Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mobilità privata'

With the advent of Location-Based-Systems, positioning systems must face new security requirements: how to guarantee the authenticity of the geographical positon announced by a user before granting him access to location-restricted! resources. In this thesis, we are interested in the study of ! security ! protocols that can ensure autheniticity of the position announced by a user without the prior availability of any form of trusted architecture. A first result of our study is the proposal for a distance-bounding protocol based on asymmetric cryptography which allows a node knowing a public key to authenticate the holder of the associated private key, while establishing confidence in the distance between them. The distance measurement procedure is sufficently secure to resist to well-known attacks such as relay attacks, distance-, mafia- and terrorist-attacks. We then use such distance-bounding protocol to define an architecture for gathering privacy friendly location proofs. We define a location proof as a digital certificate attesting of presence of an individual at a location at a given time. The privacy properties we garanty through the use of our system are: the anonymity of users, un-linkability of their actions within the system and a strong binding between each user ! and the localization proof it is associated. on last property of our system is the possibility to use the same location proof to demonstrate different granularity of the associated position.

This dissertation is a response to the negative trends in urban mobility, which led many authors to conclude on the need for a new approach to personal transport in the cities. The work has creative character, but in the conceptual level, it is taking into account the specific needs of sustainable urban mobility and build on the existing innovative transport solutions. The result of dissertation is a vehicle vision, understood as an element of urban mobility that respects the character of the zones of free movement of persons, but it is also suitable for transport over longer distances.

Les années récentes ont témoigné un manque de dynamisme des marchés boursiers qui a poussé un nombre croissant d'investisseurs à se tourner vers les marchés privés, notamment le private equity. Ce manuscrit aborde des thématiques qui caractérisent les mutations que connait le private equity aujourd'hui: une recherche de liquidité relative, une quête de rendements supérieurs dans de nouveaux marchés et une stabilité des ressources humaines qui restent un vecteur de communication important lors des levées de fonds auprès des investisseurs.Le premier essai de cette thèse examine l'impact de l'introduction en bourse des véhicules de private equity sur leurs performances et montre que cette recherche de liquidité induit une diminution significative des performances réalisées. Le deuxième essai traite de la performance du private equity dans les marchés émergents et montre que la réussite de ces investissements est liée à la distance géographique et à la proximité culturelle entre les firmes de private equity et les entreprises financées.Enfin, le dernier essai de cette thèse examine l'importance du capital humain pour les firmes de private equity et montre que la mobilité des managers détériore les performances réalisées
Recent years have witnessed a lack of momentum in equity markets that has driven a growing number of investors to turn to private markets, including private equity.This manuscript addresses research questions that characterize the changes that private equity is experiencing today: a search for relative liquidity, a quest for superior returns in new markets, and a stability in human capital, which remains an important vector of communication during fundraising.The first dissertation of this thesis examines the impact of the public listing of private equity vehicles on their performance and shows that exposure to liquidity induces significantly lower realized performances.The second dissertation examines the performance of private equity in emerging markets and shows that the success of these investments is related to the geographic distance and the cultural proximity between private equity firms and the investee companies.Finally, the last dissertation of this thesis examines the importance of human capital for private equity firms and shows that manager mobility deteriorates performance

La gestió de l‘aparcament és un element clau en el paradigma de la mobilitat sostenible. En aquesta recerca, partint de les fonts d’informació disponibles, tant quantitatives com qualitatives, es diagnostica el model de mobilitat de la UAB i la manera en què la política d’aparcament el condiciona. Tanmateix, es proposen uns criteris i línies d’actuació per tal que la gestió de l’aparcament, en el marc d’una política integral de mobilitat, estableixi les condicions adequades per a assolir un model de mobilitat sostenible, eficient i equitatiu. A la UAB, un pol de coneixement metropolità, la mobilitat de la comunitat universitària s’explica pel nivell de captivitat respecte els diferents mitjans de transport, el cost del desplaçament i les condicions socioeconòmiques dels usuaris. Així, l’elevat nivell de captivitat respecte el transport col·lectiu (53%), és una de les explicacions del seu elevat ús (60%). Però no és l’única. Quan la comunitat universitària pot triar, el cost percebut del desplaçament (temporal i econòmic), matisat per les condicions socioeconòmiques dels usuaris i el seu lloc de residència, és l’element decisori. Un 30% d’aquells que tenen cotxe fan servir transport col·lectiu, mentre que un 20% dels que disposen de transport col·lectiu fan servir el cotxe. El transport col·lectiu es fa servir relativament més des de municipis de les àrees centrals, com Barcelona, on la relació quotidiana dels usuaris amb aquests mitjans és intensa degut a l’oferta disponible. En canvi, des de municipis de la perifèria metropolitana, tot i la disponibilitat de transport col·lectiu en la relació amb la UAB, la menor presència d’aquest en la vida quotidiana dels usuaris, especialment en referència als desplaçaments interurbans, es tradueix en ús innecessari de cotxe. Aquest ús innecessari des de municipis amb oferta de transport col·lectiu, és potenciat, entre altres coses, per la manca d’una política d’aparcament que regui la demanda. L’aparcament gratuït i la incapacitat d’eliminar la indisciplina, distorsionen la relació entre oferta i demanda en el procés personal d’elecció del mitjà de transport i fomenten l’ús del cotxe, donant com a conseqüència, l’arribada excessiva de cotxes amb baixa ocupació. Malgrat que el repartiment modal de la mobilitat generada per la UAB és favorable al transport col·lectiu, amb la qual cosa els impactes ambientals es mantenen dins d’uns límits raonables, la presència excessiva de cotxes genera una sèrie de disfuncionalitats a nivell social i funcional. Per una banda, aquells usuaris sense oferta de transport col·lectiu, han de competir per un recurs limitat en igualtat de condicions, tenint menys oportunitats d’accés. De la mateixa forma, l’ocupació per part dels cotxes dels espais destinats a altres usos, genera una competència que sovint acaba guanyant el més poderós. Per l’altra, l’aparcament, repartit de forma poc homogènia i eficient, perd la seva funció en l’esquema general de mobilitat. Amb l’objectiu de minimitzar aquests impactes, aquesta recerca proposa establir una política d’aparcament que redueixi el nombre de cotxes presents al campus. Els elements de referència proposats per a aquesta política són l’eliminació de la indisciplina i una tarifació subvencionada que afavoreixi aquells col·lectius que tenen menys alternatives, els que tenen menys possibilitats econòmiques i els usos més sostenibles del cotxe (com el cotxe amb alta ocupació o el cotxe impulsat per energies netes renovables), i sempre en relació a la variabilitat espacial i temporal de la demanda. Una política d’aquestes característiques, que acompanyi i subvencioni els mitjans actius i col·lectius, és essencial per a assolir un model de mobilitat sostenible, eficient i equitatiu.
Parking management is a key element in the sustainable mobility paradigm. In this research, starting from available information sources, whether quantitative or qualitative, mobility pattern in UAB and the way it is conditioned by parking policy, are diagnosed. Likewise, criteria and strategic lines are proposed to facilitate parking policy to establish appropriate conditions for a sustainable mobility pattern in the framework of an integral mobility policy. In UAB, a metropolitan knowledge node, mobility pattern is explained by captivity with respect to different means of transport, cost of the trip and social and economic personal characteristics of users. The high level of captivity in relation to public transport (53%), is one of the reasons of high demand (60%). However, this is not the only reason. In conditions of eligibility, perception of cost of the trip (time and economic cost), influenced by social and economic conditions of users as well as their place of residence, is the decision making aspect. 30% of those owning a car use public transport regularly, while a 20% of those who have a good option of public transportation drive to Campus. Public transportation is relatively more used from central areas, like Barcelona, where quotidian relationship of citizens and transport is intense, due to transport quantity and quality. Instead, trips from municipalities on the peripheral areas of the metropolitan area, though public transportation availability in connection to Campus, less presence of this transport in quotidian life of citizens, especially related to inter municipal trips, turns into unnecessary use of car. This unnecessary use from places with good transport is fostered, among other things, by the absence of a parking policy which regulates demand. Free parking and incapacity to control illegal parking, distort offer and demand relationship within transport election process and encourage solo driver car use. Despite modal split in UAB is favourable to public transportation, and environmental impacts are kept within reasonable limits, excessive presence of cars produce a series of impacts at social and functional level. On the one hand, people with no reasonable public transportation option, compete for a scarce resource in the same conditions, getting less access opportunities as a result. Likewise, occupation by cars of spaces directed to other users, limit their rights. On the other hand, parking, distributed in a non-homogeneous and efficient way, misses its function within the general mobility scheme. With the aim of minimising these aspects, this research proposes to stablish a parking policy which reduces the number of cars in Campus. The main elements for this policy are eliminating illegal parking and stablish a subsidized rate which favours those students and staff who have less options, those who have weaker economic power, and more sustainable use of car (high occupancy cars and propelled by clean renewable energies), considering spatial and temporal variability of demand. Such a policy, accompanying and subsidizing active and collective transports, is essential to achieve a sustainable, efficient and equitable mobility pattern.

Supporting the requirements of mobile networking is a very exciting and challenging task that has the potential to positively influence people's every day communication and Internet experience. The exponential increase in the number of commuters requiring Internet connectivity and a variety of services at their fingertips, on their mobile devices on-the-go, highlights the importance and attention that this problem domain requires from the research community. Host and network mobility protocols have been developed in recent years to provide constant connectivity to commuters' mobile devices, moving individually or as a group, but are yet to be widely deployed in real-world scenarios, because many requirements in this problem domain remain unresolved. Commuters' mobile devices require quick, unobtrusive and reliable connectivity from the Wi-Fi access points they encounter as they move. Individuals require constant and secure connectivity without having to congure their devices as they roam from one Access Network to another. Obtaining secure and authenticated access and developing trust dynamically with the wireless Access Network they connect to is very challenging, especially due to the Access Network's own conflicting requirements. Wi-Fi Access Networks need to support Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) for mobile devices, whilst avoiding compromising their security policies. On the other hand mobile devices have privacy concerns and they may not want to reveal their identity to the Access Network they get connectivity from. Roaming Mobile Networks, such as the group of mobile IP devices that people carry in the bus as the bus moves, have the same and additional, even more complicated, requirements to the ones individual roaming Mobile Hosts have. The mobile router that facilitates all the devices within the Mobile Network must ensure services' provision to them in an unobtrusive manner and avoid exhausting their resources. A vast range of problems arise when Mobile Networks interconnect to one another to proliferate connectivity, as current network mobility protocols introduce routing and tunnelling inefficiencies in the communication of these networks. In addition, the lack of dynamic trust establishment and secure data transmission for interconnected Mobile Networks, requirements of paramount importance in mobile networking, make their real-world deployment even more difficult. This research thesis presents a Unied Architecture that facilitates the Mobility, AAA, Security and Privacy requirements of Mobile Hosts and Mobile Networks in an efficient and modular fashion for real-world deployments. The novelty and originality of our research is on addressing the requirements of all the parties involved in a holistic and non-conflicting manner, and allowing true mobility to be achieved in real-world scenarios. Our work contributes in the field of mobile networking by providing a AAA and Security model that allows Mobile Hosts and Mobile Networks to obtain quick, secure and constant connectivity, even in the most complex mobility topologies that can arise. In addition, the Unied Architecture provides a unique collaborative AAA and Privacy service for mobile networking deployments, that allows Access Networks to oer private but accountable connectivity, by carefully considering their AAA and security policies. Our research work also provides an original data security and trust establishment model for interconnected Mobile Networks, that opens the way for their establishment in real-world deployments. As part of this research body of work we also developed, and present as contribution, an experimental implementation of the devised Unied Architecture, by bringing together state of the art protocol solutions and by creating implementation components that efficiently satisfy requirements in the problem domain. Finally, we thoroughly evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively the implementation of our Unied Architecture on a real live IPv6 testbed with multiple Access Network links. Our results highlight the efficiency and suitability of our approach, and demonstrate its capabilities for achieving real-world IP mobility in every day scenarios.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are designed to use the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to establish secure communication tunnels over public Internet. Multipath TCP (MPTCP) extends TCP to allow data to be delivered over multiple network paths simultaneously. This thesis first builds a testbed and investigates the potential of using MPTCP tunnels to increase the goodput of VPN communications and support seamless mobility. Based on the empirical results and an analysis of the MPTCP design in Linux kernels, we further introduce a full-multipath kernel, implementing a basic Multipath UDP (MPUDP) protocol into an existing Linux MPTCP kernel.We demonstrate the MPUDP protocol provides performance improvements over single path UDP tunnels and in some cases MPTCP tunnels. The MPUDP kernel should be further developed to include more efficient scheduling algorithms and path managers to allow better performance and mobility benefits seen with MPTCP.
Outstanding Thesis
Lieutenant, United States Navy

