobramento da Fun??o Qualidade), na qual associa os requisitos dos consumidores na elabora??o dos projetos do produto e dos processos de produ??o. A qualidade do produto ? avaliada tanto no aspecto interno(especifica??es t?cnicas) quanto no aspecto externo (qualidades exigidas pelos clientes). A pesquisa mostra, al?m da realidade que vive o setor das ind?strias de cer?mica, a import?ncia e os atributos da qualidade definidos pelos consumidores relativo aos tijolos cer?micos de veda??o. O trabalho tamb?m mostra os resultados da aplica??o do modelo numa das empresas do setor, atrav?s de desdobramentos da qualidade exigida, se estabelece a qualidade planejada, mostra ainda a posi??o da empresa em rela??o aos concorrentes em fun??o do desempenho do produto. Procura-se ainda, atrav?s de sugest?es de melhorias, atacar os problemas das falhas na qual geram o desperd?cio
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Silveira, Fabíola Sena Vieira. "Um modelo para planejamento econômico-financeiro de empresas de energia elétrica adequado ao ambiente competitivo /." Florianópolis, SC, 1997. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/77012.
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Nangela, Deo John. "The adequacy of the Tanzanian law on e-commerce and e-contracting : possible solutions to be found in international models and South African legislation." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11497.
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This dissertation examines Tanzania’s legal framework in the light of the modern information and communication technologies, especially the Internet and e-commerce. The main goal is to assess the adequacy of the existing law and to provide recommendations for reforms that will reflect the borderless nature of e-contracts. These reforms must ensure the certainty and predictability needed for successful cross-border commerce. Achievement of these aims will build confidence and trust on the part of business entities and consumers, and, in addition, will enhance free trade, strengthen the growing market-based economy, and integrate Tanzania into the global economy.
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Wheeler, Courtney E. 1982. "Evaluating the reliability of selected school-based indices of adequate reading progress." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10919.
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xiii, 83 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.The present study examined the stability (i.e., 4-month and 12-month test-retest reliability) of six selected school-based indices of adequate reading progress. The total sampling frame included between 3970 and 5655 schools depending on the index and research question. Each school had at least 40 second-grade students that had complete Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) data for the time periods in question. Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) scores were used to examine school-wide adequate reading progress. The stability of those indices from semester-to-semester and from year- to-year across the 2005-2006, 2006-2007, and 2007-2008 school years was examined. Adequate progress was defined as students improving their instructional recommendation (i.e., reducing their level of risk) or remaining at benchmark (i.e., remaining on track) over a specified period of time. The six indices were as follows: (1) outcome percent established, (2) percent adequate progress, (3) intensive percent adequate progress, (4) strategic percent adequate progress, (5) barely benchmark percent adequate progress, and (6) school-wide high rates of adequate progress. The indices were intended to provide a snapshot of how well a school's reading instruction is meeting student needs. Based on the analysis, the stability coefficients ranged from .10 to .90 indicating that certain indices had higher stability coefficients than others. Overall, the year-to-year indices tended to be more stable that the semester-to-semester indices. Between 143 and 203 schools had school-wide high rates of adequate progress over a two- and three-year period. These findings indicate that schools can be generally effective in helping their students achieve high rates of adequate reading progress and that schools are able to maintain and support high rates of adequate progress for consecutive cohorts of second- grade students. Results are discussed within a broader framework of school effectiveness indices and response to intervention.
Committee in charge: Roland Good, Chairperson, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Edward Kameenui, Member, Educational Methodology, Policy, and Leadership; Kenneth Merrell, Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences; Sara Hodges, Outside Member, Psychology
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DIAS, Silvana de Brito Arrais. "Modelo de implementação de Sistema de Gestão Ambiental em empresas públicas e privadas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/334.
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Previous issue date: 2008-12-12The environmental issue has been focus of discussion o academics and business circles in function of it importance and necessity of emergency actions. Professionals from a lot of knowledge areas are dedicating time of studying to find alternative ways to relieve or eliminate the environmental impacts. The economic development and the population growth have been contributing for the environmental impacts and it is noticed the need of actions from firms and stakeholders. ISO International organization for standardization of normalization presents the series ISO 14000 as a way of establishing requirements for the Environmental Management System, but many firms have the difficulty to implement the system because they don t know how to operate. What is proposed on these is to establish an implementation model of environmental management system to the private and public firms that orientates and gives directions to whom is on charge of the firms. The proposed model involver all the requisites of NBR ISO 14001 and was developed from the facts raisings in 20 firms from many lines of activities and actuation sector. Interviews and observations were made form itinerary of facts collection, previously elaborated. The proposed model involves the many resource types humans, financials, materials and technologicals. The research of environmental impacts aspects is basic to the structuration of the Environmental Management System and should be achieved in a participative way. The stakeholders need to be prepared and the job of a team winch involves many kinds of subjects is basic. The research in the firms was the basis to structure the model by making possible the knowledge about the working process and the internal process extant.
