Journal articles: 'MNMs'

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Han, Jiaqi, Long Li, Tianliang Zhang, and Rui Xi. "Control and improvement of antenna gain by using multilayer non-uniform metasurfaces." EPJ Applied Metamaterials 6 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjam/2019003.

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In this paper, a new high-gain antenna with beam control based on multilayer non-uniform metasurfaces (MNMSs) is proposed. The MNMS consists of multilayer non-uniform square and ring metal patches array. The phase-shift of the MNMS element can achieve 310° with the variation of geometrical sizes. Moreover, four high-gain antennas based on MNMS element are designed, fabricated, and measured to realize 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° beam control in pitching plane, respectively. Relative bandwidth of the proposed high-gain antenna is above 12%. The simulated and measured results of the proposed antennas show that the wide-angle and azimuth direction beam control capability can be effectively realized by integrating different MNMS with the feeding horn antenna.

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Abdullah, Mahmood M. S., Ayman M. Atta, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, Hamad Z. Alkhathlan, Merajuddin Khan, and Abdelrahman O. Ezzat. "Synthesis of Green Recyclable Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanomaterials Coated by Hydrophobic Plant Extracts for Efficient Collection of Oil Spills." Nanomaterials 9, no. 10 (October 22, 2019): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9101505.

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A facile method for synthesis of environmentally friendly magnetite nanomaterials (MNMs) was applied using hydrophobic biocomponents as capping and stabilizing agents. The biocomponents were extracted from Matricaria aurea (MAE) and Ochradenus baccatus (OBE) and used for the surface modification of MNMs to increase their dispersion efficiency on the collection of heavy crude oil spills. Synthesized MNM samples (MAE-MNMs and OBE-MNMs) were verified using thermogravimetric analysis; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; transmission electron microscopy; dynamic light scattering, and vibrating-sample magnetometry. The application of these nanomaterials in the collection of oil spill showed that the MAE-MNMs and OBE-MNMs successfully collected 95% and 91% of the oil spill, respectively. These results support the potential use of these materials as eco-friendly composites for the successful collection of oil spills that might occur during offshore operations.

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Zhou, Dekai, Rencheng Zhuang, Xiaocong Chang, and Longqiu Li. "Enhanced Light-Harvesting Efficiency and Adaptation: A Review on Visible-Light-Driven Micro/Nanomotors." Research 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/6821595.

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As visible light accounts for a larger proportion of solar energy and is harmless to living organisms, it has the potential to be the energy source of micro/nanomotors, which transform visible-light energy into mechanical motion, for different applications, especially in environmental remediation. However, how to precisely control the motion of visible-light-driven micro/nanomotors (VLD-MNMs) and efficiently utilize the weak visible-light photon energy to acquire rapid motion are significant challenges. This review summarizes the most critical aspects, involving photoactive materials, propulsion mechanisms, control methods, and applications of VLD-MNMs, and discusses strategies to systematically enhance the energy-harvesting efficiency and adaptation. At first, the photoactive materials have been divided into inorganic and organic photoactive materials and comprehensively discussed. Then, different propulsion mechanisms of the current VLD-MNMs are presented to explain the improvement in the actuation force, speed, and environmental adaptability. In addition, considering the characteristics of easy control of VLD-MNMs, we summarized the direction, speed, and cluster control methods of VLD-MNMs for different application requirements. Subsequently, the potential applications of VLD-MNMs, e.g., in environmental remediation, micropumps, cargo delivery, and sensing in microscale, are presented. Finally, discussions and suggestions for future directions to enhance the energy-harvesting efficiency and adaptation of VLD-MNMs are provided.

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Contreras, Enrique, Christian Palacios, I. Becerril-Castro, and José Romo-Herrera. "Plasmon Induced Photocatalysts for Light-Driven Nanomotors." Micromachines 12, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12050577.

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Micro/nanomachines (MNMs) correspond to human-made devices with motion in aqueous solutions. There are different routes for powering these devices. Light-driven MNMs are gaining increasing attention as fuel-free devices. On the other hand, Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) and their photocatalytic activity have shown great potential for photochemistry reactions. Here we review several photocatalyst nanosystems, with a special emphasis in Plasmon induced photocatalytic reactions, as a novel proposal to be explored by the MNMs community in order to extend the light-driven motion of MNMs harnessing the visible and near-infrared (NIR) light spectrum.

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Mansour, Amira, Mohamed Y. Mahmoud, Alaa F. Bakr, Monira G. Ghoniem, Fatima A. Adam, and Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny. "Dual-Enhanced Pluronic Nanoformulated Methotrexate-Based Treatment Approach for Breast Cancer: Development and Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 2668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122668.

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Breast cancer is a prevalent tumor and causes deadly metastatic complications. Myriad cancer types, including breast cancer, are effectively treated by methotrexate (MTX). However, MTX hydrophobicity, adverse effects and the development of resistance have inspired a search for new effective strategies to overcome these challenges. These may include the addition of a bioenhancer and/or encapsulation into appropriate nano-based carriers. In the present study, the anticancer effect of MTX was fortified through dual approaches. First, the concomitant use of piperine (PIP) as a bioenhancer with MTX, which was investigated in the MCF-7 cell line. The results depicted significantly lower IC50 values for the combination (PIP/MTX) than for MTX. Second, PIP and MTX were individually nanoformulated into F-127 pluronic nanomicelles (PIP-NMs) and F-127/P-105 mixed pluronic nanomicelles (MTX-MNMs), respectively, validated by several characterization techniques, and the re-investigated cytotoxicity of PIP-NMs and MTX-MNMs was fortified. Besides, the PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs demonstrated further cytotoxicity enhancement. The PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs combination was analyzed by flow cytometry to understand the cell death mechanism. Moreover, the in vivo assessment of PIP-NMs/MTX-MNMs was adopted through the Ehrlich ascites model, which revealed a significant reduction of the tumor weight. However, some results of the tumor markers showed that the addition of PIP-NMs to MTX-MNMs did not significantly enhance the antitumor effect.

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Wang, Shengnan, Xiaojia Liu, Yong Wang, Dandan Xu, Chunyan Liang, Jinhong Guo, and Xing Ma. "Biocompatibility of artificial micro/nanomotors for use in biomedicine." Nanoscale 11, no. 30 (2019): 14099–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03393a.

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This review focuses on the biocompatibility of micro/nano-motors (MNMs) with regard to the fabrication materials and propulsion mechanisms. The future prospective and suggestions on the development of MNMs towards practical biomedical applications are also proposed.

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Su, Cheng-Kuan, and Yuh-Chang Sun. "Considerations of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry techniques for characterizing the dissolution of metal-based nanomaterials in biological tissues." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 30, no. 8 (2015): 1689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ja00132c.

