Journal articles on the topic 'MNCs'
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Dou, Xinyue, Xiaoyu Chen, Haiguang Zhu, Yong Liu, Dongyun Chen, Xun Yuan, Qiaofeng Yao, and Jianping Xie. "Water-soluble metal nanoclusters: recent advances in molecular-level exploration and biomedical applications." Dalton Transactions 48, no. 28 (2019): 10385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01395d.
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Recent advances of water-soluble metal nanoclusters (MNCs) in designing highly luminescent MNCs, ligand shell engineering, tracking MNC's growth processes, and biomedical applications are highlighted.
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Chang, Eunmi, and M. Susan Taylor. "Control in Multinational Corporations (MNCs): The Case of Korean Manufacturing Subsidiaries." Journal of Management 25, no. 4 (August 1999): 541–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500404.
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Using both agency theory and comparative national culture frameworks, this study investigated factors determining the degree and type of control used by American and Japanese MNCs on their Korean subsidiaries. Two characteristics of MNCs affected the control they exerted—the degree of MNCs’ ownership, which affected the amount of control, and the nationality of the MNC’s headquarters, which affected the type of control exerted. As predicted, the size of the subsidiary relative to the MNC, moderated the relationship between the degree of ownership and amount of output control the MNC exerted. Overall, the study supported the usefulness of agency theory in explaining the degree of management control exerted, while national culture accounted for the type of control exerted.
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Park, Saeyoung, Ji Yeon Kim, Seoha Myung, Namhee Jung, Yeonzi Choi, and Sung-Chul Jung. "Differentiation of Motor Neuron-Like Cells from Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Possible Application to Neuromuscular Junction Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 2702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112702.
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Human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) are newly identified MSCs and present typical features of MSCs, including having the differentiation capacity into the three germ layers and excellent proliferation capacity. They are easily sourced and are useful for stem cell therapy in various disease states. We previously reported that T-MSCs could be differentiated into skeletal myocytes and Schwann-like cells; therefore, they are a promising candidate for cell therapies for neuromuscular disease. Motor neurons (MNs), which regulate spontaneous behavior, are affected by a wide range of MN diseases (MNDs) for which there are no effective remedies. We investigated the differentiation potential of MN-like cells derived from T-MSCs (T-MSC-MNCs) for application to therapy of MNDs. After the process of MN differentiation, the expression of MN-related markers, including Islet 1, HB9/HLXB9 (HB9), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), was increased when compared with undifferentiated T-MSCs. The secretion of acetylcholine to the conditioned medium was significantly increased after MN differentiation. We cocultured T-MSC-MNCs and human skeletal muscle cells, and confirmed the presence of the acetylcholine receptor clusters, which demonstrated the formation of neuromuscular junctions. The potential functional improvements afforded by these T-MSC-MNCs could be useful in the treatment of MNDs caused by genetic mutation, viral infection, or environmental problems.
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Ribeiro, Fernanda Teixeira Franco, Mariane Figueira, and Cristina Lelis Leal Calegario. "The Role of External Knowledge in the Innovative Activities of Agricultural Biotechnology Multinationals." Internext 16, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18568/internext.v16i3.610.
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Objective: To evaluate the influence of external knowledge absorbed on the potential to innovate of multinational companies (MNCs), in the genetically modified (GM) seed sector from 2000 to 2018. Method: A quantitative approach was applied. Data was composed of the main patents filed by MNCs in the GM seed sector, collected from the Espacenet database, the MNCs’ annual reports, and the INPI database. Variables were analyzed using panel regression model. Main results: Results showed that the MNCs’ own resources, as well as the external knowledge absorbed were individually significant. The Interactive variable was not significant in the model. Relevance/ Originality: In addition to addressing literature gaps related for instance to the need to investigate the factors that influence the generation of innovation in multinationals, the present study focused on the agricultural biotechnology sector, which is of paramount importance for the innovations generated in agriculture. Theoretical contributions: This study contributes by filling literature gaps related to the need to understand how important is the influence of the external knowledge and resources to the innovative capabilities of MNCs. Social contributions: This paper helps managers be conscious of the fact that innovation is not only developed internally, involving the MNC’s own network, but in fact, innovation requires relationships with other companies, allowing the access of external knowledge and resources.
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Du, Jian, Keying Lu, and Chao Zhou. "Relational embeddedness in home-based network and dynamic capabilities: evidence from Chinese MNCs." Chinese Management Studies 15, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 222–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cms-03-2020-0095.
