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Williams, Matthew James. "Periodic patterns in human mobility." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56804/.
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The recent rise of services and networks that rely on human mobility has prompted the need for tools that detect our patterns of visits to locations and encounters with other individuals. The widespread popularity of location- and encounter-aware mobile phones has given us a wealth of empirical mobility data and enabled many novel applications that benefit from automated detection of an individual’s mobility patterns. This thesis explores the presence and character of periodic patterns in the visits and encounters of human individuals. Novel tools for extracting and analysing periodic mobility patterns are proposed and evaluated on real-world data. We investigate these patterns in a range of datasets, including visits to public transport stations on a metropolitan scale, university campus WLAN access point transitions, online location-sharing service checkins, and Bluetooth encounters among university students. The methods developed in this thesis are designed for decentralised implementation to enable their real-world deployment. Analysing an individual’s visit and encounter events is a challenging problem since the data are often highly sparse. In order to study visit patterns we propose a novel inter-event interval (IEI) analysis approach, which is inspired by neural coding techniques. The resulting measure, IEI-irregularity, quantifies the weekly periodic patterns of an individual’s visits to a location. To detect encounter patterns we propose and compare methods based on IEI analysis and periodic subgraph mining. In particular, we introduce the novel concept of a periodic encounter community; that is, a collection of individuals that share the same periodic encounter pattern. The decentralised algorithms we develop for periodic encounter community detection are of particular relevance to human-based opportunistic communication networks. We explore these communities in terms of their opportunistic content sharing performance. Our findings show that periodic patterns are a prominent feature of human mobility and that these patterns are algorithmically detectable.
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Yang, Yingxiang S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Understanding human mobility patterns from digital traces." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82863.
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Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 93-102).
Our current digital age is characterized by the shift from traditional industry to an economy based on the information computerization. The sweeping changes brought about by digital computing have provided new data sources for transportation modeling. In this thesis, two mainstream trends in utilizing digital traces in transportation modeling are explored. The first approach is to incorporate mobile phone records and digital map point of interests into commuting flow prediction models such as the gravity model and the radiation model. An extension to the radiation model is proposed to adjust to the different degrees of homogeneity of opportunities when the scale of the study region changes. The density of the point of interests is a suitable proxy for commuting flow attraction rates at all the scales. Moreover, the parameter a in the extension to the radiation model is predictable given the size of the study region. When traditional data sources are not available, mobile phone records is shown to be an ideal alternative. Home and work locations can be inferred at individual level and then aggregated to show its equivalence to the census data. This method is applied to Rwanda, Dominican Republic and Portugal. The second approach is using low-frequency bus GPS records to evaluate transit service. The analysis under such data scarcity requires careful data handling. This thesis demonstrates that how the data pre-processing procedure, namely map-matching and kernel density estimation, step by step turns the raw GPS data into information for service evaluation. Bus service quality is analyzed by measuring statistics of headway and in-vehicle travel time. The headway analysis helps to identify bottlenecks caused by the road network layout and passenger volumes while the comparison of peak vs. off-peak hour travel speed helps to identify bottlenecks caused by traffic conditions. To sum up, the thesis explores new digital data sources and methods in transportation modeling. The purpose is to provide analysis procedures that are of lower costs, higher accuracy and are readily applicable to different countries in the world.
by Yingxiang Yang.
S.M.in Transportation
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Ji, Yan Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Understanding human mobility patterns through mobile phone records : a cross-cultural study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66867.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-100).
In this thesis, I present a cross-cultural study on human's trip length distribution and how it might be influenced by regional socio-economic factors, such as population density, income and unemployment rate. Mobile phone records contain very detailed calling information of the spatiotemporal localization of hundreds of thousands of users, which can be used as proxies for human trips. The traveling behaviors of 24 autonomous regions in San Francisco (5 regions), Dominican Republic (3 regions) and a European country (16 regions) are studied through these rich mobile phone data sets. We found that people in different regions have very heterogeneous aggregate traveling patterns (trip length distribution) which can be generally grouped into four distinct families. The result of Self-organizing map shows that the trip length distribution has a certain degree of correlation to population density, which sparks our interests to conduct a thorough research on factors such as population density and income that can potentially influence the trip length distribution and human's traveling behavior. Using a double exponential function to fit the radius of gyration distribution (i.e. a proxy to the trip length distribution), we are able to characterize human's traveling behavior with four parameters. By applying principle component analysis, the parameter space is transformed orthogonally and two principal components which contribute most to the variance of sample set are extracted. We tempted to find the regression relationship between population density and each of the components. However, the R² is not enough high for estimation purposes. With the extensive information source regarding household income, median age, unemployment rate, we were able to conduct a multiple regression analysis in San Francisco Bay area. Using radius of gyration as regressand, population density, income, age, and unemployment rate as regressors, we found the R² is over 30%, which is sufficiently good for cross-sectional data analysis. Additionally, the significant estimated coefficients indicate that people living in wealthier and unpopulated areas tend to travel more frequently and make long distance trips. Furthermore, descriptive comments are provided for the connection between parameters in the fitting function and population density and income.
by Yan Ji.
S.M.
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Silva, Cristiano Martins. "Centralidade e mobilidade: uma análise do padrão de deslocamento dos pacientes atendidos pelo SUS em Goiás, 2010." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4618.
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The development of the Brazilian urban networks followed the social and economical development of the regions, which at the same time resulted in a differential pattern in the articulation of the same networks, verifying the functional specificities of the urban centers, the polarizing role of the same and the degree of internal and external articulation of each network. In the same way, the regional inequalities reflect in the inequalities of access to health services. In this way, to understand the possibilities of the access of the population of the state of Goiás to public health equipment becomes important disposing about the spatial distribution of the same, because as said by Levy (2002) mobility becomes an important social capital, thus as Villaça (1998) classifies the location in the same way. The spatialization of the health public equipments comes to reflect these differences, as far from the point of view of the resources destined to the municipalities, as the spatial organization of the structures. In this sense, the reflection proposed in this work is to understand the factors of dispersion and the concentration of health and service equipments in the state of Goiás. Especially, to examine about this offering and demand resulting from the aglutination in the core municipalities. For both, it is intended to analyze the behavior of the displacements originated from the hospitalization during the year of the research comparatively to the patient’s local residence and the municipality of hospitalization, intending to identify the flow used by the users of SUS (Unified Health System known as Sistema Único de Saúde). Furthermore, to identify and to analyse a pattern of mobility of the patients in search of hospital and ambulatory treatment. Simultaneously, as support of our analysis, we aim to identify the conditioning factors of the access to health services, as characterizing the users of SUS, having the mobility as fundamental dimension for the existence of a more fair access and equitative of the health services. By the established considerations along this master thesis, it was recognized an excessive concentration of health services offering specialized in few municipalities, with great highlight for Goiânia. This expressive concentration alerts for the risk that the resident population in vast areas of the state needy of these services have major difficulties of access to more complex procedures in the necessary cases.
O desenvolvimento das redes urbanas brasileiras acompanhou o desenvolvimento socioeconômico das regiões, o que concomitantemente resultou em um padrão diferencial na articulação das mesmas, verificando as especificidades funcionais dos centros urbanos, o papel polarizador dos mesmos e o grau de articulação interna e externa de cada rede. De maneira homóloga, as desigualdades regionais se refletem nas desigualdades de acesso aos serviços de saúde na rede SUS. Desta forma, para compreender as possibilidades de acesso da população de Goiás aos equipamentos de saúde pública, torna-se importante dispor da distribuição espacial dos mesmos, pois como já afirmou Levy (2002) à mobilidade torna-se um importante capital social, assim como Villaça (1998) classifica a localização da mesma forma. A espacialização dos equipamentos de saúde pública vem a refletir tais disparidades, tanto do ponto de vista dos recursos destinados aos municípios, como da organização espacial das estruturas. Nesse sentido, a reflexão proposta neste trabalho é compreender os fatores da dispersão e a concentração dos equipamentos e serviço de saúde no estado de Goiás. Sobretudo, examinar a respeito dessa oferta e demanda resultantes da aglutinação nos municípios polos. Para tanto, pretende-se analisar o comportamento dos deslocamentos originados pelas internações hospitalares no decorrer do ano da pesquisa comparativamente ao local de residência do paciente e o município de internação, visando identificar o fluxo utilizado pelos usuários do SUS. Ademais, identificar e traçar um padrão de mobilidade dos pacientes em busca de atendimento hospitalar e ambulatorial. Simultaneamente, como suporte desta análise, identificar os fatores condicionantes do acesso aos serviços de saúde, bem como caracterizar os usuários do SUS, tendo a mobilidade como dimensão fundamental para a existência de um acesso mais justo e equitativo dos serviços de saúde. A partir das considerações estabelecidas ao longo desta dissertação, reconheceu-se que uma excessiva concentração da oferta de serviços de saúde especializados em poucos municípios, com grande destaque para Goiânia. Essa expressiva concentração alerta para o risco de que a população residente em vastas áreas do estado desprovidas desses serviços tenha maiores dificuldades de acesso a procedimentos mais complexos nos casos necessários.
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Li, Chen. "Automatic extraction of behavioral patterns for elderly mobility and daily routine analysis." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/510.
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The elderly living in smart homes can have their daily movement recorded and analyzed. Given the fact that different elders can have their own living habits, a methodology that can automatically identify their daily activities and discover their daily routines will be useful for better elderly care and support. In this thesis research, we focus on developing data mining algorithms for automatic detection of behavioral patterns from the trajectory data of an individual for activity identification, daily routine discovery, and activity prediction. The key challenges for the human activity analysis include the need to consider longer-range dependency of the sensor triggering events for activity modeling and to capture the spatio-temporal variations of the behavioral patterns exhibited by human. We propose to represent the trajectory data using a behavior-aware flow graph which is a probabilistic finite state automaton with its nodes and edges attributed with some local behavior-aware features. Subflows can then be extracted from the flow graph using the kernel k-means as the underlying behavioral patterns for activity identification. Given the identified activities, we propose a novel nominal matrix factorization method under a Bayesian framework with Lasso to extract highly interpretable daily routines. To better take care of the variations of activity durations within each daily routine, we further extend the Bayesian framework with a Markov jump process as the prior to incorporate the shift-invariant property into the model. For empirical evaluation, the proposed methodologies have been compared with a number of existing activity identification and daily routine discovery methods based on both synthetic and publicly available real smart home data sets with promising results obtained. In the thesis, we also illustrate how the proposed unsupervised methodology could be used to support exploratory behavior analysis for elderly care.
