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Academic literature on the topic 'Mobility Measure'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mobility Measure"

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Glasoe, Ward M., Brett R. Grebing, Susan Beck, Michael J. Coughlin, and Charles L. Saltzman. "A Comparison of Device Measures of Dorsal First Ray Mobility." Foot & Ankle International 26, no. 11 (November 2005): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601111.

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Background: Devices built by Glasoe and Klaue have been used in several studies to measure first ray mobility. Both devices measure sagittal motion of the first ray in a dorsal direction. The primary difference in the devices is the method of the load imposed. This study investigates whether first ray mobility measured with the Glasoe device is similar to the amount of mobility measured with the Klaue device. Methods: Using the devices described by Glasoe and Klaue, dorsal first ray mobility was measured in 39 patients who had foot and ankle problems. Paired t-tests were computed to assess for differences between device measures of dorsal mobility. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and absolute difference values were computed to further assess the agreement in measures. Results: Dorsal mobility measured with the Glasoe device averaged 4.9 mm (1.8 to 9.3 mm). Dorsal mobility measured with the Klaue device averaged 5.2 mm (2.5 to 8.5 mm). Paired t-tests ( p = 0.12) revealed no significant difference in measures. An ICC of 0.70 and a mean absolute difference of 0.9 mm (SD 0.8) were found between the two clinical measures further suggesting agreement. Conclusion: Results indicated that the two devices possess similar diagnostic accuracy in the measurement of dorsal first ray mobility.
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Harris, Anne, Lorraine L. Pinnington, and Christopher D. Ward. "Evaluating the Impact of Mobility-Related Assistive Technology on the Lives of Disabled People: A Review of Outcome Measures." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 68, no. 12 (December 2005): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802260506801204.

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Sixteen outcome measures that could be used within the field of mobility assistive technology were reviewed. The aim was to assess how these tools measured activity and participation in relation to mobility. Each measure considered some useful aspect of participation, but none took sufficient account of the needs of those with mobility impairments or could evaluate adequately the impact of different technologies. To support client-centred and evidence-based practice, an outcome measure that evaluates the impact of mobility assistive technology on activity and participation is required.
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Reeves, Richard. "The Measure of a Nation." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 657, no. 1 (December 10, 2014): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214546998.

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We need more—and better—data on social mobility in the United States. Normative questions must be answered first. We have to know why we care about a particular pattern of mobility to know how to set about measuring it. The distinction between relative and absolute mobility is a case in point. Do we care most about whether people are better off than their parents, or about how much movement there is up and down the income ladder? Technical difficulties abound for the measurement of mobility. It is important not to lose sight of the motivation for the exercise: measuring how far the inequality patterns of one generation are impressed upon the next, understanding these replication processes empirically, and weakening them. America has a historic commitment to the ideal of equality of opportunity. Data on mobility, then, comprise the measure of the nation.
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Mazumder, Bhashkar, and Miguel Acosta. "Using Occupation to Measure Intergenerational Mobility." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 657, no. 1 (December 10, 2014): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214552056.

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Scholarly investigations of intergenerational mobility typically focus on either the occupations of fathers and sons or their incomes. Using an identical sample of fathers and sons, we examine how estimates of intergenerational mobility in income and occupational prestige are affected by (1) measurement that uses long time averages and (2) varying the point in the life cycle when outcomes are measured. We find that intergenerational occupational mobility is overstated when using a single year of fathers’ occupation compared to a 10-year average centered on mid-career. We also find that for both income and occupation, mobility estimates are largest when sons are in their mid-career, suggesting that this may be the ideal period in which to measure their status. Finally, we see differences in the pattern of estimates across the two types of measures: for income, estimates of intergenerational persistence are highest when fathers are in their mid-career; for occupation, estimates are much larger when fathers’ occupations are accounted for late in their careers.
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Wang, JinYan, ChangHua Tan, and MingZhen Xu. "Method to measure MOSFET inversion layer mobility." Electronics Letters 35, no. 21 (1999): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19991157.

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Brown, C. J., C. Loyd, J. Tyler Richardson, and G. Boogaerts. "VALIDATION OF THE ACUTE CARE MOBILITY ASSESSMENT: A MEASURE OF HOSPITAL MOBILITY." Innovation in Aging 2, suppl_1 (November 1, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy023.012.

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Lethbridge, Emma Marie, and Chris Muldoon. "Development of a Mobility-Related Quality-of-Life Measure for Individuals with Vision Impairments." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 112, no. 2 (March 2018): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x1811200205.

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Introduction Scientifically valid measures of functional vision and quality of life, designed to explore individuals’ experiences of vision impairment (that is, blindness and low vision) are widely available; however, there is a paucity of measures specifically considering the quality of life afforded by an individual's mobility. The aim of this research was to develop a mobility-related quality-of-life measure. Methods An 11-item measure was developed by adapting the Seeing It My Way (Vision Strategy UK, 2011) theoretical framework of outcomes for measuring quality of life when living with vision impairments to explore the effect of mobility. These items are on a seven-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree to form the Mobility-Related Quality-of-Life measure (MRQoL). Results Data from 688 participants revealed that the MRQoL had appropriate reliability, with the items on the scale being highly related and demonstrating sufficient internal consistency. When tested over time without significant intervention, the MRQoL was observed to be stable, with high test-retest reliability. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two distinct sub-factors: factor one, representing a construct containing aspects of independent mobility; and factor two, comprised of the skills and knowledge that enhance mobility. Together, the constructs accounted for 52.2% of the variability within in the data. Discussion The MRQoL is evidentiarily reliable and has a useful two-factor structure exploring both independent mobility and mobility-enhancing skills and knowledge. Implications for practitioners The MRQoL is a practical, sensitive, and reliable tool for use in assessing mobility-related quality of life in individuals with vision impairments. The measure is appropriate for use within research or in the field to assess the mobility-related quality of life of individuals or demographics with vision impairments, as well as the success of individual training, group mobility training, or other interventions. The MRQoL measure can be used as a stand-alone tool or alongside other measures.
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Chung, Jane, George Demiris, and Hilaire J. Thompson. "Instruments to Assess Mobility Limitation in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 23, no. 2 (April 2015): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2013-0181.