A questão ambiental tem sido foco de debates nos meios acadêmico e empresarial em função da sua importância e necessidade de ações emergenciais. Profissionais de várias áreas de conhecimento estão dedicando tempo de estudo para encontrar formas alternativas de mitigar ou eliminar os impactos ambientais. O desenvolvimento econômico e o crescimento populacional têm contribuído para o aumento dos impactos ambientais e percebe-se a necessidade de ações por parte das empresas e stakeholders. A ISO organização internacional de normalização apresenta a série ISO 14000 como forma de estabelecer requisitos para o Sistema de gestão ambiental, mas diversas empresas sentem a dificuldade de implementar o sistema por não conhecerem a forma de operacionalização. O que se propõe na tese é estabelecer um modelo de implementação de sistema de gestão ambiental para as empresas públicas e privadas que oriente e direcione os responsáveis das empresas. O modelo proposto envolve todos os requisitos da NBR ISO 14001 e foi desenvolvido a partir de levantamentos de dados em 20 empresas de diversos ramos de atividades e setor de atuação. Foram realizadas entrevistas e observações a partir de roteiro de coleta de dados, previamente elaborado. O modelo proposto envolve os diversos tipos de recursos humanos, financeiros, materiais e tecnológicos. O levantamento de aspectos e impactos ambientais é fundamental para a estruturação do Sistema de gestão ambiental e deve ser realizado de forma participativa. Os stakeholders precisam ser preparados e o trabalho de uma equipe multidisciplinar é fundamental. A pesquisa nas empresas foi a base para se estruturar o modelo por ter possibilitado o conhecimento sobre o funcionamento e os processos internos existentes.
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Kulay, Luiz Alexandre. "Desenvolvimento de modelo de análise de ciclo de vida adequado às condições brasileiras: aplicação ao caso do superfosfato simples." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-17102017-074613/.
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A noção de que o consumo de produtos manufaturados atinge adversamente o suprimento de recursos e a qualidade do meio ambiente fez com que o mercado consumidor exigisse das corporações e dos organismos reguladores medidas mais eficientes quanto a preservação da Natureza. Através de iniciativas como essa renasceu um instrumento de gestão ambiental conhecido por Análise de Ciclo de Vida - ACV. A ACV é uma metodologia criada para identificar aspectos ambientais e quantificar seus impactos associados, ao longo de todo seu ciclo de vida, ou seja, desde a extração de matérias-primas, até a disposição final do produto, novamente no meio natural. Seu uso auxilia na priorização de ações de melhoria visando a prevenção da poluição,permitindo uma alocação mais adequada de recursos materiais, humanos e econômicos. Além disso, estimulariam o aumento da competência e favoreceriam a inovação tecnológica, considerando sempre a relação custo-benefício envolvida. O objetivo desse trabalho é propor um modelo de ACV que seja adaptado às condições brasileiras. Para a comprovação do modelo, foi estudado o caso de produção de um fertilizante fosfatado - superfosfato simples. Verificou-se que por ser a ACV uma metodologia amplamente dependente de dados precisos e confiáveis, a indisponibilidade de bancos de dados genuinamente nacionais limita em muito seu raio de aplicação no país. Entretanto, foi possível constatar também, que mesmo diante dessa limitação,o uso da ACV amplamente aplicável na prática, principalmente no que se refere a hierarquização de ações de melhoria de desempenho ambiental de um produto. Verificou-se ainda que o ciclo de vida de manufatura do superfosfato simples não traz impactos significativos sobre o meio ambiente. Suas maiores contribuições em termos de impactos ambientes são relativas ao Aquecimento Global - dada a predominância de transporte rodoviário np país - a Eutrofização - em função das constantes ) perdas de processo - e a redução do espaço físico, motivada pela elevada geração de resíduos sólidos por ocasião da etapa de beneficiamento da rocha fosfática.The society is actually convinced that the manufactured products bring problems to the Nature mainly, in terms of resource depletion and environment quality. This posture make the government and the corporations change their ways to deal with environmental management. In this picture, appeared again the life cycle assessment. LCA is a tool used to identify environmental damage, and evaluate it\'s proportion. From the cradle to grave of a product. Besides, LCA can support improvement actions, in the way of the pollution prevention, permitting tha allocation of material, human and economic resources. The goal of this scientific work is to propose a model of life cycle assessment specific to the brasilian condition. To test the model it was studied the manufacturing life cycle from the single superphosphate. The main conclusion\'s were that, even with deep limitation in term of databases extricate from Brazil, limited the use of the methodology to qualitative conclusions. On the other side, the model, even needing some sets, proved being useful in practical studies. In term of superphosphate, the most significative environmental impacts are Global Warming, because of the material transportation in Brazil is basically by road do the Nitrification, because the losses of the process. In general, the single superphosphate has, in reality low environmental profile.
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Jackisch, Conrad [Verfasser], and E. [Akademischer Betreuer] Zehe. "Linking structure and functioning of hydrological systems - How to achieve necessary experimental and model complexity with adequate effort / Conrad Jackisch. Betreuer: E. Zehe." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1081213140/34.
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Sgarbi, Andre de Albuquerque. "Modelos de governança corporativa e sociedades de economia mista: qual o modelo de governança mais adequado às sociedades de economia mista?" Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8NGJZM.