Smart-phones, wearables and mobile devices in general are the sensors of our modern world. Their sensing capabilities offer the means to analyze and interpret our behaviour and surroundings. When it comes to human behaviour, perhaps the most informative feature is our location and mobility habits. Insights from human mobility are useful in a number of everyday practical applications, such as the improvement of transportation and road network infrastructure, ride-sharing services, activity recognition, mobile data pre-fetching, analysis of the social behaviour of humans, etc. In this dissertation, we develop algorithms for processing mobility data. The analysis of mobility data is a non trivial task as it involves managing large quantities of location information, usually spread out spatially and temporally across many tracking sensors. An additional challenge in processing mobility information is to publish the data and the results of its analysis without jeopardizing the privacy of the involved individuals or the quality of the data. We look into a series of problems on processing mobility data from individuals and from a population. Our mission is to design algorithms with provable properties that allow for the fast and reliable extraction of insights. We present efficient solutions - in terms of storage and computation requirements - , with a focus on distributed computation, online processing and privacy preservation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of the private car has developed throughout history and to describe options for private use of private cars. The study aimed to investigate how municipalities in Sweden encourage and support their residents away from private car ownership to reduce car traffic. The study is based on literature research and a survey which were sent to 30 municipalities in Sweden to study the work of shared use of vehicle, shared mobility, combined mobility and mobility management interventions which aims to, by changing travellers’ attitudes and behaviour reduce private car use. Private cars are a major source to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide which contributes to climate change and global warming. Renewable fuels and fuel efficient vehicles are part of the solutions for reducing the emission of carbon dioxide, but also reduce private car use. The result of the survey showed that mobility management interventions were most common. More than half of the municipalities offered shared mobility, especially the larger municipalities. Combined mobility was not offered by the municipalities today. Municipalities state that they are both working on a strategy to reduce private car use along with various other projects. Challenges with the strategies to reduce private car use were reported to be the work of getting different actors to move in the same direction, toward reduced emissions from private car use.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, June 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-165).
The "sustainability" literature generally acknowledges a critical role for transportation infrastructure planning, finance, investment, design, construction, operation, and management for addressing the long-term viability of cities and metropolitan areas. At the same time, governments have increasingly employed public-private partnerships (PPPs) for metropolitan transportation infrastructure with the goal of improving project finance, delivery, and long-term management and operation. While proponents of "sustainability" often imply a more collectivist and public-sector-led paradigm and proponents of liberalization often argue for greater private sector intervention and market competition, theory suggests that both sectors offer unique institutional attributes critical to achieving sustainable metropolitan mobility (SMM). The question is how to optimally configure institutions to address the challenge of SMM for metropolitan transportation infrastructure delivery? Focusing on highways, this thesis adopts a broad definition of SMM that compasses efficient road pricing and regulation, integration of metropolitan transportation policy, public acceptability, and technology. It employs a qualitative case study analysis to test theories on optimal institutional configurations against seven cases across the world where PPPs were used to deliver highway infrastructure in metropolitan areas. The results suggest that the distribution of network, traffic, and demand risks; the spatial configuration of highways within metropolitan areas; and political factors play key roles in achieving SMM. Additionally, issues of vertical devolution and integration of government institutions and contract regulation likely play important roles but require more in-depth research.
by Christopher C. Grillo.
S.M.in Transportation
M.C.P.

Questo elaborato ha come obiettivo la presentazione e l’analisi del comportamento degli individui in relazione alla mobilità sostenibile. In particolare, si prenderanno in considerazione le variabili che influenzano la scelta di un gruppo di individui per quanto riguarda l’utilizzo o meno di mezzi pubblici o di mobilità urbana o modalità di trasporto condivise rispetto l' utilizzo dei mezzi privati. La prima parte dell’elaborato introdurrà i dati riguardanti l'impatto ambientale e sociale dei veicoli privati e dei mezzi pubblici nel territorio locale, nazionale e internazionale. Seguirà la parte riguardante la letteratura relativa al tema di analisi. Verranno considerate le variabili sociali, demografiche ed economiche che influenzano la scelta degli individui riguardo la mobilità urbana. Inoltre verrà svolta un’indagine su dati di un campione di individui, prevalentemente studenti, nella fascia d’età tra i 18 e i 30 anni, poiché maggiori fruitori di mezzi di trasporto condivisi. Le conclusioni comprenderanno l'analisi dei risultati dell'indagine e un confronto dei dati con le teorie esposte.

Depuis quelques dizaines d’années, l’utilisation de téléphones contenant un capteur GPS a fortement augmenté. Cependant, tous ces usages ne sont pas sans menace pour la vie privée des utilisateurs. En effet, les données de mobilité qu’ils envoient à ces services peuvent être utilisées pour inférer des informations sensibles telles que leur domicile ou leur lieu de travail. C’est à ce moment qu’entrent en action les mécanismes de protection, visant à redonner aux utilisateurs le contrôle sur leur vie privée. Nous commençons par répertorier les mécanismes de protection existants et les métriques utilisées pour les évaluer. Cette première analyse met en avant une information particulièrement sensible : les points d’intérêt. Ces derniers représentent tous les lieux où les utilisateurs passent la majeure partie de leur temps. Cela nous conduit à proposer un nouveau mécanisme de protection, PROMESSE, dont le but principal est de cacher ces points d’intérêt. Les mécanismes de protection sont en général configurés par des paramètres, qui ont un grand impact sur leur efficacité. Nous proposons ALP, une solution destinée à aider les utilisateurs à configurer leurs mécanismes de protection à partir d’objectifs qu’ils ont spécifié. Enfin, nous présentons Accio, un logiciel regroupant la majeure partie du travail de cette thèse. Il permet de lancer facilement des expériences destinées à étudier des mécanismes de protection, tout en renforçant leur reproductibilité
In the past decades, the usage of GPS-enabled smartphones has dramatically risen. However, all these usages do not come without privacy threats. Indeed, location data that users are sending to these services can be used to infer sensitive knowledge about them, such as where they live or where they work. This is were protection mechanisms come into play, whose goal is to put users back in control of their privacy. We start by surveying existing protection mechanisms and metrics used to evaluate them. This first analysis highlights a particularly sensitive information, namely the points of interest. These are all the places where users use to spend most of their time. This leads us towards building a new protection mechanism, PROMESSE, whose main goal is to hide these points of interest. Protection mechanisms tend to be configured by parameters, which highly impact their effectiveness in terms of privacy and utility. We propose ALP, a solution to help users to configure their protection mechanisms from a set of objectives they specified. Finally, we introduce Accio, which is a software encompassing most of our work. Its goal is to allow to easily launch location privacy experiments and enforce their reproducibility

Este trabalho busca compreender a implementação das linhas de metrô em São Paulo e da Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, desde sua formação, nos anos 1960, até os dias atuais. Buscou-se entender quem foram os principais atores nacionais e internacionais, dos setores público ou privado, que participaram das decisões sobre esta política pública em questão. Para isso, foram analisados os processos de tomada de decisão e de implementação das Linhas 1 Azul, 3 Vermelha, 2 Verde e 4 Amarela. Com os achados da pesquisa é possível argumentar que o Metrô de São Paulo, o qual foi constituído como uma empresa pública capacitada, passou por um rebaixamento do seu corpo técnico e de suas capacidades estatais, que deram espaço ao interesse de atores privados dentro da companhia, acarretando em prejuízo para a empresa pública e em atraso de obras. Tal processo se deu com a ascensão e queda de um modelo de Estado desenvolvimentista e do surgimento de novas visões de Estado influenciadas pelo New Public Management.
This work seeks to understand the implementation of subway lines in São Paulo and analyze the Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo, from its formation, in the 1960s, to the present time. The research also attempts to verify who were the main national and international actors, from the public and private sectors, that participated in the decisions on this public policy in question. For this purpose, the processes of decision making and implementation of the lines 1 - Blue, 3 - Red, 2 - Green and 4 - Yellow were analyzed. With the findings of the research it is possible to argue that the Metrô of São Paulo has undergone a downgrading of its technical staff and its state capabilities, characteristic of its constitution, that gave space to the interest of private actors inside the company, resulting in loss to the public company and in backlog of works. This process occurred with the rise and fall of a model of developmentalist State and the emergence of new visions of State influenced by New Public Management.

Mobility is a key element of the future Internet. The location privacy problem is one of the problems involved in mobility. A great benefit of universally available access to the Internet might bring a risk such that a user’s location is traceable by others. Most of the mobility protocols define a mechanism of informing the correspondents of location change, in order to realize mobility. Therefore, the correspondents and eavesdroppers on the path will notice a movement and its destination. The problem changes its situation, according to the node from which the location of a mobile node should be concealed. We classify the nodes into two types: correspondents or onlookers on the path. In addition, we often assume there are some trustworthy nodes on the path. There are some existing researches on this problem, e.g. HIP Location Privacy Framework by Matos et al. and BLIND by Ylitalo and Nikander. They showed that it is possible to conceal location from a correspondents and a part of onlookers by introducing a trustworthy helper node, and especially when mobility is not needed at all, from all the onlookers, too. In this research, we have proposed a new framework using Host Identity Protocol (HIP), and with it we showed that it is also possible to protect location privacy from all other nodes in IP communication with mobility. We take advantage of the notable feature of HIP that public keys are used as host identifiers, so that our framework gives a way to separate IDs for mobility from those for end-to-end communication. We constructed an extensional mobility management protocol of BLIND, and discussed a trade-off in terms of efficiency and operational cost.
モビリティ技術は今後のインターネットの発展を考える上で重要な位置を占める要素である．モビリティと深く関連する問題のひとつとして，ロケーションプライバシ問題がある．あらゆる場所からインターネットへアクセスが可能となる利便性の裏には，ユーザの位置を第三者に追跡されるリスクがつきまとう．多くの場合，モビリティプロトコルでは通信相手に自身の移動を知らせることによってモビリティを実現する．そのため通信相手や盗聴者が移動ノードの位置の変化およびその移動先を知ることになる．この問題はユーザの位置情報を誰に対して秘匿するかによって状況が異なる．秘匿対象として通信相手と通信経路上の第三者の二種類を考え，さらに後者の一部に信頼できるノードを仮定する場合がある．この問題に対する従来研究としてMatos らによるHIP Location PrivacyFramework やYlitalo らによるBLIND などがあり，信頼できる補助ノードを導入することで通信相手や一部の盗聴者に対する位置の秘匿が可能であることや，モビリティを考慮しない状況に限れば，通信相手および通信経路上の全ノードに対する位置の秘匿が可能であることが知られている．本研究において我々はHost Identity Protocol (HIP) を使った新たな手法を提案し，ネットワーク間の移動を伴うIP 通信においても，すべての対象に対するロケーションプライバシの保護が可能であることを示した．我々の手法では，公開鍵がホストの識別子として使われるというHIP の特徴を活用し，移動用のID と通信用のID とを分離する．これに基づいてBLINDに対してモビリティ管理を行うための拡張プロトコルを構成し，モビリティとロケーションプライバシの両立に伴う通信効率や運用コストとのトレードオフについて考察した．
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
修士
修士(情報学)

La ricerca sviluppa un nuovo aspetto del complesso rapporto tra liberta' economiche e diritto del lavoro, soffermandosi sui profili di collisione e sovrapposizione tra liberta' di circolazione dell'impresa e diritto del lavoro. L'interesse per la materia e' recentemente lievitato da quando il giudice dell'Unione Europea ha segnato il punto di equilibrio tra le liberta' di circolazione vantate dalle imprese, da un lato, e le liberta' e i diritti collettivi, di sciopero e di contrattazione, dall'altro. L'idea di fondo dalla quale si muove e' che esiste un filo concettuale invisibile che avvince le molteplici esteriorizzazioni del fenomeno della circolazione delle imprese nell'ordinamento dell'Unione. Detto legame puo' individuarsi nella volonta' dell'impresa di sottrarsi ad un diritto del lavoro considerato "ingombrante" nonche' nell'interesse a ridurre, in maniera determinante, i costi da sostenere per il fattore lavoro. Tra le poliedriche e poliformi immagini della vicenda economica della circolazione delle imprese vengono considerate, in particolare, due macromanifestazioni: la delocalizzazione produttiva e la prestazione di servizi (cd.) labour intensive. L'ordinamento sovranazionale europeo ha concesso alle imprese di tutelare il loro "diritto" alla circolazione avvalendosi delle disposizioni relative alle liberta' fondamentali - la liberta' di prestazione dei servizi ex articolo 56 TFUE e la liberta' di stabilimento ex articolo 49 TFUE. Entrambe le modalita' di circolazione sono suscettibili di produrre effetti e, in certa misura, collidere con il diritto del lavoro, vuoi per la compressione delle tutele di alcuni lavoratori che, pur operando in un dato ordinamento nazionale, sono sottratti alla sua regolazione lavoristica (i distaccati), vuoi per gli effetti indiretti che la paventata mobilita' puo' indurre negli ordinamenti interni, vuoi infine per i limiti e le restrizioni opposte all'esercizio dei diritti collettivi attivati per contrastare il progetto di circolazione. Il lavoro si articola dunque in tre parti: la prima che prospetta i possibili percorsi d'indagine ed i presupposti teorici che costituiscono lo scenario nel quale la tematica della libera circolazione delle imprese va inserita, la seconda che indaga la natura delle liberta' fondamentali e la loro attuazione giurisprudenziale, nonche' l'apporto ricostruttivo del diritto derivato, e la terza avente ad oggetto le restrizioni opponibili al diritto di sciopero, il piu' acre esito del conflitto tra libera circolazione delle imprese e diritto del lavoro. In particolare, il fulcro di questa sezione del lavoro e' costituito dall'accertamento degli effetti indotti nel sistema giuridico svedese da uno dei casi giurisprudenziali piu' discutibili, il caso Laval, che puo' fondare timori di dumping sociale nel territorio europeo e di destabilizzazione dei modelli di relazioni industriali. Il percorso, condotto attraverso il confronto con i principi fondamentali dell'ordinamento comunitario, addiviene alla conclusione della non indefettibilita' degli esiti dell'attuale contemperamento tra circolazione e diritto del lavoro e alla preconizzazione di una alternativa che valorizzi le tutele dei lavoratori e non si sostanzi in un pregiudizio per gli stessi.