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Mobility is critical in maintaining independence in older adults. This study aims to systematically review the scientific literature to identify measures of mobility limitation for community-dwelling older adults. A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, and psycINFO, using the search terms “mobility limitation”, “mobility disability”, and “mobility difficulty” yielded 1,847 articles from 1990 to 2012; a final selection of 103 articles was used for the present manuscript. Tools to measure mobility were found to be either self-report or performance-based instruments. Commonly measured constructs of mobility included walking, climbing stairs, and lower extremity function. There was heterogeneity in ways of defining and measuring mobility limitation in older adults living in the community. Given the lack of consistency in assessment tools for mobility, a clear understanding and standardization of instruments are required for comparison across studies and for better understanding indicators and outcomes of mobility limitation in community-dwelling older adults.
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RYALL, N. H., S. B. EYRES, V. C. NEUMANN, B. B. BHAKTA, and A. TENNANT. "Is the Rivermead Mobility Index appropriate to measure mobility in lower limb amputees?" Disability and Rehabilitation 25, no. 3 (January 2003): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0963828021000024951.

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Chung, Jane, Lana Sargent, and Roy Brown. "Use of GPS Tracking Technology to Measure Mobility in Older Adults: A Systematic Review." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 196–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.636.

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Abstract Global positioning system (GPS) tracking technology is increasingly used in aging research to objectively measure the spatial and temporal aspects of mobility in older adults. The review aims to systematically synthesize the literature to identify GPS-driven mobility measures and potential determinants of mobility limitation for community-dwelling older adults. A systematic search of six electronic databases was conducted. A total of 4897 articles were found with 2578 left to review after deduplication. Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria: 24 cross-sectional studies and one follow-up study that measured mobility changes over time. Various types of GPS devices were used, including smartphones, GPS watches, or portable data logging kits. The GPS tracking period ranged from 1 to 30 days. The daily device wear time varied from 10 to 24 hours. Commonly reported GPS-based mobility measures included time out of home, distance moved, the number of out-of-home trips or walking tracts, the number of visited places, life-space area, and walking speed. Twenty-one studies reported some aspects of demographic, physical, psychosocial, or environmental factors related to the levels of GPS-based mobility. GPS tracking technology can continuously record individuals’ activities and functional abilities within their life space. We found that there was heterogeneity in ways of applying GPS technology and defining and measuring mobility in community-dwelling older adults. Given the lack of consistency in GPS-based mobility assessment, a clear definition of mobility and standardization of GPS data collection and analysis are required for comparison across studies and better understanding determinants of mobility limitation in community-dwelling older adults.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mobility Measure"

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Kuttner, Shulamit. "Development of a flow-through cell to measure the electrophoretic mobility of small gas bubbles." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq22620.pdf.

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Gaunaurd, Ignacio A. "The Comprehensive High-level Activity Mobility Predictor (CHAMP): A Performance-based Assessment Instrument to Quantify High-level Mobility in Service Members with Traumatic Lower Limb Loss." Scholarly Repository, 2012. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/712.

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The psychometric properties of a new high-level mobility outcome measure for Service Members (SMs) with traumatic lower limb loss called the Comprehensive High-level Activity Mobility Predictor (CHAMP) was developed in order objectively evaluate functional abilities and measure change in function throughout the rehabilitation process. The CHAMP was administered to a population of SMs with traumatic lower limb loss who were representative of those who have suffered limb loss in recent conflicts. In addition, a population of non-amputee Active Duty soldiers completed the CHAMP and provided normative data for high-level mobility and threshold levels of performance for those SMs with lower limb loss. A simple grading system, absent of floor and ceiling effects, generates a composite score providing a single numeric value representing the physical performance factors of high-level mobility in different plane of motion and under different conditions. The CHAMP was found to be a safe, reliable, valid, and responsive performance-based outcome measure of high-level mobility. It was found to have excellent interrater and test-retest reliability suggesting that it is a stable and repeatable measure of high-level mobility. Convergent construct validity and known group methods were utilized to establish the CHAMP as a valid measure of high-level mobility. Predictive models of CHAMP performance were established utilizing variables representing impairments of body structure and function and contextual factors by level of lower limb amputation. The CHAMP has the potential to be used for lower limb amputees throughout the rehabilitation process and could translate to the non-amputee population for assessment of high-level mobility capabilities.
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Freddo, Maurizio. "Free rides on public transport : Test traveller project as a soft policy measure for changing travel behaviour. Empirical findings from the Swedish context." Thesis, KTH, Systemanalys och ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233370.

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The present study examines a Mobility Management measure called “test traveller project”, which aims at increasing the public transport modal share by offering free public transport tickets to those who often use their car for their daily commuting and trips. The existing literature consists of a rather limited number of cases and their scope is usually limited because only some of the main elements that influence one’s travel behaviour are considered in each study. Furthermore, literature is not unanimous in concluding that this measure can reduce car use. This work studies more than 50 cases in Sweden, and by employing the Theory of Planned Behaviour the effects of test traveller projects have been examined in an empirical case in the Swedish municipality of Botkyrka, located in the Stockholm metropolitan area. The findings underline that a test traveller project, despite its limitations, may be a valid and relatively simple tool available to public bodies and public transport companies for enticing a segment of car drivers to switch to public transport where it is a valid alternative. In fact, according to the literature, the major results achievable are around 20% of new public transport users among test travellers, whereas in Sweden 20% has been achieved by the first upper quartile of the projects. In particular, the effectiveness of a test traveller project is greater when combined or conducted in parallel with other measures such as improvements in the public transport offer and/or changes in the transport system aiming at disadvantaging car use. The case study of Botkyrka has confirmed that attitudes are the major influencing factor when making the transport mode choice. Further, it has confirmed that environmental concerns and the time passed from one’s residential relocation also play an important role. Habits seem to be less important, thus adhering to that literature whose authors argue that an external event (such as moving home) makes people reflect upon and rethink their travel habits. The case study in Botkyrka has empirically demonstrated how the project participants correct their beliefs and perceptions about public transport, sometimes in a positive way and sometimes in a negative way. An interesting finding is the existence of a new category of people living in the suburbs. Literature indicates that, in the same suburban context, individuals with suburban land use preferences tend to use the car more that individuals with urban land use preferences. In the case study of Botkyrka clearly emerged as a majority among the test traveller project participants a category of individuals who have a suburban land use preference but at the same time would like to use public transportation instead of their car and have high environmental concerns.
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Ahlqvist, Sigge, and Matteus Arriaza-Hult. "How to measure the degree of PIT-ness in a credit rating system for a low default portfolio?" Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273632.