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Tanawongsuwan, Rawesak. "Impact of speed variations in gait recognition." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04072004-180217/unrestricted/tanawongsuwan%5Frawesak%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.
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Samal, Savyasachi. "Mobility Pattern Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34984.
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A mobile ad hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes, all of which may be mobile, that dynamically create a wireless network amongst them without using any infrastructure. Ad hoc wireless networks come into being solely by peer-to-peer interactions among their constituent mobile nodes, and it is only such interactions that are used to provide the necessary control and administrative functions supporting such networks. Mobile hosts are no longer just end systems; each node must be able to function as a router as well to relay packets generated by other nodes. As the nodes move in and out of range with respect to other nodes, including those that are operating as routers, the resulting topology changes must somehow be communicated to all other nodes as appropriate. In accommodating the communication needs of the user applications, the limited bandwidth of wireless channels and their generally hostile transmission characteristics impose additional constraints on how much administrative and control information may be exchanged, and how often. Ensuring effective routing is one of the greatest challenges for ad hoc networking.
As a practice, ad hoc routing protocols make routing decisions based on individual node mobility even for applications such as disaster recovery, battlefield combat, conference room interactions, and collaborative computing etc. that are shown to follow a pattern.
In this thesis we propose an algorithm that performs routing based on underlying mobility patterns. A mobility pattern aware routing algorithm is shown to have several distinct advantages such as: a more precise view of the entire network topology as the nodes move; a more precise view of the location of the individual nodes; ability to predict with reasonably accuracy the future locations of nodes; ability to switch over to an alternate route before a link is disrupted due to node movements.Master of Science
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Wahlund, Thomas. "Emotional resilience in humans as an effect of hippocampal pattern separation." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19925.
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Pattern separation is the means by which the brain discriminates similar experiences. It enables retrieval of individuated memories without confusing them with other memories. It is the reason one remembers where one parked the car today and does not mix it up with where one parked it previously. Adult neurogenesis refers to the ongoing production of neurons in the mature brain. One of the likely roles of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus is facilitating pattern separation. Induced reduction of adult neurogenesis in non-human animals is associated with depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. One possible explanation is that reduced neurogenesis leads to reduced pattern separation, further leading to overgeneralization of threat situations. Instead of perceiving threats where it should, the animal risks perceiving threats everywhere. Emotional resilience is the ability to recover from adversity with a minimum of lingering negative effects such as depression or anxiety. This thesis investigates whether pattern separation in the human hippocampus supports emotional resilience. I performed a systematic review of studies that used the Mnemonic Similarity Task – a memory task commonly used to measure human pattern separation – to investigate the relationship between pattern separation and anxiety. The results are inconclusive but suggest a possible interaction effect whereby pattern separation and high-arousal states like stress predict anxiety. Together with the evidence from the non-human animal studies, this suggests that reduced pattern separation as caused by reduced neurogenesis could make one vulnerable to developing anxiety disorders.
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Zalaite, Indre. "Exploring chalcolithic diet and mobility of humans and animals from Perdigões site." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20586.
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Chalcolithic diet at Perdigões (Reguengos de Monsaraz) was investigated using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human bone collagen. Strontium isotopes of faunal dental enamel were used to establish the site local range and to distinguish the presence of non-local individuals.
ATR-FTIR and EA analysis were used to determine the degree of bone diagenesis and to evaluate the reliability of the stable isotopic composition for paleodietary reconstruction.
The individuals from which paleodietary results were obtained had a diet based on C3 terrestrial resources and some animal protein. Data from Perdigões site, was compared with the published data from other Iberian Chalcolithic populations. Site comparison revealed that diet through Iberian Peninsula have mainly maintained terrestrial dietary focus consistent with animal husbandry and farming on C3 plants with occasional intake of freshwater or marine resources.
Strontium isotopic composition of enamel revealed that some of the individuals from Perdigões site were non-local; Resumo:
A dieta de indivíduos do período Calcolítico dos Perdigões (Reguengos de Monsaraz) foi investigada através de análise de isótopos estáveis de carbono e azoto no colagénio ósseo. Isótopos de estrôncio do esmalte dentário de fauna foram utilizados para estabelecer o sinal local dos Perdigões, permitindo distinguir a presença de alguns indivíduos e fauna não-locais.
A avaliação da diagénese óssea foi efectuada através de análises realizadas com analisador elementar e com ATR-FTIR, de forma a validar dos resultados isotópicos obtidos.
Os indivíduos para os quais foi possivel obter resultados isotópicos de carbono e azoto apresentam uma dieta baseada em recursos terrestres, plantas C3, e alguma proteína animal. A comparação efectuada com outros sitios arqueológicos da Peninsula Ibérica revelaram que a dieta das populações é sobretudo feita à base de plantas C3, com ingestão de alguma proteina animal e ingestão ocasional de produtos marinhos ou provenientes de água doce.
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LACERDA, Thiago de Barros. "Supporting real-time mobility services with scalable flock pattern mining." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18700.
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Pattern mining in spatio-temporal datasets is a really relevant subject in the academia and the industry nowadays, due to its wide applicability in helping to solve real-world problems. Many of them can be found in the context of Smart Cities, like Traffic Management, Surveillance and Security and City Planning, to name a few. Among the various spatio-temporal patterns that one can extract from a spatio-temporal dataset, the flock pattern is one that has gained a lot of attention, because of its intrinsic relation with the aforementioned problems. A lot of work has been done in the academia, in order to provide algorithms able to identify the flock pattern. However, none of them could perform that task efficiently nor be able to scale well when a large dataset was the analysis target. Additionally, we found that there was no system architecture proposal that could be simple and modular enough to be used in that spatio-temporal pattern detection problem. Given that context, this dissertation proposes a modular system archicture designed to help solving flock pattern mining problems and possibly be reused to other spatio-temporal mining experiments. We then use such architecture as the infrastructure to implement an efficient flock detection algorithm, aiming at achieving considerable gains in execution time without compromising accuracy, thus targeting real-time deployment and on-line processing in Smart Cities. Last, but not least, we remodel our algorithm in order to take advantage of multi-core architectures present in modern computers. Our results indicate that our proposal outperforms the current state-of-the-art techniques, by achieving 99% CPU time improvement. Moreover, with our multi-thread model, we were able to reduce the processing time of our proposed algorithm by 96% in some cases. We prove the efficiency of our solution by performing evaluation with both real and synthetic large datasets.
Detecção de padrões em dados espaço-temporais tem se mostrado um tema de muita relevância nos dias atuais, tanto na academia quanto na indústria, devido a sua vasta aplicabilidade em auxiliar a solucionar problemas enfrentados na sociedade. Muitos desses problemas podem ser classificados no conexto de Cidades Inteligentes (Smart Cities), como Gerenciamento de Tráfego, Segurança e Planejamento de Cidades. Dentre os vários padrões espaço-temporais que podem ser extraídos de uma base de dados, o padrão de flock é um que vem atraindo muita atenção, devido a sua relação intrínseca com os problemas mencionados anteriormente. Muitas pesquisas vêm sendo feitas na academia, visando desenvolver algoritmos capazes de identificar esse padrão de movimentação. Porém, nenhum deles foi capaz de executar tal tarefa eficientemente, nem conseguiu escalar de maneira aceitável quando uma base de dados de grande tamanho foi analisada. Além disso, não foi encontrado nos trabalhos relacionados uma arquitetura de software que conseguisse ser simples e modular o suficiente para ser usada no problema de detecção de padrões de flock em dados espaço-temporais. Com isso em mente, essa dissertação propõe uma arquitetura de software modular, direcionada para solucionar problemas de detecção desse padrão e possivelmente ser utilizada para outros experimentos envolvendo mineração de padrões em dados espaço-temporais. Tal arquitetura foi então usada como base na implementação de um algoritmo de detecção de flock, focando em alcançar grandes ganhos em tempo de processamento, sem comprometer a precisão, visando então cenários de aplicações de tempo real em Cidades Inteligentes. No fim, nós propomos uma remodelagem no nosso algoritmo para poder utilizar ao máximo o poder de processamento oferecido pelas arquiteturas multi-core dos processadores modernos. Nossos resultados mostraram que nossa solução conseguiu superar propostas do estado da arte, alcançando 99% de redução no tempo de processamento total. Além disso, nossa remodelagem multi-thread conseguiu melhorar os resultados da nossa solução em até 96% em alguns casos. A eficiência e performance da nossa proposta foi comprovada com avaliações feitas com bases de dados geradas sinteticamente e coletadas em experimentos reais.
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Zapata, Iván R. "Detecting humans in video sequences using statistical color and shape models." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2001. http://etd.fcla.edu/etd/uf/2001/anp1058/ivan%5Fthesis2.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2001.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 49 p.; also contains graphics. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-48).
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Sjöblom, Feliks. "Effects of COVID-19 on temporal urban diversity : A quantitative study using mobile phone data as a proxy for human mobility patterns." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439997.
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The present paper examines possible changes in temporal urban diversity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in Stockholm and Uppsala metropolitan areas. In addition to general changes in diversity, potential differences of diversity levels at locations with varying socioeconomic characteristics are examined. The diversity levels are calculated based on mobile phone data and defined by the inflow and distribution of individuals to locations. The time frame involves eight study dates and extends from January to April 2020. The paper reaches the following conclusions. (1) Diversity levels display a general decline during the pandemic, with one exception - Easter Holidays. (2) Individuals residing in areas with high proportions of highly educated individuals or visible minorities experience a decrease in diversity whereas the opposite is true for areas with high proportions of low-income earners or senior citizens (3) The increase in diversity in the two last mentioned areas, which are located in remote parts of the metropolitan area, coincide with decreasing levels of diversity in the central parts of the metropolitan area. It is possible that changes in diversity levels in these areas can be explained by changes in general behavioural trends, e.g. incentives to avoid crowded city center areas.