Pourquoi et comment, en France, près d’un élève sur quatre change d’établissement scolaire pendant le seul cursus collégien ? À partir d’une enquête menée dans un collège et de la construction d’un modèle d’analyse des déplacements scolaires, ce travail complète les résultats des récentes recherches de sociologie focalisées sur les placements scolaires. L’analyse est d’abord centrée sur l’offre locale de scolarisation en collège. En proposant une description de la genèse, de la structure de l’espace local des collèges, des conditions de sa reproduction et de sa transformation, il montre d’abord comment la structure hiérarchisée de l’espace local des collèges tend à se reproduire sans trop se transformer. Il invite également à repenser les distinctions souvent opérées entre établissements publics et privés ainsi que les questions relatives aux « ségrégations scolaires ». L’analyse est ensuite focalisée sur l’utilisation faite de cette offre par les familles et les personnels des établissements. En mettant en évidence que les mobilités scolaires répondent à une logique de réajustement entre les dispositions sociales et scolaires des élèves et celles majoritairement observées dans leurs collèges successifs, ce travail permet de constater la tension qui existe entre le droit qui encadre et tend à réguler les placements scolaires et les droits des familles à placer leurs enfants dans des établissements scolaires conformes aux attentes qu’elles ont envers l’École. En rendant compte des flux d’élèves au sein d’un espace local de collèges, elle met également en exergue l’homogénéité sociale et scolaire croissante des élèves regroupés dans les classes et les établissements entre l’entrée en sixième et la fin de l’année de troisième
Why is it that in France almost one out of every four pupils changes schools during his/her secondary school years ? Based on a survey done in a secondary school and on a framework designed to analyse school placements, this study completes the findings of recent sociological research focusing on school placements. First of all, this analysis focuses on the range of schools in a particular area. A description of the basic structure of the schools shows how infrequently these models are changed. This study encourages a reflection on the distinction between the practices of the public schools and private schools concerning under privilèges populations. The research then concentrates on the choices which best benefit both the families and the school staff. Through this study emerges an existing tension between the legislation which created this framework governing educational placements and the rights families have to send their children tout the schools of their choice in accordance with their expectations of what a school should provide. The pupils' mobility is the logical consequence of having to readjust to the various social and educative dispositions of the pupils and those already in place in their successive schools. Taking into account the flow from one local secondary school to another, this report also brings to the forefront an increasing homogeneity of groups of pupils from a similar social background in both the classroom and in the school from the beginning and the end of secondary school years

Il progetto di tesi vede come oggetto lo sviluppo di un'applicazione mobile che sia in grado di mitigare la data collection da parte delle app installate nel dispositivo e fornire all'utente gli strumenti per comprendere i meccanismi che adottano le app per raccogliere i propri dati e la gravità che ne comporta. Inoltre, si vuole approfondire la gestione dei dispositivi mobile anche in un contesto aziendale. Negli ultimi anni si ha avuto modo di assistere alle conseguenze spiacievoli causate dalla raccolta di dati e metadata generati dagli utenti di internet e smartphone. Dopo una panoramica dei processi di controllo che vengono eseguiti per definire un'app sicura e le tecnologie addottate in contesti aziendali per la protezione dei propri dati si analizzano ulteriori criteri orientati alla privacy e alla trasparenza delle software house. Per l'implementazione dell'applicazione Android vengono impiegate tecniche di language model per la valutazione dei permessi delle app installate, che andranno confrontati con quelli presenti in una base di dati che raccoglie esempi già analizzati di applicazioni Android, valutate con ausilio di piattaforme di audit. Inoltre si vuole valutare l'utilizzo e la convenienza dell'impiego di tecnologie per la protezione dei dati aziendali in contesto mobile (EMM).

Continued evolutions in autonomous drive technologies and pandemic leading to a boom in micro-mobility usage make these new forms of mobility an integral part of investigative research to assess their impacts on transportation networks. This research thesis examines their impacts in terms of: quantification of the penetration rate of autonomous vehicles (AVs), the influence of physical characteristics of the urban road network on macroscopic fundamental parameters in heterogeneous traffic stream, inequities in travel costs equilibrium, assessment of public transport (PuT) network vulnerability against random service disruptions and importance of topography for accurate provision of micro-mobility services. Some benefits for 25-35% inclusion of AVs include enhanced network capacity, improvement in travel time, decrement in travel equilibrium costs. Whereas, the integrated micro-mobility modes reduce the commuter’s dis-utility and perceived journey times by 7.14% in case of disruptions. However, the spill-over effects are to watch out for.

La terminologie « mobilité juridique « émerge des mouvements de personnel dans des ensembles organisés et normatifs plus vastes que l’entreprise. Au départ cette notion a permis de mettre en exergue la mutation du rapport de travail lorsque ce dernier, sans perdre son rattachement avec une entreprise située dans un ordre juridique étatique, se déploie à l’étranger, en direction d’un nouvel ordre étatique et en direction d’une nouvelle entreprise. La mobilité juridique est une mobilité par changement du droit applicable. Elle est le fruit d’un déplacement spatial du rapport de travail entre des espaces normatifs mutuellement irréductibles. L’assise des rapports de travail juridiquement mobiles est formée par des organisations en dehors des organisations formelles. Il s’agit d’organisations incomplètes. Celles-ci induisent des exigences de coordination.Dans une première partie, il est pris soin de dégager les coordinations normatives comme premières. C’est à partir de celles-ci que peuvent être induites les modalités de coordination des personnes impliquées dans la mobilité. il en ressort une figure renouvelée de l’employeur (il sera question des maitres de l’organisation). Il en ressort également une figure renouvelée du travailleur, dont le développement des « capacités », implique un meilleur ancrage de ses droits dans son environnement normatif de travail et d’emploi. Il en découle en définitive un ordonnancement renouvelé des rapports du travail. Dans une seconde partie, il est porté attention à la similarité des questions juridiques que posent dans un contexte de globalisation les rapports de travail juridiquement mobiles, qu'ils soient réputés de droit purement interne ou internationaux. La coordination des ordres juridiques a pour objet la coordination des entreprises et des travailleurs : il s'agit d'une coordination des coordinations, réalisée par le biais d'une pluralité de principes et de méthodes. Il en ressort l'existence d'un droit international privé du travail contribuant à l'ordonnancement transnational des relations du travail. En définitive, les fonctions du droit du travail et du droit international privé sont mises à l'épreuve dans le cadre de(s) marché(s) nationaux et internationaux
The terminology "legal mobility" emerges from the movement of personnel in organized and normative sets larger than the enterprise. Initially, this notion made it possible to highlight the change in the working relationship when the latter, without losing its connection with an enterprise located in a state legal order, deploys abroad, in the direction of a new state order. to a new company. Legal mobility is a mobility by change of the applicable law. It is the result of a spatial shift in the working relationship between mutually irreducible normative spaces. The foundation of legally mobile working relationships is formed by organizations outside formal organizations. These are incomplete organizations. These induce coordination requirements.In a first part, it is taken care of to release the normative coordinations as first. It is from these that the coordination modalities of the people involved in mobility can be induced. it shows a renewed figure of the employer (it will be about the masters of the organization). It also shows a renewed figure of the worker, whose development of "capabilities" implies a better anchoring of his rights in his normative environment of work and employment. It ultimately results in a renewed order of labor relations.In a second part, attention is paid to the similarity of the legal questions posed in a context of globalization to legally mobile working relationships, whether they are deemed to be purely internal or international. The coordination of the legal orders concerns the coordination of companies and workers: it is a coordination of coordination, carried out through a plurality of principles and methods. It reveals the existence of an international private labor law contributing to the transnational organization of labor relations.Ultimately, the functions of labor law and private international law are put to the test in the context of (s) national and international market(s)

Sverige har legat i framkant med elektronisk identifikation speciellt med BankID som hade cirka 8 miljoner användare 2019. Eftersom BankID är så pass vanligt och uppfyller en god säkerhet, använder vissa kommuner det för deras verksamheter. Att använda BankID som e-legitimation i tjänsten har diskuterats länge och lett en del motstånd från personalen. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur Skaraborgs kommuner använder sig utav privata e-legitimationer. Studien tar upp vilka system privata e-legitimationer används till, varför kommuner har valt det och eventuella problem de stött på. Insamling av data kommer ske med intervjuer som utförs med de ansvariga personer hos kommunerna. Resultatet visar att kommunerna använder privata e-legitimationer som BankID till många olika system, men fanns inget tydligt mönster för vilka system och tjänster det används till. Kommunernas motivering för att använda mobila BankID var dels av ekonomiska skäl där kommunen var tvungen att hålla en budget, samt praktiska skäl då många redan har mobila BankID, vilket underlättade deras implementation. Majoriteten av kommunerna ansåg att använda privata mobila BankID i tjänst inte nödvändigtvis är något negativ eftersom det uppfyller de säkerhetskrav som ställs och är en befintlig lösning som de anställda använder. Resultatet visar även att det finns en del motstånd från personalen vilket har hindrat implementationen för kommuner. I de fall personal inte går med på att använda sitt privata mobila BankID hade de flesta kommuner en alternativ lösning.
Sweden has been at the forefront of electronic identification, especially with BankID, which had approximately 8 million users in 2019. Because mobile BankID is so common and meets good security, some municipalities have used it to identify their employees. Using BankID as e-identification in the workplace has been discussed for a long time and has led to some opposition from employees.The purpose of this study is to investigate how Skaraborg's municipalities use private e-identifications.The study addresses which systems private e-identification is used for, why municipalities have chosen it and any problems they have encountered. The data will be collected through interviews with the responsible employees at the municipalities. The results show that the municipalities use private e-identifications like BankID for many different systems and did not show a clear pattern for which system it was used for. The municipalities'reasoning for using mobile BankID was that partly for financial reasons where the municipality had to follow a budget and practical reasons as many already have mobile BankID, which facilitated their implementation. The majority of the municipalities considered that using private mobile BankID in the workplace is not necessarily something negative as it meets the security requirements set and is easilyaccessíble. The results also show that the employees were against the use of BankID as a identification, which has hindered implementation for municipalities. In cases where staff do not agree to use their private mobile BankID, most municipalities had an alternative solution.

Insbesondere in Ballungsräumen stoßen weiter wachsende Mobilitätsbedürfnisse auf begrenzte Transportkapazitäten. Die Einsicht, dass Lösungsansätze nicht in einfachen Neu- und Ausbaumaßnahmen einzelner Verkehrsträger bestehen können, zieht die Folgerung nach sich, alternativ eine bessere räumlich-architektonische, organisatorische und informationelle Vernetzung der verschiedenen Verkehrsmittel anzustreben, um multimodale Verkehrsverhaltensweisen zu stärken. Auf dem Weg hin zu einem solchen intermodalen Verkehrssystem müssen diverse Schwachstellen des herkömmlichen öffentlichen Verkehrs behoben werden: So bieten etwa die Angebotsqualitäten des öffentlichen Verkehrs – gemessen an Standards moderner urbaner Lebenswelten – ein nur geringes Maß an individueller Verfügbarkeit und Flexibilität. Gelänge es, die zur allgemeinen Richtschnur gewordenen Qualitäten individueller Automobilität auf innovative Weise auf die Angebote des öffentlichen Verkehrs zu übertragen, könnte der öffentliche Verkehr deutlich an Attraktivität gewinnen. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt der vorliegende InnoZBaustein rekapitulierend die Entwicklung von drei konkreten Produktinnovationen vor, die entscheidende Beiträge für die Schließung der festgestellten Angebots- und Qualitätslücken liefern sollen: Zum einen individualisierte öffentliche Verkehrsmittel wie öffentliche Leihrad- und Autoverleihsysteme und zum anderen Mobiles Ticketing als einfacher, einheitlicher und flexibler Zugang für öffentliche Verkehrsmittel. Bereits bei der Konzeption dieser Produktinnovationen gingen theoretisch und empirisch plausibilisierte Annahmen darüber ein, welchen Ansprüchen die Produkteigenschaften genügen müssen, um erfolgreich in alltägliche Mobilitätsroutinen eingebunden werden zu können. Die Produkteinführung wurde jeweils von Akzeptanzuntersuchungen begleitet. Aus den Ergebnissen lassen sich generalisierend diejenigen Produkteigenschaften identifizieren, die als Schlüssel- und Erfolgsfaktoren für die Konzeption individueller öffentlicher Mobilitätsangebote gelten können. Abschließend werden die Ergebnisse in einem Ausblick auf eine zukünftig ermöglichte intermodale Selbstbeweglichkeit resümiert.
The ever rising mobility requirements, especially in metropolitan areas, are constantly being confronted with the limited urban transport capacities. Spatial and financial restrictions often prohibit the building of new or the enhancement of existing infrastructure. Therefore, it is concluded that a better spatialarchitectural, organisational, and informational linkage of the different means of transport to form an „intermodal transportation system“ could provide a solution to this dilemma. Such an intermodal transportation system would encourage multiple mode travel. To implement such an intermodal transportation system, the main flaws of the existing public transport system would have to be eliminated: Traditional public transportation offers only a very low degree of individual availability and flexibility, measured by standards of modern lifestyles. A successful transfer of the now common standard qualities of private mobility to public transport would greatly increase their attractiveness. This paper describes the development of three exemplary product innovations which should help to bridge the described supply and quality gap: on the one hand, there are individualised public means of transport such as public bike rental or car rental schemes. And on the other hand, there is mobile ticketing as a means to offer simple, standardised and flexible access to public transport. The conceptualisation of these innovations took theoretically and empirically plausible assumptions about necessary product features into account. These features make it possible and easier for users to incorporate new transport services into their existing mobile routines. The implementation of the three product innovations was accompanied by research on their acceptance. Based on the results, the product features which decide the successful conceptualisation of individualised public means of transport are identified. The paper concludes with an outlook for a future form of intermodal auto-mobility.