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Dissolution of metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs) leads to the release of metal ion species; this phenomenon is a major concern affecting the widespread application of MNMs because it can affect their subsequent biodistribution patterns and toxic responses toward living biological systems.

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Varkuti, Boglarka H., Miklos Kepiro, Ze Liu, Kyle Vick, Yosef Avchalumov, Rodrigo Pacifico, Courtney M. MacMullen, Theodore M. Kamenecka, Sathyanarayanan V. Puthanveettil, and Ronald L. Davis. "Neuron-based high-content assay and screen for CNS active mitotherapeutics." Science Advances 6, no. 2 (January 2020): eaaw8702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw8702.

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Impaired mitochondrial dynamics and function are hallmarks of many neurological and psychiatric disorders, but direct screens for mitotherapeutics using neurons have not been reported. We developed a multiplexed and high-content screening assay using primary neurons and identified 67 small-molecule modulators of neuronal mitostasis (MnMs). Most MnMs that increased mitochondrial content, length, and/or health also increased mitochondrial function without altering neurite outgrowth. A subset of MnMs protected mitochondria in primary neurons from Aβ(1–42) toxicity, glutamate toxicity, and increased oxidative stress. Some MnMs were shown to directly target mitochondria. The top MnM also increased the synaptic activity of hippocampal neurons and proved to be potent in vivo, increasing the respiration rate of brain mitochondria after administering the compound to mice. Our results offer a platform that directly queries mitostasis processes in neurons, a collection of small-molecule modulators of mitochondrial dynamics and function, and candidate molecules for mitotherapeutics.

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Guzmán, Eduardo, and Armando Maestro. "Synthetic Micro/Nanomotors for Drug Delivery." Technologies 10, no. 4 (August 17, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies10040096.

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Synthetic micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are human-made machines characterized by their capacity for undergoing self-propelled motion as a result of the consumption of chemical energy obtained from specific chemical or biochemical reactions, or as a response to an external actuation driven by a physical stimulus. This has fostered the exploitation of MNMs for facing different biomedical challenges, including drug delivery. In fact, MNMs are superior systems for an efficient delivery of drugs, offering several advantages in relation to conventional carriers. For instance, the self-propulsion ability of micro/nanomotors makes possible an easier transport of drugs to specific targets in comparison to the conventional distribution by passive carriers circulating within the blood, which enhances the drug bioavailability in tissues. Despite the promising avenues opened by the use of synthetic micro/nanomotors in drug delivery applications, the development of systems for in vivo uses requires further studies to ensure a suitable biocompatibility and biodegradability of the fabricated engines. This is essential for guaranteeing the safety of synthetic MNMs and patient convenience. This review provides an updated perspective to the potential applications of synthetic micro/nanomotors in drug delivery. Moreover, the most fundamental aspects related to the performance of synthetic MNMs and their biosafety are also discussed.

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Liu, Mingwei, and Kun Zhao. "Engineering Active Micro and Nanomotors." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060687.

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Micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) are micro/nanoparticles that can perform autonomous motion in complex fluids driven by different power sources. They have been attracting increasing attention due to their great potential in a variety of applications ranging from environmental science to biomedical engineering. Over the past decades, this field has evolved rapidly, with many significant innovations contributed by global researchers. In this review, we first briefly overview the methods used to propel motors and then present the main strategies used to design proper MNMs. Next, we highlight recent fascinating applications of MNMs in two examplary fields, water remediation and biomedical microrobots, and conclude this review with a brief discussion of challenges in the field.

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Guo, Ziyi, Jian Liu, Da-Wei Wang, Jiangtao Xu, and Kang Liang. "Biofriendly micro/nanomotors operating on biocatalysis: from natural to biological environments." Biophysics Reports 6, no. 5 (October 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41048-020-00119-6.

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Abstract Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are tiny motorized objects that can autonomously navigate in complex fluidic environments under the influence of an appropriate source of energy. Internal energy-driven MNMs are composed of certain reactive materials that are capable of converting chemical energy from the surroundings into kinetic energy. Recent advances in smart nanomaterials design and processing have endowed the internal energy-driven MNMs with different geometrical designs and various mechanisms of locomotion, with remarkable traveling speed in diverse environments ranging from environmental water to complex body fluids. Among the different design principals, MNM systems that operate from biocatalysis possess biofriendly components, efficient energy conversion, and mild working condition, exhibiting a potential of stepping out of the proof-of-concept phase for addressing many real-life environmental and biotechnological challenges. The biofriendliness of MNMs should not only be considered for in vivo drug delivery but also for environmental remediation and chemical sensing that only environmentally friendly intermediates and degraded products are generated. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in biofriendly MNM design using biocatalysis as the predominant driving force, towards practical applications in biotechnology and environmental technology.

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Anastasiadis, Spiros H., Kiriaki Chrissopoulou, Emmanuel Stratakis, Paraskevi Kavatzikidou, Georgia Kaklamani, and Anthi Ranella. "How the Physicochemical Properties of Manufactured Nanomaterials Affect Their Performance in Dispersion and Their Applications in Biomedicine: A Review." Nanomaterials 12, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12030552.

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The growth in novel synthesis methods and in the range of possible applications has led to the development of a large variety of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs), which can, in principle, come into close contact with humans and be dispersed in the environment. The nanomaterials interact with the surrounding environment, this being either the proteins and/or cells in a biological medium or the matrix constituent in a dispersion or composite, and an interface is formed whose properties depend on the physicochemical interactions and on colloidal forces. The development of predictive relationships between the characteristics of individual MNMs and their potential practical use critically depends on how the key parameters of MNMs, such as the size, shape, surface chemistry, surface charge, surface coating, etc., affect the behavior in a test medium. This relationship between the biophysicochemical properties of the MNMs and their practical use is defined as their functionality; understanding this relationship is very important for the safe use of these nanomaterials. In this mini review, we attempt to identify the key parameters of nanomaterials and establish a relationship between these and the main MNM functionalities, which would play an important role in the safe design of MNMs; thus, reducing the possible health and environmental risks early on in the innovation process, when the functionality of a nanomaterial and its toxicity/safety will be taken into account in an integrated way. This review aims to contribute to a decision tree strategy for the optimum design of safe nanomaterials, by going beyond the compromise between functionality and safety.

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Heitkamp, A., J. Suh, S. Gebhardt, J. Van Roosmalen, L. R. Murray, J. I. De Vries, T. Van den Akker, and G. Theron. "Every maternal near-miss counts: Need for a national audit in South Africa? A mixed-methods study." South African Medical Journal 112, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2022.v112.i9.16248.