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The mixed companies (jointly owned by the state and private citizens or companies) are today an effective instrument for obtaining private resources, which can be invested in activities that simultaneously generates financial return for the private investors and fulfill a determined public interest. The private shareholders invests in a mixed companies looking for the financial return, while the state-shareholder, who necessarily controls the company, creates it and place public resources in order to fulfill a social demand. However, the coexistence of shareholders whit antagonistic interests does not occur without conflict. It is common that decisions taken by the state-shareholder impact relevantly the companys profits, and, as a consequence, the return of the investments made by the private shareholders. Thus, the mixed companies demand a specific corporate governance model, that suits its peculiarities. This model should accommodate the interest of the public and state shareholders. The goal of this work is, in first place, to review some institutes related to the corporate governance of private companies, presenting the model that we understand is more suitable for these companies. Next, we propose an adaption of this model for the mixed companies.As Sociedades de Economia Mista são hoje um eficaz instrumento de captação de recursos privados, para serem investidos em prol de uma atividade que, ao mesmo tempo, seja capaz de gerar retorno financeiro e atender a um interesse público determinado. Obviamente, os sócios privados investem em uma Sociedade de Economia Mista buscando retorno financeiro, enquanto o sócio estatal, necessariamente controlador, cria a sociedade e nela aporta recursos públicos a fim de atender a uma demanda social por ele identificada. Entretanto, a convivência entre sócios com interesses muitas vezes conflitantes não se dá sem atritos. É comum que decisões do ente público controlador impactem de forma relevante a lucratividade da sociedade, e, por conseguinte, o retorno dos investimentos feitos pelos acionistas privados. Diante desse fato, as Sociedades de Economia Mista demandam um modelo de Governança Corporativa próprio, adequado às suas peculiaridades. Esse modelo deve garantir a acomodação dos direitos e interesses das duas classes de sócios (privados e estatal). Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho é, em primeiro lugar, promover uma revisão de alguns institutos relacionados à Governança Corporativa das sociedades privadas, apresentando o modelo que entendemos mais adequado a essas sociedades. Em seguida, propomos uma adaptação desse modelo às Sociedades de Economia Mista.
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Swartz, Rikotoka Punaje. "Does the Permanent Establishment article give Namibia adequate taxing rights?An analysis of tax convention models in the mining and fishing industries." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29529.
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Namibia is a country rich in natural resources and heavily dependent on foreign investment to effectively make use of those resources. It has a national policy of encouraging investment from other countries and has set up incentives for that purpose. When there is a great deal of involvement of foreign companies in a country, international tax issues of judicial double taxation are discouraging to foreign investors. In an effort to address this risk, Namibia has entered into various double tax agreements with countries to ensure equitable taxing rights and encourage foreign direct investment. Double tax agreements are usually based on model tax agreements published by large international organisations, the most popular being the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) and United Nations (“UN”). The African Tax Administration Forum (“ATAF”) has also recently formulated such a model for African countries. As Namibia has a source based taxation system, giving up any taxing rights are of great concern and it must consider if these double tax agreements is in its best interest. Subsequently, Namibia has begun the process of renegotiating its tax treaties with other countries in hope of sacrificing fewer source taxing rights. This dissertation analyses Namibia’s current double tax agreements to determine whether the permanent establishment article offers sufficient protection for Namibia’s source taxing rights with reference to Namibia’s largest and most important industries of fishing and mining. The permanent establishment article is of particular importance as it usually provides an unrestricted taxing right to the income in the source country in which the permanent establishment is based. This study considers the permanent establishment article as it applies to the fishing and mining industries in Namibia. This includes a discussion of the mining and fishing industries in Namibia and a brief look at the applicable taxation regime. It also compares the permanent establishment article found in the OECD, UN and ATAF models to discuss which represents the most appropriate for Namibia to use as the basis for its renegotiations. The agreements analysed do show some areas for concern to Namibia namely: • The treaty with the United Kingdom is very out dated and may not give Namibia full territorial rights.
• Many of the treaties with developed countries have permanent establishment article that are based more on the OECD model than the UN model which is specifically designed to give developing countries more taxing rights.
• The permanent establishment article in the ATAF model gives the most taxing rights to the host/source country and has specific provisions negating the risk of abuse by foreign companies. However, there is a concern that such provisions may have too wide a scope and discourage foreign investment.
• Most of the provisions of potential benefit to Namibia have been inserted in Article 5(2) and are arguably ineffective or less effective protections.
• Namibia’s current DTAs contain no provisions directly related to fishing vessels which is of concern as fishing vessels are at risk of not being classified as permanent establishments. There are, however, arguments to be made for a fishing vessel as a mobile place of business forming a permanent establishment without such special provision.
• A specific deeming provision regarding the permanent establishment in the exploration phase of the mining process would be advisable if Namibia wished to create one in the mining industry as soon as possible.
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Gomes, Cláudia de Oliveira. "Estudo analítico e operacional do modelo tecnológico de um sistema de segurança pública portuária adequado ao ISPS CODE implementado no porto de Santos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-02042008-120800/.