A modalidade de contratação via parceria público-privada (PPP) vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada no mundo todo. No Brasil, foi criada pela Lei nº 11.079 e vem crescendo impulsionada pelos megaeventos esportivos como a Copa do Mundo de 2014 e as Olimpíadas em 2016, especialmente na área de infraestrutura em mobilidade urbana. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo fazer uma avaliação por value for money (VfM) da contratação e mérito de um projeto de PPP em um protótipo de uma linha de metrô na cidade de São Paulo baseado na atual Linha 6-Laranja. Após a avaliação, também será verificado o mérito pela escolha de um projeto de PPP de um segundo protótipo similar a Linha 4-Amarela do metrô de São Paulo, o que possibilitará a análise de qual o maior VfM entre dois protótipos de PPP de linhas de metrô, com escopo e divisão de riscos distintos, sendo um similar à Linha 6-Laranja e outro similar à Linha 4-Amarela, permitindo verificar qual a opção de melhor eficiência e retorno exigido pelo ente privado em projetos dessa magnitude, além de identificar as principais dificuldades e propor recomendações e melhorias. A metodologia do estudo é baseada na construção de um modelo de estimativa de custo e receita de linha-protótipo na cidade de São Paulo, tendo como base projetos similares no Brasil e no exterior, fundamentação teórica especializada do setor bem como avaliação de aspectos jurídicos e econômico-financeiros. Dentre as conclusões, observou-se a existência de mérito pela escolha por projetos de PPP em futuras linhas de metrô e, em razão das dificuldades do setor público em tocar grandes obras, com a falta de investimento e expertise em planejamento, da necessidade de melhoria no regime de contratação, com a criação de câmaras especializadas para discutir a viabilidade e a adequada transferência dos riscos entre o ente privado e o Estado em projetos de PPP verificados por meio da comparação do VfM entre os dois protótipos propostos.
The contracting mode public-private partnership (PPP) has been increasingly used in the world, and in Brazil, created by Law No. 11,079, is growing driven by mega sporting events like the World Cup 2014 and the Olympics in 2016, especially in infrastructure of urban mobility area. This thesis aims to make a value for money analysis for a PPP model contracting and therefore the credit through the contractual mode (PPP) of a prototype subway line in the city of Sao Paulo based on current Line 6 - Orange. After such an evaluation, it will also be verified through another prototype like Line 4 - Yellow which will enable the analysis of the higher value for money between the two prototypes of PPP existing in São Paulo with different scopes, one based on subway Line 4 - Yellow and other as the Line 6 - Orange, allowing to check the returns required by private entity in projects of this magnitude, in addition to predict the main difficulties and make recommendations and improvements. The study methodology is based on building a model to estimates costs and revenues of a prototype subway line in Sao Paulo city through a PPP model, based on Brazilian and international similar projects, specialized literature of the sector as well the assessment of legal, economic and financial aspects. Among conclusions, it was found that, given the difficulties of the public sector in leading major projects, such as lack of investment and expertise in planning, there is need for improvement in the procurement regime, such as the creation of specialized chambers to discuss the feasibility and appropriate division of risks between the private entity and the State in PPP projects through the comparison of both prototypes value for money proposed.

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This research discusses the legal basis of an Urban Mobility Inter-federative Public-Private Partnership (PPP), provided with a viability gap payment by the Public Administration. The aim of this work is to further the identification in the Brazilian legal system (i) of the rules that relate to an Inter-federative PPP, (ii) the specific characteristics of a PPP provided with a viability gap payment by the Public Administration, (iii) the competent authority to tender, regulate and inspect Inter-federative PPPs, (iv) the federative entities’ responsibility in Inter-federative PPP’ for the payment of the viability gap and provision of guarantees that may be presented to the Private Partner, and (v) the peculiar requirements for urban mobility projects. In order to achieve such goal, this work investigates (i) the contours of the constitutional competencies of the federation entities, especially with regard to the ownership of services of regional interest within a metropolitan region and urban agglomeration, (ii) the rules regulating inter-federative governance and the PPP, with a viability gap, (iii) the creation of an intergovernmental entity to enable the provision of public services of regional interest within a metropolitan region or urban agglomeration, (iv) the specific requirements of urban mobility projects and (v) identification of the Interfederative PPP’s peculiarities. In order to meet its goals, this study applied a methodology based on current legislation and cases that have been subject to Court evaluation
Esta pesquisa versa sobre o regime jurídico da Parceria Público-Privada (PPP) Interfederativa, na modalidade patrocinada, de Mobilidade Urbana. O objetivo desse trabalho é aprofundar a identificação no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro (i) das normas que regem a PPP Interfederativa, (ii) das características específicas da PPP, na modalidade patrocinada, (iii) da autoridade competente para licitar, regular e fiscalizar a PPP Interfederativa, (iv) da responsabilidade dos entes federativos na PPP Interfederativa pelo pagamento da contraprestação e aporte público e prestação de garantias a serem dadas ao Parceiro Privado, e (v) das exigências peculiares para os projetos de mobilidade urbana. Para essa finalidade, o estudo investiga (i) os contornos das competências constitucionais dos entes da federação, especialmente, no que tange à titularidade da prestação dos serviços de interesse regional no âmbito de uma região metropolitana e aglomeração urbana, (ii) as normas que disciplinam a governança interfederativa e a PPP, na modalidade patrocinada, (iii) , as formas de criação de entidade intergovernamental para viabilizar a prestação dos serviços públicos de interesse regional no âmbito de uma região metropolitana ou aglomeração urbana, (iv) as exigências específicas dos projetos de mobilidade urbana e (v) a identificação das peculiaridades da PPP Interfederativa. Para responder aos seus objetivos, traz uma metodologia pautada em legislação atual e casos concretos analisados pelo Poder Judiciário

In questo lavoro verrà presentato lo sviluppo di un'applicazione nell'ambito della "Smart Mobility". In particolare verrà fornita l'implementazione di un modulo che sarà parte integrante di un'infrastruttura molto complessa, SMAll. Verranno quindi presentate alcune tecnologie utilizzate per la raccolta dei dati e l'utilizzo delle mappe, con particolare attenzione riguardo a OpenStreetMap. Seguirà quindi una presentazione del progetto divisa nelle fasi di analisi e progettazione, dettagliando tramite opportuni diagrammi il lavoro svolto. Infine ci sarà una discussione riguardo i risultati ottenuti e sugli sviluppi futuri che potranno essere intrapresi.

The convergence of transport, communication, computing and positioning technologies has enabled a smart car revolution. As a result, pricing of roads based on telematics technologies has gained significant attention. While there are promised benefits, systematic disclosure of precise location has the ability to impinge on privacy of a special kind, known as location privacy. The aim of this thesis is to provide technical designs that enhance the location privacy of motorists without compromising the benefits of accurate pricing. However, this research looks beyond a solely technology-based solution, For example, the ethical implications of the use of GPS data in pricing models have not been fully understood. Likewise. minimal research exists to evaluate the technical vulnerabilities that could be exploited to avoid criminal or financial penalties. To design a privacy-aware system, it is important to understand the needs of the stakeholders, most importantly the motorists. Knowledge about the anticipated privacy preferences of motorists is important in order to make reasonable predictions about their future willingness to adopt these systems. There is limited research so far Otl user perceptions regarding specific payment options in the uptake of privacy-aware systems. This thesis provides a critical privacy assessment of two mobility pricing systems, namely electronic tolls and mobility-priced insurance. As a result of this assessment. policy recommendations arc developed which could support a common approach in facilitating privacy-aware mobility-pricing strategies. This thesis also evaluates the existing and potential inferential threats and vulnerabilities to develop security and privacy recommendations for privacy-aware pricing designs for tolls and insurance. Utilising these policy recommendations and analysing user-perception with regards to the feasibility of sustaining privacy and willingness to pay for privacy, two privacy-aware mobility pricing designs have been presented which bridge the entire array of privacy interests and bring them together into a unified approach capable of sustaining legal protection as well as satisfying privacy requirements of motorists. It is maintained that it is only by social and technical analysis working in tandem that critical privacy issues in relation to location can be addressed.

L’ubiquité des terminaux intelligents équipés de capteurs a donné naissance à un nouveau paradigme de collecte participative des données appelé Crowdsensing. Pour mener à bien les tâches de collecte, divers défis relatifs à l’implication des participants et des demandeurs de services doivent être relevés. Dans ce contexte, nous abordons quatre questions majeures inhérentes à ce problème: Comment affecter les tâches de collecte afin de maximiser la qualité des données d’une façon éco-énergétique ? Comment minimiser le temps nécessaire à la collecte et au traitement des tâches? Comment inciter les participants à dédier une partie de leurs ressources pour la collecte? et Comment protéger la vie privée des participants tout en préservant la qualité des données reportées ? Tout d’abord, nous nous intéressons au fait que les ressources énergétiques des terminaux mobiles restent limitées. Nous introduisons alors des modèles de déploiement de tâches qui visent à maximiser la qualité des données reportées tout en minimisant le coût énergétique global de la collecte. Ainsi, notre première contribution se matérialise en un modèle d’allocation appelé, QEMSS. QEMSS définit des métriques de qualité de données et cherche à les maximiser en se basant sur des heuristiques utilisant la recherche taboue. De plus, afin de rendre le processus d’allocation résultante plus équitable, nous faisons appel à un deuxième algorithme, F-QEMSS, extension de QEMSS. Les deux solutions ont permis d’obtenir des niveaux de qualité de données compétitifs principalement dans les situations défavorables des zones de faible densité ou de ressources limitées. En outre, afin de minimiser le temps moyen de collecte et de traitement des données, une deuxième phase d’allocation distribuée est ajoutée. Plus précisément, nous proposons dans cette deuxième contribution de désigner des participants responsables de déléguer des tâches. Ces derniers prédisent le comportement d’autres utilisateurs en termes de mobilité et de préférences de collecte. Par conséquent, nous développons deux types d’allocation; MATA qui ne tient compte que de la mobilité et P-MATA qui tient compte à la fois de la mobilité et des préférences des participants. Les deux allocations démontrent que l’estimation des préférences des utilisateurs minimise le temps de collecte et évite le rejet des tâches. La troisième contribution de cette thèse, IP-MATA+, propose des incitations aux participants, ce qui favorise leur engagement aux campagnes de collecte notamment quand le budget dédié est partagé en fonction de la qualité des contributions. Pour finir, nous considérons la problématique de la vie privée des participants au crowdsensing. Particulièrement, nous ciblons la minimisation du risque de divulgation de la vie privée durant la phase du déchargement tout en veillant à l’utilité des données collectées. Ainsi, la quatrième contribution de cette thèse vise à assurer simultanément deux objectifs concurrents, à savoir assurer l’utilité des données nécessaire aux demandeurs et protéger les informations sensibles des participants. Pour ce faire, nous introduisons une entité de confiance dans le système de collecte ayant pour rôle d’exécuter un mécanisme qui génère une version altérée de la donnée collectée qui répond au compromis de protection et d’utilité. La solution développée, appelée PRUM, a été évaluée sur des datasets de collecte participative en variant les scénarios d’attaque et de déchargement des données. Les résultats obtenus prouvent qu’une altération limitée des données collectées peut assurer une protection des informations sensibles des participants tout en préservant environ 98% de l’utilité des données obtenue pour les demandeurs. Pour conclure, nos contributions abordent diverses problématiques complémentaires inhérentes à la collecte participative des données ouvrant la voie à des mises en œuvre réelles et facilitant leur déploiement
The ubiquity of sensors-equipped mobile devices has enabled people to contribute data via crowdsensing systems. This emergent paradigm comes with various applications. However, new challenges arise given users involvement in data collection process. In this context, we introduce collaborative sensing schemes which tackle four main questions: How to assign sensing tasks to maximize data quality with energy-awareness? How to minimize the processing time of sensing tasks? How to motivate users to dedicate part of their resources to the crowdsensing process ? and How to protect participants privacy and not impact data utility when reporting collected sensory data ? First, we focus on the fact that smart devices are energy-constrained and develop task assignment methods that aim to maximize sensor data quality while minimizing the overall energy consumption of the data harvesting process. The resulting contribution materialized as a Quality and Energy-aware Mobile Sensing Scheme (QEMSS) defines first data quality metrics then models and solves the corresponding optimization problem using a Tabu-Search based heuristic. Moreover, we assess the fairness of the resulted scheduling by introducing F-QEMSS variant. Through extensive simulations, we show that both solutions have achieved competitive data quality levels when compared to concurrent methods especially in situations where the process is facing low dense sensing areas and resources shortcomings. As a second contribution, we propose to distribute the assignment process among participants to minimize the average sensing time and processing overload com- pared to a fully centralized approach. Thus, we suggest to designate some participants to carry extra sensing tasks and delegate them to appropriate neighbors. The new assign- ment is based on predicting users local mobility and sensing preferences. Accordingly, we develop two new greedy-based assignment schemes, one only Mobility-aware (MATA) and the other one accounting for both preferences and mobility (P-MATA), and evaluate their performances. Both MATA and P-MATA consider a voluntary sensing process and show that accounting for users preferences minimize the sensing time. Having showing that, our third contribution in this thesis is conceived as an Incentives-based variant, IP-MATA+. IP-MATA+ incorporates rewards in the users choice model and proves their positive impact on enhancing their commitment especially when the dedicated budget is shared function of contributed data quality. Finally, our fourth and last contribution addresses the seizing of users privacy concerns within crowdsensing systems. More specifically, we study the minimization of the incurred privacy leakage in data uploading phase while accounting for the possible quality regression. That is, we assess simultaneously the two competing goals of ensuring queriers required data utility and protecting participants’ sensitive information. Thus, we introduce a trust entity to the crowdsensing traditional system. This entity runs a general privacy-preserving mechanism to release a distorted version of sensed data that responds to a privacy-utility trade-off. The proposed mechanism, called PRUM, is evaluated on three sensing datasets, different adversary models and two main data uploading scenarios. Results show that a limited distortion on collected data may ensure privacy while maintaining about 98% of the required utility level.The four contributions of this thesis tackle competing issues in crowdsensing which paves the way at facilitating its real implementation and aims at broader deployment