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Background. To improve maternal health, studies of maternal morbidity are increasingly being used to evaluate the quality of maternity care, in addition to studies of mortality. While South Africa (SA) has a well-established confidential enquiry into maternal deaths, there is currently no structure in place to systematically collect and analyse maternal near-misses (MNMs) at national level.Objectives. To synthesise MNM indicators and causes in SA by performing a systematic literature search, and to investigate perceived needs for data collection related to MNMs and determine whether the MNM tool from the World Health Organization (WHO-MNM) would require adaptations in order to be implemented.Methods. The study used a mixed-methods approach. A systematic literature search was conducted to find all published data on MNM audits in SA. Semi-structured interviews were conducted virtually with maternal health experts throughout the country who had been involved in studies of MNMs, and main themes arising in the interviews were synthesised. A method for MNM data collection for SA use was discussed with these experts.Results. The literature search yielded 797 articles, 15 of which met the WHO-MNM or Mantel et al. severe acute maternal morbidity criteria. The median (interquartile range) MNM incidence ratio in SA was 8.4/1 000 (5.6 - 8.7) live births, the median maternal mortality ratio was 130/100 000 (71.4 - 226) live births, and the median mortality index was 16.6% (11.7 - 18.8). The main causes of MNMs were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and obstetric haemorrhage. Eight maternal health experts were interviewed from May 2020 to February 2021. All participants focused on the challenges of implementing a national MNM audit, yet noted the urgent need for one. Recognition of MNMs as an indicator of quality of maternity care was considered to lead to improved management earlier in the chain of events, thereby possibly preventing mortality. Obtaining qualitative information from women with MNMs was perceived as an important opportunity to improve the maternity care system. Participants suggested that the WHO-MNM tool would have to be adapted into a simplified tool with more clearly defined criteria and a number of specific diagnoses relevant to the SA setting. This ‘Maternal near-miss: Inclusion criteria and data collection form’ is provided as a supplementary file.Conclusion. Adding MNMs to the existing confidential maternal death enquiry could potentially contribute to a more robust audit with data that may inform health systems planning. This was perceived by SA experts to be valuable, but would require context-specific adaptations to the WHO-MNM tool. The available body of evidence is sufficient to justify moving to implementation.

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Diabaté, Silvia, Lucie Armand, Sivakumar Murugadoss, Marco Dilger, Susanne Fritsch-Decker, Christoph Schlager, David Béal, et al. "Air–Liquid Interface Exposure of Lung Epithelial Cells to Low Doses of Nanoparticles to Assess Pulmonary Adverse Effects." Nanomaterials 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11010065.

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Reliable and predictive in vitro assays for hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are still limited. Specifically, exposure systems which more realistically recapitulate the physiological conditions in the lung are needed to predict pulmonary toxicity. To this end, air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been developed in recent years which might be better suited than conventional submerged exposure assays. However, there is still a need for rigorous side-by-side comparisons of the results obtained with the two different exposure methods considering numerous parameters, such as different MNMs, cell culture models and read outs. In this study, human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages were exposed under submerged conditions to two abundant types of MNMs i.e., ceria and titania nanoparticles (NPs). Membrane integrity, metabolic activity as well as pro-inflammatory responses were recorded. For comparison, A549 monocultures were also exposed at the ALI to the same MNMs. In the case of titania NPs, genotoxicity was also investigated. In general, cells were more sensitive at the ALI compared to under classical submerged conditions. Whereas ceria NPs triggered only moderate effects, titania NPs clearly initiated cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression and genotoxicity. Interestingly, low doses of NPs deposited at the ALI were sufficient to drive adverse outcomes, as also documented in rodent experiments. Therefore, further development of ALI systems seems promising to refine, reduce or even replace acute pulmonary toxicity studies in animals.

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Kaneko, Kazuhiro, Yoshikazu Yonemitsu, Takaaki Fujii, Mitsuho Onimaru, Chen-Hao Jin, Makoto Inoue, Mamoru Hasegawa, Toshihiro Onohara, Yoshihiko Maehara, and Katsuo Sueishi. "A free radical scavenger but not FGF-2-mediated angiogenic therapy rescues myonephropathic metabolic syndrome in severe hindlimb ischemia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 290, no. 4 (April 2006): H1484—H1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01006.2005.

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The therapeutic use of angiogenic factors shows promise in the treatment of critical limb ischemia; however, its potential for myonephropathic metabolic syndrome (MNMS), a fatal complication caused by arterial reconstruction, has not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of recombinant Sendai virus-mediated gene transfer of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) directly compared with that of a radical scavenger, MCI-186, in a rat model of MNMS. MNMS was surgically induced by aortic occlusion below renal arteries for 4 h, followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Administration of MCI-186 (twice; iv 5 min before induced ischemia and ip 5 min before reperfusion; 10 mg/kg, respectively), but not FGF-2 gene transfer (once, 48 h before induced ischemia), dramatically prevented the increase of serum biochemical markers as well as the edema of the gastrocnemius muscle. The effect of MCI-186 was accompanied by the marked suppression of the neutrophilic infiltration into the local (muscle) and remote (lung) organs. Although serum and muscular levels of a neutrophil-chemoattractant (growth-related oncogene/cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1) were not affected by any treatment, the serum level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was decreased by treatment with MCI-186 but not by treatment with FGF-2. These results suggest the distinct mechanism of MNMS from critical limb ischemia without reperfusion. Therefore, radical scavenging should be paid more attention than therapeutic angiogenesis when arterial circulation is reconstructed.

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Tomikawa, M. "Clinical studies for the etiology of MNMS." Japanese Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 17, no. 1 (1987): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4326/jjcvs.17.87.

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Amo-Duodu, Gloria, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh, Sudesh Rathilal, and Martha Noro Chollom. "Assessment of Magnetic Nanomaterials for Municipality Wastewater Treatment Using Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) Tests." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 9805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169805.

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Wastewater as a substrate potential for producing renewable energy in the form of biogas is gaining global attention. Herein, nanomaterials can be utilised as a nutrient source for microorganisms for anaerobic digestion activity. Therefore, this study explored the impact of seven different magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) on the anaerobic digestion of wastewater via biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests for biogas production. The BMP assay was carried out with eight bioreactors, where each was charged with 50% wastewater and 30% activated sludge, leaving a headspace of 20%. Aside the control bioreactor, the other seven (7) bioreactors were dosed with 1.5 g of MNMs. This was operated under anaerobic conditions at a mesophilic temperature of 35 °C for 31 days. At the degree of 80% degradation of contaminants, the results that showed bioreactors charged with 1.5 g MNMs of TiO2 photocatalyst composites were more effective than those constituting metallic composites, whereas the control achieved 65% degradation. Additionally, the bioreactor with magnetite (Fe3O4) produced the highest cumulative biogas of 1172 mL/day. Kinetically, the modified Gompertz model favoured the cumulative biogas data obtained with a significant regression coefficient (R2) close to one.

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Safdar, M., J. Simmchen, and J. Jänis. "Light-driven micro- and nanomotors for environmental remediation." Environmental Science: Nano 4, no. 8 (2017): 1602–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7en00367f.