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Boudali, Ahmed Mounir. "System Identification of Bipedal Locomotion in Robots and Humans." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20326.
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The ability to perform a healthy walking gait can be altered in numerous cases due to gait disorder related pathologies. The latter could lead to partial or complete mobility loss, which affects the patients’ quality of life. Wearable exoskeletons and active prosthetics have been considered as a key component to remedy this mobility loss. The control of such devices knows numerous challenges that are yet to be addressed. As opposed to fixed trajectories control, real-time adaptive reference generation control is likely to provide the wearer with more intent control over the powered device. We propose a novel gait pattern generator for the control of such devices, taking advantage of the inter-joint coordination in the human gait. Our proposed method puts the user in the control loop as it maps the motion of healthy limbs to that of the affected one. To design such control strategy, it is critical to understand the dynamics behind bipedal walking. We begin by studying the simple compass gait walker. We examine the well-known Virtual Constraints method of controlling bipedal robots in the image of the compass gait. In addition, we provide both the mechanical and control design of an affordable research platform for bipedal dynamic walking. We then extend the concept of virtual constraints to human locomotion, where we investigate the accuracy of predicting lower limb joints angular position and velocity from the motion of the other limbs. Data from nine healthy subjects performing specific locomotion tasks were collected and are made available online. A successful prediction of the hip, knee, and ankle joints was achieved in different scenarios. It was also found that the motion of the cane alone has sufficient information to help predict good trajectories for the lower limb in stairs ascent. Better estimates were obtained using additional information from arm joints. We also explored the prediction of knee and ankle trajectories from the motion of the hip joints.
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Robertson, Anthony William Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "Spatial pattern visually-evoked responses recorded from the mid-temporal scalp region of humans." Ottawa, 1985.
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Nickinovich, David G. "Male and female differences in the pattern of occupational persistence /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8870.
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Phaff, Brianne Nicole. "Human dietary and mobility patterns of a prehistoric population from Sigatoka, Fiji : a reconstruction using stable isotope analysis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42925.
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This thesis will explore dietary change and human movement/migration patterns of prehistoric humans interred at the site of Sigatoka, Viti Levu, Fiji through the isotope analysis of human and faunal skeletal material. Our dataset includes human tooth enamel and bone collagen samples of 52 individuals interred at the western and eastern burial groups at Sigatoka, which span four discrete periods of occupation, as well as a series of faunal remains excavated from the site. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) the proportion of marine versus terrestrial protein fraction of the diet through an analysis of stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) values of human bone collagen; (2) the fraction of local versus foreign individuals at the site through an analysis of strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) values in human tooth enamel; and (3) differences in diet in relation to sex, age, or place of birth through a comparison of isotopic values with previous osteological and mortuary analyses of the burials at Sigatoka. The results of our analyses suggest a diet consisting of mixed marine/terrestrial resources, and while the majority of individuals appear to be local, twelve individuals produced non-local strontium signatures relative to local bioavailable strontium values. Although no clear patterns of diet or mobility in relation to age, sex, or occupation period were revealed, our results imply that both marine and terrestrial resources played an important part in the subsistence strategies of prehistoric Fijians, and that some inter or intra-island migration was occurring.
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Becker, Mark Steven. "Reconstructing prehistoric hunter-gatherer mobility patterns and the implications for the shift to sedentism : a perspective from the Near East /." Ann Arbor (Mich.) : UMI dissertation Services, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39901278w.
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Branco, Luciana Azevedo de Sá Rio. "Isotope analysis of dental enamel for assessing geographic origin and geographic mobility in humans: a pilot study." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63772.
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Branco, Luciana Azevedo de Sá Rio. "Isotope analysis of dental enamel for assessing geographic origin and geographic mobility in humans: a pilot study." Dissertação, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/63772.
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Leng, Yan Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Urban computing using call detail records : mobility pattern mining, next-location prediction and location recommendation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104156.
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Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2016.Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 145-152).
Urban computing fuses computer science with other fields, such as transportation, in the context of urban spaces by connecting ubiquitous sensing technologies, analytical models and visualizations to solve challenging problems in urban environment and operation systems. This paper focuses on Call Detail Records, one widely collected opportunistic sensing data source for billing purposes, to understand presence patterns, develop mobility prediction methods and reduce traffic congestions with location recommendations. Understanding human mobility and presence patterns at locations are the building blocks for behavior prediction, service design and system improvements. In the first part, this thesis focuses on 1) understanding presence patterns at user locations with a proposed metric Normalized Hourly Presence, 2) extracting common presence patterns across the population with Principal Component Analysis; 3) and infer home and workplaces using K-means Clustering and Fuzzy C-means Clustering. The proposed method was implemented on MIT Reality Mining data, by which we demonstrate that with inference rates of 56% and 82%, the method can improve 79% and 34% in accuracy respectively in home and workplace inference comparing to the baseline model. In addition, it was implemented on the CDR data collected in a crowded city in China to prove its scalability and applicability in real-world applications. With Fuzzy C-means Clustering, we could flexibly trade-off between inference rate and accuracy to understand the interplay between the two and apply it for various purposes. With an understanding of mobility patterns, the next crucial foundation in urban computing is mobility prediction, enabling transportation practitioners to take actions beforehand and commercial organizations to send location-based advertisements, etc. Specifically, this paper focuses on next-location prediction from Call Detail Records. Mobility traces was analogized to language models, mapping cell towers to words and individual location traces to sentences. Recurrent Neural Network is a successful tool in natural language processing, which is applied in mobility prediction due to its acceptance of sequential input, variable input length and ability to learn the 'meaning' of cell towers. By implementing the method on Call Detail Records collected in Andorra, we show that the method improved more than 40% over the baseline model, with 67% and 78% accuracy in next location at cell tower and merged cell tower level respectively. The 'meanings' of the cell tower could also be inferred, the same as learning the meanings of words in sentences, from the embedding layer of Recurrent Neural Network. The last project aims at tackling the challenge of severe traffic congestions with location recommendations. The availability of large-scale longitudinal geolocation data, such as Call Detail Records, offers planners and service providers an unprecedented opportunity to understand location preferences and alleviate traffic congestions. Location recommendation is a potential tool to achieve these two objectives. Previous research on location recommendations has focused on automatically and accurately inferring users' preferences, while little attention has been devoted to the constraints of service capacity. The ignorance may lead to congestion and long waiting time. We argue that Call Detail Records could help planners and authorities make interventions by providing personalized recommendations given the comprehensive urban-wide picture of historical behaviors and preferences. In this research, we propose a method to make location recommendations for system efficiency, defined as maximizing satisfactions toward recommendations subject to capacity constraints, exploiting travelers' choice flexibilities. We infer implicit location preferences based on sparse and passively-collected Call Detail Records. We then formulate an optimization model the defined system efficiency. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we implement the method in Andorra, a small European country heavily relying on tourism. By extensive simulations, we demonstrate that the method can reduce the travel time increased by congestion during peak hour from 11.73 minutes to 5.6 minutes with idealized trips under full compliance rates. We show that the average travel time increased by congestion is 6.17, 6.98, 8.37 and 10.98 minutes with 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% compliance rates. Overall, our results indicate that Call Detail Records can be used to make locations recommendation while reduce traffic congestion for system efficiency. The proposed method can be applied to other large-scale location traces and extended to other location or events recommendation applications.
by Yan Leng.
S.M. in Transportation
S.M.
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Ma, Jun. "An improved system for long-term ambulatory monitoring of posture and mobility related daily physical activity." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366933.
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Agin, Sol. "Communication without borders : A quantitative study on how mobility and a cosmopolitan self-identity affect Swedish expatriates communication patterns with friends." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-47794.