La diffusion massive de dispositifs portables, de plus en plus utilisés pour le traitement et la communication de l'information, permet la collecte d'importantes masses de données liées à l'activité des utilisateurs sur des applications mobiles. Nous nous intéressons aux données de localisation (les traces de mobilité) qui sont issues de systèmes mobiles formés par un groupe d'utilisateurs. Les données de mobilité produites dans un système mobile sont étudiées suivant deux axes : - L'utilisation des modèles de mobilité est à la base du développement d'algorithmes de communication dédiés au systèmes mobiles. Les données de mobilité réelles concernant les utilisateurs vont nous permettre de comparer les données de mobilité synthétiques utilisées dans la simulation avec la réalité qu'ils sont censés décrire. - La manipulation des données de mobilité réelles implique une réflexion sur les conséquences que les informations extraites de ces données ont relativement à la protection de la vie privée des utilisateurs. Les contributions sur ces deux fronts sont les suivantes : - Une analyse fine des propriétés spatiales et sociales d'un ensemble de traces de mobilité réelles collecté expérimentalement à l'aide d'une plateforme à haute precision. - Une comparaison exploratoire entre des traces de mobilité réelles et des traces de mobilité synthétiques générées à partir de sept différents modèle de mobilité. - La conception et l'analyse d'un algorithme d'inférence par co-localisation décorrélée des informations sur la localisation des utilisateurs ciblés. - La quantification du potentiel des données de co-localisation non-déterministes sur la perte de protection de la vie privée d'un ensemble d'utilisateurs
The wide diffusion of smart portable devices allows the collection of a big amount of data concerning the activities of users from mobile apps. We focus our attention on location data, i.e. mobility traces, of a set of users in a crowd. Data collected from these mobile systems are studied following two axies: - Mobility models are used to simulate the behavior of users to develop opportunistic forwarding algorithms. We compare real and synthetic mobility traces to show the distance between the reality and the models. - Information on mobility may endanger the privacy of users. We analyze the impact of such information on privacy of users. The main contributions are: - We analyze the spatial and social properties of human motion from real traces collected by a highly accurate experimental localization system. - We compare the real traces with synthetic mobility traces generated from seven popular mobility models - We provide an inference algorithm based on co-location of users and we show its efficiency on different datasets. - We quantify the effect of probabilistic co-location information by means of a novel co-location attack

Aujourd'hui, les progrès dans le développement d'appareils mobiles et des capteurs embarqués ont permis un essor sans précédent de services à l'utilisateur. Dans le même temps, la plupart des appareils mobiles génèrent, enregistrent et de communiquent une grande quantité de données personnelles de manière continue. La gestion sécurisée des données personnelles dans les appareils mobiles reste un défi aujourd’hui, que ce soit vis-à-vis des contraintes inhérentes à ces appareils, ou par rapport à l’accès et au partage sûrs et sécurisés de ces informations. Cette thèse adresse ces défis et se focalise sur les traces de localisation. En particulier, s’appuyant sur un serveur de données relationnel embarqué dans des appareils mobiles sécurisés, cette thèse offre une extension de ce serveur à la gestion des données spatio-temporelles (types et operateurs). Et surtout, elle propose une méthode d'indexation spatio-temporelle (TRIFL) efficace et adaptée au modèle de stockage en mémoire flash. Par ailleurs, afin de protéger les traces de localisation personnelles de l'utilisateur, une architecture distribuée et un protocole de collecte participative préservant les données de localisation ont été proposés dans PAMPAS. Cette architecture se base sur des dispositifs hautement sécurisés pour le calcul distribué des agrégats spatio-temporels sur les données privées collectées
Nowadays, the advances in the development of mobile devices, as well as embedded sensors have permitted an unprecedented number of services to the user. At the same time, most mobile devices generate, store and communicate a large amount of personal information continuously. While managing personal information on the mobile devices is still a big challenge, sharing and accessing these information in a safe and secure way is always an open and hot topic. Personal mobile devices may have various form factors such as mobile phones, smart devices, stick computers, secure tokens or etc. It could be used to record, sense, store data of user's context or environment surrounding him. The most common contextual information is user's location. Personal data generated and stored on these devices is valuable for many applications or services to user, but it is sensitive and needs to be protected in order to ensure the individual privacy. In particular, most mobile applications have access to accurate and real-time location information, raising serious privacy concerns for their users.In this dissertation, we dedicate the two parts to manage the location traces, i.e. the spatio-temporal data on mobile devices. In particular, we offer an extension of spatio-temporal data types and operators for embedded environments. These data types reconcile the features of spatio-temporal data with the embedded requirements by offering an optimal data presentation called Spatio-temporal object (STOB) dedicated for embedded devices. More importantly, in order to optimize the query processing, we also propose an efficient indexing technique for spatio-temporal data called TRIFL designed for flash storage. TRIFL stands for TRajectory Index for Flash memory. It exploits unique properties of trajectory insertion, and optimizes the data structure for the behavior of flash and the buffer cache. These ideas allow TRIFL to archive much better performance in both Flash and magnetic storage compared to its competitors.Additionally, we also investigate the protect user's sensitive information in the remaining part of this thesis by offering a privacy-aware protocol for participatory sensing applications called PAMPAS. PAMPAS relies on secure hardware solutions and proposes a user-centric privacy-aware protocol that fully protects personal data while taking advantage of distributed computing. For this to be done, we also propose a partitioning algorithm an aggregate algorithm in PAMPAS. This combination drastically reduces the overall costs making it possible to run the protocol in near real-time at a large scale of participants, without any personal information leakage

Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis. Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 81-84).
During the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, world climate scientists and policymakers agreed that global temperatures must not exceed a two degree Celsius increase above pre-industrial levels within the next 30 years. It is estimated that this will require investments of $40 trillion or $1.3 trillion per year in new and mature clean technologies. Currently, only about $0.3 trillion of investment goes to clean technology a year and the majority of that funding goes to mature, proven technologies. There is an investment gap in clean technologies, and the gap is especially pronounced for new and unproven technologies that are necessary to bring down costs of the entire system, and produce quicker breakthroughs in CO₂ mitigation. The gap is partly due to the large losses sustained by venture capitalists-one of the greatest source of early-stage capital-who invested heavily in clean technology companies in the years leading up to the 2008 recession. After the market crashed, federal and state governments ended up being among the few remaining supporters of these technology companies because of their public benefits. However, in order to stay below 2 degree Celsius warming, venture capitalists and other private venture investors must be engaged to invest in the clean technology sector again. Public sector funds are not sufficient. In a sector that has produced few winners while receiving substantial government support, the challenge could not be greater. To address this challenge, we ask three questions of three key actors: How can entrepreneurs attract private investment and scale up pass the Valley of Death? How can venture capitalists build the ability and confidence to invest in the cleantech sector again? How can policymakers address the failure modes that may still exist if investors and entrepreneurs follow best practices? To explore this issue, we conducted interviews, reviewed literature, compiled data from online sources, and compiled information from conferences and workshops. Our findings reveal a "Cleantech Confluence", or a preliminary set of best practices and partnerships. When simultaneously implemented, the Confluence can mobilize multiple sources of private capital into early-stage clean technologies.
by Sergio E. Gonzalez.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

Student mobility policies have become a high priority of the European Union since they are expected to result in private and social returns. However, at the same time these policies risk leading to unwanted geographical consequences, particularly brain drain from lagging to core regions, as formerly mobile students may not return on completion of their studies. Accordingly, this thesis focuses on both the private returns to student mobility and the determinants of return migration. It is important to note that, currently, the literature about the mobility of students is scarce and provides mixed evidence regarding both these issues. We contribute to the current academic debate in this field by doing a case study on the Master and Back programme, which was implemented since 2005 by the Italian lagging region of Sardinia. The programme is co-financed by the European Social Fund and consists of providing talented Sardinian students with generous scholarships to pursue Master's and Doctoral degrees in the world's best universities. Concerning the private returns to migration, we evaluate the impact of this scheme on the odds of employment and net monthly income of the recipients. Moreover, we assess whether the scheme has been able to improve their job matching. To perform this analysis we access unique administrative data on the recipients and a suitable control group, complemented by a purpose-designed web survey. In addition, we enquire into the determinants of return migration and the underlying decision-making process by using a mixed-methods approach, which is particularly well-suited for very complex phenomena like the one at hand.

Al giorno d’oggi i dispositivi mobili sono un elemento sempre pi ́u presente nella vita quotidiana di tutti gli individui. Tali dispositivi hanno subito un’evoluzione hardware e software tale da renderli degli ”smartphone” e da permettere il loro utilizzo per gli scopi pi ́u svariati. Infatti, i moderni cellulari, oltre a permettere di comunicare tramite chiamate e messaggi, sono dotati di applicazioni che permettono agli utenti di svolgere svariate operazioni inerenti all’ambito quotidiano. Eppure, queste applicazioni, oltre a semplificare molte azioni quotidiane, mettono a rischio i dati privati degli utenti. Un possibile metodo per accedere a tali dati viene mostrato all'interno di questo elaborato. L’idea che si ce- la dietro questo metodo prende origine dalla considerazione che, al giorno d’oggi, tutti i dispositivi mobili sono dotati di sensori inerziali quali accelerometro, magnetometro, giroscopio e altri, i cui valori possono essere letti senza la necessità di richiedere permessi. Inoltre, i valori registrati da tali sensori hanno lo scopo di determinare l’orientamento e i movimenti del dispositivo nello spazio, in modo tale da permettere a chiunque abbia accesso a tali dati di determinare gli spostamenti, anche quelli più impercettibili, del dispositivo nel tempo. In particolare, prendendo in considerazione il caso in cui il dispositivo venga utilizzato con una sola mano, è stato mostrato come sia effettivamente possibile un riconoscimento delle sezioni di schermo selezionato con una precisione massima pari all'80%. Inoltre, viene mostrato come, associando ad ogni sezione selezionata il relativo carattere, sia possibile distinguere le parole digitate dall'utente. Tale operzione mostra, di conseguenza, un potenziale rischio per i dati privati dell'utente.

La récente émergence des smartphones et des objets connectés a révolutionné le mode de vie des utilisateurs. Ces dispositifs ubiquitaires et équipés de plusieurs interfaces sans fil de communication, sont rapidement devenus indispensables dans la vie quotidienne des utilisateurs avec une utilisation intensive. Les interfaces sans fil de ces objets connectés émettent périodiquement des informations, certaines sont spécifiques aux utilisateurs et permettent par effet de bord d’identifier et de suivre leur déplacements. Le suivi des utilisateurs via les informations fortuitement émises par leurs périphériques sans fil se nomme le Wireless Physical Tracking. Les possibilités offertes par le Wireless Physical Tracking ont suscité un fort intérêt. Plusieurs applications se sont développés et ont permis d’apporter de l’innovation dans plusieurs domaines. Des sociétés de marketing l’utilisent afin de proposer à leurs clients de la publicité ciblée en fonction de leurs parcours dans leur zone d’activité. À une échelle plus grande, les villes intelligentes, ou smart-cities analysent le mouvement des utilisateurs afin d’apporter des services pour le confort des habitants. Enfin, dans le domaine de la recherche, les réseaux Ad-Hoc mobiles et autres DTN nécessitent de s’intéresser à cette pratique car l’étude de la mobilité des utilisateurs représentent un élément clé pour améliorer les performances de ce type de réseau. Cependant, la collecte de ces informations sans le consentement des utilisateurs ou sans qu’elles soient correctement protégées représentent un risque réel pour leur vie privée. C’est autour de ce contexte que s’articule cette thèse divisée en deux parties. La première présente les technologies PAN et WAN, l’état de l’art des méthodes de Wireless Physical Tracking et les contre mesures adoptés. La deuxième partie présentent les contributions de la thèse qui visent à proposer de nouvelles méthodes de suivi, analyser les performances de celles-ci face aux méthodes existantes et dans le cas particulier de l’application de crowd-localisation, à proposer des méthodes de suivi respectueuse de la vie privée
The recent rise of smart-phones and connected objects has a deep impact its users lifestyle. In 2017, more than a billion and a half smart-phones were sold around the world. These ubiquitous devices, equipped with several wireless communication interfaces, have quickly become essential in the daily life of users with an intensive use. The wireless interfaces of these connected objects periodically transmit information on the network, some of which are user-specific and allow to identify and track their mobility. Tracking users by collecting the information generated by their wireless devices is called Wireless Physical Tracking. The opportunities offered by the Wireless Physical Tracking raised a lot of interest. Several applications have been developed and have brought innovation in several areas. Marketing companies use it to offer to their customers targeted advertising based on their movements in their area of activity. On a larger scale, Smart Cities or smart-cities analyse the movement of users in order to provide services for their inhabitants. Finally, in the field of research in mobile Ad-Hoc networks and DTNs, users mobility is a key element which need to be collected and analysed. However, the collection of this information without the consent of the users or without being properly protected induce a real risk to their privacy. It is around this context that this thesis is focused on. It’s divided into two parts. The first presents the PAN and WAN technologies, the state of the art of Wireless Physical Tracking methods and the adopted counter measures. The second part presents the contributions of the thesis which aims at developing new methods for Physical Tracking and analysing their performances compared to the existing methods. We first present an evaluate BPM, a bluetooth passive monitoring that allows to track the users of Classic Bluetooth device with a detection delay significantly lower than the methods previously used. We then focus on Bluetooth Low Energy and propose the use of a BLEB, a botnet of users tracking BLE objects with their smart-phones. Finally, we also focus on preserving users privacy through the proposal of PPCL, a privacy preserving crowdlocalisation method which allow to track users assets without being trackable