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Purpose Prior studies have argued that multinational firms with dynamic capabilities can reconfigure and upgrade their internal and external resources and adapt to an ever-changing competitive global environment. The impact of home country networks exerting on multinational corporations’ (MNCs) dynamic capabilities has been rarely discussed in extant research. This paper aims to explore how two types of home country networks’ relational embeddedness (from domestic firms and foreign firms) affect Chinese MNCs’ dynamic capabilities. Design/methodology/approach Several hypotheses were tested by analyzing the survey data from 204 multinational companies in china. Findings The results reveal the impact mechanism of the home country network on dynamic capabilities. Embeddedness in domestic networks positively affects embeddedness in the foreign network; embeddedness in foreign firms exerts positive effects on the three dimensions of MNC’s dynamic capabilities. Additionally, the effect of domestic firms’ relational embeddedness on resource reconfiguring capability is mediated by foreign firms’ embeddedness. Consequently, this study provides a theoretical introduction for MNCs from emerging economies. Practical implications This study has several managerial implications for emerging MNCs’ international operations. For MNCs from emerging economies, close cooperation with domestic firms helps firms to develop a close relationship with foreign firms; meanwhile, developing a close relationship with foreign firms can obtain spillover about technology and management experience better, improving dynamic capability. Specifically, domestic embeddedness, through foreign embeddedness, can extend the impact to focal firms in developing resource reconfiguring capability. Originality/value This study provides an alternate view of how home country networks influence the dynamic capabilities of Chinese MNCs and outlines its impact mechanism. Therefore, the study contributes both to the international business literature and social network literature.
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Rego, Kerstin, and Thomas Steger. "Power struggles in the MNC – the contribution of a Bourdieusian perspective." critical perspectives on international business 15, no. 4 (October 7, 2019): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-07-2019-0050.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to enhance Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice for the analysis of power in multinational corporations. Therefore, they adopt and apply the Theory of Practice on power struggles within the board as the key field of power within the multinational company (MNC), which is interwoven with power struggles at the intraorganizational and interorganizational level of an MNC and its environment. Design/methodology/approach This paper describes the main elements of Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice and demonstrates their applicability to power struggles in MNCs, particularly through the development of a multi-level framework. This argument is illustrated by the case of a large German MNC’s supervisory board. Findings Extending Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice to the analysis of power in MNCs provides several advantages. Above all, we show the relevance of the board as the key field of power within MNCs that influences and is influenced by power constellations and power struggles throughout the MNC and its environment. Thereby, a more differentiated picture of (key) actors involved in power struggles in MNCs, and a deeper comprehension of the very nature of power in MNCs is achieved. Research limitations/implications Placing the supervisory board at the center implies that our framework is relevant to the study of not only power in MNCs but also boards. In addition, the authors arrive at practical implications for organizational actors and politics. As they concentrate on the presentation and illustration of the conceptual framework, the discussion of its methodological applicability options, as well as the integration of the various, detailed empirical findings of the previous MNC literature remain limited. Originality/value In contrast to earlier studies, this paper introduces a theoretical perspective that is not limited to either the micro-, meso- or macro-level of organizational analysis, but includes them and balances aspects of structure and agency well. The value of this fresh perspective on power in MNCs and its capability to deal with the complexity of this specific type of organization is demonstrated.
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Urban, Boris, and Rutendo Hwindingwi. "The influence of institutional factors on MNC’s triple bottom-line reporting." International Journal of Emerging Markets 11, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 497–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoem-08-2015-0164.
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Purpose Recognising the rapid institutional changes multinational corporations (MNCs) face in emerging markets, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of various institutional factors on their triple bottom-line (TBL) reporting. The study builds on existing research where it has been noted that international business theory needs to adapt to the changes in the global economy, particularly the need to recognise the influence of several contingent variables in African emerging markets (AEMs). Design/methodology/approach The study design was cross-sectional where a survey was administered to MNCs operating in four leading countries situated in key economic regions in Africa. Following validity and reliability testing, hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. Findings Findings show that an independent judiciary system and an adequate national security system were found to have a positive and significant influence on the MNC’s TBL reporting. These institutional factors highlight the perceived importance of “law and order” for MNCs in AEMs. Research limitations/implications Policy implications relate to the need for specific and targeted interventions aimed at improving institutional factors in AEMs. Originality/value Instead of focusing on the internationalisation of AEM firms, the study took a different approach by focusing instead on countries previously under researched and how MNCs are affected by the institutional regimes in these AEMs.