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In order to be compliant with the Basel regulations, banks need to compute two probabilities of default (PDs): point-in-time (PIT) and through-the-cycle (TTC). The aim is to explain fluctuations in the rating system, which are expected to be affected by systematic and idiosyncratic factors. Being able to, in an objective manner, determine whether the rating system is taking the business cycle - i.e the systematic factors - into account when assigning a credit rating to an obligor is useful in order to evaluate PD-models. It is also necessary for banks in order to use their own risk parameters and models instead of standardized models, which is desirable for most banks as it could lower capital requirements. This thesis propose a new measure for the degree of PIT-ness. This measure aims to be especially useful when examining a low default portfolio. The proposed measure is built on a markovian approach of the credit rating system. In order to find a suitable measure for a low default portfolio, the proposed measure takes into account credit rating migrations, the seasonal component of the business cycle and time series analysis. An analysis were performed between two different credit portfolios in order to interpret results. The results demonstrated that the degree of PIT-ness was lower in a low default portfolio in comparison with a sampled portfolio which displayed a greater amount of rating migrations with a larger magnitude. The importance of considering relevant macroeconomic variables to represent the business cycle was mentioned amongst the most important factors to consider in order to receive reliable results given the proposed measure.
För att uppfylla Basel regelverken behöver banker beräkna två sannolikheter för fallissemang (PD): point-in-time (PIT) och through-the-cycle (TTC). Målet är att förklara fluktuationer i betygssystemet, som förväntas påverkas av systematiska och idiosynkratiska faktorer. Att på ett objektivt sätt kunna avgöra om betygssystemet tar hänsyn till affärscykeln - dvs de systematiska faktorerna - när man tilldelar en kredittagare ett kreditbetyg är användbart för att utvärdera PD-modeller. Detta är också nödvändigt för att banker ska få använda sina egna riskparametrar och modeller istället för standardiserade modeller, vilket är önskvärt för de flesta banker eftersom det kan sänka kapitalkraven. Denna avhandling föreslår ett nytt mått för att mäta graden av PIT-ness. Detta mått syftar till att vara särskilt användbart när man utvärderar en kreditportfölj med få fallissemang. Det föreslagna måttet är byggt på en Markov tillämpning på kreditbetygssystemet. För att hitta ett lämpligt mått för en kreditportfölj med få fallissemang, tar det föreslagna måttet hänsyn till kreditbetygsmigrationer, säsongskomponenten i affärscykeln och tidsserieanalys. En analys utfördes mellan två olika kreditportföljer för att tolka resultaten. Resultaten visade att graden av PIT-ness var lägre i en kreditportfölj med få fallissemang jämfört med en testportfölj som uppvisade en större mängd kreditbetygsmigrationer med en större magnitud. Vikten av att beakta relevanta makroekonomiska variabler för att representera affärscykeln nämndes bland de viktigaste faktorerna att beakta för att få tillförlitliga resultat givet det föreslagna måttet.
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Lieven, Theo. "Policy measures to promote electric mobility – A global perspective." Elsevier, 2015. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72828.

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Research that addresses policy measures to increase the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has discussed government regulations such as California’s Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) or penalties on petroleum-based fuels. Relatively few articles have addressed policy measures designed to increase the adoption of EVs by incentives to influence car buyers’ voluntary behavior. This article examines the effects of such policy measures. Two of these attributes are monetary measures, two others are traffic regulations, and the other three are related to investments in charging infrastructure. Consumer preferences were assessed using a choice-based conjoint analysis on an individual basis by applying the hierarchical Bayes method. In addition, the Kano method was used to elicit consumer satisfaction. This not only enabled the identification of preferences but also why preferences were based on either features that were “must-haves” or on attributes that were not expected but were highly attractive and, thus, led to high satisfaction. The results of surveys conducted in 20 countries in 5 continents showed that the installation of a charging network on freeways is an absolute necessity. This was completely independent from the average mileage driven per day. High cash grants were appreciated as attractive; however, combinations of lower grants with charging facilities resulted in similar preference shares in market simulations for each country. The results may serve as initial guidance for policymakers and practitioners in improving their incentive programs for electric mobility.
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Colombini, Giulio. "Entropic measures in human mobility: the BellaMossa database in Bologna." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16950/.

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Uno dei campi d'interesse della Fisica dei Sistemi Complessi è lo studio quantitativo della mobilità umana. Lo scopo di questa tesi è lo sviluppo e l'applicazione di un algoritmo per il calcolo di entropie a partire da traiettorie sperimentali, per permettere un approccio al problema tramite la Fisica Statistica. É stato scelto un approccio basato su un algoritmo di compressione lossless di tipo Lempel-Ziv 78, adattato alla stima di entropie. Utilizzando dati dal database BellaMossa 2017, si calcolano le distribuzioni di entropia di traiettorie ciclistiche e pedonali raccolte a Bologna durante l'estate 2017. Il calcolo delle distribuzioni d'entropia viene svolto al variare della durata temporale dei viaggi, e si discute una possibile correlazione con la domanda di mobilità realizzata dai dati registrati.
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Brand, Johanna Catherina. "The governance of significant enterprise mobility security risks." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85853.