La thèse étudie, à partir du cas des pensionnats privés internationaux de Suisse romande, les mécanismes de l’acquisition d’un pouvoir social sur l’espace et d’une gestion spatiale des ressources, notamment économiques, pour les établissements et pour les élèves. La thèse porte sur les mécanismes par lesquels les pensionnats produisent des ancrages sur le territoire suisse pour les élèves et les anciens élèves. Cette recherche repose sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de plusieurs établissements privés, avec directeurs et managers, anciens élèves, enseignants et tuteurs d’internat et sur un travail socio-historique et quantitatif. La première partie étudie au XXe siècle la genèse progressive du secteur du secondaire privé des « pensionnats pour étrangers » et des « écoles internationales » de la région lémanique. L’attraction des grandes fortunes, notamment européennes et états-uniennes, dans ces écoles privées et l’organisation locale de ce secteur éducatif se sont appuyées sur des discours et des pratiques liées aux ressources du territoire suisse. Si les pensionnats suisses occupent aujourd’hui une place périphérique dans le monde international des certifications d’une éducation « d’élite », récemment, de nouveaux processus d’intégration financière mondiale et de défense de la place éducative suisse permettent de redéfinir leur mise en concurrence dans un espace international « d’écoles d’élites ». La deuxième partie porte sur le rôle que joue l’espace suisse dans des stratégies de placement multidimensionnelles en pension par les familles fortunées et sur les rapports à l’espace suisse des élèves et anciens élèves. La notion d’école « refuge » prend un triple sens, celui d’éducation « familiale » et affective de la vie à l’internat, celui d’un évitement des institutions très sélectives sur le plan scolaire et celui lié à un envoi en pension sur le territoire suisse. Les origines nationales des élèves se sont progressivement transformées depuis les années 1950 pour accueillir des nouvelles fortunes non européennes et non américaines, mais les anciens élèves continuent de revenir ou de rester en Suisse. Les forces de rappel des anciens élèves sur le territoire suisse sont le fruit d’une tension : manifestation d’une centralité suisse de leurs carrières financières, espace protecteur face à des incertitudes familiales, politiques et nationales
The thesis examines how international boarding schools in Switzerland have been producing spatial resources for their students and alumni. The research is based on socio-historical analysis, quantitative analysis, and on semi-directive interviews with headmasters and managers, alumni, teachers and boarding staff at a diversity of international private schools in the Lake Geneva region. The first part of the thesis focuses on the emergence of the private educational sector progressively uniting « boarding schools for foreigners » and « international schools ». Since the beginning of the 20th c., schools have promoted their territorial resources for attracting the very rich, notably from Europe and the United States, and organized sectorial interests accordingly. Swiss boarding schools now have a peripheral part to play in the international spheres of certification and accreditation that govern elite education on a global scale. Nevertheless, recent processes of financialization of the educational sector and ways of protecting the Swiss educational sector contribute to redefine their place within internationalizing governance schemes of elite schools. The second part of the thesis examines the role played by spatial resources in wealthy families’ educational strategies in Switzerland and the spatial relations to Switzerland that students and alumni develop. The notion of « refuge school » or « recovery school » encompasses three dimensions : the « family » education that the boarding schools promote, parental strategies of avoiding selective national educational systems, socio-political determinations. Under the rise of non-European and non-American wealthy clienteles, students’ national origins have changed since the 1950s, but alumni continue to stay or come back to Switzerland. This results from a tension : Swiss centrality for financial careers and protection against family, political and national uncertainties

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The objective of the present thesis is to answer the following research question: What are the concepts and characteristics that identify the internationalization process in Brazilian Universities? To obtain the desired data, an exploratory, qualitative research was developed using a multiple case study approach, conducted with four Brazilian Privately Owned College Institutions. It was employed investigation techniques in document analysis and focused interviews. The results reveal a new internationalization concept and the identification of some characteristic of this process at the researched universities. Results indicate that all studied institutions have in their strategies the creation and structuring of an international office as a basic condition to start an internationalization process to cope with market demands. Regarding teaching and research, the predominant characteristic is the student formation for his or her professionalization, notwithstanding the reduced focus on research. Mobility is the main theme in the internationalization process; therefore, it characterizes a growing tendency of the periodic half year or annual student international exchange. The researched college institutions diverge in relation to payment and credit validation formats. Another common characteristic is that the four researched universities are still in an initial internationalization process
Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo responder ao seguinte problema de pesquisa: Quais os conceitos e características que identificam o processo de internacionalização em Universidades Brasileiras? Para obtenção dos dados desejados foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa que adotou como estratégia o estudo de caso múltiplo com quatro IES privadas brasileiras. Foram empregadas as técnicas de investigação de análise documental e entrevistas focadas. Os resultados obtidos foram um novo conceito de internacionalização e a identificação de algumas características deste processo nas universidades pesquisadas. As pesquisas indicam que todas as instituições pesquisadas tiveram em sua estratégia a característica de criação e estruturação de um escritório internacional como condição básica para iniciar um processo de internacionalização e adaptação às demandas de mercado. Em relação ao ensino e pesquisa a característica é de preponderância na formação do aluno para atuação profissional e menor foco na pesquisa. A mobilidade é o principal tema nos processos de internacionalização e caracterizam-se por mobilidade discente de periodicidade semestral ou anual, com tendência de crescimento. As IES pesquisadas divergem em relação a forma de validação de créditos e pagamentos. Outra característica comum é que as 04 universidades pesquisadas ainda estão em processo inicial de internacionalização

De multiples questions se posent sur les liens sociaux. Parmi elles, le présent travail s'intéresse plus spécifiquement à leur orchestration à l'échelle individuelle : comment s'agencent ou sont agencés les liens sociaux qu'entretient au quotidien un individu ? En tant que reflets de ces liens, les mobilités tant réelles (déplacements) que virtuelles (pratiques des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication) permettent de mettre en évidence les façons dont les liens privés et professionnels s'articulent, se positionnent les uns par rapport aux autres, entre superposition et séparation. Outre l'idéal hypermoderne du fluide ou superposition totale, d'autres topologies aux moindres degrés d'ouverture existent : la région et le réseau. L'existence de ces trois figures topologiques montre que l'agencement des sphères et des liens sociaux vu à travers les pratiques de mobilités est une activité complexe. Cette activité est le produit même des liens sociaux individuels. Ces derniers jouent dans leur dimension verticale (les normes) et dans leur dimension horizontale (les relations interpersonnelles). Toutefois, en tant qu'élément central de ces liens, l'individu joue un rôle important dans le travail d'orchestration du quotidien

Au cours des dernières années, nous avons observé le développement de dispositifs connectéset nomades tels que les téléphones mobiles, tablettes ou même les ordinateurs portablespermettant aux gens d’utiliser dans leur quotidien des services géolocalisés qui sont personnalisésd’après leur position. Néanmoins, les services géolocalisés présentent des risques enterme de vie privée qui ne sont pas forcément perçus par les utilisateurs. Dans cette thèse,nous nous intéressons à comprendre les risques en terme de vie privée liés à la disséminationet collection de données de localisation. Dans ce but, les attaques par inférence que nousavons développé sont l’extraction des points d’intérêts, la prédiction de la prochaine localisationainsi que la désanonymisation de traces de mobilité, grâce à un modèle de mobilité quenous avons appelé les chaînes de Markov de mobilité. Ensuite, nous avons établi un classementdes attaques d’inférence dans le contexte de la géolocalisation se basant sur les objectifsde l’adversaire. De plus, nous avons évalué l’impact de certaines mesures d’assainissement àprémunir l’efficacité de certaines attaques par inférence. En fin nous avons élaboré une plateformeappelé GEoPrivacy Enhanced TOolkit (GEPETO) qui permet de tester les attaques parinférences développées
In recent years, we have observed the development of connected and nomad devices suchas smartphones, tablets or even laptops allowing individuals to use location-based services(LBSs), which personalize the service they offer according to the positions of users, on a dailybasis. Nonetheless, LBSs raise serious privacy issues, which are often not perceived by the endusers. In this thesis, we are interested in the understanding of the privacy risks related to thedissemination and collection of location data. To address this issue, we developed inferenceattacks such as the extraction of points of interest (POI) and their semantics, the predictionof the next location as well as the de-anonymization of mobility traces, based on a mobilitymodel that we have coined as mobility Markov chain. Afterwards, we proposed a classificationof inference attacks in the context of location data based on the objectives of the adversary.In addition, we evaluated the effectiveness of some sanitization measures in limiting the efficiencyof inference attacks. Finally, we have developed a generic platform called GEPETO (forGEoPrivacy Enhancing Toolkit) that can be used to test the developed inference attacks

De nos jours, avec la large propagation de différents appareils mobiles, de nombreux capteurs accompagnent des utilisateurs. Ces capteurs peuvent servir à collecter des données de mobilité qui sont utiles pour des urbanistes ou des chercheurs. Cependant, l'exploitation de ces données soulèvent de nombreuses menaces quant à la préservation de la vie privée des utilisateurs. En effet, des informations sensibles tel que le lieu domicile, le lieu de travail ou même les croyances religieuses peuvent être inférées de ces données. Durant la dernière décennie, des mécanismes de protections appelées "Location Privacy Protection Mechanisms (LPPM)" ont été proposé. Ils imposent des guarenties sur les données (e.g., k-anonymity ou differential privacy), obfusquent les informations sensibles (e.g., efface les points d'intéret) ou sont une contre-mesure à des attaques particulières. Nous portons notre attention à la ré-identification qui est un risque précis lié à la préservation de la vie privée dans les données de mobilité. Il consiste en a un attaquant qui des lors qu'il reçoit une trace de mobilité anonymisée, il cherche à retrouver l'identifiant de son propriétaire en la rattachant à un passif de traces non-anonymisées des utilisateurs du système. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons tout d'abords des attaques de ré-identification AP-Attack et ILL-Attack servant à mettre en exergue les vulnérabilités des mécanismes de protections de l'état de l'art et de quantifier leur efficacité. Nous proposons aussi un nouveau mécanisme de protection HMC qui utilise des heat maps afin de guider la transformation du comportement d'un individu pour qu'il ne ressemble plus au soi du passée mais à un autre utilisateur, le préservant ainsi de la ré-identification. Cet modification de la trace de mobilité est contrainte par des mesures d'utilité des données afin de minimiser la qualité de service ou les conclusions que l'on peut tirer à l'aide de ces données
With the wide propagation of handheld devices, more and more mobile sensors are being used by end users on a daily basis. Those sensors could be leveraged to gather useful mobility data for city planners, business analysts and researches. However, gathering and exploiting mobility data raises many privacy threats. Sensitive information such as one’s home or workplace, hobbies, religious beliefs, political or sexual preferences can be inferred from the gathered data. In the last decade, Location Privacy Protection Mechanisms (LPPMs) have been proposed to protect user data privacy. They alter data mobility to enforce formal guarantees (e.g., k-anonymity or differential privacy), hide sensitive information (e.g., erase points of interests) or act as countermeasures for particular attacks. In this thesis, we focus on the threat of re-identification which aims at re-linking an anonymous mobility trace to the know past mobility of its user. First, we propose re-identification attacks (AP-Attack and ILL-Attack) that find vulnerabilities and stress current state-of-the-art LPPMs to quantify their effectiveness. We also propose a new protection mechanism HMC that uses heat maps to guide the transformation of mobility data to change the behaviour of a user, in order to make her look similar to someone else rather than her past self which preserves her from re-identification attacks. This alteration of mobility trace is constrained with the control of the utility of the data to minimize the distortion in the quality of the analysis realized on this data

En sa qualité d’enfant, le mineur doit être protégé. Lorsqu’il se déplace par delà les frontières, ce dernier est exposé à des problématiques particulières induisant un élément d’extranéité. Le particularisme de ces situations impliquant plusieurs États entraine régulièrement l’application des mécanismes du droit international privé. Pour autant, peut-on demander à cette matière de contribuer à la protection de l’enfant mobile au travers des règles qu’elle fixe ? C’est ce que la présente étude s’est proposé de faire en s’employant à justifier la recherche d’un objectif matériel en ce contexte par la matière du droit international privé. En effet, l’évolution privatiste régulatrice du droit international privé semble légitimer cette ambition en octroyant à la matière la capacité de chercher à protéger un intérêt et, plus particulièrement nous concernant, celui de l’enfant déplacé.Au final, cette étude se propose d’avoir recours à une utilisation fonctionnelle du droit international privé dont le seul but est d’apporter à l’enfant qui se déplace par-delà les frontières des solutions propres à lui garantir une protection satisfaisante et ce, en dépit de la complexité de sa situation
As a child, the minor must be protected. When moving across borders, minors are exposed to peculiar problems. These types of situations where several States are involved usually lead to the implementation of private international law. But can we apply the rules of private international law to the protection of the displaced child?This study proposes to clarify the use of this section of the law in achieving a tangible objective. Indeed, the private regulatory evolution of private international law seems to legitimize this aim in granting the subject matter the capacity to protect an interest and, more specifically that which concerns us, the interest of the displaced child.Specifically, this connection should be attributed to the competent authorities and to the law of the child's habitual residence in the event of continuous displacement. In order to understand the focus and integration centre of the displaced minor, the customary residence reflects the axiological system of the minor, that is to say, the focal point of his or her main ties. Of course, in the event of a change in the child's customary residence, the rules inherent to conflict of mobility should be able to justify their intervention in an effort to update the location of the focus and integration centre and, consequently, to the understanding. Thus, in the hypothetical case of temporary displacement, the closest chosen proximity should lead to the subsidiary, exceptional and temporary designation of the competent authorities and to the law of the State in whose territory the child is located.However, the flexibility of our proposals seemed to have lead to sometimes allowing deviations from the normal rules of jurisdiction. This would, however, only be achieved by the acceptance of the judges and the parties concerned.In conclusion, this study proposes to employ the functional use of private international law whereby the sole purpose is to provide children displaced across borders, with solutions that are ready to guarantee them adequate protection despite the complexity of the situation