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Yang, Bing, Kaushik Parsha, Krystal Schaar, Nikunj Satani, Xiaopei Xi, Jaroslaw Aronowski, and Sean I. Savitz. "Cryopreservation of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Alters Their Viability and Subpopulation Composition but Not Their Treatment Effects in a Rodent Stroke Model." Stem Cells International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5876836.
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The systemic administration of autologous bone marrow (BM) derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) is under investigation as a novel therapeutic modality for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Autologous applications raise the possibility that MNCs could potentially be stored as a banked source. There have been no studies that investigate the effects of cryopreservation of BM-MNCs on their functional abilities in stroke models. In the present study, C57BL/6 mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) for 60 minutes and then divided into two treatment groups: fresh MNCs versus cryopreserved MNCs. BM-MNCs were collected at 22 hours after MCAo and were stored in liquid nitrogen for 12 months in cryopreserved MNCs group. BM-MNCs cellular viability, composition, and phenotype of the various subpopulations of mice BM-MNCs were evaluated by flow cytometry, and the behavioral recovery of stroke animals was tested with freshly harvested MNCs versus cryopreserved MNCs by corner test and ladder rung test. We found that long-term cryopreservation negatively impacts the cellular viability of bone marrow MNCs. Cryopreservation also alters the cellular composition of various subpopulations within the MNCs. However, despite the changes observed in cryopreserved cells, both fresh and frozen MNCs have similar beneficial effect on behavioral and histological outcomes.
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Islam, Md Zahidul, Sajjid M. Jasimuddin, and Ikramul Hasan. "Organizational culture, structure, technology infrastructure and knowledge sharing." VINE 45, no. 1 (February 9, 2015): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/vine-05-2014-0037.
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Purpose – This paper aims to examine how organizational culture, structure and technology infrastructure influence knowledge sharing. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on quantitative research, administered on 90 managerial staff in multinational corporations (MNCs) based in Malaysia. Findings – The paper explains the role of organizational cultural and structure on knowledge-sharing processes in MNCs, with the moderating effect of technology infrastructure. Learning and development, top management support and centralization are positively related to knowledge sharing, using technology infrastructure as a moderator. Research limitations/implications – The findings will help MNCs to create an appropriate environment of knowledge sharing. However, the research is limited to MNC’s in Penang, Malaysia, only. Furthermore, similar research can be extended to MNCs in other Asian countries with a larger sample which may bring more statistical power and, thereby, increases generalizability. Practical implications – The outcome of this research provides useful indications of how organizations can work to ensure knowledge sharing within their work place. Originality/value – While the links between organizational culture and knowledge sharing and between organizational structure and knowledge sharing have been examined independently, few studies have investigated the association between the three concepts. This paper examines the nature of this relationship and presents empirical evidence, which suggests that the relationship between organizational culture, organizational structure and knowledge sharing is moderated by the technology infrastructure.
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Kim, Changsu, and Donghyun Park. "Emerging Asian MNCs." Asia Pacific Business Review 21, no. 4 (April 4, 2014): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2014.900274.
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Stoliarchuk, Yaroslava, Denys Ilnytskyy, and Glib Turolev. "GLOBAL BUSINESS NETWORK: OFF-SHORE MODEL’S DIVERSIFICATION AND IMPACT." Economics & Education 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2500-946x/2020-2-3.
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Modern literature lacks systematization and assessment of impact of network of international corporations and their off-shore models on development of national economies in post-industrial times. There is variety of tools besides well-known multinational corporate accounting policies and strategies of MNCs that provide mechanism for the management of transaction costs in reporting period, thus reducing the amount of taxable profit due to application of the method of accelerated depreciation and channels of tax deferrals, which allow to reduce corporate tax payments owing to the objective reduction of real purchasing power of money over time. The purpose of the article is to propose in-depth systematization of balanced pros and cons for further development of national FDI policies aimed at network of MNCs. The paper utilizes a compound methodology of review and systematization to calculate overall impact of offshoring that exceeds 1% of global GDP. While modern financial and economic activities of MNC’s distinguish both internal and external offshoring, the paper focuses upon endogenous one. The key attention is on dominant ones – tax inversion phenomenon is known as base erosion and profit shifting, tax planning strategies, international debt shifting, models of tax treaty shopping, tax deferral, tax hybrids, strategic transfer pricing tools. In business and financial management MNCs resort to the development of extremely complex network structures of parent and subsidiary companies in order to increase international competitive advantages. MNCs make special efforts to recruit staff capable of effectively performing key functions in the field of corporate offshoring. We find huge regional asymmetries in MNCs impact on development of national economies. On one hand, a number of highly profitable corporations pay almost zero tax in favour of their countries of registration; on the other, MNCs create jobs, markets, volumes and asymmetries of geographical structure of differences in the value of goods and services supplied through international trade between developing and developed countries due to enormous scale of business offshoring.