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Hou, Kexin, Yandong Zhang, Meili Bao, Yanhao Liu, Jinmeng Wang, Chao Xin, Zengyan Wei, Hua Zhang, Zhiguang Wu, and Zhenyu Wang. "Biosafety of micro/nanomotors towards medical application." Materials Advances 2, no. 11 (2021): 3441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ma00174d.

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Hagiwara, H. "The study of pathogenesis and treatment in MNMS." Japanese Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 17, no. 5 (1988): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4326/jjcvs.17.480.

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Tsuji, Yoshifumi, Jun-ichi Kambayashi, Eiichi Shiba, Masato Sakon, Tomio Kawasaki, and Takesada Mori. "Involvement of calpain in myonephropathic metabolic syndrome (MNMS)." European Journal of Vascular Surgery 8, no. 4 (June 1994): 482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0950-821x(05)80969-7.

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Rong, Luqing, Maozeng Xu, Xiaofeng Chen, and Zhiping Lu. "Effects of Parallel Importation and Power Structures on Price Competition in Duopolistic Supply Chains." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (March 26, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6646597.

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Multinational manufacturers (MNMs) achieve significant gains from product quality and reputation in entering emerging markets while facing many operational risks, such as parallel importation (PI) and market power structures. This paper focuses on a duopolistic supply chain consisting of one MNM and one local manufacturer (LM) in an emerging market with low willingness-to-pay (WTP). Within the game analytical framework, we consider different market power structures and investigate the impact of PI on the manufacturers’ price competition, and we further discuss the MNM’s countermeasures in high and low WTP markets. We find that PI does not occur when the WTP ratio is below the threshold or the transaction cost is high. Power structures significantly affect the participant’s profitability, the LM’s gains are maximized if the MNM fully dominates the market, and the MNM loses the minimum if the LM exclusively rules the market. When in codominant structure, the parallel importer achieves maximum gains while the MNM’s profits rise in the market WTP ratio interval. PI activities boost the benefits for the LM and the parallel importer, whereas increasing transaction costs diminish those effects and promote the MNM’s profitability. PI promotes or deters price competition in duopolistic supply chains depending on power structures. In addition, increasing either the level of product substitution or quality perception restrains PI and improves the LM’s earnings, but the latter expands the MNM’s losses.

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Sırt Çıplak, Elif, and Kiraz Göze Akoğlu. "Enzymatic Activity as a Measure of Total Microbial Activity on Historical Stone." Heritage 3, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3030038.

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Stones of historical monuments exposed to the open air deteriorate over the course of time depending on physical, chemical, and biological factors acting in co-association. Among the biological factors, microorganisms play a key role in the deterioration process of stones. Detecting the level of microbial activity on stones is an essential step in diagnostic and monitoring studies of stone biodeterioration, and aids in controlling the performance of treatments applied to the stones. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a practical and rapid method for the determination of microbial activity on historical stones and use this method on the Mount Nemrut monuments (MNMs) (Adiyaman, Turkey). For that purpose, the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis method, frequently employed for soil environments, was adapted for the estimation and assessment of total microbial activity to understand whether microorganisms posed a potential risk for the biodeterioration of the limestones and sandstones of the MNMs. The traditional plate count method was also applied simultaneously to the same stone samples to compare and assist in the interpretation of the results of the FDA hydrolysis method, which relies on the quantitative determination of bacterial and fungal colonies in nutrient agar and malt extract agar medium, respectively. The results of the FDA hydrolysis and plate count methods showed consistency. The total microbial activity determined by the FDA hydrolysis method was low for both types of stone samples. In addition, the plate count method showed low bacterial and fungal counts on all of the samples. This revealed that microbial activity did not play an important role in the stone deterioration process on the MNMs, although different lichen species were frequently observed on both the sandstones and the limestones. Hence, further investigation must be undertaken for determination of their long-term behavior and effects on the stones of the MNMs. On the other hand, the results of the FDA hydrolysis and plate count methods showed correlation. Lower bacterial counts were observed when lower enzymatic activity was observed in the stone samples, and likewise, higher bacterial counts were observed when higher enzymatic activity was observed. Consequently, the application of the FDA hydrolysis method was determined to be reliable for the estimation of total microbial activity on historical stones. The method had obvious advantages in terms of its rapid measurement rate and sensitivity, even on small samples.

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Clausen, Per Axel, Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen, Asger W. Nørgaard, Nicklas Mønster Sahlgren, and Keld Alstrup Jensen. "Thermogravimetry and Mass Spectrometry of Extractable Organics from Manufactured Nanomaterials for Identification of Potential Coating Components." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 3657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223657.

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Manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) often have a surface-chemical modification in order to tailor their physicochemical properties, including also powder properties and miscibility. Surface-chemical modifications may influence the toxicological properties of the MNM, but the specific chemistry and extent are rarely described in detail in suppliers’ technical data sheets. Chemical and quantitative information on any surface-chemical treatment, coating and functionalization are required for chemicals registration in Europe. Currently there is no globally accepted and documented approach to generate such data. Consequently, there is a continued research need to establish a structured approach to identify and quantify surface-chemical modifications. Here we present a tiered approach starting with screening for mass-loss during heating in a furnace or thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) followed by solvent extraction, and analysis by several mass spectrometry (MS) techniques depending on the target analytes. Thermal treatment was assumed to be able to quantify the amount of organic coating and MS was used to identify the extractable organic coatings after pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) using methanol at 200 °C. Volatile organic compounds in extracts were identified with gas chromatography and MS (GC-MS), non-volatile organic compounds with liquid chromatography MS (LC-MS), and polymeric compounds with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF-MS). The approach was demonstrated by analysis of 24 MNM, comprising titanium dioxide, synthetic amorphous silica, graphite, zinc oxide, silver, calcium carbonate, iron oxide, nickel-zinc-iron oxide, and organoclay. In extracts of 14 MNMs a range of organic compounds were identified and the main groups were silanes/siloxanes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, quaternary ammonium compounds and polymeric compounds. In the remaining 10 MNMs no organic compounds were detected by MS, despite the fact an organic coating was indicated by TGA.

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MATSUHASHI, Wataru, Yoshikura HARAGUCHI, Hiroyuki OSAWA, Soichi UMEZU, Manabu KIRITA, and Satoru ISHIHARA. "STUDY OF MYONEPHROPATHIC METABOLIC SYNDROME (MNMS) IN ACUTE ARTERIAL INFARCTION." Journal of the Japanese Practical Surgeon Society 52, no. 5 (1991): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3919/ringe1963.52.1159.

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Rong, Luqing, Maozeng Xu, Xiaofeng Chen, and Qian Wen. "Exclusivity or Competitor Retail? Impacts of Channel Structures on Multinational Supply Chains considering Green Manufacturing." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (February 9, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8862590.