Cette thèse présente une application de la théorie du contrôle pour les systèmes informatiques. Un algorithme de contrôle peut gérer des systèmes plus grands et plus complexes, même lorsqu'ils sont particulièrement sensibles aux variations de leur environnement. Cependant, l'application du contrôle aux systèmes informatiques soulève plusieurs défis, par exemple dû au fait qu'aucune physique ne les régisse. D'une part, le cadre mathématique fourni par la théorie du contrôle peut être utilisé pour améliorer l'automatisation, la robustesse et la fiabilité des systèmes informatiques. D'autre part, les défis spécifiques de ces cas d'étude permettent d'élargir la théorie du contrôle elle-même. L'approche adoptée dans ce travail consiste à utiliser deux systèmes informatiques d'application: la protection de vie privée liée à la mobilité et les performances des services clouds. Ces deux cas d'utilisation sont complémentaires par la nature de leurs technologies, par leur échelle et par leurs utilisateurs finaux.La popularité des appareils mobiles a favorisé la diffusion et la collecte des données de localisation, que ce soit pour que l'utilisateur bénéficie d'un service personnalisé (e.g. une planification d'itinéraire) ou pour que le prestataire de services tire des informations utiles des bases de données de mobilité (e.g. la popularité de lieux). En effet, de nombreuses informations peuvent être extraites de données de localisation, y compris des données personnelles très sensibles. Pour remédier à cette atteinte à la vie privée, des mécanismes de protection spécifiques aux données de mobilité (LPPM) ont été élaborés. Ce sont des algorithmes qui modifient les données de localisation de l'utilisateur, dans le but de cacher des informations sensibles. Cependant, ces outils ne sont pas facilement configurables par des non experts et sont des processus statiques qui ne s'adaptent pas à la mobilité de l'utilisateur. Dans cette thèse, nous développons deux outils, l'un pour les bases de données déjà collectées et l'autre pour l'utilisation en ligne, qui garantissent aux utilisateurs des niveaux de protection de la vie privée et de préservation de la qualité des services en configurant les LPPMs. Nous présentons la première formulation du problème en termes de théorie du contrôle (système et contrôleur, signaux d’entrée et de sortie), et un contrôleur PI pour servir de démonstration d’applicabilité. Dans les deux cas, la conception, la mise en œuvre et la validation ont été effectuées par le biais d'expériences utilisant des données d'utilisateurs réels recueillies sur le terrain.L'essor récent des bigdata a conduit au développement de programmes capables de les analyser, tel que MapReduce. Les progrès des pratiques informatiques ont également permis d'établir le modèle du cloud (où il est possible de louer des ressources de bas niveau pour permettre le développement d'applications de niveau supérieur sans se préoccuper d'investissement ou de maintenance) comme une solution incontournable pour tous types d'utilisateurs. Garantir les performances des tâches MapReduce exécutées sur les clouds est donc une préoccupation majeure pour les grandes entreprises informatiques et leurs clients. Dans ce travail, nous développons des techniques avancées de contrôle du temps d'exécution des tâches et de la disponibilité de la plate-forme en ajustant la taille du cluster de ressources et en réalisant un contrôle d'admission, fonctionnant quelle que soit la charge des clients. Afin de traiter les non linéarités de MapReduce, un contrôleur adaptatif a été conçu. Pour réduire l'utilisation du cluster (qui entraîne des coûts financiers et énergétiques considérables), nous présentons une nouvelle formulation du mécanisme de déclenchement du contrôle événementiel, combiné à un contrôleur prédictif optimal. L'évaluation est effectuée sur un benchmark s'exécutant en temps réel sur un cluster, et en utilisant des charges de travail industrielles
This thesis presents an application of Control Theory for Computing Systems. It aims at investigating techniques to build and control efficient, dependable and privacy-preserving computing systems. Ad-hoc service configuration require a high level of expertise which could benefit from automation in many ways. A control algorithm can handle bigger and more complex systems, even when they are extremely sensitive to variations in their environment. However, applying control to computing systems raises several challenges, e.g. no physics governs the applications. On one hand, the mathematical framework provided by control theory can be used to improve automation and robustness of computing systems. Moreover, the control theory provides by definition mathematical guarantees that its objectives will be fulfilled. On the other hand, the specific challenges of such use cases enable to expand the control theory itself. The approach taken in this work is to use two application computing systems: location privacy and cloud control. Those two use-cases are complementary in the nature of their technologies and softwares, their scale and in their end-users.The widespread of mobile devices has fostered the broadcasting and collection of users’ location data. It could be for the user to benefit from a personalized service (e.g. weather forecast or route planning) or for the service provider or any other third party to derive useful information from the mobility databases (e.g. road usage frequency or popularity of places). Indeed, many information can be retrieved from location data, including highly sensitive personal data. To overcome this privacy breach, Location Privacy Protection Mechanisms (LPPMs) have been developed. They are algorithm that modify the user’s mobility data, hopefully to hide some sensitive information. However, those tools are not easily configurable by non experts and are static processes that do not adapt to the user’s mobility. We develop two tools, one for already collected databases and one for online usage, that, by tuning the LPPMs, guarantee to the users objective-driven levels of privacy protection and of service utility preservation. First, we present an automated tool able to choose and configure LPPMs to protect already collected databases while ensuring a trade-off between privacy protection and database processing quality. Second, we present the first formulation of the location privacy challenge in control theory terms (plant and control, disturbance and performance signals), and a feedback controller to serve as a proof of concept. In both cases, design, implementation and validation has been done through experiments using data of real users collected on the field.The surge in data generation of the last decades, the so-called bigdata, has lead to the development of frameworks able to analyze them, such as the well known MapReduce. Advances in computing practices has also settled the cloud paradigms (where low-level resources can be rented to allow the development of higher level application without dealing with consideration such as investment in hardware or maintenance) as premium solution for all kind of users. Ensuring the performances of MapReduce jobs running on clouds is thus a major concern for the big IT companies and their clients. In this work, we develop advanced monitoring techniques of the jobs execution time and the platform availability by tuning the resource cluster size and realizing admission control, in spite of the unpredictable client workload. In order to deal with the non linearities of the MapReduce system, a robust adaptive feedback controller has been designed. To reduce the cluster utilization (leading to massive financial and energetic costs), we present a new event-based triggering mechanism formulation combined with an optimal predictive controller. Evaluation is done on a MapReduce benchmark suite running on a large-scale cluster, and using real jobs workloads

This thesis investigates women’s geographical movement in medieval England from the perspective of mobility and freedom. It uses pilgrimage accounts from medieval miracle story collections and to gather information about individual travel patterns. The study uses GIS to analyze gendered mobility patterns, and to investigate whether there were noticeable differences in the distance which men and women traveled and the geographical area of the country they originated. It also analyzes the nearness of men’s and women’s respective origin towns to alternative pilgrimage locations, as a means of examining the factors determining gendered travel mobility. The study finds that women’s travel distances were less than men’s, especially in the later medieval period, but that they were in fact more likely than men to come from areas proximate to alternative pilgrimage sites. This suggests the existence of higher mobility capacity for women living in areas with greater contact with other travelers.

2001/2002
La presente dissertazione parte da una constatazione fin troppo banale, ovvero dal fatto che: " ... Storicamente il mondo delle costruzioni, nella sua accezione più ampia, non si è mai reso ben conto, fino in fondo, dei cambiamenti epocali che hanno caratterizzato i problemi relativi alla sicurezza del lavoro nel corso di questi ultimi decenni ... ". Ora, partendo da questo presupposto così banale quanto nefasto nella sua semplicità e nelle sue implicazioni la ricerca propone una serie di considerazioni che in parte negano tale assunto. Se da una parte è vero che scorrendo gli annuari relativi agli infortuni sul lavoro, dello specifico settore delle costruzioni, ci si accorge che nonostante il tempo sia trascorso, anche con l'emanazione di un gran numero di nuove norme, le cose non sono poi cambiate un granché, dall'altra, analizzando attentamente e con senso maggiormente critico i dati quantitativi a disposizione si evince che, di fatto, il problema "sicurezza" si è, in qualche modo, evoluto nel tempo, ma non in eguale misura rispetto ad altri comparti delle attività produttive. Di fatto, il "cantiere edile" ha delle peculiarità e delle specificità che lo contraddistinguono fortemente da tutte le altre attività produttive specialmente per quanto concerne i rischi, insiti nel continuo evolversi delle situazioni ambientali, estremamente variabili al mutare della vita stessa del cantiere, e per quanto concerne l'importante materia della prevenzione dei rischi d'infortunio sul lavoro. Eppure, come si diceva poc'anzi, nel corso di questi ultimi decenni molti provvedimenti legislativi, specifici per il settore delle costruzioni, si sono susseguiti nel tempo richiedendo il rispetto di un numero sempre crescente di norme prevenzionali e comportamentali, tutte orientate alla tutela della sicurezza dei lavoratori impiegati nei cantieri. Ciò a dimostrare che la semplice emanazione ed applicazione di regole astratte non sono sufficienti da sole a risolvere l'annoso problema della sicurezza negli ambienti di lavoro. Si è quindi reso evidente che il ''problema sicurezza" doveva essere affrontato mediante un nuovo approccio ed efficaci nuove metodologie che richiedessero una innovativa ''presa di coscienza" da parte di tutti gli operatori del settore. Ovvero, in siffatta prospettiva, ci si è resi conto che era necessario far nascere una nuova "cultura della sicurezza" attraverso non solo l'emanazione di norme rivoluzionarie, per il ridisegno dell'intera disciplina in materia, ma anche e soprattutto attraverso la definizione di nuovi soggetti responsabili ai quali assegnare quei delicati e strategici compiti di "costruire", attraverso la collaborazione e con il concorso degli operatori tutti, una sicurezza che sia finalmente "effettiva ed efficace" e non solamente ipotetica e puramente teorica e come tale foriera di oscuri presagi. Ed è in questo contesto che nasce la nuova disciplina quadro per la sicurezza nei cantieri temporanei e mobili, ormai entrata in vigore da diversi anni. Di fatto, il nuovo impianto normativo è stata introdotto nel nostro ordinamento con l'entrata in vigore del famigerato D.Lgs. 494/96, detto anche "Decreto cantieri", che ha finalmente recepito i contenuti della direttiva comunitaria 92/57/CEE del 24 giugno 1992, in materia di "Prescrizioni minime di sicurezza e di salute da attuare nei cantieri temporanei e mobili". Vengono così individuate e analiticamente definite delle nuove figure professionali, alle quali viene richiesta una specifica preparazione e particolari attitudini, che in diversi modi e tempi e con diverso grado di responsabilità sono chiamate a porre concretamente in essere quanto sopra menzionato. Oltre a ciò, al fine di raggiungere tale obiettivo, si è resa palese la necessità di affrontare le tematiche legate alla sicurezza del lavoro in maniera preventiva, ovvero mentre l'opera sta per essere ideata, con il conseguente coinvolgimento di quel soggetto per il quale l'opera viene realizzata: il "committente dei lavori". Tale figura, strategicamente determinante nelle scelte progettuali e storicamente sinora sempre tenuta estranea alle questioni legate alla sicurezza del cantiere, oggi è chiamata a svolgere un compito fondamentale, con la contestuale attribuzione di pesanti responsabilità, per la salvaguardia della salute e dell'integrità fisica dei lavoratori, oltre che nella fase progettuale dell'opera, anche nella fase esecutiva della stessa. Nonostante tutto ciò il "mondo delle costruzioni", fatica non poco ad entrare in quest'ottica e ancor oggi le regole di cui sopra si faceva cenno stentano nel concreto ad essere pienamente ed efficacemente applicate. La dissertazione di che trattasi, quindi, è stata suddivisa in cinque capitoli, oltre alle conclusioni finali, nei quali sono state trattate approfonditamente le tematiche fin qui troppo superficialmente esposte. Nel primo di questi, preceduto da una serie di considerazioni formulate nelle premesse, è stata fatta un'analisi storica riguardante la sicurezza nei cantieri in relazione anche alle norme che nel tempo si sono susseguite. Più nello specifico, per meglio capire quali sono state e quali sono oggi le norme che governano questo particolare settore produttivo, è stata svolta un'analisi storica concernente l'evoluzione normativa in materia di sicurezza del lavoro partendo dai primi timidi tentativi di regolamentazione risalenti già agli inizi del novecento. Sono stati citati, nell'ordine, gli articoli del codice penale, del codice civile e della Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana, concernenti l'argomento, quali primi decisivi passi ancor oggi più che attuali. Sono stati altresì citati i primi provvedimenti legislativi degli anni '50 e '70 con un particolare riguardo alle norme più importanti in materia di prevenzione degli infortuni sul lavoro ancora oggi in vigore e ritenute unanimemente pietre miliari della materia. Ed è così che si è approfondita l'analisi dei singoli provvedimenti legislativi partendo dal D.P.R. 547/1955, passando poi al D.P.R. 164/1956 ed infine al D.P.R. 303/1956, ripeto, tutte norme facenti parte integrante della disciplina organica della sicurezza negli ambienti di lavoro. Le grandi riforme degli anni '90, anch'esse oggetto di attenta analisi, ispirate ed omologate alla forte azione propositiva e dinamica fornita dalla promulgazione di una numerosa serie di Direttive comunitarie, aventi come unico obiettivo dichiarato, da una parte, di omogeneizzare le diverse discipline degli Stati membri in materia di sicurezza ed igiene del lavoro, e dall'altra, aumentare di fatto gli standards di sicurezza in tutti i Paesi, nel ridisegnare completamente la disciplina, pur mantenendo in vigore le precedenti norme di dettaglio ritenute ancora attuali, hanno decisamente contribuito a far nascere una nuova "cultura della sicurezza". Così sono stati approfonditi meglio i vari aspetti legati all'entrata in vigore del D.Lgs. 277/91, del D.Lgs. 626/94, che del "decreto cantieri" ne è il precursore, del D.Lgs.459/96, del D.Lgs. 493/96, ed infine del D.Lgs. 494/96. Più nello specifico, le norme di cui al D.Lgs. 494/96 poi modificate ed integrate dal successivo D.Lgs. 528/99, definite a pieno titolo figlie delle Direttive comunitarie omologhe, rappresentano per loro stessa natura la disciplina quadro del settore di cui si argomenta. Disciplina quadro nel senso che con l'entrata in vigore di questo importante provvedimento legislativo la materia viene completamente ed organicamente rivisitata e, alla stessa stregua, vengono, da un lato, trasferite e meglio specificate talune responsabilità in capo ai vari soggetti e dall'altro, create nuove figure professionali con specifici ruoli e compiti, talora molto gravosi, da assolvere. Tutti aspetti ben evidenziati nel secondo capitolo della dissertazione che tratta, appunto, dei vari aspetti normativi e giuridicostituzionali della disciplina quadro. Sono stati quindi approfonditi importanti temi legati alla sicurezza cosiddetta "infra-aziendale" giustapposta alla cosiddetta "sicurezza coordinata" e posti in corretta relazione ai fattori di rischio "aggiuntivi" ed "interferenziali" caratterizzanti proprio quei luoghi di lavoro ove interagiscono diversi soggetti. Soggetti di cui sono state ampiamente descritte e inquadrate le varie prerogative e le relative responsabilità. Non sono quindi stati trascurati dall'analisi il committente, con le concernenti problematiche relative al trasferimento di responsabilità attraverso lo strumento della "delega di funzioni", il responsabile dei lavori e le altre figure professionali che intervengono nel processo, talune assolutamente inedite ed innovative rispetto al passato. Sono proprio questi soggetti e queste nuove figure professionali, alle quali vengono richieste una specifica preparazione e particolari attitudini, che sono state l'oggetto di quanto trattato nel terzo capitolo del presente lavoro. L'analisi fornita sulle varie figure, che in diversi modi e tempi vengono investite di responsabilità, e la disamina degli obblighi e dei compiti a cui quest'ultime vengono chiamate ad assolvere risulta completata da un utile, quanto mai esplicativo, quadro sanzionatorio applicabile in ordine alle eventuali infrazioni commesse. Allo stesso modo, nel quarto capitolo, si è tentato di fornire una analisi comparata tra appalti pubblici e privati, specificatamente per quanto concerne gli aspetti legati alla sicurezza nei cantieri, alla quale è stata anteposta una necessaria quanto attenta indagine sul complesso mondo degli appalti pubblici e sulla specifica, ancorché variegata, disciplina che lo accompagna ed assiste, sia di livello nazionale che di livello regionale. Infine, un approfondimento è stato dedicato agli aspetti economici e sociali intimamente collegati alla materia in trattazione, anche nel tentativo di contemperare degli aspetti meramente tecnici e giuridici con altri di natura sostanzialmente diversa, in base ai quali si è pervenuti alla considerazione che investire in "sicurezza" rappresenta, paradossalmente, uno dei più potenti strumenti di riduzione globale dei costi, sia dal punto di vista economico che sociale, anche perché agendo sugli aspetti legati alla prevenzione degli infortuni risulta evidente che i vantaggi che ne derivano sono quasi sempre superiori ai costi necessari per generarli. Il quinto capitolo di approfondimento teorico-applicativo è stato dedicato all'analisi dei vari documenti che costituiscono la sicurezza, e più precisamente: i piani di sicurezza e di coordinamento, i piani sostitutivi ed operativi, il diagramma di Gantt o cronoprogramma dei lavori, la notifica preliminare ed il fascicolo dell'opera, che sono stati oggetto, prima, di definizione e, in seguito, di ulteriore specificazione per quanto riguarda gli aspetti concernenti le loro specifiche funzioni ed i loro contenuti L'ultima parte della dissertazione è dedicata alle conclusioni a cui si è pervenuti, in relazione agli argomenti trattati ed alle tematiche che sono state ritenute meritevoli di approfondimento, fornendo, nel contempo, una panoramica di quanto si sta già facendo e quanto debba ancora essere fatto sull'argomento. Infine, segue una indispensabile appendice normativa con riportato il testo del D.Lgs. 494/96 come modificato ed integrato dal successivo D.Lgs. 528/99 e della L. 11 febbraio 1994, n.109, "Legge quadro in materia di lavori pubblici" così come modificata ed integrata dai successivi provvedimenti legislativi.
XV Ciclo
1962
Versione digitalizzata della tesi di dottorato cartacea.