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The purpose of this study is to find out how Swedish voluntary migrants communicate with friends in three different groups: friends that resides in the same country as the respondent currently lives in, friends in Sweden, friends in other countries around the globe and whether or not individual mobility, demographic factors or a sense of global citizenship affect the chosen mean of communication. The reason behind the study is to introduce a previously unstudied area into the field of geographically based media studies and hopefully contribute to a deeper understanding of the role played by different means of communication in shaping the dynamics of global friendship. The theoretical approach in this study will be from three different outlooks, migration, polymedia (including the second-level digital divide) and cosmopolitanism. The study is based on data from the Institute for Society, Opinion and Media (SOM) and their survey questionnaire sent out to Swedish expatriates during fall 2014 / winter 2015, also known as Utlands-SOM. The total number of respondents are 2268. The study starts with basic frequencies to find out which media that are the most prominent, then binary logistic regressions have been made. The total number of dependent variables are 21 and these have then been analysed from seven independent variables; age, gender, education, travel patterns, years spent abroad, number of countries lived in and whether or not the respondent consider himself/herself being a cosmopolitan. This generates a total of seven tables (one for each media) with three models in each (contact with friends in current country of residency, contact with friends in Sweden and contact with friends in other parts of the world). Amongst Swedish expatriates, e-mail and Facebook are the two most popular media for keeping in touch with friends, regardless of the friends location. The most significant demographic variable is age. Usage of video call, text message, chat, Facebook and other social media tend to decrease with age. Every year spent abroad decreases the communication with friends in Sweden, but increases the communication in the current country of residency. The number of countries lived in have a positive effect on communication with friends in other parts of the world. Cosmopolitan self-identity is found to be most significant when communicating with friends in other parts of the world, and it also affects e-mail the most. Level of education, which in previous studies have been found closely linked to a cosmopolitan identity, is found to have no significant correlation. Arguably, this is explained by the other means of communications negative relationship with the variable.Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur svenskar som frivilligt emigrerat utomlands kommunicerar med vänner inom tre olika grupper: vänner som bor i samma land som respondenten för tillfället lever i, vänner i Sverige samt vänner bosatta i övriga länder världen över. Detta sätts i perspektiv med huruvida den individuella mobiliteten, demografiska faktorer eller en känsla av ett världsmedborgarskap påverkar det valda kommunikationsmedlet. Denna studie ämnar att introducera ett tidigare förbisett forskningsområde inom geografiskt baserade mediestudier och därigenom förhoppningsvis bidra till forskningsfältet genom en fördjupad förståelse om kommunikationsmediers roll för vänskapsdynamik på global skala. Det teoretiska ramverk som utgör studiens grund är tre stycken skilda delar, migration, polymedia (inklusive en andra gradens digital klyfta) och kosmopolitism. Denna studie bygger på data från Institutet för Samhälle, Opinion och Media (SOM), och deras undersökning ställd till utlandssvenskar (Utlands-SOM) från hösten 2014 / vintern 2015. Totalt antal respondenter är 2268. Först görs en enkel frekvenstabeller för att undersöka vilket/vilka de primära medierna är i varje grupp, därefter har binära logistiska regressioner körts. Det totala antalet beroende variabler som behandlas är 21. Dessa sätts i perspektiv med ålder, kön, utbildning, resemönster, antal år utomlands, antal boendeländer och om respondenten anser sig vara världsmedborgare eller ej. Detta genererar totalt sju tabeller (en för varje media), med tre modeller i varje (kontakt med vänner i nuvarande boendeland, kontakt med vänner i Sverige och kontakt med vänner i övriga världen). Utlandssvenskarnas favoritmedium för att hålla kontakten med vänner, oavsett var vännerna befinner sig, visade sig vara e-post och Facebook. Den mest signifikanta demografiska variabeln visade sig vara ålder. Användandet av videosamtal, SMS, chatt, Facebook och andra sociala medier visade sig minska med högre ålder. För varje år respondenterna spenderar utomlands minskar oddsen för kommunikationen med Sverige, men ökar i det nuvarande boendelandet. Antalet länder som respondenterna har bott i har en positiv inverkan på kommunikationen med vänner i övriga världen. Den kosmopolitiska identiteten är mest signifikant när det kommer till att kommunicera med vänner i övriga världen och den påverkar även e-post som medium allra mest positivt. Utbildningsnivå, vilket sedan tidigare studier funnits vara tätt länkat med en kosmopolitisk identitet, visade sig inte vara signifikant i denna undersökning. Detta kan förklaras genom de andra kommunikationsmediernas negativa förhållande med variabeln.
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Kano, Fumihiro. "A comparative eye-tracking study in great apes and humans : the pattern of eye movements for scenes and faces." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157835.
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Johnson, Amos Y. Jr. "A method for human identification using static, activity-specific parameters." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15793.
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Fjellström, Markus. "Stable isotope analysis and ethical issues surorunding a human skeleton material from Rounala in Karesuando parish." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-68221.
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This thesis deals with a medieval material from Rounala in Karesuando parish, Norrbotten county, Lapland. The aim is to reconstruct the diet and mobility patterns. It is through carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotopes and radiocarbon that both pastoralist traits and whether which part Christianity played in the burial traditions of these human remains is being studied. Another aim is to discuss the repatriation issue as these remains are subjected to. The results mainly show that all individuals had a mixed diet and no pastoral way of living has been established. Furthermore, individual 3 is suffering from pathological changes. With radiocarbon dates ranging from 1300 to 1720 AD, two groups can be distinguished as to whom had been buried before and after the construction of the church. And repatriation is being discussed as an issue to who have ownership over ancient remains.
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Ko, Seung-uk. "Human gait analysis by gait pattern measurement and forward dynamic model combined with non linear feedback control /." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/3754.
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Guliyev, Ruslan. "Simulation study of areal sweep efficiency versus a function of mobility ratio and aspect ratio for staggered line-drive waterflood pattern." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86050.
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Pattern geometry plays a major role in determining oil recovery during waterflooding
and enhanced oil recovery operations. Although simulation is an important tool for
design and evaluation, the first step often involves rough calculations based upon areal
sweep efficiencies of displacements in homogeneous, two-dimensional, scaled, physical
models. These results are available as a function of the displacement pattern and the
mobility ratio M.
In this research I studied the effect of mobility ratios on five-spot and staggered
waterflood patterns behavior for areal (2D) displacement in a reservoir that is
homogeneous and isotropic containing no initial gas saturation. Simulation was
performed using Eclipse 100 simulator.
Simulation results are presented as graphs of areal sweep efficiency at breakthrough
versus Craig mobility ratio for various staggered line drive aspect ratios.
The main results of the study are presented in the form of a graph of areal sweep
efficiency at breakthrough as a function of staggered line drive aspect ratio. This should
enable engineers to utilize the results in a convenient manner.
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Ayeb-Karlsson, Sonja. "When the disaster strikes : (im)mobility decision-making in the context of environmental shocks and climate change impacts." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/80447/.
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This study responds to the need for more research around (im)mobility decision-making to better support people facing environmental shocks and climatic changes. The concept of Trapped Populations, first appeared with the release of the 2011 Foresight report yielding repeated use in environmental migration studies and to a more limited extent policy. Although a seemingly straightforward concept, referring to people's inability to move away from environmental high-risk areas despite a desire to do so, the underlying reasons for someone's immobility can be profoundly complex. The empirical literature body referring to ‘trapped' populations has similarly taken a fairly simple and narrow economic explanatory approach. A more comprehensive understanding around how immobility is narrated in academia, and how people's cultural, social and psychological background in Bangladesh influences their (im)mobility, can provide crucial research insights. To better protect and support people living with environmental shocks and changes worldwide we need to build robust and well-informed policy frameworks To achieve this, a set of discourse analyses were carried out. Firstly, a textual Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) reviewed how ‘trapped' has been framed within academia. Secondly, a Foucauldian inspired discourse analysis was performed on field data to explore how power, knowledge and and binary opposites shape and determine people's social norms in terms of their (im)mobility decision-making. These key concepts critically showcased how meaning, values and power can constrain the mobility of a social group. The analysis was carried out on a large set of field data gathered between 2014 and 2016 in Bangladesh. The data on urban immobility and rural non-evacuation behaviour was gathered through a mixed-method quant-qualitative approach that included Q-methodology, storytelling group sessions, in-depth interviews and a survey questionnaire. Other key concepts used to frame the analysis included those of subjectivity, gender, place and space. The textual discourse analysis highlighted the dangers of framing mobility or resettlement as a potential climate adaptation. Assisted migration, could for example end up disguising other hidden political and economic agendas. The research identified how the empirical notions of ‘trapped' move beyond economic immobility. People in Bangladesh described being socially, psychologically and emotionally ‘trapped'. These empirical notions are useful within the area of climate policy, as they raise questions around whether mobility in fact is the solution.
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Souza, Gabriel Spadon de. "Characterization of mobility patterns and collective behavior through the analytical processing of real-world complex networks." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/55/55134/tde-29092017-100417/.
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Cities are complex systems of transportation and social activity; their structure can be used to model urban street networks i.e. complex network that represents the geometry of a city allowing analytical activities for data-driven decision-making. The geometry of a city holds intrinsic information that can support activities related to the analysis of the urban scenario; of higher importance is the use of such information to enhance the quality of life of its inhabitants and/or to understand the dynamics of an urban center. Several of these analytical processes lacks in-depth methodologies to analyze crime patterns and ill-designed urban structures, which can provide for public safety and urban design. Consequently, it is our goal to provide means for the structural and topological analysis of highly criminal regions of cities represented as complex networks, and for the identification of urban planning inconsistencies that point to regions that lack access from/to points of interest in a city. In this regard, we devised a set of algebraic and algorithmic procedures that are capable of revealing patterns and provide for data comprehension. More specifically, we introduced pre-processing techniques to transform georeferenced electronic maps into graph representations of cities; we used metric-based and epidemic processes to understand the dynamics of cities in what refers to criminality; finally, we introduced a novel set of formalisms and operations based on set theory to identify design flaws concerning access in urban centers. Our results refer to approaches to preprocess and prepare maps in the form of urban street networks; to the analyses of crimes based on their spatial disposition; to the development of a model to describe criminal activities; and, to the advance of a concept based on critical problems in the urban design.As cidades são sistemas complexos de interação social e de transporte. Suas estruturas podem ser usadas para modelar redes de mobilidade urbana i.e. redes complexas que representam a geometria de uma cidade permitindo a consecução de atividades analíticas para descoberta de padrões e para a tomada de decisão baseada em dados. A geometria da cidade carrega informações intrínsecas que auxiliam atividades relacionadas à análise de dados provenientes do cenário urbano. As informações inerentes a tais análises podem ser usadas para melhorar a qualidade de vida dos habitantes de uma região, ou para entender a dinâmica de centros urbanos. Diversos processos analíticos aplicados a tais cenários carecem de metodologias para analisar o padrão criminal e para identificar estruturas urbanas mal planejadas. Deste modo, este trabalho tem por objetivo prover meios para análise topológica de regiões criminais e para a identificação de inconsistências urbanas, as quais apontam para regiões que carecem de mobilidade e acesso para outras regiões de uma cidade. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvido um conjunto de procedimentos algébricos e algorítmicos capazes de revelar padrões e meios para compreensão e análise dos dados. Mais especificamente, foram desenvolvidos métodos de pré-processamento para transformar mapas eletrônicos georreferenciados em grafos que representam cidades, foi utilizado um conjunto métrico analítico e outro com base em processos epidêmicos para entender a dinâmica intrínseca à criminalidade de uma cidade, e por fim, foi desenvolvido um conjunto de formalismos e operações baseados em teoria dos conjuntos para identificar falhas no desenho das estruturas urbanas que impactam no acesso viário em centros urbanos. Os resultados deste trabalho versam sobre o desenvolvimento de novos métodos para preparar mapas na forma de redes de mobilidade urbana; na análise de crimes baseada em sua disposição espacial; no desenvolvimento de um modelo capaz de descrever a atividade criminal de uma cidade; e, em um conceito baseado na análise de regiões críticas identificadas a partir do desenho urbano.