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The development of green supply chains by multinational manufacturers (MNMs) in emerging markets promotes a better corporate reputation and competitive advantage. Selecting viable marketing channels will help reduce risks in overseas markets while positively impacting the green level and the stakeholders. This paper analyzes channel decisions under different scenarios in a game analytical framework and identifies that both exclusive and competitive channels promote the green supply chain, and that the latter leads to a higher green level and benefits the local manufacturer. Whatever profit-seeking or corporate social responsibility- (CSR-) seeking follows, the MNM prefers the competitive channel when the green research and development (R&D) investment coefficient is relatively low and vice versa for the exclusive channel. Moreover, transaction cost undermines the green supply chain, the competitive structure lowers the loss of greenness, and the exclusionary mode raises the MNM’s profits. Another interesting finding is when subsidies are offered by the importing country, the competitive structure is more conducive to the green and the participant’s gains, while the exclusive structure is detrimental to the green and only advantageous for the domestic manufacturer’s benefits. Besides, the revenue-sharing contract results in a higher green level of the supply chain in the channels than before, but the MNM tends to select the exclusive marketing channel with a relatively lower green level due to the profits. Subject to the findings, we propose an improved revenue-sharing contract that achieves the MNM’s competitive retailing option and ensures the emergence of the manufacturers’ win-win solution.

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Watarai, T. "Study of oxygen radical scavenger in MNMS with ascorbic acid as oxygen radical scavenger." Japanese Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 19, no. 5 (1990): 899–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4326/jjcvs.19.899.

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WATARAI, Takeo. "The Study of Oxygen Radical Scavenger in MNMS with Ascorbic Acid as Oxygen Radical Scavenger." Japanese Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 20, no. 1 (1990): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4326/jjcvs.20.5.

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Felipe, Tanya A. "O discurso verbo-visual na língua brasileira de sinais - Libras." Bakhtiniana: Revista de Estudos do Discurso 8, no. 2 (December 2013): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-45732013000200005.

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Este artigo tem como objetivo ampliar as discussões sobre enunciados verbo-visuais, refletindo pressupostos teóricos do Círculo de Bakhtin que podem reforçar a argumentação de que, em enunciados de línguas de modalidade gestual visual, transparecem valores plástico-picturais e espaciais dos signos através também das Marcas não Manuais (MNMs). Está sendo ressaltada a diferença entre as expressões afetivas, comunicações paralinguísticas complementares em um enunciado, e as marcas verbo-visuais gramaticais, que são linguísticas por fazerem parte da arquitetura dos níveis fonológico, morfológico, sintático-semântico e discursivo em uma determinada língua. Essas marcas serão descritas a partir da Língua Brasileira de Sinais - Libras, incluindo a Translinguística como área de conhecimento que analisaria o discurso com relação a essas marcas verbo-visuais utilizadas pelos sujeitos na enunciação.

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Adachi, S. "MNMS following revascularization for acute arterial obstruction of lower extremities. Prediction and prevention in clinical cases." Japanese Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 17, no. 5 (1988): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4326/jjcvs.17.474.

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Stocke, Nathanael A., Samantha A. Meenach, Susanne M. Arnold, Heidi M. Mansour, and J. Zach Hilt. "Formulation and characterization of inhalable magnetic nanocomposite microparticles (MnMs) for targeted pulmonary delivery via spray drying." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 479, no. 2 (February 2015): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.050.

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Murali M, Suganthi P, Athif P, Sadiq Bukhari A, Syed Mohamed HE, Basu H, and Singhal RK. "Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 nanoparticle and study of its impact on aquatic organism." JOURNAL OF ADVANCED APPLIED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 1, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46947/joaasr14201627.

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The rapid development of nanotechnology or nanotoxicology is stimulating research on the potential health hazards and environmental impacts of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and nanoparticles (NPs). This paper focused on the identification of Daphnia pulex from the environment and TiO2 nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and the 24 h acute toxicity of water suspensions of TiO2 NPs to Daphnia pulex, using mortality as toxicological endpoints. The results show that the acute toxicities of 0, 5, 50, 100, 150, 200, 210, 220, 225 and 230 ppm are dose dependent or concentration level. The Lethal Concentration (LC50) values for mortality 24h is observed at 218.79ppm. D. pulex were found to ingest nanoparticles from the test solutions through feeding and their behavioral and morphological effects indicates that the potential ecotoxicological and environmental health of these NPs cannot be ignored.

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Park, Won-Bae, Koo-Hyun Kwon, Kyung-Gyun Hwang, and Ji-Young Han. "Risk Indicators Affecting the Survival of the Mandibular First Molar Adjacent to an Implant at the Mandibular Second Molar Site: A Retrospective Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122543.

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This study aimed to compare the survival of mandibular first molars (MnM1s) adjacent to implants placed in mandibular second molar sites (ImM2s) with MnM1s adjacent to mandibular second molars (MnM2s) and to investigate risk indicators affecting the survival of MnM1s adjacent to ImM2s. A total of 144 patients who had MnM1s adjacent to ImM2s and MnM1s adjacent to MnM2s on the contralateral side were included in this study. Clinical variables and radiographic bone levels were evaluated. The survival of MnM1s adjacent to ImM2s or MnM2s was evaluated using a Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards model. The 5-year cumulative survival rates of MnM1s adjacent to ImM2s and MnM2s were 85% and 95%, respectively. MnM1s adjacent to ImM2s of the internal implant-abutment connection type had higher multivariate hazard ratios (HR) for loss. MnM1s that had antagonists with implant-supported prostheses also had higher HR for loss. The multivariate HR for the loss of MnM1s adjacent to ImM2s with peri-implant mucositis was 3.74 times higher than MnM1s adjacent to healthy ImM2s. This study demonstrated several risk indicators affecting the survival of MnM1s adjacent to ImM2s. It is suggested that supportive periodontal and peri-implant therapy combined with meticulous occlusal adjustment can prolong the survival of MnM1s and ImM2s.

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Shi, Rong, Magda Villarroya, Rafael Ruiz-Partida, Yunge Li, Ariane Proteau, Silvia Prado, Ismaïl Moukadiri, et al. "Structure-Function Analysis of Escherichia coli MnmG (GidA), a Highly Conserved tRNA-Modifying Enzyme." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 24 (October 2, 2009): 7614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00650-09.

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ABSTRACT The MnmE-MnmG complex is involved in tRNA modification. We have determined the crystal structure of Escherichia coli MnmG at 2.4-Å resolution, mutated highly conserved residues with putative roles in flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or tRNA binding and MnmE interaction, and analyzed the effects of these mutations in vivo and in vitro. Limited trypsinolysis of MnmG suggests significant conformational changes upon FAD binding.