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Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Enterprise mobility is emerging as a megatrend in the business world. Numerous risks originate from using mobile devices for business-related tasks and most of these risks pose a significant security threat to organisations’ information. Organisations should therefore apply due care during the process of governing the significant enterprise mobility security risks to ensure an effective process to mitigate the impact of these risks. Information technology (IT) governance frameworks, -models and -standards can provide guidance during this governance process to address enterprise mobility security risks on a strategic level. Due to the existence of the IT gap these risks are not effectively governed on an operational level as the IT governance frameworks, -models and -standards do not provide enough practical guidance to govern these risks on a technical, operational level. This study provides organisations with practical, implementable guidance to apply during the process of governing these risks in order to address enterprise mobility security risks in an effective manner on both a strategic and an operational level. The guidance given to organisations by the IT governance frameworks, -models and -standards can, however, lead to the governance process being inefficient and costly. This study therefore provides an efficient and cost-effective solution, in the form of a short list of best practices, for the governance of enterprise mobility security risks on both a strategic and an operational level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ondernemingsmobiliteit kom deesdae as ‘n megatendens in die besigheidswêreld te voorskyn. Talle risiko's ontstaan as gevolg van die gebruik van mobiele toestelle vir sake-verwante take en meeste van hierdie risiko's hou 'n beduidende sekuriteitsbedreiging vir organisasies se inligting in. Organisasies moet dus tydens die risikobestuursproses van wesenlike mobiliteit sekuriteitsrisiko’s die nodige sorg toepas om ‘n doeltreffende proses te verseker ten einde die impak van hierdie risiko’s te beperk. Informasie tegnologie (IT)- risikobestuurraamwerke, -modelle en -standaarde kan op ‘n strategiese vlak leiding gee tydens die risikobestuursproses waarin mobiliteit sekuriteitsrisiko’s aangespreek word. As gevolg van die IT-gaping wat bestaan, word hierdie risiko’s nie effektief op ‘n operasionele vlak bestuur nie aangesien die ITrisikobestuurraamwerke, -modelle en -standaarde nie die nodige praktiese leiding gee om hierdie risiko’s op ‘n tegniese, operasionele vlak te bestuur nie. Om te verseker dat organisasies mobiliteit sekuriteitsrisiko’s op ‘n effektiewe manier op beide ‘n strategiese en operasionele vlak bestuur, verskaf hierdie studie praktiese, implementeerbare leiding aan organisasies wat tydens die bestuursproses van hierdie risiko’s toegepas kan word. Die leiding aan organisasies, soos verskaf in die IT-risikobestuurraamwerke, - modelle en -standaarde, kan egter tot’n ondoeltreffende en duur risikobestuursproses lei. Hierdie studie bied dus 'n doeltreffende, koste-effektiewe oplossing, in die vorm van 'n kort lys van beste praktyke, vir die bestuur van die mobiliteit sekuriteitsrisiko’s op beide 'n strategiese en 'n operasionele vlak.
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Johansson, Fredrik. "Towards a sustainable mobility paradigm? An assessment of three policy measures." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Strategiska hållbarhetsstudier, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-240630.

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Transportation and mobility are important components in the organisation and structure of people´s daily activities, but the transport sector has considerable environmental impacts, e.g. greenhouse gas emissions and land use. Governance of the sector is difficult, as there is an ongoing a shift in governance structures away from hierarchical towards more collaborative governance. Given these challenges, it may be necessary to shift the focus from mobility to accessibility and to adopt a new paradigm in transport planning. This thesis critically investigates what a paradigm shift might mean for the Swedish national and municipal transport, housing and parking planning context and examines what a Social Practice Theory framework could contribute in analysing such a paradigm shift. This is done by investigating three different policies that are arguably in line with a shift in planning paradigms. All three policy measures open up decision making to different stakeholders or even citizens, reflecting a shift in governance, and all highlight the need to shift the focus from physical infrastructure to accessibility, through collaboration with a range of stakeholders. However, in each case, current conditions and practices render a transition more difficult. The Swedish Transport Administration (STA) states the importance of reducing the need to travel and of using existing infrastructure more efficiently, and stipulates that these types of measures should be considered before new infrastructure investments. However, the STA has a limited mandate to finance these measures, resulting in ambiguous signals and frustration among regional STA officials. This thesis shows that making the STA’s mandate more function-oriented would facilitate a transition in line with the sustainable mobility paradigm. Another policy measure discussed in the thesis is a shift from minimum parking requirements, where developers are required to build a minimum number of parking spaces, to flexible parking requirements, where the number of parking spaces provided depends on the local context and where other mobility services may replace the need for physical parking spaces. In this thesis, people who have bought apartments in developments with flexible parking requirements were surveyed in order to understand their practices and how they perceive and plan to use the mobility services provided. The feasibility of using a new parking management tool, Parking Benefit Districts, in a European context (Stockholm, Sweden) was assessed. In a Parking Benefit Districts system, parking charges are implemented, increased or extended to curb parking, with the revenues being returned to the area where the charges are imposed and with citizens, or other stakeholders, participating in decisions on how to use the revenues. The underlying intention is to increase acceptance of parking charges, as on-street parking charges may be deemed necessary by planners, but are unpopular among citizens and other stakeholders. This thesis shows that there are no legal barriers to implementing a Parking Benefit District programme in Sweden, but there are some limitations on how revenues can be used. Moreover, Sweden does not have this planning tradition and the programme may not be perceived as legitimate. Another important issue is equity and participation, e.g. it is important to consider who to include and how to include them. Overall, the policy measures studied involve a shift away from an infrastructure-centred to a people-centred approach. However, other planning practices and institutions may push in different directions. This thesis shows that a Social Practice Theory framework can be useful as a lens through which researchers and policymakers view possible changes needed to achieve a sustainable mobility paradigm.
Transport och mobilitet är viktiga komponenter i organiseringen och strukturen av människors dagliga aktiviteter. Transportsektorn ger emellertid upphov till stor miljöpåverkan, exempelvis växthusgasutsläpp och markanvändning. Governance av sektorn är komplicerad och det har skett ett skifte från en hierarkisk styrning mot en större delaktighet och samarbete mellan olika aktörer. Givet dessa utmaningar kan det finnas behov av att flytta fokus från att palnera för rörlighet till tillgänglighet samt att ändra planeringsparadigmer. Syftet med avhandlingen är dels att kritiskt undersöka vad ett paradigmskifte skulle kunna innebära i det svenska nationella och kommunala transport-, bostads- och parkeringsplaneringssammanhanget, dels att undersöka hur ett Social Practice Theory ramverk skulle kunna bidra till förståelsen av ett sådant paradigmskifte. För att göra detta har avhandlingen undersökt tre policys som är i linje med ett paradigmskifte. Alla policys som diskuteras i avhandlingen öppnar upp beslutsfattande för olika aktörer eller medborgare. Vidare lyfter alla diskuterade strategier fram behovet av att flytta fokus från fysisk infrastruktur till tillgänglighet och att samarbete mellan olika intressenter är nödvändigt. I varje fall finns dock förhållanden och praktiker som försvårar omställningen. Trafikverket framhåller exempelvis vikten av att minska behovet av att resa och av att använda befintlig infrastruktur mer effektivt, och de menar att dessa åtgärder bör övervägas innan nya infrastrukturinvesteringar. Samtidigt har Trafikverket begränsat mandat att finansiera dessa åtgärder, vilket ger upphov till tvetydiga signaler och frustration bland regionala planerare på Trafikverket. Papper I argumenterar för att ett mer funktionsorienterat mandat skulle kunna underlätta en ett paradigmskifte i linje med en ’sustainable mobility paradigm’. I paper II diskuteras en förändring från miniminorm för parkeringsplatser vid bostäder, där byggherrarna måste bygga minst ett visst antal parkeringsplatser, till flexibla parkeringstal, där antal parkeringsplatser som ska byggas beror på den lokala kontexten och där andra mobilitetstjänster kan ersätta behovet av parkeringsplatser. I detta paper studeras personer som har köpt lägenheter i flerbostadshus med flexibla parkeringstal. Målet är att förstå dessa människors praktiker och hur de använder och uppfattar de mobilitetstjänster som tillhandahålls. I papper III diskuteras möjligheten att använda ett nytt parkeringsverktyg, Parking Benefit Districts, i en europeisk kontext. Parkering Benefit Districts är ett koncept där parkeringsavgifter på gatan införs, höjs eller utökas. Intäkterna från parkeringsavgifterna återförs därefter till det område där de togs ut, och medborgare, eller andra intressenter i området, deltar sedan i beslutet om hur intäkterna ska användas. Syftet med denna åtgärd har traditionellt varit att öka acceptansen för parkeringsavgifter, eftersom parkeringsavgifter på gatan kan anses vara fördelaktiga av planerare, men impopulära bland medborgare och andra intressenter. Paper III nämner i analysen att det inte finns några legala hinder för att genomföra ett Parking Benefit District program i Sverige, men det finns vissa begränsningar för hur intäkterna kan användas. Planerare i Stockholms stad hävdar dock att Sverige inte har den här planeringstraditionen och påpekar att ett sådant åtgärd kanske inte uppfattas som legitim. En annan viktig fråga att diskutera är jämlikhet och deltagande. Det finns en risk att vissa grupper i samhället inte deltar i samma utsträckning och det är därför viktigt att överväga vem som ska involveras samt hur det ska ske. I slutet diskuteras resultaten i relation till forskningsfrågorna. Alla de studerade policys skiftar fokus från fysisk infrastruktur till människors behov. Samtidigt finns det andra planerings praktiker och institutioner som drar samhällsutvecklingen i motsatt riktning. I avhandlingen diskuteras även hur ett Social Practice ramverk kan hjälpa både forskare och beslutsfattare att se de förändringar som behövs för att nå en ’sustainable mobility paradigm’.