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Wu, Burton. "New variational Bayesian approaches for statistical data mining : with applications to profiling and differentiating habitual consumption behaviour of customers in the wireless telecommunication industry." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/46084/1/Burton_Wu_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis investigates profiling and differentiating customers through the use of statistical data mining techniques. The business application of our work centres on examining individuals’ seldomly studied yet critical consumption behaviour over an extensive time period within the context of the wireless telecommunication industry; consumption behaviour (as oppose to purchasing behaviour) is behaviour that has been performed so frequently that it become habitual and involves minimal intentions or decision making. Key variables investigated are the activity initialised timestamp and cell tower location as well as the activity type and usage quantity (e.g., voice call with duration in seconds); and the research focuses are on customers’ spatial and temporal usage behaviour. The main methodological emphasis is on the development of clustering models based on Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) which are fitted with the use of the recently developed variational Bayesian (VB) method. VB is an efficient deterministic alternative to the popular but computationally demandingMarkov chainMonte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The standard VBGMMalgorithm is extended by allowing component splitting such that it is robust to initial parameter choices and can automatically and efficiently determine the number of components. The new algorithm we propose allows more effective modelling of individuals’ highly heterogeneous and spiky spatial usage behaviour, or more generally human mobility patterns; the term spiky describes data patterns with large areas of low probability mixed with small areas of high probability. Customers are then characterised and segmented based on the fitted GMM which corresponds to how each of them uses the products/services spatially in their daily lives; this is essentially their likely lifestyle and occupational traits. Other significant research contributions include fitting GMMs using VB to circular data i.e., the temporal usage behaviour, and developing clustering algorithms suitable for high dimensional data based on the use of VB-GMM.
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Ong, Felicia Li Chin. "Heterogeneous Networking for Beyond 3G system in a High-Speed Train Environment. Investigation of handover procedures in a high-speed train environment and adoption of a pattern classification neural-networks approach for handover management." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12341.
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Based on the targets outlined by the EU Horizon 2020 (H2020) framework, it is expected that heterogeneous networking will play a crucial role in delivering seamless end-to-end ubiquitous Internet access for users. In due course, the current GSM-Railway (GSM-R) will be deemed unsustainable, as the demand for packet-oriented services continues to increase. Therefore, the opportunity to identify a plausible replacement system conducted in this research study is timely and appropriate. In this research study, a hybrid satellite and terrestrial network for enabling ubiquitous Internet access in a high-speed train environment is investigated. The study focuses on the mobility management aspect of the system, primarily related to the handover management. A proposed handover strategy, employing the RACE II MONET and ITU-T Q.65 design methodology, will be addressed. This includes identifying the functional model (FM) which is then mapped to the functional architecture (FUA), based on the Q.1711 IMT-2000 FM. In addition, the signalling protocols, information flows and message format based on the adopted design methodology will also be specified. The approach is then simulated in OPNET and the findings are then presented and discussed. The opportunity of exploring the prospect of employing neural networks (NN) for handover is also undertaken. This study focuses specifically on the use of pattern classification neural networks to aid in the handover process, which is then simulated in MATLAB. The simulation outcomes demonstrated the effectiveness and appropriateness of the NN algorithm and the competence of the algorithm in facilitating the handover process.
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Parsafard, Mohsen. "Space-Time Transportation System Modelling: from Traveler’s Characteristics to the Network Design Problem." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6924.
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Traditional network design problems only consider the long-term stationary travel patterns (e.g., fixed OD demand) and short-term variations of human mobility are ignored. This study aims to integrate human mobility characteristics and travel patterns into network design problems using a space-time network structure. Emerging technologies such as location-based social network platforms provide a unique opportunity for understanding human mobility patterns that can lead to advanced modeling techniques. To reach our goal, at first multimodal network design problems are investigated by considering safety and flow interactions between different modes of transport. We develop a network reconstruction method to expand a single-modal transportation network to a multi-modal network where flow interactions between different modes can be quantified. Then, in our second task, we investigate the trajectory of moving objects to see how they can reveal detailed information about human travel characteristics and presence probability with high-resolution detail. A time geography-based methodology is proposed to not only estimate an individual’s space-time trajectory based on his/her limited space-time sample points but also to quantify the accuracy of this estimation in a robust manner. A series of measures including activity bandwidth and normalized activity bandwidth are proposed to quantify the accuracy of trajectory estimation, and cutoff points are suggested for screening data records for mobility analysis.
Finally, a space-time network-based modeling framework is proposed to integrate human mobility into network design problems. We construct a probabilistic network structure to quantify human’s presence probability at different locations and time. Then, a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model is proposed to maximize the spatial and temporal coverage of individual targets. To achieve near optimal solutions for large-scale problems, greedy heuristic, Lagrangian relaxation and simulated annealing algorithms are implemented to solve the problem. The proposed algorithms are implemented on hypothetical and real world numerical examples to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the methodology on different network sizes and promising results have been obtained.
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Chen, Yulu. "Spatial Temporal Analysis of Traffic Patterns during the COVID-19 Epidemic by Vehicle Detection using Planet Remote Sensing Satellite Images." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1609843145639886.
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Hållstedt, Julius. "Integration of epitaxial SiGe(C) layers in advanced CMOS devices." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikroelektronik och tillämpad fysik, MAP, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4498.
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Heteroepitaxial SiGe(C) layers have attracted immense attention as a material for performance boost in state of the art electronic devices during recent years. Alloying silicon with germanium and carbon add exclusive opportunities for strain and bandgap engineering. This work presents details of epitaxial growth using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), material characterization and integration of SiGeC layers in MOS devices. Non-selective and selective epitaxial growth of Si1-x-yGexCy (0≤x≤0.30, 0≤y≤0.02) layers have been performed and optimized aimed for various metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) applications. A comprehensive experimental study was performed to investigate the growth of SiGeC layers. The incorporation of C into the SiGe matrix was shown to be strongly sensitive to the growth parameters. As a consequence, a much smaller epitaxial process window compared to SiGe epitaxy was obtained. Incorporation of high boron concentrations (up to 1×1021 atoms/cm3) in SiGe layers aimed for recessed and/or elevated source/drain (S/D) junctions in pMOSFETs was also studied. HCl was used as Si etchant in the CVD reactor to create the recesses which was followed (in a single run) by selective epitaxy of B-doped SiGe. The issue of pattern dependency behavior of selective epitaxial growth was studied in detail. It was shown that a complete removal of pattern dependency in selective SiGe growth using reduced pressure CVD is not likely. However, it was shown that the pattern dependency can be predicted since it is highly dependent on the local Si coverage of the substrate. The pattern dependency was most sensitive for Si coverage in the range 1-10%. In this range drastic changes in growth rate and composition was observed. The pattern dependency was explained by gas depletion inside the low velocity boundary layer. Ni silicide is commonly used to reduce access resistance in S/D and gate areas of MOSFET devices. Therefore, the effect of carbon and germanium on the formation of NiSiGe(C) was studied. An improved thermal stability of Ni silicide was obtained when C is present in the SiGe layer. Integration of SiGe(C) layers in various MOSFET devices was performed. In order to perform a relevant device research the dimensions of the investigated devices have to be in-line with the current technology nodes. A robust spacer gate technology was developed which enabled stable processing of transistors with gate lengths down to 45 nm. SiGe(C) channels in ultra thin body (UTB) silicon on insulator (SOI) MOSFETs, with excellent performance down to 100 nm gate length was demonstrated. The integration of C in the channel of a MOSFET is interesting for future generations of ultra scaled devices where issues such as short channel effects (SCE), temperature budget, dopant diffusion and mobility will be extremely critical. A clear performance enhancement was obtained for both SiGe and SiGeC channels, which point out the potential of SiGe or SiGeC materials for UTB SOI devices. Biaxially strained-Si (sSi) on SiGe virtual substrates (VS) as mobility boosters in nMOSFETs with gate length down to 80 nm was demonstrated. This concept was thoroughly investigated in terms of performance and leakage of the devices. In-situ doping of the relaxed SiGe was shown to be superior over implantation to suppress the junction leakage. A high channel doping could effectively suppress the source to drain leakage.QC 20100715
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Jia, Tao. "Geospatial Knowledge Discovery using Volunteered Geographic Information : a Complex System Perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104783.