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YAGI, KATSUFUMI. "Blood transmission to femoral arterial peripheral side during PCPS operation. Usefulness as MNMS prevention and cardiac functional monitoring." Japanese journal of extra-corporeal technology 22, no. 1 (1996): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7130/hokkaidoshakai.22.9.

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SHIMIZU, K., A. ITO, H. FURUKAWA, K. GOTO, T. MAEMURA, and S. KONNO. "Limb washout method: Management of acute arterial occlusion of the bilateral lower extremities complicated with myonephropathic metabolic syndrome (MNMS)." Cardiovascular Surgery 3 (September 1995): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-2109(95)93987-z.

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Lu, Guang, Fabao Yan, Kaiyuan Zhang, Yunpeng Zhao, Lei Zhang, Ziqian Shang, Chao Diao, and Xiachen Zhou. "A Dual-Band High-Gain Subwavelength Cavity Antenna with Artificial Magnetic Conductor Metamaterial Microstructures." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010058.

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This paper presents dual-band high-gain subwavelength cavity antennas with artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) metamaterial microstructures. We developed an AMC metamaterial plate that can be equivalent to mu-negative metamaterials (MNMs) at two frequencies using periodic microstructure unit cells. A cavity antenna was constructed using the dual-band AMC metamaterial plate as the covering layer and utilizing a feed patch antenna with slot loading as the radiation source. The antenna was fabricated with a printed circuit board (PCB) process and measured in an anechoic chamber. The |S11| of the antenna was −26.8 dB and −23.2 dB at 3.75 GHz and 5.66 GHz, respectively, and the realized gain was 15.2 dBi and 18.8 dBi at two resonant frequencies. The thickness of the cavity, a sub-wavelength thickness cavity, was 15 mm, less than one fifth of the long resonant wavelength and less than one third of the short resonant wavelength. This new antenna has the advantages of low profile, light weight, dual-frequency capability, high gain, and easy processing.

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ISHIDA, Atsuhisa, Ichiro MORITA, Hisao MASAKI, Atsushi TABUCHI, Koichi ENDO, Takashi FUJIWARA, and Tamaki SASAKI. "A CASE OF ACUTE ARTERIAL OBSTRUCTION IN WHICH MNMS WAS SUCCESSFULLY PREVENTED BY HEMOFILTRATION THROUGH THE AFFECTED LIMB DURING OPERATION." Journal of the Japanese Practical Surgeon Society 58, no. 10 (1997): 2449–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3919/ringe1963.58.2449.

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Mannu, Rashmi, Vaithinathan Karthikeyan, Nandakumar Velu, Chandravadhana Arumugam, Vellaisamy A. L. Roy, Anantha-Iyengar Gopalan, Gopalan Saianand, et al. "Polyethylene Glycol Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: Hybrid Nanofluid Formulation, Properties and Drug Delivery Prospects." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020440.

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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely used materials for biomedical applications owing to their intriguing chemical, biological and magnetic properties. The evolution of MNP based biomedical applications (such as hyperthermia treatment and drug delivery) could be advanced using magnetic nanofluids (MNFs) designed with a biocompatible surface coating strategy. This study presents the first report on the drug loading/release capability of MNF formulated with methoxy polyethylene glycol (referred to as PEG) coated MNP in aqueous (phosphate buffer) fluid. We have selected MNPs (NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4) coated with PEG for MNF formulation and evaluated the loading/release efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug. We have presented in detail the drug loading capacity and the time-dependent cumulative drug release of DOX from PEG-coated MNPs based MNFs. Specifically, we have selected three different MNPs (NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4) coated with PEG for the MNFs and compared their variance in the loading/release efficacy of DOX, through experimental results fitting into mathematical models. DOX loading takes the order in the MNFs as CoFe2O4 > NiFe2O4 > Fe3O4. Various drug release models were suggested and evaluated for the individual MNP based NFs. While the non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous) model fits for DOX release from PEG coated CoFe2O4, PEG coated NiFe2O4 NF follows zero-order kinetics with a slow drug release rate of 1.33% of DOX per minute. On the other hand, PEG coated NiFe2O4 follows zero-order DOX release. Besides, several thermophysical properties and magnetic susceptibility of the MNFs of different concentrations have been studied by dispersing the MNPs (NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4 and Fe3O4) in the base fluid at 300 K under ultrasonication. This report on the DOX loading/release capability of MNF will set a new paradigm in view that MNF can resolve problems related to the self-heating of drug carriers during mild laser treatment with its thermal conducting properties.

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Moukadiri, Ismaïl, M. José Garzón, Glenn R. Björk, and M. Eugenia Armengod. "The output of the tRNA modification pathways controlled by the Escherichia coli MnmEG and MnmC enzymes depends on the growth conditions and the tRNA species." Nucleic Acids Research 42, no. 4 (November 26, 2013): 2602–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1228.

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Abstract In Escherichia coli, the MnmEG complex modifies transfer RNAs (tRNAs) decoding NNA/NNG codons. MnmEG catalyzes two different modification reactions, which add an aminomethyl (nm) or carboxymethylaminomethyl (cmnm) group to position 5 of the anticodon wobble uridine using ammonium or glycine, respectively. In and , however, cmnm5 appears as the final modification, whereas in the remaining tRNAs, the MnmEG products are converted into 5-methylaminomethyl (mnm5) through the two-domain, bi-functional enzyme MnmC. MnmC(o) transforms cmnm5 into nm5, whereas MnmC(m) converts nm5 into mnm5, thus producing an atypical network of modification pathways. We investigate the activities and tRNA specificity of MnmEG and the MnmC domains, the ability of tRNAs to follow the ammonium or glycine pathway and the effect of mnmC mutations on growth. We demonstrate that the two MnmC domains function independently of each other and that and are substrates for MnmC(m), but not MnmC(o). Synthesis of mnm5s2U by MnmEG-MnmC in vivo avoids build-up of intermediates in . We also show that MnmEG can modify all the tRNAs via the ammonium pathway. Strikingly, the net output of the MnmEG pathways in vivo depends on growth conditions and tRNA species. Loss of any MnmC activity has a biological cost under specific conditions.

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Mondino, Federico, Amelia Piscitello, Carlo Bianco, Andrea Gallo, Alessandra de Folly D’Auris, Tiziana Tosco, Marco Tagliabue, and Rajandrea Sethi. "Injection of Zerovalent Iron Gels for Aquifer Nanoremediation: Lab Experiments and Modeling." Water 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2020): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030826.