QC 20181228

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Farzana, Fatema Hoque. "Estimation and Prediction of Mobility and Reliability Measures Using Different Modeling Techniques." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3880.

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The goal of this study is to investigate the predictive ability of less data intensive but widely accepted methods to estimate mobility and reliability measures. Mobility is a relatively mature concept in the traffic engineering field. Therefore, many mobility measure estimation methods are already available and widely accepted among practitioners and researchers. However, each method has their inherent weakness, particularly when they are applied and compared with real-world data. For instances, Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) Curves are very popular in static route choice assignment, as part of demand forecasting models, but it is often criticized for underperforming in congested traffic conditions where demand exceeds capacity. This study applied five mobility estimation methods (BPR Curve, Akcelic Function, Florida State University (FSU) Regression Model, Queuing Theory, and Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) Facility Procedures) for different facility types (i.e. Freeway and Arterial) and time periods (AM Peak, Mid-Day, PM Peak). The study findings indicate that the methods were able to accurately predict mobility measures (e.g. speed and travel time) on freeways, particularly when there was no congestion and the volume was less than the capacity. In the presence of congestion, none of the mobility estimation methods predicted mobility measures closer to the real-world measure. However, compared with the other prediction models, the HCM procedure method was able to predict mobility measures better. On arterials, the mobility measure predictions were not close to the real-world measurements, not even in the uncongested periods (i.e. AM Peak and Mid-Day). However, the predictions are relatively better in the AM and Mid-Day periods that have lower volume/capacity ration compared to the PM Peak period. To estimate reliability measures, the study applied three products from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) projects (Project Number L03, L07, and C11) to estimate three reliability measures; the 80th percentile travel time index, 90th percentile travel time index, and 95th percentile travel time index. A major distinction between mobility estimation process and reliability estimation process lies in the fact that mobility can be estimated for any particular day, but reliability estimation requires a full year of data. Inclusion of incident days and weather condition are another important consideration for reliability measurements. The study found that SHRP2 products predicted reliability measures reasonably well for freeways for all time periods (except C11 in the PM Peak). On arterials, the reliability predictions were not close to the real-world measure, although the differences were not as drastic as seen in the case of arterial mobility measures.
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Haywood, Kirstie Louise. "Health outcomes in ankylosing spondylitis : an evaluation of patient-based and anthropometric measures." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9814/.

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Books on the topic "Mobility Measure"

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P, Dooley Michael. Financial repression and capital mobility: Why capital flows and covered interest rate differentials fail to measure capital market integration. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Breen, Richard. Modelling trends in social fluidity: The core model and a measured variable approach. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1992.

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Andrew, Brown. Active safety and the mobility industry. Warrendale, Pa: SAE International, 2011.