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The continuous progression of urbanization has resulted in an increasing number of people living in cities or towns. In parallel, advancements in technologies, such as the Internet, telecommunications, and transportation, have allowed for better connectivity among people. This has engendered drastic changes in urban systems during the recent decades. From a social geographic perspective, the changes in urban systems are primarily characterized by intensive contacts among people and their interactions with the surrounding urban environment, which further leads to subsequent challenging problems such as traffic jams, environmental pollution, urban sprawl, etc. These problems have been reported to be heterogeneous and non-deterministic. Hence, to cope with them, massive amounts of geographic data are required to create new knowledge on urban systems. Due to the thriving of Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI) in recent years, this thesis presents knowledge on urban systems based on extensive VGI datasets from three sources: highway dataset from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project, photo location dataset from the Flickr website, and GPS tracking datasets from volunteers, taxicabs, and air flights. The knowledge primarily relates to two issues of urban systems: the urban space and the corresponding human dynamics. In accordance, on one hand, urban space acts as a carrier for associated geographic activities and knowledge of it benefits our understanding of current social and economic problems in urban systems. On the other hand, human dynamics reflect human behavior in urban space, which leads to complex mobility or activity patterns. Its investigation allows a derivation of the underlying driving force that is very instructive to urban planning, traffic management, and infectious disease control. Therefore, to fully understand the two issues, this thesis conducts a thorough investigation from multiple aspects. The first issue is investigated from four aspects. First, at the city level, the controversial topic of city size regularity is investigated in terms of natural cities, and the conclusion is that Zipf’s law holds stably for all US cities. Second, at the sub-city level, the size distribution of spatial units within different cities in terms of the clusters formed by street nodes, photo locations, and taxi static points are explored, and the result shows a remarkable scaling property of these spatial units. Third, enlightened by the scaling property of the urban space at the city or sub-city level, this thesis devises a novel tool that can demarcate the cities into three categories: compact cities, normal cities, and sprawling cities. The tool is then applied to cities in both the US and three European countries. In the last, another representation of urban space is taken into account, namely the transportation network. The findings report that the US airport network displays the properties of scale-free, small-world, and disassortative mixing and that the individual natural airports show heterogeneous patterns that are probably subject to geographic constraints and socioeconomic factors. The second issue is examined from four perspectives. First, at the city level, the movement flow contributed by agents using two types of behavior is investigated through an agent-based simulation, and the result conjectures that the human mobility behavior is mainly shaped by the underlying street network. Second, at the country level, this thesis reports that the human travel length by air can be approximated well by an exponential distribution, and subsequent simulations indicate that human mobility behavior is largely constrained by the underlying airport network. Third, at the regional level, the length that humans travel by car is demonstrated to agree well with a power law with exponential cutoff distribution, and subsequent simulation further reproduces this levy flight characteristic. Based on the simulation, human mobility behavior is again revealed to be primarily shaped by the underlying hierarchical spatial structure. Finally, taxicab static points are adopted to explore human activity patterns, which can be characterized as the regularities in space and time, the heterogeneity and predictability in space. From a complex system perspective, this thesis presents the knowledge discovered in urban systems using massive volumes of geographic data. Together with new knowledge from empirical findings, the development of methods, and the design of theoretic models, this thesis also shares the research community with geographic data generated from extensive VGI datasets and the corresponding source codes. Moreover, this study is aligned with a paradigm shift in that it analyzes large-size datasets using high processing power as opposed to analyzing small-size datasets with low processing power.QC 20121113
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Cao, Libo. "Nonlinear Wavelet Compression Methods for Ion Analyses and Dynamic Modeling of Complex Systems." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1107790393.
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Katarina, Gavrić. "Mining large amounts of mobile object data." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2017. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=105036&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Within this thesis, we examined the possibilities of using an increasing amount ofpublicly available metadata about locations and peoples' activities in order to gainnew knowledge and develop new models of behavior and movement of people. Thepurpose of the research conducted for this thesis was to solve practical problems,such as: analyzing attractive tourist sites, defining the most frequent routes peopleare taking, defining main ways of transportation, and discovering behavioralpatterns in terms of defining strategies to suppress expansion of virus infections. Inthis thesis, a practical study was carried out on the basis of protected (aggregatedand anonymous) CDR (Caller Data Records) data and metadata of geo-referencedmultimedia content.Предмет и циљ истраживања докторске дисертације представља евалуацијамогућности коришћења све веће количине јавно доступних података олокацији и кретању људи, како би се дошло до нових сазнања, развили новимодели понашања и кретања људи који се могу применити за решавањепрактичних проблема као што су: анализа атрактивних туристичких локација,откривање путања кретања људи и средстава транспорта које најчешћекористе, као и откривање важних параметара на основу којих се можеразвити стратегија за заштиту нације од инфективних болести итд. У раду је уту сврхе спроведена практична студија на бази заштићених (агрегираних ианонимизираних) ЦДР података и метаподатака гео-референцираногмултимедијалног садржаја. Приступ је заснован на примени техникавештачке интелигенције и истраживања података.
Predmet i cilj istraživanja doktorske disertacije predstavlja evaluacijamogućnosti korišćenja sve veće količine javno dostupnih podataka olokaciji i kretanju ljudi, kako bi se došlo do novih saznanja, razvili novimodeli ponašanja i kretanja ljudi koji se mogu primeniti za rešavanjepraktičnih problema kao što su: analiza atraktivnih turističkih lokacija,otkrivanje putanja kretanja ljudi i sredstava transporta koje najčešćekoriste, kao i otkrivanje važnih parametara na osnovu kojih se možerazviti strategija za zaštitu nacije od infektivnih bolesti itd. U radu je utu svrhe sprovedena praktična studija na bazi zaštićenih (agregiranih ianonimiziranih) CDR podataka i metapodataka geo-referenciranogmultimedijalnog sadržaja. Pristup je zasnovan na primeni tehnikaveštačke inteligencije i istraživanja podataka.
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Nguyen, Anh Dung. "Contributions to Modeling, Structural Analysis, and Routing Performance in Dynamic Networks." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00908502.
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Cette thèse apporte des contributions à la modélisation, compréhension ainsi qu'à la communication efficace d'information dans les réseaux dynamiques peuplant la périphérie de l'Internet. Par réseaux dynamiques, nous signifions les réseaux pouvant être modélisés par des graphes dynamiques dans lesquels noeuds et liens évoluent temporellement. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous proposons un nouveau modèle de mobilité - STEPS - qui permet de capturer un large spectre de comportement de mobilité humains. STEPS mets en oeuvre deux principes fondamentaux de la mobilité humaine : l'attachement préférentiel à une zone de prédilection et l'attraction vers une zone de prédilection. Nous proposons une modélisation markovienne de ce modèle de mobilité. Nous montrons que ce simple modèle paramétrique est capable de capturer les caractéristiques statistiques saillantes de la mobilité humaine comme la distribution des temps d'inter-contacts et de contacts. Dans la deuxième partie, en utilisant STEPS, nous analysons les propriétés comportementales et structurelles fondamentales des réseaux opportunistes. Nous redéfinissons dans le contexte des réseaux dynamiques la notion de structure petit monde et montrons comment une telle structure peut émerger. En particulier, nous montrons que les noeuds fortement dynamiques peuvent jouer le rôle de ponts entre les composants déconnectés, aident à réduire significativement la longueur du chemin caractéristique du réseau et contribuent à l'émergence du phénomène petit-monde dans les réseaux dynamiques. Nous proposons une façon de modéliser ce phénomène sous STEPS. À partir d'un réseau dynamique régulier dans lequel les noeuds limitent leur mobilité à leurs zones préférentielles respectives. Nous recablons ce réseau en injectant progressivement des noeuds nomades se déplaçant entre plusieurs zones. Nous montrons que le pourcentage de tels nœuds nomades est de 10%, le réseau possède une structure petit monde avec un fort taux de clusterisation et un faible longueur du chemin caractéristique. La troisième contribution de cette thèse porte sur l'étude de l'impact du désordre et de l'irrégularité des contacts sur la capacité de communication d'un réseau dynamique. Nous analysons le degré de désordre de réseaux opportunistes réels et montrons que si exploité correctement, celui-ci peut améliorer significativement les performances du routage. Nous introduisons ensuite un modèle permettant de capturer le niveau de désordre d'un réseau dynamique. Nous proposons deux algorithmes simples et efficaces qui exploitent la structure temporelle d'un réseau dynamique pour délivrer les messages avec un bon compromis entre l'usage des ressources et les performances. Les résultats de simulations et analytiques montrent que ce type d'algorithme est plus performant que les approches classiques. Nous mettons également en évidence aussi la structure de réseau pour laquelle ce type d'algorithme atteint ses performances optimum. Basé sur ce résultat théorique nous proposons un nouveau protocole de routage efficace pour les réseaux opportunistes centré sur le contenu. Dans ce protocole, les noeuds maintiennent, via leurs contacts opportunistes, une fonction d'utilité qui résume leur proximité spatio-temporelle par rapport aux autres noeuds. En conséquence, router dans un tel contexte se résume à suivre le gradient de plus grande pente conduisant vers le noeud destination. Cette propriété induit un algorithme de routage simple et efficace qui peut être utilisé aussi bien dans un contexte d'adressage IP que de réseau centré sur les contenus. Les résultats de simulation montrent que ce protocole superforme les protocoles de routage classiques déjà définis pour les réseaux opportunistes. La dernière contribution de cette thèse consiste à mettre en évidence une application potentielle des réseaux dynamiques dans le contexte du " mobile cloud computing ". En utilisant les techniques d'optimisation particulaires, nous montrons que la mobilité peut augmenter considérablement la capacité de calcul des réseaux dynamiques. De plus, nous montrons que la structure dynamique du réseau a un fort impact sur sa capacité de calcul.
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Park, Yujin. "Essays in Geospatial Modeling of Urban Green Infrastructure." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1588547971708147.
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Balasubramaniam, Thirunavukarasu. "Matrix/tensor factorization with selective coordinate descent: Algorithms and output usage." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/203189/1/Thirunavukarasu_Balasubramaniam_Thesis.pdf.
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With advanced data collection methods and the tremendous growth in the number of online users, multi-context data has become ubiquitous and its analysis for knowledge discovery has become inevitable. Matrix/tensor factorizations are commonly used knowledge discovery methods. This thesis developed selective Coordinate Descent (SCD) algorithms that select only a few important elements during the factorization process to minimize the computational complexity and to improve the efficiency of factorization. Moreover, this thesis exploits various ways the output of SCD factorization can be applied in several knowledge discovery tasks like pattern mining, clustering, outlier detection, and recommender systems.
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Lenormand, Maxime. "Initialize and Calibrate a Dynamic Stochastic Microsimulation Model: Application to the SimVillages Model." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764929.
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Le but de cette thèse est de développer des outils statistiques permettant d'initialiser et de calibrer les modèles de microsimulation dynamique stochastique, en partant de l'exemple du modèle SimVillages (développé dans le cadre du projet Européen PRIMA). Ce modèle couple des dynamiques démographiques et économiques appliquées à une population de municipalités rurales. Chaque individu de la population, représenté explicitement dans un ménage au sein d'une commune, travaille éventuellement dans une autre, et possède sa propre trajectoire de vie. Ainsi, le modèle inclut-il des dynamiques de choix de vie, d'étude, de carrière, d'union, de naissance, de divorce, de migration et de décès. Nous avons développé, implémenté et testé les modèles et méthodes suivants: * un modèle permettant de générer une population synthétique à partir de données agrégées, où chaque individu est membre d'un ménage, vit dans une commune et possède un statut au regard de l'emploi. Cette population synthétique est l'état initial du modèle. * un modèle permettant de simuler une table d'origine-destination des déplacements domicile-travail à partir de données agrégées. * un modèle permettant d'estimer le nombre d'emplois dans les services de proximité dans une commune donnée en fonction de son nombre d'habitants et de son voisinage en termes de service. * une méthode de calibration des paramètres inconnus du modèle SimVillages de manière à satisfaire un ensemble de critères d'erreurs définis sur des sources de données hétérogènes. Cette méthode est fondée sur un nouvel algorithme d'échantillonnage séquentiel de type Approximate Bayesian Computation.