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One of the main technical problems faced during field-scale injections of iron microparticles (mZVI) for groundwater nanoremediation is related to their poor colloidal stability and mobility in porous media. In this study, a shear-thinning gel, composed of a mixture of two environmentally friendly biopolymers, i.e., guar gum and xanthan gum, was employed to overcome these limitations. The slurry rheology and particle mobility were characterized by column transport tests. Then, a radial transport experiment was performed to mimic the particle delivery in more realistic conditions. The gel, even at a low polymeric content (1.75 g/L), proved effective in enhancing the mobility of high concentrated mZVI suspensions (20 g/L) in field-like conditions. The high radius of influence (73 cm) and homogeneous iron distribution were achieved by maintaining a low injection overpressure (<0.4 bar). Based only on the information derived from column tests, the MNMs 2018 software (Micro- and Nanoparticle transport, filtration, and clogging Model-Suite) was able to predict the particle distribution and pressure build-up measured in the radial domain. Experimental and simulated results showed good agreement, thus proving that a simplified experimental-modeling procedure based on 1D column tests could be used to effectively upscale the slurry behavior to more representative scales, e.g., radial domains.

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Li, Bin, Yuexia Han, Yang Liu, and Fang Yang. "Fine-tuned magnetic nanobubbles for magnetic hyperthermia treatment of glioma cells." Biointerphases 17, no. 6 (November 2022): 061004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002110.

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Magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) induced magnetic hyperthermia has been demonstrated as a promising technique for the treatment of brain tumor. However, lower heating efficiency resulting from low intratumoral accumulation of magnetic nanomaterials is still one of the significant limitations for their thermotherapeutic efficacy. In this study, we have designed a nanobubble structure with MNPs decorated on the shell, which leads to the improvement of magnetocaloric performance under an alternating magnetic field. First, the phospholipid coupled with MNPs as the shell to be self-assembled magnetic nanobubbles (MNBs) was fabricated by a temperature-regulated repeated compression self-assembly approach. Then, the optimal magnetic heating concentration, electric current parameters for producing the magnetic field, and the number of magnetic heating times were investigated for tuning the better magnetoenergy conversion. Finally, the well-defined geometrical orientation of MNPs on the nanobubble structure enhanced hypothermia effect was investigated. The results demonstrate that the MNBs could promote the endocytosis of magnetic nanoparticles by glioma cells, resulting in better therapeutic effect. Therefore, the controlled assembly of MNPs into well-defined bubble structures could serve as a new hyperthermia agent for tumor therapy.

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Park, Saeyoung, Ji Yeon Kim, Seoha Myung, Namhee Jung, Yeonzi Choi, and Sung-Chul Jung. "Differentiation of Motor Neuron-Like Cells from Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Possible Application to Neuromuscular Junction Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112702.

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Human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) are newly identified MSCs and present typical features of MSCs, including having the differentiation capacity into the three germ layers and excellent proliferation capacity. They are easily sourced and are useful for stem cell therapy in various disease states. We previously reported that T-MSCs could be differentiated into skeletal myocytes and Schwann-like cells; therefore, they are a promising candidate for cell therapies for neuromuscular disease. Motor neurons (MNs), which regulate spontaneous behavior, are affected by a wide range of MN diseases (MNDs) for which there are no effective remedies. We investigated the differentiation potential of MN-like cells derived from T-MSCs (T-MSC-MNCs) for application to therapy of MNDs. After the process of MN differentiation, the expression of MN-related markers, including Islet 1, HB9/HLXB9 (HB9), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), was increased when compared with undifferentiated T-MSCs. The secretion of acetylcholine to the conditioned medium was significantly increased after MN differentiation. We cocultured T-MSC-MNCs and human skeletal muscle cells, and confirmed the presence of the acetylcholine receptor clusters, which demonstrated the formation of neuromuscular junctions. The potential functional improvements afforded by these T-MSC-MNCs could be useful in the treatment of MNDs caused by genetic mutation, viral infection, or environmental problems.

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Hojnik, Nuša, Olivija Plohl, and Matjaž Finšgar. "A Magnetic Nanocomposite Modifier for Improved Ultrasensitive Detection of Hexavalent Chromium in Water Samples." Chemosensors 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080189.

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In this work, different electrodes were employed for the determination of Cr(VI) by the cathodic square-wave voltammetry (SWV) technique and the square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry (SWAdSV) technique in combination with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. Using SWV, a comparison of the analytical performance of the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE), ex situ electrodes (antimony-film—SbFE, copper-film—CuFE, and bismuth-film—BiFE), and the GCE modified with a new magnetic nanocomposite (MNC) material was performed. First, the MNC material was synthesized, i.e., MNPs@SiO2@Lys, where MNPs stands for magnetic maghemite nanoparticles, coated with a thin amorphous silica (SiO2) layer, which was additionally functionalized with derived lysine (Lys). The crystal structure of the prepared MNCs was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), while the morphology and nano-size of the MNCs were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), where TEM was additionally used to observe the MNP core and silica layer thickness. The presence of functional groups of the MNCs was investigated by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and surface analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The hydrophilicity of the modified electrodes was also tested by static contact angle measurements. Then, MNPs@SiO2@Lys was applied onto the electrodes and used with the SWV and SWAdSV techniques. All electrodes tested with the SWV technique were effective for Cr(VI) trace determination. On the other hand, the SWAdSV technique was required for ultra-trace determination of Cr(VI). Using the SWAdSV technique, it was shown that a combination of ex situ BiFE with the deposited MNPs@SiO2@Lys resulted in excellent analytical performance (LOQ = 0.1 µg/L, a linear concentration range of 0.2–2.0 µg/L, significantly higher sensitivity compared to the SWV technique, an RSD representing reproducibility of 9.0%, and an average recovery of 98.5%). The applicability of the latter system was also demonstrated for the analysis of a real sample.

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Zhao, Yan, Fei Luo, and Rui Zhou. "Preparation of Fe3O4/α-MnO2 Magnetic Nanocomposites for Degradation of 2,4-DCP through Persulfate Activation." Water 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203312.

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In this study, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were loaded on α-MnO2 nanowires using an improved hydrothermal synthesis method combined with an ultrasonic coprecipitation method, the loading ratio was optimized, the efficiency of the prepared Fe3O4/α-MnO2-activated persulfate (PS) system for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was investigated, and the effects of PS concentration, Fe3O4/α-MnO2 magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) dosage, pH value and initial pollutant concentration on the degradation of 2,4-DCP were investigated. The results showed that when the initial concentrations of 2,4-DCP, PS, and Fe3O4/α-MnO2 MNCs were 100 mg/L, 30 mmol/L, and 0.4 g/L, the degradation rate of 2,4-DCP reached 96.3% after 180 min of reaction at 30 °C under a neutral condition, and the fitting results showed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP by the Fe3O4/α-MnO2-activated PS system conformed to quasi-first-order kinetics. The degradation of 2,4-DCP by different Fe3O4/α-MnO2-activated PS systems was compared, and a possible PS activation mechanism was proposed. The Fe3O4/α-MnO2 MNCs exhibited excellent reusability, and by introducing Fe3O4/α-MnO2 MNCs as the PS activator into the advanced oxidation process (AOP) system, the electron transfer of Mn(III/IV) and Fe(III/II) on the surface of MNCs was realized, thus greatly improving the reaction efficiency.