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O complexo porto/navio constitui-se em uma grande e intrincada rede de relações que abarca, desde manutenção/aprimoramento de instalações físicas até o uso dos mais sofisticados meios de gerenciamento e controle de pessoas e operações. Nesse contexto, as questões de segurança colocam-se como de fundamental importância para os sistemas portuários de vários países. Se isto já era um fato, essas preocupações assumiram maior força depois dos ataques terroristas em 11 de setembro, nos Estados Unidos. A preocupação com a segurança portuária encontrase explicitada em determinações da Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO). Dentre as medidas adotadas o Código Internacional para Proteção de Navios e Instalações Portuárias (Código ISPS ou ISPS Code) assume particular importância nas definições de procedimentos de segurança nos complexos portuários. Vem sendo adotado em cerca de 45 mil embarcações, 15 mil portos e instalações portuárias de 162 países signatários, entre os quais o Brasil.O prazo limite para sua implantação nos países signatários foi 1º de julho de 2004. Para implementar medidas de proteção do ISPS Code, o governo brasileiro aprimorou o Plano de Segurança Pública Portuária Brasileira (PSPP), com o objetivo de adotar medidas para intensificar o controle de cargas, veículos e pessoas na \"interface cais-navio\", como medida preventiva de proteção em função do aumento do risco de atentados terroristas. Além disso, visa melhorar a operação portuária e tornar os portos mais competitivos e seguros para o comércio exterior, setor em que representam peça fundamental na logística das operações. Nesse sentido, as operações portuárias devem ser ágeis, seguras e com fluxo contínuo de informações para garantir o desempenho e competitividade do comércio internacional do País. O transporte marítimo concentra mais de 90% do volume da movimentação de cargas internacionais do País e os portos acumularam, nos últimos anos, grandes investimentos, efetuados principalmente pela iniciativa privada. A junção das determinações do ISPS Code e do Plano de Segurança possibilitou a construção de um modelo de segurança para que os portos não percam cargas por falta de organização, e para garantir que os pontos críticos de segurança não representem obstáculos para o comércio internacional. Para melhor compreensão esta dissertação, detalha analítica e operacionalmente o modelo tecnológico adotado no porto de Santos para atender o sistema de segurança, em função de ser ferramenta fundamental para a organização de setores portuários. O trabalho, inicialmente, apresenta um breve histórico de medidas dirigidas ao setor portuário brasileiro após a extinção da Portobrás, destacando as relações entre normas de segurança internacional e normas brasileiras, definidas na implantação de um plano nacional de segurança de portos. A seguir, dada a complexidade do sistema portuário, são apresentadas as várias entidades que a ele se relacionam. Tendo como foco a segurança dos portos, o trabalho apresenta as várias normas que regulam a questão e analisa as tecnologias implementadas para integração dos vários subsistemas no porto de Santos, esse modelo tecnológico hoje é tido como referencial aos demais portos brasileiros, não devendo nada aos portos estrangeiros.The complex port-vessel is set up in a really intricate relationship that involves not only maintenance and improvement of the premises, but also the most sophisticated ways of management and control of people and operations. In this context security is the fundamental factor to port systems in many countries. It became even more important after the terrorist attacks on September 11th in the USA. Determinations of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) explicitly showed that concern about port security and the security procedures of the ISPS Code (an international code for the vessel and port protection) were considered particularly important to all ports. About 45 thousands vessels and 15 thousands ports and port equipment of 162 signatory countries, Brazil included, have already been following these code procedures. The deadline for the adoption of this code by these countries was July 1st, 2004. In order to enhance the security elements included in the ISPS Code, the Brazilian government created the PSPP (Plano de Segurança Pública Portuária Brasileira), to implement new rules to intensify cargo, vehicles and people control in the dock-ship area, and also as a protective precaution due to the increasing risk of terrorist attacks. Moreover, all these rules will perfect port operations and make our ports more competitive and secure for foreign trade where the same rules play an important role in logistic operations. That is why port operations must be agile, secure and they must manipulate a fast information system to make the country foreign trade performance trustworthy and competitive. The maritime transportation comprises more than 90% of the amount of the international cargo movement in our country and huge investments have been made in the ports, mostly by private enterprises. The introduction of the ISPS Code and PSPP determination enabled the creation of a system of security which eliminates the risk of cargoes being lost in the port through the lack of organization and guaranteeing an acceptable safety level in all ports. To illustrate and expand on these issues, this essay will show analytical and operational details of the technological pattern of the port of Santos where the new security system is the fundamental tool to the port organization. At first this essay will present a brief summary of rules applicable to Brazilian ports following the elimination of Portobrás. It will point out the relationship between Brazilian and international security rules when they are used in the national level of security of ports. Secondly, due to the intricate port system, many related entities will be introduced. The essay will focus on the security of ports and it will show many rules that control them. It will provide an analysis of all the technologies applied to integrate the inner systems in the port of Santos. This technological pattern is currently the reference standard for other Brazilian ports and meets or exceeds those found in foreign ports.
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Guimarães, Luiz Fernando Vaz. "Diretrizes para um modelo de gestão pública ambiental: avaliação de padrões de consumo dos recursos naturais e destinação adequada dos resíduos no instituto biológico." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6789.