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Nguyen, Anh-Dung. "Contributions to modeling, structural analysis, and routing performance in dynamic networks." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/9725/1/nguyen.pdf.
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This thesis contributes to the modeling, understanding and efficient communication in dynamic networks populating the periphery of the Internet. By dynamic networks, we refer to networks that can be modeled by dynamic graphs in which nodes and links change temporally. In the first part of the thesis, we propose a new mobility model - STEPS - which captures a wide spectrum of human mobility behavior. STEPS implements two fundamental principles of human mobility: preferential attachment and attractor. We show that this simple parametric model is able to capture the salient statistical properties of human mobility such as the distribution of inter-contact/contact time. In the second part, using STEPS, we analyze the fundamental behavioral and structural properties of opportunistic networks. We redefine in the context of dynamic networks the concept of small world structure and show how such a structure can emerge. In particular, we show that highly dynamic nodes can play the role of bridges between disconnected components, helping to significantly reduce the length of network path and contribute to the emergence of small-world phenomenon in dynamic networks. We propose a way to model this phenomenon in STEPS. From a regular dynamic network in which nodes limit their mobility to their respective preferential areas. We rewire this network by gradually injecting highly nomadic nodes moving between different areas. We show that when the ratio of such nomadic nodes is around 10%, the network has small world structure with a high degree of clustering and a low characteristic path length. The third contribution of this thesis is the study of the impact of disorder and contact irregularity on the communication capacity of a dynamic network. We analyze the degree of disorder of real opportunistic networks and show that if used correctly, it can significantly improve routing performances. We then introduce a model to capture the degree of disorder in a dynamic network. We propose two simple and efficient algorithms that exploit the temporal structure of a dynamic network to deliver messages with a good tradeoff between resource usage and performance. The simulation and analytical results show that this type of algorithm is more efficient than conventional approaches. We also highlight also the network structure for which this type of algorithm achieves its optimum performance. Based on this theoretical result, we propose a new efficient routing protocol for content centric opportunistic networks. In this protocol, nodes maintain, through their opportunistic contacts, an utility function that summarizes their spatio-temporal proximity to other nodes. As a result, routing in this context consists in following the steepest slopes of the gradient field leading to the destination node. This property leads to a simple and effective algorithm routing that can be used both in the context of IP networks and content centric networks. The simulation results show that this protocol outperforms traditional routing protocols already defined for opportunistic networks. The last contribution of this thesis is to highlight the potential application of dynamic networks in the context of "mobile cloud computing." Using the particle optimization techniques, we show that mobility can significantly increase the processing capacity of dynamic networks. In addition, we show that the dynamic structure of the network has a strong impact on its processing capacity.
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Mujica, Felipe. "Conforto, desconforto e usabilidade no design de interiores de aeronaves: a análise ergonômica da atividade como ferramenta de projeto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3136/tde-18082016-103259/.
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Estudos de literatura científica mostram que desenvolver produtos confortáveis não é algo trivial. No entanto, o conforto é um aspecto importante a ser considerado para valorizar e diferenciar linhas aéreas e produtos do setor automotivo. O objetivo inicial desta pesquisa era verificar a influência de acessórios e dispositivos de ajustes nos níveis de conforto e desconforto de passageiros em cabines de aviões. No entanto, com o amadurecimento dos métodos, dos protocolos e das ferramentas desta pesquisa, verificou-se que a metodologia proposta, além de ter utilidade para levantar as necessidades dos usuários, no design de cabines para passageiros, pode ser útil para a sensibilização de projetistas, ao integrar o Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos (PDP). Desta forma, o método criado a partir de conhecimentos das Ciências Sociais e Etnografia, com técnicas da Observação Participante e da Análise Ergonômica da Atividade, mostrou-se uma poderosa ferramenta para capacitação e sensibilização de projetistas, arquitetos, engenheiros e designers, para promover a inovação no projeto de ambientes e objetos. Portanto, esta tese discute a importância das atividades dos usuários no desenvolvimento de projetos, para permitir que projetistas possam criar soluções que vão mais além do que é sugerido e estabelecido por parâmetros apresentados em normas técnicas e legislação. Assim, apresenta-se aqui uma nova proposta metodológica para o Design de Produtos e Ambientes dedicados a Passageiros e Viajantes, de uma forma mais ampla, que favoreça a experiência em mobilidade.Scientific studies show that the development of comfortable products is not trivial. However, comfort is an important aspect to be considered to enhance and distinguish airlines and automotive products and services. The initial objective of this research was to verify the influence of accessories and adjustable devices in passengers comfort and discomfort in aircraft cabins. However, with the maturation of the methods, protocols and tools from this research, it become clear that the proposed methodology, besides being useful to assess users\' needs for designing passengers cabins, may be also useful for sensitization designers by integrating the Product Development Process (PDP). Thus, the method created from Social Sciences and Ethnography knowledge, with participant observations\' techniques and Ergonomics\' Activity Analysis, proved to be a powerful tool for training and sensitization designers, architects, engineers and designers, to promote innovation in interiors and objects design. Therefore, this thesis discusses the importance of users\' activities on the development of projects, to empower designers in creating of solutions that go beyond what is suggested and established by parameters of technical legislation and standards. Thus, we present here a new methodological proposal for products and interiors design for passengers and travelers, in a wide focus, that favors experience in mobility.
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Lenormand, Maxime. "Initialiser et calibrer un modèle de microsimulation dynamique stochastique : application au modèle SimVillages." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00822114.
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Le but de cette thèse est de développer des outils statistiques permettant d'initialiser et de calibrer les modèles de microsimulation dynamique stochastique, en partant de l'exemple du modèle SimVillages (développé dans le cadre du projet Européen PRIMA). Ce modèle couple des dynamiques démographiques et économiques appliquées à une population de municipalités rurales. Chaque individu de la population, représenté explicitement dans un ménage au sein d'une commune, travaille éventuellement dans une autre, et possède sa propre trajectoire de vie. Ainsi, le modèle inclut-il des dynamiques de choix de vie, d'étude, de carrière, d'union, de naissance, de divorce, de migration et de décès. Nous avons développé, implémenté et testé les modèles et méthodes suivants : 1 / un modèle permettant de générer une population synthétique à partir de données agrégées, où chaque individu est membre d'un ménage, vit dans une commune et possède un statut au regard de l'emploi. Cette population synthétique est l'état initial du modèle. 2 / un modèle permettant de simuler une table d'origine-destination des déplacements domicile-travail à partir de données agrégées. 3 / un modèle permettant d'estimer le nombre d'emplois dans les services de proximité dans une commune donnée en fonction de son nombre d'habitants et de son voisinage en termes de service. 4 / une méthode de calibration des paramètres inconnus du modèle SimVillages de manière à satisfaire un ensemble de critères d'erreurs définis sur des sources de données hétérogènes. Cette méthode est fondée sur un nouvel algorithme d'échantillonnage séquentiel de type Approximate Bayesian Computation.
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Steinebach, Mario. "Imagebroschüre der Technischen Universität Chemnitz : Fragestellungen der Zukunft." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-230435.
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Wir stehen im fächerübergreifenden Dialog inner- und außerhalb der Universität und sind auch Ansprechpartner zu den wichtigen Fragestellungen der Zukunft – sei es in Lehre und Studium, in der Forschung, in der Ausbildung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses oder im Transfer von Wissen und technologischem Know-how in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Exemplarische Einblicke in die Chemnitzer Arbeit zu Themengebieten, die auf deutscher und europäischer Ebene als zukunftsweisend diskutiert werden, gibt diese BroschüreWe invite you with this brochure to join us in the dialogue about our shared future
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Kolahdouz, Esfahani Mohammadreza. "Application of SiGe(C) in high performance MOSFETs and infrared detectors." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Integrerade komponenter och kretsar, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32049.