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Caussat, Paul. "Competitive Advantages in a Hostile, Regulated Environment: Four Multinational Banks in India." Management International Review 61, no. 6 (December 2021): 831–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11575-021-00459-6.

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AbstractInternational business literature has historically been divided between scholars exploring the local obstacles foreign firms face (thereby overlooking foreign firms’ capacity to deploy advantages locally) and those examining the internationalisation of firm-specific advantages (thereby overlooking the peculiarities of the local context in which foreign firms deploy their advantages). We still do not completely understand the process by which multinational enterprises (MNEs) – especially service MNEs – develop competitive advantages in relation to the host environment. Using a multiple-case study of four multinational banking subsidiaries in India, this research aims to explore the variety of competitive advantages deployed by foreign multinational banks (MNBs) in a hostile, competitive environment: the Indian banking industry. This article’s main contribution is to bridge the gap between the obstacle-oriented internationalisation literature and the advantage-oriented literature through an exploration and comparison of a comprehensive set of locally relevant advantages deployed by the four MNBs studied. We introduce the concepts of global anchoring and local anchoring to make sense of the directionality of subsidiaries’ competitive advantages, and we explore their broad associations with subsidiaries’ commercial and financial performance. We conclude by discussing three theoretical lenses, situated at the intersection of the obstacle-oriented and advantage-oriented literatures, which can potentially account for the origins of competitive advantages in our sample, and we develop a series of propositions for future research.

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Popova, Victoriya, Elena Dmitrienko, and Alexey Chubarov. "Magnetic Nanocomposites and Imprinted Polymers for Biomedical Applications of Nucleic Acids." Magnetochemistry 9, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9010012.

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Magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) combine the features of magnetic nanoparticles and a second material, which provide distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties. The magnetic core for nanocomposite synthesis is extensively used due to its high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. Moreover, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), hyperthermia, and targeted drug and gene delivery by an external magnetic field. Numerous composing units exist, which leads to the outstanding application of composites. This review focuses on nucleic acid-based bioapplications of MNCs with polymeric, organic, inorganic, biomolecules, and bioinspared surface coating. In addition, different forms, such as core–shell, doping, multilayer, yolk–shell, and Janus-shaped hybrids, are discussed, and their unique properties are highlighted. The unique types of nanocomposites as magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) properties are presented. This review presents only the synthesis of MNCs using ready-made magnetic cores. These restrictions are associated with many materials, the quantitative and qualitative magnetic core composition, and synthesis procedures. This review aims to discuss the features of nucleic acid-based MNC information available to researchers in this field and guide them through some problems in the area, structure variation, and surface functionalization possibilities. The most recent advancements of MNCs and imprinted polymers in nucleic acid-based therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, biocatalytic, and biosensing are introduced.

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Wang, Xiaoping, Fengzhi He, Limin Zhang, and Ang Yu. "Application of micro-nanostructured magnetite in separating tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane from environmental water by magnetic solid phase extraction." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): e0251021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251021.

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Two typical brominated flame retardants (BFRs), namely, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), were persistent organic pollutants widely detected in various environmental media. This study aimed to successfully synthesize micro-nano-structured magnetite particles (MNMPs) with surface modification by citric acid molecules. The synthesized composites served as an adsorbent for extracting TBBPA and HBCD from environmental water samples followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The obtained MNMPs were characterized in terms of crystal structure, morphology, size distribution, hydrophobic and hydrophilic performance and magnetism. The results indicated that the MNMPs exhibited high surface area, good dispersibility, and strong magnetic responsiveness for separation. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized, including sample pH, amount of sorbents, extraction time and desorption conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the recovery was 83.5 and 107.1%, limit of detection was 0.13 and 0.35μg/mL (S/N = 3), and limit of quantification was 0.37 and 0.59 μg/mL (S/N = 10) for TBBPA and HBCD respectively. The relative standard deviations obtained using the proposed method were less than 8.7%, indicating that the MNMP magnetic solid-phase extraction method had advantages of simplicity, good sensitivity and high efficiency for the extraction of the two BFRs from environmental water.

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Wong, Wai Peng, Hwee Chin Tan, Kim Hua Tan, and Ming-Lang Tseng. "Human factors in information leakage: mitigation strategies for information sharing integrity." Industrial Management & Data Systems 119, no. 6 (July 8, 2019): 1242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-12-2018-0546.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the human factors triggering information leakage and investigate how companies mitigate insider threat for information sharing integrity. Design/methodology/approach The methodology employed is multiple case studies approach with in-depth interviews with five multinational enterprises (MNEs)/multinational corporations (MNCs). Findings The findings reveal that information leakage can be approached with human governance mechanism such as organizational ethical climate and information security culture. Besides, higher frequency of leakages negatively affects information sharing integrity. Moreover, this paper also contributes to a research framework which could be a guide to overcome information leakage issue in information sharing. Research limitations/implications The current study involved MNCs/MNEs operating in Malaysia, while companies in other countries may have different ethical climate and information sharing culture. Thus, for future research, it will be good to replicate the study in a larger geographic region to verify the findings and insights of this research. Practical implications This research contributes to the industry and business that are striving toward solving the mounting problem of information leakage by raising awareness of human factors and to take appropriate mitigating governance strategies to pre-empt information leakage. This paper also contributes to a novel theoretical model that characterizes the iniquities of humans in sharing information, and suggests measures which could be a guide to avert disruptive leakages. Originality/value This paper is likely an unprecedented research in molding human governance in the domain of information sharing and its Achilles’ heel which is information leakage.

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Abdul-Aziz, Shahrun Nizam, Normala Zulkifli, Norimah Rambeli@Ramli, Noor Al-Huda Abdul Karim, Zainizam Zakariya, and Norasibah Abdul Jalil. "The Determinations of East Asia’s Automobile Trade Using a Gravity Model." Research in World Economy 10, no. 5 (December 24, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v10n5p113.

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The aim of this study is to investigate empirically the factors that determine the level of automobile trade in East Asian countries by taking into account government policies as well as the role of MNEs. To do so, in this study we include dummies of import substitution industrialisation (ISI) and export orientation industrialisation (EOI) policies as well as Japanese FDI as additional explanatory variables in our augmented gravity models. We found that GDPs, distance, per capita income, FTA, government policies, language and FDI are the determinants for the development of automobile industry in each country in East Asia. In the case of auto P&C, apart from economic size, the role of government through trade policy (i.e., FTA) and industrial policies as well as the role of MNCs are the major contributors to the development both exports and imports of East Asian countries. In the case of final automobiles, the role of FTA and language seems to be unimportant. Nonetheless, the role of government policies and MNCs seem to be important.

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Journal articles on the topic 'MNMs'

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