This dissertation consists of three essays. In the first one (Chapter three), "Gains and Losses from Household Formation," I introduce a general equilibrium model, wherein a household may consist of more than one member, each with their own preferences and endowments. In these models at first, individuals form households. Then, collective decisions (or bargaining) within the household specifies the consumption plans of household members. Finally, competition across households determines a feasible allocation of resources. I consider a model with two types of individuals and pure group externalities. I investigate the competitive equilibrium allocation and stability of the equilibrium in that setting. Specifically, I show that under a certain set of assumptions a competitive equilibrium with free exit is also a competitive equilibrium with free household formation. Similar results are obtained for a special case of consumption externality. Illustrative examples, where prices may change as household structures change, are used to show how general equilibrium model with variable household structure works and some interesting results are discussed at the end of the first essay. In the second essay (Chapter four), “Effects of the Price System on Household Labor Supply,” I introduce leisure and labor into the two-type economy framework that was constructed in the first essay. The main objective of this essay is to investigate the effects of exogenous prices on the labor supply decisions, and completely analyze the partial equilibrium model outcomes in a two-type economy setting. I assume a wage gap and explore the effect of that gap on labor supply. The main content of the second essay is the analysis of the effect of change in wages, price of the private good, power of each individual in the household, relative importance of private consumption compared to leisure, and the level of altruism on individual's decisions about how much private good or leisure he/she wants to consume. The effect of a relative price change on labor supply, private consumption and utility level is also investigated. Moreover, one of the variations of Spence's signaling model is borrowed to explain why higher education of women in Iran does not necessarily translate into higher female labor force participation. Finally, fixed point theorem is used to calculate the power (or alternatively labor supply) of individuals in the household endogenously for the two-type economy with labor at the end of this essay. In the third essay (Chapter five), “Dynamics of Poverty in Iran: What Are the Determinants of the Probability of Being Poor?,” I explore the characteristics of the households who fall below the poverty line and stay there as well as those who climb up later. I decompose poverty in Iran into chronic and transient poverty, and investigate the relation of each component of poverty with certain characteristics of households. I also study mobility and the main characteristics of growth in expenditure of households. One of the main issues in economic policy making nowadays is the evaluation of effectiveness of anti-poverty programs. In order to achieve this goal one should be able to track down a household for a period of time. In this essay, I am going to investigate the dynamics of poverty in Iran during 1992-95. I am especially interested in finding the characteristics of the households that fall below the poverty line and stay there in addition to those that climb up later. Obviously, if policy-makers want to have efficient policies to reduce poverty, they should target the former group. I decompose poverty in Iran into chronic and transient poverty, and investigate the relation of each component of poverty with certain characteristics of households. I also study mobility in this period with an emphasis on mobility in and out of poverty and review the main characteristics of the growth in expenditure of households.
Ph. D.

Esta tesis doctoral aborda el problema de la definición de movimientos rápidos sin interrupciones (seamless handoffs) en redes heterogéneas de próxima generación (NGNs) mediante definición de un proceso de distribución de claves seguro, que habilite un proceso de re-autenticación rápida a la vez que un acceso autenticado anónimo y que no se pueda trazar. Concretamente, el sistema de control de acceso desarrollado ofrece un conjunto de características que, hasta la fecha, no han confluido en una misma solución: (1) aplicable a las futuras redes NGN basadas en EAP; (2) reducción de la latencia introducida por el proceso de autenticación en entornos móviles, con independencia del tipo de handoff realizado por el usuario; (3) que el proceso cumpla fuertes requisitos de seguridad; (4) fácil despliegue en redes existentes; (5) compatibilidad con las actuales tecnologías estandarizadas; y (6) soporte de protección de privacidad del usuario.
This PhD thesis deals with the problem of defining fast movements without interruptions (seamless handoffs) in the next generation of heterogeneous networks. This objective is achieved through a secure key distribution process, which enables a fast re-authentication process providing both user anonymity and untraceability. The developed access control system offers a set of features not covered so far by a single solution: (1) applicable for EAP-based NGNs; (2) reduction of the authentication latency in mobile environments irrespective of the type of handoff performed by the user; (3) provision of strong security properties; (4) easy deployment in current networks; (5) compatibility with current standardized technologies; and (6) user privacy support.

Les biens publics mobiliers s’entendent comme l’ensemble des biens mobiliers placés dans une relation juridique patrimoniale avec les personnes publiques. Certes, ils se caractérisent par leur mobilité (comme les biens privés mobiliers), c’est-à-dire une aptitude à la circulation, physique et juridique, vectrice de souplesse et de fragilité, favorable à la dissociation de leurs utilités ; mais la question ici centrale est celle de savoir si la propriété publique est toujours un instrument pertinent pour appréhender cette mobilité. Il s’avère que la propriété publique, lorsqu’elle est sollicitée, exerce potentiellement une force d’attraction efficace sur tous les biens publics mobiliers ; elle permet ainsi de freiner leur circulation. En revanche, une fois le bien capté, la propriété publique ne suffit plus à maîtriser l’intégrité des biens publics mobiliers. Elle n’endigue pas leur délitement et leur évaporation naturels. Elle est même concurrencée par d’autres rapports de droit qui, par des dissociations des utilités des biens, par la déliaison entre propriété et utilisation, conduisent à interroger sa pertinence
Movable public property shall be understood as the set of personal property placed in a patrimonial legal relationship with public entities. These goods are characterized by their mobility (such as movable private property), that is to say an ability to circulate, physically and legally, a flexibility and fragility medium, favouring the dissociation of their utilities. But the central question remains whether public ownership is still a relevant instrument for understanding this mobility. It turns out that public ownership, when called upon, potentially exerts an effective force of attraction on all movable public property; thus it allows slowing down their circulation. However, once the good’s ownership has been claimed, public property law is not sufficient to monitor the integrity of movable public property. It doesn’t stem their natural crumbling and evaporation. It is even challenged by other legal relationships which, by dissociation of goods’ utilities, and by unbinding ownership and use, lead to question its relevance

In den wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen der Mathematik, Physik, Philosophie, Geschichte und der Geografie ist der Raum sowohl als Untersuchungsgegenstand als auch als Analyseinstrument von zentralem Interesse. Er kann als soziales Phänomen und Produkt sozialer Praktiken und Handlungen gelten. Theoretische Annahmen solcher Art qualifizieren Raum als analytische Kategorie und sorgen für seine Anschlussfähigkeit an die Geschlechterdifferenzierungsforschung sowie die Gender und Queer Studies. In den Fokus gerät dabei die Interdependenz von Raum- und Geschlechterordnungen.

La présente thèse part d’une tendance de la jurisprudence européenne, destinée à influencer la jurisprudence nationale de droit international privé, et se trouve dans le prolongement d’un grand débat doctrinal d’actualité. Il s’agit de la méthode de reconnaissance des situations juridiques, qui suppose l’abandon de la règle de conflit de lois. L’objectif est de conceptualiser cette nouvelle méthode et d’en définir le domaine et les conditions de mise en œuvre. Vu les particularités du sujet, la recherche passe nécessairement par plusieurs thèmes fondamentaux du droit international privé mais aussi du droit européen, du droit privé général et de la théorie du droit
Inspired by a trend in the European case law, which is meant to affect the national ones, the dissertation takes part to a topical debate among European academics on the putting aside the choice-of-law rules. It is about application of so-called recognition method to the foreign legal situations that haven’t been enacted in court. The purpose is to conceptualise this new method and to determine its scope and its modalities. Given the particularity of the task, the study necessarily bears on several pivotal topics of private international law but also of European law, general private law and jurisprudence

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The Internet has substantially embraced mobility since last decade. Cellular data network carries majority of Internet mobile access traffic and become the de facto solution of accessing Internet in mobile fashion, while many clean-slate Internet mobility solutions were proposed but none of them has been largely deployed. Internet mobile users increasingly concern more about their privacy as both researches and real-world incidents show leaking of communication and location privacy could lead to serious consequences. Just the communication itself between mobile user and their peer users or websites could leak considerable privacy of mobile user, such as location history, to other parties. Additionally, comparing to ordinary Internet access, connecting through cellular network yet provides equivalent connection stability or longevity. In this research we proposed a novelty paradigm that leverages concurrent far-side proxies to maximize network location privacy protection and minimize interruption and performance penalty brought by mobility.To avoid the deployment feasibility hurdle we also investigated the root causes impeding popularity of existing Internet mobility proposals and proposed guidelines on how to create an economical feasible solution for this goal. Based on these findings we designed a mobility support system offered as a value-added service by mobility service providers and built on elastic infrastructure that leverages various cloud aided designs, to satisfy economic feasibility and explore the architectural trade-offs among service QoS, economic viability, security and privacy.