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Epitaxially grown SiGe(C) materials have a great importance for many device applications. In these applications, (strained or relaxed) SiGe(C) layers are grown either selectively on the active areas, or on the entire wafer. Epitaxy is a sensitive step in the device processing and choosing an appropriate thermal budget is crucial to avoid the dopant out–diffusion and strain relaxation. Strain is important for bandgap engineering in (SiGe/Si) heterostructures, and to increase the mobility of the carriers. An example for the latter application is implementing SiGe as the biaxially strained channel layer or in recessed source/drain (S/D) of pMOSFETs. For this case, SiGe is grown selectively in recessed S/D regions where the Si channel region experiences uniaxial strain.The main focus of this Ph.D. thesis is on developing the first empirical model for selective epitaxial growth of SiGe using SiH2Cl2, GeH4 and HCl precursors in a reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition (RPCVD) reactor. The model describes the growth kinetics and considers the contribution of each gas precursor in the gas–phase and surface reactions. In this way, the growth rate and Ge content of the SiGe layers grown on the patterned substrates can be calculated. The gas flow and temperature distribution were simulated in the CVD reactor and the results were exerted as input parameters for the diffusion of gas molecules through gas boundaries. Fick‟s law and the Langmuir isotherm theory (in non–equilibrium case) have been applied to estimate the real flow of impinging molecules. For a patterned substrate, the interactions between the chips were calculated using an established interaction theory. Overall, a good agreement between this model and the experimental data has been presented. This work provides, for the first time, a guideline for chip manufacturers who are implementing SiGe layers in the devices.The other focus of this thesis is to implement SiGe layers or dots as a thermistor material to detect infrared radiation. The result provides a fundamental understanding of noise sources and thermal response of SiGe/Si multilayer structures. Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and noise voltage have been measured for different detector prototypes in terms of pixel size and multilayer designs. The performance of such structures was studied and optimized as a function of quantum well and Si barrier thickness (or dot size), number of periods in the SiGe/Si stack, Ge content and contact resistance. Both electrical and thermal responses of such detectors were sensitive to the quality of the epitaxial layers which was evaluated by the interfacial roughness and strain amount. The strain in SiGe material was carefully controlled in the meta–stable region by implementingivcarbon in multi quantum wells (MQWs) of SiGe(C)/Si(C). A state of the art thermistor material with TCR of 4.5 %/K for 100×100 μm2 pixel area and low noise constant (K1/f) value of 4.4×10-15 is presented. The outstanding performance of these devices is due to Ni silicide contacts, smooth interfaces, and high quality of multi quantum wells (MQWs) containing high Ge content.The novel idea of generating local strain using Ge multi quantum dots structures has also been studied. Ge dots were deposited at different growth temperatures in order to tune the intermixing of Si into Ge. The structures demonstrated a noise constant of 2×10-9 and TCR of 3.44%/K for pixel area of 70×70 μm2. These structures displayed an improvement in the TCR value compared to quantum well structures; however, strain relaxation and unevenness of the multi layer structures caused low signal–to–noise ratio. In this thesis, the physical importance of different design parameters of IR detectors has been quantified by using a statistical analysis. The factorial method has been applied to evaluate design parameters for IR detection improvements. Among design parameters, increasing the Ge content of SiGe quantum wells has the most significant effect on the measured TCR value.QC 20110405
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van, Zyl Arnold. "Imagebroschüre der Technischen Universität Chemnitz : Fragestellungen der Zukunft." Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2017. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20818.
Full textAbstract:
Wir stehen im fächerübergreifenden Dialog inner- und außerhalb der Universität und sind auch Ansprechpartner zu den wichtigen Fragestellungen der Zukunft – sei es in Lehre und Studium, in der Forschung, in der Ausbildung des wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchses oder im Transfer von Wissen und technologischem Know-how in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Exemplarische Einblicke in die Chemnitzer Arbeit zu Themengebieten, die auf deutscher und europäischer Ebene als zukunftsweisend diskutiert werden, gibt diese Broschüre.We invite you with this brochure to join us in the dialogue about our shared future.
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Meacci, Giovanni. "Physical Aspects of Min Oscillations in Escherichia Coli." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1169728830839-77682.
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The subject of this thesis is the generation of spatial temporal structures in living cells. Specifically, we studied the Min-system in the bacterium Escherichia coli. It consists of the MinC, the MinD, and the MinE proteins, which play an important role in the correct selection of the cell division site. The Min-proteins oscillate between the two cell poles and thereby prevent division at these locations. In this way, E. coli divides at the center, producing two daughter cells of equal size, providing them with the complete genetic patrimony. Our goal is to perform a quantitative study, both theoretical and experimental, in order to reveal the mechanism underlying the Min-oscillations. Experimentally, we characterize theMin-system, measuring the temporal period of the oscillations as a function of the cell length, the time-averaged protein distributions, and the in vivo Min-protein mobility by means of different fluorescence microscopy techniques. Theoretically, we discuss a deterministic description based on the exchange of Minproteins between the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane and on the aggregation current induced by the interaction between membrane-bound proteins. Oscillatory solutions appear via a dynamic instability of the homogenous protein distributions. Moreover, we perform stochastic simulations based on a microscopic description, whereby the probability for each event is calculated according to the corresponding probability in the master equation. Starting from this microscopic description, we derive Langevin equations for the fluctuating protein densities which correspond to the deterministic equations in the limit of vanishing noise. Stochastic simulations justify this deterministic model, showing that oscillations are resistant to the perturbations induced by the stochastic reactions and diffusion. Predictions and assumptions of our theoretical model are compatible with our experimental findings. Altogether, these results enable us to propose further experiments in order to quantitatively compare the different models proposed so far and to test our model with even higher precision. They also point to the necessity of performing such an analysis through single cell measurements.
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Gilles, Amaury. "Vivre et produire dans les campagnes de la colonie de Valence (IIe s. av. J.-C. - VIe s. apr. J.-C.)." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2014.
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Durant l’Antiquité, Valence bénéficie du prestigieux statut de colonie romaine, au même titre qu’Arles, Vienne et Lyon. Sa position au confluent du Rhône et de l’Isère et au carrefour de plusieurs itinéraires terrestres - Voie d’Agrippa, Voie des Alpes - lui conférait un rôle stratégique et économique considérable. Cette région, au cœur de la moyenne vallée du Rhône, occupe une position charnière qui lui assure, au moins depuis le Premier Âge du fer, un rôle d’intermédiaire entre le bassin méditerranéen et le monde celtique.Elle bascule dans l’orbite de Rome en même temps que la Gaule méridionale, soit dès la fin du IIe s. av. J.-C. Valence est fondée dans un deuxième temps, vraisemblablement entre 46 – 36 av. J.-C. et acquiert son statut de colonie de droit romain peut-être dès cette date avancée selon P. Faure et N. Tran (2013). La fondation d’une colonie romaine s’accompagne d’une division du sol public, matérialisée par une centuriation afin qu’il soit distribué aux membres du corps civique nouvellement créé comprenant plusieurs milliers de colons. Dans ce contexte historique précis, ces citoyens sont principalement des vétérans de l’armée romaine alors constituée majoritairement d’Italiens. Ce phénomène a donc un impact démographique et culturel considérable pour la vie des populations locales. Le statut juridique avantageux conféré à ces communautés leur assure également des avantages économiques importants stimulant les productions agro-pastorales et artisanales. Les travaux consacrés aux provinces gauloises ont montré que les siècles suivants ne sont pas exempts de mutations économiques et culturelles importantes qui touchent les structures de peuplement et de production. Partant de ce constat, j’ai choisi d’aborder cet impact culturel et économique à travers la culture matérielle (vestiges architecturaux, objets de la vie quotidienne) et l’analyse de l’occupation du sol. Le cadre chronologique et spatial retenu doit permettre d’observer de manière dynamique l’évolution des modes de vie et des activités agro-pastorales et artisanales dans les campagnes de la cité de Valence. L’examen des caractéristiques de plusieurs centaines d’établissements ruraux doit permettre de proposer une lecture diachronique et complexe de l’occupation et l’exploitation de ce territoire, d’aborder les rapports qu’entretient la colonie avec l’espace rural. L’approche chronologique et fonctionnelle des bâtiments et des objets de la vie quotidienne permet d’apprécier plus finement l’évolution dans le temps des techniques, des modes de vie, mais aussi de relever la diversité des situations locales à une même périodeDuring the Antiquity, Valence is known as a roman colony like Lyon, Arles or Vienna, settled in the middle Rhône valley at the confluent of the Rhône and the Isère, and also at the crossroads of alpine route and the Via Agrippa. This strategic position confers to the colony an important role in the economy of the roman Gaul. Since the early Iron Age, this area is a link between the mediterranean and the celtic worlds.Even if the region is conquered by Rome since the end of the II c. B.-C., the colony is founded later, perhaps between 46 and 36 B.-C. and maybe already own his prestigious status of colonia of roman rights according to P. Faure and N. Tran hypothesis (2013). As a consequence of the foundation, the public soil is divided, centuriated, and distributed to thousands of new citizens.In this specific historical context, the citizens are chosen among the veterans of the roman army, who were Italians at this time. This decision should have huge demographic and cultural consequences on local communities. The legal status of the citizens gives them considerable economics advantages that stimulate the local economy. The studies devoted to the gallic provinces have shown that the following centuries see numerous changes affecting settlements and economic structures.Considering this historical context, I have chosen to evaluate the cultural and economic impact of this foundation by studying settlement patterns and material culture (architectural remains, objects of the daily life) between the II c. B.-C. to the VIth c. B.-C.The study of few hundreds of settlements allows us to introduce a complex and diachronic view of the settlements, their economic roles and relations with the colony.The chronological and functional study of the buildings and daily life objects allow us to assess finely the evolution through time about craftsmen’s techniques, lifestyle and highlight regional differences during a same period
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Meacci, Giovanni. "Physical Aspects of Min Oscillations in Escherichia Coli." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23940.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of this thesis is the generation of spatial temporal structures in living cells. Specifically, we studied the Min-system in the bacterium Escherichia coli. It consists of the MinC, the MinD, and the MinE proteins, which play an important role in the correct selection of the cell division site. The Min-proteins oscillate between the two cell poles and thereby prevent division at these locations. In this way, E. coli divides at the center, producing two daughter cells of equal size, providing them with the complete genetic patrimony. Our goal is to perform a quantitative study, both theoretical and experimental, in order to reveal the mechanism underlying the Min-oscillations. Experimentally, we characterize theMin-system, measuring the temporal period of the oscillations as a function of the cell length, the time-averaged protein distributions, and the in vivo Min-protein mobility by means of different fluorescence microscopy techniques. Theoretically, we discuss a deterministic description based on the exchange of Minproteins between the cytoplasm and the cytoplasmic membrane and on the aggregation current induced by the interaction between membrane-bound proteins. Oscillatory solutions appear via a dynamic instability of the homogenous protein distributions. Moreover, we perform stochastic simulations based on a microscopic description, whereby the probability for each event is calculated according to the corresponding probability in the master equation. Starting from this microscopic description, we derive Langevin equations for the fluctuating protein densities which correspond to the deterministic equations in the limit of vanishing noise. Stochastic simulations justify this deterministic model, showing that oscillations are resistant to the perturbations induced by the stochastic reactions and diffusion. Predictions and assumptions of our theoretical model are compatible with our experimental findings. Altogether, these results enable us to propose further experiments in order to quantitatively compare the different models proposed so far and to test our model with even higher precision. They also point to the necessity of performing such an analysis through single cell measurements.