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Fornahl, Dirk, and Michael Hülsmann, eds. Markets and Policy Measures in the Evolution of Electric Mobility. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24229-3.

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Gaer, Dirk van de. Statistical inference for 2 measures of inequality when incomes are correlated. Maynooth, Co Kildare: National University of Ireland, Maynooth, 1998.

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Staines, Judith. Crossing borders: Measures encouraging the mobility of artists and artworks in Europe. Exeter: The Author, 1994.

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International Scanning Study Team (U.S.), United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of International Programs, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, and American Trade Initiatives Inc, eds. Pedestrian and bicyclist safety and mobility in Europe. [Washington, D.C.]: Office of International Programs, U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 2010.

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IFIP TC6/WG6.2 & WG6.7 International Conference on Network Control and Engineering for QoS, Security, and Mobility (3rd 2004 Palma de Mallorca, Spain). Network control and engineering for QOS, security and mobility, III. New York: Springer, 2005.

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McKenzie, David J. How important is selection? experimental vs. non-experimental measures of the income gains from migration. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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IFIP TC6/WG6.2, 6.6, 6.7, and 6.8 International Conference on Network Control and Engineering for QoS, Security, and Mobility (3rd 2004 Palma de Mallorca, Spain). Network control and engineering for QoS, security, and mobility, III. New York: Springer, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mobility Measure"

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Karageorgos, Athanasios, Giannis Adamos, and Eftihia Nathanail. "A Measure Generator Tool for Sustainable Urban Mobility." In Advances in Mobility-as-a-Service Systems, 475–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61075-3_47.

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Aryblia, Maria, Lúcio Quintal, Μiguel Ribeiro, Nikolaos Sifakis, Stavroula Tournaki, and Theocharis Tsoutsos. "Climate Change Mitigation Through Smart Environmental Monitoring of the Urban Ecosystem in Insular Touristic Cities: Experience from Rethymno and Madeira." In Sustainable Mobility for Island Destinations, 129–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73715-3_8.

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AbstractCities, and general urban areas, contribute critically to climate change because of the GHGs related to traffic congestion, fossil fuel consumption, noise and air pollution. Air pollution, despite the noteworthy improvements during the last decades, still plays a significant role in the quality of living in European cities as it causes damages to health and ecosystems, thus making urgent the immoderate need of diminishing it. Within the Horizon 2020 CIVITAS DESTINATIONS project, six European island cities, which are highly attractive destinations for tourists worldwide, implemented various sustainable mobility measures. Among them, Funchal, Madeira-Portugal, and Rethymno, Crete-Greece, implemented two different environmental monitoring systems to measure and calculate a predetermined set of indicators, capable of estimating the environmental benefits in transport, economy, society, energy, and the environment. The monitoring systems were installed in specific sites all around these two cities, aiming, through the integrated sensors, to collect environmental data related to transport load, such as environmental indexes (temperature, humidity, noise) and air pollutants (CO2, CO, NOx, SO2, PM). The collection of critical and reliable data offers the opportunity for an effective evaluation of the overall performance of the implemented measures toward sustainable, environmentally friendly, and low-carbon mobility policies.
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Ngoc, Pham Thi Kim. "Policy Measure to Promote Electric Mobility in Emerging Cities." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1683–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7160-9_170.

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Funazaki, Yukina, Noboru Seto, Kota Ninomiya, Kazuyuki Hikawa, Satoshi Nakamura, and Shota Yamanaka. "Driving Experiment System Using HMDs to Measure Drivers’ Proficiency and Difficulty of Various Road Conditions." In HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems, 247–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04987-3_17.

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Kiousis, Vasileios, Eftihia Nathanail, and Ioannis Karakikes. "Assessing Traffic and Environmental Impacts of Smart Lockers Logistics Measure in a Medium-Sized Municipality of Athens." In Data Analytics: Paving the Way to Sustainable Urban Mobility, 614–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02305-8_74.

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Liang, Wenquan, Ran Song, and Christopher Timmins. "The Role of Migration Costs in Residential Sorting." In The Urban Book Series, 251–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8_4.

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AbstractEconomistsgenerallyemploytwo ‘revealed preference’ approaches to measure households’ preferences for non-market amenities—the hedonic and equilibrium sorting models. The conventional hedonic model assumes free mobility across space. Violation of this assumption can bias the estimates of household willingness to pay for local amenities. Mobility constraints are more easily handled by the sorting framework. In this chapter, we examine the role of migration costs in household residential sorting and apply these two models to estimate the willingness to pay for clean air in the USAand China. Our results demonstrate that ignoring mobility costs in spatial sorting will underestimate the implicit value of non-market amenities in both countries. Such a downward bias is larger in developing countries, such as China, where migration costs are higher.
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Hadler, Markus, Beate Klösch, Stephan Schwarzinger, Markus Schweighart, Rebecca Wardana, and David Neil Bird. "The Development of the Questionnaire." In Surveying Climate-Relevant Behavior, 53–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85796-7_4.

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AbstractThis chapter presents the development of the survey in the underlying study in this book, a description of our sample, and the results of the validation efforts. Our survey includes variations of existing scales which have been used to measure climate-relevant behaviors within the areas of housing, mobility, diet, and consumption. We go beyond these existing questions, however, as we also include various new items and analyze the validity of existing and new questions. Based on our findings we recommend a set of questions for different significant areas of emissions, for example, asking about the distance traveled by car in the previous year, the number of short-haul and long-haul flights, and a question about the frequency of the consumption of particularly energy-intensive foods.
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Randriambelonoro, Mirana. "Assessing Activity of Daily Living through Technology-Enabled Tools: Mobility and Nutrition Assessment: MiranaBot: A Nutrition Assessment Use Case." In Quantifying Quality of Life, 27–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_2.