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Previous issue date: 2015-01-29The environment has been the subject of several studies in almost every areas of knowledge. Thus, several studies have been published to clarify the environmental consequences of the growing impact of human actions. In the present study will address the co nsumption pattern, materials and natural resource economics, the applicability of environmental legislation and proper disposal of waste in the Biological Institute, linked to the Department of Agriculture of São Paulo State , in order to set guidelines for a public environmental management program. A diagnosis of the work already done by the institution revealed the existence of a Quality Management Program and a Waste Management Program , with specific and dependent actions o f the will of some persons. Later interviews were conducted by questionnaires assessing the environmental perception of employees. Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, showing that there is some separation and disposal of waste, especially those from laboratories; there is no control of natural resource consumption and environmental actions are specific and dependent on a few people. There is a general interest on the part of employees in environmental improvements, but for this specific sec tor to develop a widely publicized program is needed. Studies of environmental perception are important in the search of tools to design programs of environmental management. The A3P proved to be the most appropriate tool for public institution to be focus ed on public administration, be free and take into account the individual interests of employees and collaborators, when compared to ISO 14001 and Sigma Program
O meio ambiente vem sendo estudo de muitas pesquisas em todas as áreas do conhecimento. D iversos trabalhos vêm sendo publicados para tentar esclarecer as consequências ambientais do impacto crescente das ações humanas. Este estudo aborda os padrões de cons umo de materiais e recursos naturais, assim como a destinação de resíduos em um órgão público, o Instituto Biológico, vinculado à Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo , com o objetivo de definir diretrizes para um programa de ges tão pública ambiental . A partir de um diagnóstico inicial foi revelada a existência de um Programa de Gestão da Qualidade e de um Programa de Gestão de Resíduos , com ações ambientais pontuais e dependentes da vontade de algumas pessoas. Posteriormente fora m realizadas entrevistas por questionários semiestruturados avaliando a percepção ambiental dos funcionários . Os dados foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente, mostrando que existe separação e destinação de alguns resíduos, principalmente aqueles provenientes de laboratórios ; não existe controle de consumo de recursos naturais e as ações ambientais são pontuais e dependentes de algumas pessoas. Há um interesse geral por parte dos funcionários em melhorias ambientais, mas para isso é necessário um setor específ ico que desenvolva um programa amplamente divulgado. Estudos de percepção ambiental se mostraram importantes na busca de ferramentas para a elaboração de programas de gestão do meio ambiente. A A3P mostrou ser a ferramenta mai s adequada para órgãos públicos por ser focada na administração pública, ser gratuita e levar em consideração os interesses individuais de funcionário s e colaborador es , quando comparada à ABNT NBR ISO 14001 e Projeto Sigma
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Přechová, Renáta. "Komparace vybraných forem podnikání zahraniční osoby v ČR." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-223145.
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The present diploma thesis is focused on the definition of differences resulting from the comparison of two chosen forms of doing business of a foreign person in the Czech Republic. It specifies differences from the viewpoint of the commercial law and the obligations as an accounting unit. Foremost, the thesis includes a detailed analysis from a tax point of view. The thesis involves a model example to define the precise amount of tax obligation incumbent on the both forms of business of a foreign person in the Czech Republic. This model example constitutes a basis for the final evaluation and to draw relevant conclusions. Suggestions and recommendations mentioned in this work can serve as an overview of the approach to the taxation of cross-border income and at the same time as a tool for the elimination of errors and discrepancies in connection with the chosen form of business of a foreign person in the Czech Republic.
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Giorgini, Danielle Granha. "Otimização do processo de trefilação através da proposição de um modelo de previsão da força de trefilação adequado às condições reais da V & M do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-96SJZD.
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One of the V & M do Brasil´s (VMB) drawing mill aims is to elaborate a suitable production process according to customer´s specification. Considering the irreversible globalization and the fierce completion for market share, companies are concerned about practices that reduce costs and increase productivity without losing quality. The present research focus on the context described above to optimize VMB´s cold drawing tubes process. To understand the necessary drawing force to form is essential to determine processing steps. The current VMB´s drawing force prediction model was proposed many years ago and futher research is recommended. The main objective of this research is to develop a drawing force prediction model adequate to the actual
process conditions in VMB. Experimental measurements were taken to verify the real necessity on proposing a new model. Also, existing drawing force prediction models were evaluated and simulations were carried out using finite elements for a comparison with the current VMB model. Experimental measurements were taken on a triple cold-drawing bench at the hydraulic products line. Two normalized steel grades were chosen: SAE 1010 and DIN St 52. The drawing force measurement system was validated. Most of the obtained data for DIN St 52 steel grade are in accordance with the VMB ´s current drawing force prediction equation, considering the whole tested interval. For
SAE 1010 steel grade, the concordance between data and the prediction equation was better in the area reduction range of 15% to 30%. For reductions over 30% the concordance decreases and the current model overestimates the experimental values. Regarding the analyzed models it was concluded that the developed model based on finite elements method is a better tool than analytic ones. It allows monitoring the
drawing force providing results of cold drawing stresses and localized strains during the forming process.A Trefilaria da V & M do Brasil (VMB) visa a elaboração de um processo produtivo adequado para atender as especificações dos seus clientes. À medida que a globalização avança e a concorrência pelo mercado se torna mais acirrada, a demanda por práticas que visam a diminuição dos custos e o aumento da produtividade sem perda de qualidade se tornam mais frequentes. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho foi focado na otimização do processo de trefilação da VMB. Para se definir as etapas de processamento de um determinado material é preciso conhecer a força de trefilação necessária para a conformação. Foi observado que o modelo de previsão da força de trefilação utilizado atualmente pela VMB foi proposto há bastante tempo, cabendo, portanto, um estudo mais aprofundado do assunto. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo de previsão da força de trefilação adequado às condições de processo reais da VMB. Para verificar a real necessidade da proposição de um novo modelo foi realizada a medição experimental da força de trefilação. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os modelos de previsão da força de trefilação existentes na literatura e realizada a simulação através de elementos finitos para posterior comparação com o modelo utilizado atualmente pela VMB. Os modelos analíticos estudados foram: o método da deformação homogênea, o método dos blocos ou divisão em elementos e o método do limite superior. Além disso, também foi feita comparação da medição experimental com a força de trefilação medida através da corrente do motor da banca de trefilação. A medição experimental foi realizada através de um dispositivo composto por células de carga e um sistema de aquisição de dados na linha de produção da VMB. Os experimentos foram executados na banca tripla de capacidade de 30t na linha de produtos hidráulicos da trefilaria da VMB. Para os experimentos foram selecionadas duas qualidades de aço: o SAE 1010 e o DIN St 52, ambos normalizados. O sistema de medição experimental da força de trefilação foi validado. O conjunto permitiu realizar a medição experimental da força de trefilação durante a conformação mecânica. Houve uma boa concordância entre os dados experimentais e a equação de previsão da força de trefilação utilizada atualmente pela VMB para o aço DIN St 52 em todo o intervalo testado. Para o aço SAE 1010 houve uma boa concordância entre os dados experimentais e a equação atual apenas na faixa de 15 a 30% de redução de área. Jjá para reduções acima de 30% esta concordância diminui e o modelo passa a superestimar os valores experimentais. A força medida através da corrente do motor da banca superestima a força de trefilação em média 50% acima do valor experimental durante todo o intervalo testado para as duas qualidades de aço. Em relação aos modelos analisados conclui-se que o modelo desenvolvido pelo método dos elementos finitos, com o software MSC.Marc® v2005r1, é uma ferramenta superior aos métodos analíticos, uma vez que permite o acompanhamento do esforço da trefilação ao longo do processo, fornecendo resultados das cargas de trefilação e as deformações localizadas.