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AbstractActivities of Daily Living (ADLs) refers to the fundamental skills required to care for one-self and live independently and includes dressing, feeding, personal hygiene, continence and transferring. Assessing ADLs is therefore essential, especially for vulnerable population who may need assistance in performing these activities. As current validated scales to measure ADLs capacity are often dependent of an informant or a caregiver and are mainly performed in the controlled settings of the hospital, using technology-enabled tools could benefit individual’s health in terms of disease prevention and treatment but would also enhance individual’s quality of life and independence. This chapter presents 4 standard validated scales for ADLs and the current research activities on the use of technologies to assess one’s ability to perform ADLs, mainly indoor-outdoor mobility and nutrition. A nutrition assessment use case through a conversational agent is presented in the second part of the chapter. Future opportunities for technology-enabled ADL assessment are discussed.
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Martin, C., J. P. Coulomb, Y. Grillet, and R. Kahn. "Measure of the Translational Mobility Dt of Methane Molecules Sorbed in the One-Dimensional Micropore Network of the AlPO4-5 Zeolite." In The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 587–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1375-5_73.

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Schotte, Christian. "Sensatorq, a New Approach for Measure the Forces at Wheels and Apply these to Vehicle Dynamics Control of the Future Mobility." In Proceedings, 183–86. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37011-4_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mobility Measure"

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Indrawati, Nila Nurul Aini, and Husni Amani. "Indicators to measure smart mobility." In the 2017 International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3145777.3149826.

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Tredinnick, Patrícia Trindade de Araújo, Marcelo Lopes de Oliveira e. Souza, and Paulo Giácomo Milani. "Highly Accurate Measure of Time in PC Simulations of Control Systems with Sensors in the Loop." In International Mobility Technology Conference and Exhibit. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-3296.

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Linna He and Wei Yin. "A measure of mobility for evaluating mobile ad hoc network performance." In 2008 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmmt.2008.4540740.

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Khan, Muhammad Imran, Simon N. Foley, and Barry O'Sullivan. "PriDe: A Quantitative Measure of Privacy-Loss in Interactive Querying Settings." In 2019 10th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security (NTMS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ntms.2019.8763781.

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TAHATA, KOUJI, KOUJI YAMAMOTO, NOBUKO MIYAMOTO, and SADAO TOMIZAWA. "ANALYSIS OF SEVERAL SOCIAL MOBILITY DATA USING MEASURE OF DEPARTURE FROM SYMMETRY." In Quantum Bio-Informatics II - From Quantum Information to Bio-Informatics. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814273756_0018.

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Youn, Ik-Hyun, Jong-Hoon Youn, and Abhilash Patlolla. "Wearable Sensor System to Measure Velocity Adaptive Variability for Continuous Human Mobility Monitoring." In 2015 Fifth International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csnt.2015.289.

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Zhang, J. F., Z. Ji, L. Lin, and W. Zhang. "Effective threshold voltage shift: A measure for NBTI removing uncertainty in mobility degradation." In 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology (ICSICT). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsict.2010.5667435.

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Baumann, Paul, and Silvia Santini. "On the use of instantaneous entropy to measure the momentary predictability of human mobility." In 2013 IEEE 14th Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2013.6612107.

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Terry, Benjamin S., Jonathan A. Schoen, Allison B. Lyle, and Mark E. Rentschler. "Preliminary Mechanical Characterization of the Small Bowel for In Vivo Mobility." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37010.

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In this work we present test methods, devices, and preliminary results for the mechanical characterization of the small bowel for intraluminal mobility. Both active and passive forces that affect mobility are investigated. The active forces are generated by the migrating motor complex and the movement of muscular organs within and surrounding the peritoneal cavity. Passive forces develop from the biomechanical response of the tissue, the tribology of the mucosa, mucoadhesion, and the orientation and mass of surrounding tissue. Four investigative devices and testing methods to characterize the active and passive forces are presented in this work. These are: 1) A novel manometer and a force sensor array that measure forces generated by the migrating motor complex; 2) A biaxial test apparatus and method for characterizing the biomechanical properties of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; 3) A novel in vitro protocol and device designed to measure the force required to overcome mucoadhesion; 4) A novel tribometer that measures in vivo coefficient of friction between the mucus membrane and the robot surface.
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Shaw, Erik, Pablo Vasquez, Ryosuke Kondo, Kevin Ung, Zachary Farrer, Evan Fagerberg, Jack Baker, et al. "Assisted Mobility Gait Training System." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65635.

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Gait training is a rehabilitation process which helps patients improve their ability to walk or stand. Current gait training methods require patients to be in hospitals or rehabilitation facilities to acquire data on their recovery progress; there is no method of monitoring patient’s walking pattern continuously. Patients can fall into bad habits when they are not with their physician. Assisted Mobility Gait Training System is a redesigned walker that wirelessly provides data to patients and healthcare professionals throughout the rehab process. With continuous monitoring of data, patients can obtain live feedback about their walking pattern when they are outside a hospital setting. Assisted Mobility Gait Trainer combines tele-medicine and out-patient monitoring to improve the gait rehabilitation process. Portability and ease of use allows the device to be used as an outpatient monitoring tool decreasing recovery time and healthcare visitations. Data acquisition and progress monitoring are achieved through load cells and a Microsoft Kinect 2 that collects data regarding the patient’s gait. Imaging arrays within the Microsoft Kinect 2, including an RGB camera, infrared emitter, and depth sensor, monitor limb trajectories. Angle of rotation of each joint is obtained through the use of blob detection and trigonometry, specifically a variation of the dot product. Use of the camera, load cells, and wheel encoder ensures there is minimal set up time, other than turning on the system. Four load cells in each leg measure the force applied to the gait trainer, which allows physicians to identify if the patient is utilizing one leg more than the other, as well as determining if the patient becomes less reliant on the walker over time. Gait speed and distance traveled during use is measured by a wheel encoder. Data collected is sent into cloud storage where it is processed and saved. Saved data is then electronically communicated to the healthcare professional and the patient in two separate user interfaces. Healthcare professionals are able to help patients gage their rehabilitation progress more efficiently. Patients benefit by receiving feedback regarding their gait while they are not at a rehab facility, which assists against patients falling into of bad habits during the rehabilitation process.
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Reports on the topic "Mobility Measure"

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Day, Christopher, Margaret McNamara, Howell Li, Rahul Sakhare, Jairaj Desai, Edward Cox, Deborah Horton, and Darcy Bullock. 2015 Indiana Mobility Report and Performance Measure Dashboards. Purdue University, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316352.