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Andrade, Bruno Pinheiro de. "Diagnóstico de influência local no modelo de calibração ultraestrutural com réplicas." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8784.
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This paper aims to present the local influence diagnostic methodology of Cook (1986) along with the selection of the appropriate perturbation schemes proposed by Zhu et al. (2007) in ultrastructural calibration model with replicas. The methodology of Cook (1986) will be used to investigate the robustness and sensitivity of model, where the adopted perturbation schemes were weighting cases and response variables. Perturbing the model and/or data in an arbitrary way can lead to miss interpretations of diagnostic analysis and wrong conclusions. Therefore, this study will evaluate the induced perturbations according to the methodology of Zhu et al. (2007) and if the perturbations are not suitable, we will propose a new way of perturbing the model or the data. As an application it was considered a data set with balanced repeated replication to evaluate which levels and laboratories exercise a disproportional effect on inferences made in the model.
Este trabalho tem como proposta apresentar a metodologia de diagnóstico de influência local de Cook (1986) conjuntamente com a metodologia de seleção da perturbação adequada proposta por Zhu et al. (2007) no modelo de calibração ultraestrutural com réplicas. A metodologia de Cook (1986) será utilizada para investigar a robustez e a sensibilidade do modelo, onde os esquemas de perturbação adotados foram ponderação de casos e na variável resposta. Perturbar o modelo e/ou os dados de forma arbitraria pode conduzir a interpretações sobre a análise de diagnostico e a conclusões equivocadas. Portanto, este trabalho irá avaliar as perturbações propostas segundo a metodologia de Zhu et al. (2007) e caso as perturbações não sejam adequadas, iremos propor uma nova forma de fazer as perturbações. Foi utilizado como aplicação a analise de um conjunto de dados com replicas balanceadas e foram avaliadas quais patamares e laboratórios exercem um efeito desproporcional nas inferências feitas sob o modelo.
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Yang, Fang. "A Comprehensive Approach for Bulk Power System Reliability Assessment." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14488.
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Abstract
The goal of this research is to advance the state of the art in bulk power system reliability assessment. Bulk power system reliability assessment is an important procedure at both power system planning and operating stages to assure reliable and acceptable electricity service to customers. With the increase in the complexity of modern power systems and advances in the power industry toward restructuring, the system models and algorithms of traditional reliability assessment techniques are becoming obsolete as they suffer from nonrealistic system models and slow convergence (even non-convergence) when multi-level contingencies are considered and the system is overstressed. To allow more rigor in system modeling and higher computational efficiency in reliability evaluation procedures, this research proposes an analytically-based security-constrained adequacy evaluation (SCAE) methodology that performs bulk power system reliability assessment.
The SCAE methodology adopts a single-phase quadratized power flow (SPQPF) model as a basis and encompasses three main steps: (1) critical contingency selection, (2) effects analysis, and (3) reliability index computations. In the critical contingency selection, an improved contingency selection method is developed using a wind-chime contingency enumeration scheme and a performance index approach based on the system state linearization technique, which can rank critical contingencies with high accuracy and efficiency. In the effects analysis for selected critical contingencies, a non-divergent optimal quadratized power flow (NDOQPF) algorithm is developed to (1) incorporate major system operating practices, security constraints, and remedial actions in a constrained optimization problem and (2) guarantee convergence and provide a solution under all conditions. This algorithm is also capable of efficiently solving the ISO/RTO operational mode in deregulated power systems. Based on the results of the effects analysis, reliability indices that provide a quantitative indication of the system reliability level are computed. In addition, this research extends the proposed SCAE framework to include the effects of protection system hidden failures on bulk power system reliability.
The overall SCAE methodology is implemented and applied to IEEE reliability test systems, and evaluation results demonstrate the expected features of proposed advanced techniques. Finally, the contributions of this research are summarized and recommendations for future research are proposed.
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Mandja, Makasa Bien-Aimé. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des épidémies de Monkeypox en République Démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCE023.
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Le Monkeypox (MPX) est une maladie rare sévère causée par un virus très proche de celui de la variole et touche initialement des animaux et des hommes (anthropozoonose) vivant dans des régions situées à proximité des forêts denses d’Afrique centrale et occidentale. A elle seule, la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) notifie près de 85 % de cas humains connus et ce pays a enregistré plusieurs épidémies ces dernières années.Actuellement une majorité d’auteurs s’accorde sur le fait qu’après 30 ans de cessation des campagnes de vaccination contre la variole, il est observé une très grande recrudescence de cas de MPX dans plusieurs régions tropicales dont la RDC, ce qui commence à poser un réel problème de santé publique. Cependant, le MPX reste une maladie peu étudiée et les facteurs liés à sa transmission et à sa distribution spatiale et temporelle demeurent mal connus.Cette recherche a été conduite pour contribuer à construire un estimateur de la prévalence du MPX à l’échelle de la RDC, comprendre les déterminants des dynamiques de ses répartitions spatiale et temporelle. En premier lieu, un score a été construit pour évaluer le niveau d'adéquation entre les données de la morbidité rapportée par la Surveillance Intégrée des Maladies et Riposte (SIMR) en RDC et la morbidité réelle. Dans un second temps, l’identification des agrégats spatiaux et temporels du MPX en RDC a été réalisée à l’échelle des Zones de Santé (ZS) à l’aide des statistiques de balayage rétrospectif. Dans un troisième temps, la recherche des facteurs environnementaux associées à l’occurrence des cas de MPX en RDC a été conduite.Un score simple et pragmatique a été élaboré pour quantifier la validité de données générées par la SIMR en RDC. L’étude de la recherche des agrégats spatiaux du MPX a montré une sur-incidence des cas rapportés dans les deux foyers « traditionnels » des districts de Sankuru et de la Tshuapa mais avec une extension dans certains districts environnants au fil des années. Ceci suggérerait ainsi l’identification des épicentres originels probables du MPX dans la cuvette centrale du Congo et leurs espaces de diffusion et/ou d’apparition secondaire selon une dynamique établie sur deux dizaines d’années. L’analyse temporelle annuelle a mis en évidence une tendance saisonnière caractérisée par une augmentation des cas de MPX pendant la saison sèche. Le modèle développé suggère que plusieurs facteurs environnementaux physiques sont positivement associés à l’incidence du MPX mais ne suffisent pas à eux seuls à comprendre complètement l’émergence et la persistance des épidémies du MPX en RDC. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’il nous faut à l’avenir complexifier notre modèle par l’introduction de facteurs socioéconomiques et anthropologiques dans la construction du système pathogène du MPX afin de mieux rendre compte de la réalité des liens que les hommes entretiennent avec leur environnement, modulant ainsi leurs niveaux d'exposition et de risque.Cette étude a permis de cibler des espaces et périodes à haut risque de MPX en RDC, favorisant ainsi la production d’informations spatio-temporelles nécessaires à la définition de niveaux de priorités pour les interventions de prévention et de lutte contre cette maladie en RDC. Enfin, ces résultats ouvrent des pistes d’investigation pour les autres pays africains concernés.Mots clés : Monkeypox, République Démocratique du Congo, Score d’adéquation, Surveillance Intégrée des Maladies et Riposte, morbidité rapportée, morbidité réelle, SaTScan, agrégats spatio-temporels, modèle Bayésien, facteurs environnementauxMonkeypox (MPX) is a rare severe viral zoonotic smallpox-like disease affecting animals and humans living within tropical rain forest of West and Central Africa. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) reports nearly 85 % of all known human cases and this country experienced several outbreaks over the past few years.After 30 years of cessation of vaccination campaigns against smallpox, the majority of authors agree that a significant rise of MPX cases is observed in several tropical regions including the DRC and this becomes a real problem for public health. However, MPX remains a rarely studied disease and the factors related to its transmission and its spatial distribution remain poorly understood.This research was conducted to contribute building a MPX prevalence estimator in scale of DRC and to understand the determinants of its spatial and temporal distribution. First, a score was constructed to assess the level of adequacy between reported morbidity generated by Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) data in DRC and real morbidity. Then, a study of the search for MPX spatial and temporal clusters in the DRC at the HZ scale was carried out using the SaTScan® software. Finally, a hierarchical Bayesian model was developed to explore the association between MPX cases and specific environmental risk factors with R®.A simple and pragmatic score was elaborated to quantify the validity of data generated by the IDSR in the DRC. The study of MPX spatial aggregates research showed an over-incidence of reported cases in the two traditional foci of Sankuru and Tshuapa districts but with an extension in some surrounding districts over the years making these areas epicenter of the circulation of the MPX pathogen in the central basin of Congo. The temporal analysis highlighted a seasonal trend with an increase in MPX cases during the dry season. The developed model suggests that several major physical environment factors alone are positively associated with the disease incidence but are not sufficient to fully understand the emergence and persistence of MPX outbreaks in the DRC. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account socio-economic as well as anthropological factors, which will support understanding the people relationships with their environment as the driver of risk exposure.Our study allowed targeting high-risk areas and periods that could be prioritized for prevention and interventions to control monkeypox outbreaks in DRC and other concerned African countries.Key words: Monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, adequacy score, Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response, reported morbidity, real morbidity, SaTScan, spatio-temporal clusters, Bayesian model, and environmental factors
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Čabrada, Jiří. "Kreditní rizika z pohledu Basel II." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-5575.
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The thesis "Credit risk from Basel II point of view" deals with new capital concept with main focus on the credit risk. The particular emphasis is laid on the chief issue of Basel II concept i.e. internal models. The thesis quite in detail describes the usage of basel parameters - LGD particularly - in various day-to-day business processes of credit institutions. An individual part of the thesis is devoted to credit risk mitigants and their impacts on the amount of capital requirements. The analysis carried out precedent Basel II implementation indicated the launching of Basel II should imply risk weighted assests to credit risk decline. This documents the last chapter.