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Chetty, Raj, John Friedman, Emmanuel Saez, Nicholas Turner, and Danny Yagan. The Determinants of Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility: Using Test Scores to Measure Undermatching. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26748.

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Dooley, Michael, and Menzie Chinn. Financial Repression and Capital Mobility: Why Capital Flows and Covered Interest Rate Differentials Fail to Measure Capital Market Integration. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5347.

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Eylander, John, Michael Lewis, Maria Stevens, John Green, and Joshua Fairley. An investigation of the feasibility of assimilating COSMOS soil moisture into GeoWATCH. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41966.

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This project objective evaluated the potential of improving linked weather-and-mobility model predictions by blending soil moisture observations from a Cosmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System (COSMOS) sensor with weather-informed predictions of soil moisture and soil strength from the Geospatial Weather-Affected Terrain Conditions and Hazards (GeoWATCH). Assimilating vehicle-borne COSMOS observations that measure local effects model predictions of soil moisture offered potential to produce more accurate soil strength and vehicle mobility forecast was the hypothesis. This project compared soil moisture observations from a COSMOS mobile sensor driven around an area near Iowa Falls, IA, with both GeoWATCH soil moisture predictions and in situ probe observations. The evaluation of the COSMOS rover data finds that the soil moisture measurements contain a low measurement bias while the GeoWATCH estimates more closely matched the in situ data. The COSMOS rover captured a larger dynamic range of soil moisture conditions as compared to GeoWATCH, capturing both very wet and very dry soil conditions, which may better flag areas of high risk for mobility considerations. Overall, more study of the COSMOS rover is needed to better understand sensor performance in a variety of soil conditions to determine the feasibility of assimilating the COSMOS rover estimates into GeoWATCH.
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Perez-Vincent, Santiago M., Ernesto Schargrodsky, and Mauricio García Mejía. Crime under Lockdown: The Impact of COVID-19 on Citizen Security in the City of Buenos Aires. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003431.

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This paper studies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdown on criminal activity in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. We find a large, significant, robust, and immediate decline in crime following quarantine restrictions. We observe the effect on property crime reported to official agencies, police arrests, and crime reported in victimization surveys, but not in homicides. The decrease in criminal activity was greater in business and transportation areas, but still large in commercial and residential areas (including informal settlements). After the sharp and immediate fall, crime recovered but, as of November 2020, it did not reach its initial levels. The arrest data additionally allow us to measure the distance from the detainees address to the crime location. Crime became more local as mobility was restricted.
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Mason, Dyana, and Miranda Menard. The Impact of Ride Hail Services on the Accessibility of Nonprofit Services. Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/trec.260.

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Nonprofit organizations are responsible for providing a significant level of human services across the United States, often in collaboration with government agencies. In this work, they address some of the most pressing social issues in society – including homelessness, poverty, health care and education. While many of these organizations consider location and accessibility crucial to supporting their clients – often locating services near bus or train stops, for example – little is known about the impact of new technologies, including ride hail services like Lyft and Uber, on nonprofit accessibility. These technologies, which are re-shaping transportation in both urban and suburban communities, are expected to dramatically shift how people move around and the accessibility of services they seek. This exploratory qualitative study, making use of interviews with nonprofit executives and nonprofit clients, is among the first of its kind to measure the impact of ride hail services and other emerging technologies on community mobility and accessibility.
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Bonilla-Mejía, Leonardo, Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas, and María Alejandra Ruiz-Sánchez. The Leading Role of Bank Supply Shocks. Banco de la República de Colombia, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1205.

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This paper studies the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on corporate credit in Colombia. We first exploit the geographic and temporal variation in the disease spread to estimate the effect of local exposure to the virus on credit. Our estimates indicate that neither local exposure to the virus, nor the sector-specific mobility restrictions had an impact on credit. We then assess the role of bank supply shocks. We create a measure of bank exposure, reflecting the geographic heterogeneity in pandemic vulnerability and deposits, and estimate its effect on credit. Results indicate that bank-supply shocks account for a credit contraction of approximately 5.2%. To further disentangle the role of bank supply shock, we control for the interaction between firm and time fixed-effects and restrict the sample to municipalities that were relatively spared from the pandemic, finding similar results. Most of the bank supply effects are driven by firms that are small, young, and have relatively low liquidity.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Desai, Jairaj, Jijo K. Mathew, Howell Li, Rahul Sakhare, Deborah Horton, and Darcy M. Bullock. National Mobility Analysis for All Interstate Routes in the United States. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317585.

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In November 2022, Wejo Data Services Inc. provided Purdue with a national data set comprised of approximately 470 billion connected vehicle records covering all 50 states for the month of August 2022. The goal of the evaluation data set was to create a series of summary graphics to evaluate the scalability of work zone analytics graphics and electric/hybrid vehicle counts at a national level. This report illustrates several performance measures developed using this dataset for all interstate routes, both state wise and cross-country. State wise graphics are organized with 50 subdirectories containing graphics for each interstate in the 50 states. There are also a series of multi-state graphics for I-5, I-10, I-15, I-35, I-55, I-65, I-75, I-80, I-90, and I-95. Performance measures include absolute and normalized trip counts classified by type of trip (electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle or internal combustion engine vehicle), weekly heatmaps based on vehicle speed overlaid with hard-braking events and finally, speed profiles by interstate mile markers. Additional details on the directories and how to interpret these performance measures can found inside the document (after extracting the .zip file) titled “National_Mobility_Analysis_README.pdf”.
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Kim, Kijin, Jerome Abesamis, and Zemma Ardaniel. The Impact of COVID-19 Mobility Restrictions on Trade Facilitation at Borders in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Region. Asian Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220581-3.

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This paper investigates the impact of COVID-19 mobility restrictions on the time taken for cargo to clear borders in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) area. The findings suggest that cargo processing time could increase by up to 70% when the most stringent level of mobility restrictions was imposed. The results also suggest that outbound border-crossing points were more affected by measures than inbound points, but were more resilient in that impact was short-lived. The study found that both inbound and outbound times increased when mobility restrictions in a trading partner tightened.
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