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Cunha, Guilherme Cardoso Antunes da. "Do modelo de regras à prática interpretativa: o romance em cadeia como condição de possibilidade para respostas adequadas ao direito." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7634.
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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a relação da aplicação de padrões decisórios, na prática jurisdicional, com a implementação de respostas adequadas ao Direito. Especificamente, analisar um modelo interpretativo para a aplicação dos padrões decisórios no Brasil e à luz das diretrizes trazidas pelo Código de Processo Civil de 2015. Para tanto, se estudará, em um primeiro momento, o modelo interpretativo do positivismo jurídico e a decisão do juiz como ato de vontade; em seguida, como esse modelo pode ser superado e, assim, chegar-se a uma prática jurisdicional que busque a implementação de respostas adequadas ao Direito. Nestas circunstâncias, se analisará o papel das cortes judiciais. Depois, será analisada a relação entre a evolução das tradições da common law e da civil law com a evolução do Estado de Direito – foco nos últimos dois séculos, relacionando os compromissos das duas tradições jurídicas com as fontes do Direito e com os modelos de interpretação. O objetivo é demonstrar que o Direito deve ser, no Estado Democrático de Direito, fruto de uma atitude interpretativa do intérprete. Ato contínuo, se investigará a influência da fundamentação da decisão na aplicação dos padrões decisórios para que, após, se possa analisar quais seus elementos vinculantes. Por fim, se analisará o modelo interpretativo para uma adequada aplicação dos padrões decisórios na prática jurisdicional brasileira como condição de possibilidade para respostas adequadas ao Direito. Diante da investigação deste presente trabalho, concluiu-se que o problema não está na autoridade dos padrões decisórios, mas em como os padrões decisórios são aplicados, pois os elementos vinculantes dos padrões decisórios são as teses jurídicas fixadas na fundamentação. É preciso, no Estado Democrático de Direito, uma prática jurisdicional por uma atitude interpretativa intersubjetiva em romance em cadeia, sempre mediante uma fundamentação qualificada, a fim de alcançar respostas adequadas ao Direito.
The present research aims to investigate the relation of the application of decision-making standards, in the jurisdictional practice, with the implementation of adequate responses to the Law. Specifically, to analyze an interpretive model for the application of decision-making standards in Brazil and in the light of the guidelines brought by the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015. To do so, we will first study the interpretive model of legal positivism and the decision of the judge as an act of will; then, how this model can be overcome and thus reach a jurisdictional practice that seeks to implement adequate responses to the law. In these circumstances, the role of the courts will be analyzed. Then, the relationship between the evolution of common law and civil law traditions and the evolution of the rule of law in the last two centuries will be analyzed, linking the commitments of the two legal traditions with the sources of law and with models of interpretation. The objective is to demonstrate that the Law must be, in the Democratic State of Law, the result of an interpretative attitude of the interpreter. Then, the influence of decision-making in the application of decision-making standards will be investigated so that, afterwards, it can be analyzed its binding elements. Finally, the interpretative model will be analyzed for an adequate application of the decision standards in the Brazilian jurisdictional practice as a condition for the possibility of adequate responses to the Law. In the face of the investigation of this present work, it was concluded that the problem is not in the authority of the decision-making standards, but in how the decision-making standards are applied, because the binding elements of the decision-making standards are the legal theses fixed in the reasoning. It is necessary, in the Democratic State of Law, a jurisdictional practice for an intersubjective interpretive attitude in a chain novel, always through a qualified foundation, in order to achieve adequate answers to the Law.
La presente investigación tiene como objetivo investigar la relación de la aplicación de los patrones decisorios con la implementación de respuestas correctas al Derecho. Más específicamente, analizar un modelo interpretativo para la aplicación de los patrones decisorios en Brasil y desde las directrices traídas por el Codigo de Proceso Civil de 2015. Para tanto, se estudiará, en un primero momento, el modelo interpretativo de lo positivismo legal e la decisión judicial como acto de voluntad; en seguida, como este modelo puede ser superado y, así, se obtener una práctica jurisdiccional en búsqueda de la implementación de respuestas correctas al Derecho. En estas circunstancias, se analizará el papel de las curtes judiciarias; después, la relación entre la evolución de las tradiciones de common law y de civil law con la evolución del Estado de Derecho – foco en los dos últimos siglos, relacionando los compromisos de las dos tradiciones con las fuentes del Derecho y los modelos de interpretación. El objetivo es demonstrar que el Derecho, en un Estado Democrático de Derecho, es resultado de una actitud interpretativa del intérprete. Acto continuo, se investigará la influencia de la fundamentación de la decisión en la aplicación de los patrones decisorios para investigar cual son los elementos obligatorios. Por fin, se analizará un modelo interpretativo para una adecuada aplicación de los patrones decisorios en la práctica jurisdiccional brasileña como condición de posibilidad para respuestas correctas al Derecho. Desde la presente investigación, se ha concluido que el problema no está en la autoridad de los patrones decisorios, más en como los patrones decisorios son aplicados, porque sus elementos obligatorios son las tesis jurídicas fijo en la fundamentación. Es necesario, en el Estado Democrático de Derecho, una práctica jurisdiccional de actitud interpretativa intersubjetiva en romance en cadena, siempre mediante una fundamentación calificado, para alcanzar respuestas correctas.