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Han, Zhenying, Sonali Shaligram, Marie E. Faughnan, Dewi Clark, Zhengda Sun, and Hua Su. "Reduction of endoglin receptor impairs mononuclear cell-migration." Exploration of Medicine 1, no. 3 (May 22, 2020): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37349/emed.2020.00010.
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Aim: To test if the impairment of mononuclear cell (MNC) migration in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is due to the reduction of the endoglin (ENG) receptor on the cell surface and oxidative stress. Method: MNCs of HHT patients and normal controls were subjected to migration assay. Fractions of MNCs were pre-incubated with antibodies specific to HHT causative genes ENG [hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1)] or activin receptor-like kinase 1 [ALK1, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2)], AMD3100 or Diprotin-A to block ENG, ALK1 C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) or CD26 (increased in HHT1 MNCs) before migration assay. The MNCs were allowed to migrate toward stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) for 18 h. The expression of CXCR4, CD26, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in MNCs and nitric oxide levels in the plasma were analyzed. Results: Compared to the controls, fewer HHT1 MNCs and similar number of HHT2 MNCs migrated toward SDF-1. Diprotin-A pre-treatment improved HHT1 MNC-migration, but had no effect on normal and HHT2 MNCs. Pre-incubation with an anti-ENG antibody reduced the migration of normal MNCs. Diprotin-A did not improve the migration of ENG antibody pre-treated MNCs. Anti-ALK1 antibody had no effect on MNC-migration. AMD3100 treatment reduced normal and HHT MNC-migration. ENG mRNA level was reduced in HHT1 and HHT2 MNCs. ALK1 mRNA was reduced in HHT2 MNCs only. CD26 expression was higher in HHT1 MNCs. Pre-treatment of MNCs with anti-ENG or anti-ALK1 antibody had no effect on CD26 and CXCR4 expression. The expression of antioxidant enzymes, SOD1, was reduced in HHT1 MNCs, which was accompanied with an increase of ROS in HHT MNCs and nitric oxide in HHT1 plasma. Conclusions: Reduction of ENG receptor on MNC surface reduced monocyte migration toward SDF-1alpha independent of CD26 expression. Increased oxidative stress could alter HHT MNC migration behavior.
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Biermann, Miriam, Anna Schulze, Franziska Unterseher, Konstantina Atanasova, Paulina Watermann, Annegret Krause-Utz, Dagmar Stahlberg, Martin Bohus, and Stefanie Lis. "Trustworthiness appraisals of faces wearing a surgical mask during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany: An experimental study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): e0251393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251393.
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Background During the Covid-19 pandemic, the negative effects of wearing a mouth-nose cover (MNC) on interpersonal functioning have been discussed in public media but empirical studies on how wearing MNCs affect social judgements are sparse. In the present study, we investigated the effects of MNCs on trustworthiness appraisals, the influence of changes due to MNCs in evaluating joy, and the relationship between a social-cognitive appraisal bias and a participant’s characteristics. Methods All participants (N = 165) judged the intensity of happiness and trustworthiness in calm facial stimuli presented with and without a surgical mask covering part of the face. We analysed the relationship of changes in judgements evoked by MNCs to participants’ evaluations of MNCs as protective tools and explored their associations with the burden experienced by wearing MNCs, compliance to behaviour recommendations, their risk associated with the pandemic, and their levels of psychological distress. Results Overall, calm facial stimuli covered with MNCs were evaluated as less trustworthy and, to an even stronger extent, less happy than uncovered facial stimuli. However, participants varied in whether they showed a negative or positive evaluation of faces with MNCs; the negative bias was stronger in those participants who attributed lower protective potential to MNCs, experienced a higher burden while wearing MNCs, wore MNCs less often, and experienced a higher level of psychological distress. Conclusions A negative bias in trustworthiness appraisals of faces with a positive emotional expression covered by MNCs is linked to a participant’s evaluation of MNCs as inefficient and burdening and their experience of high psychological distress.
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Suen, Y., SM Lee, J. Schreurs, E. Knoppel, and MS Cairo. "Decreased macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA expression from activated cord versus adult mononuclear cells: altered posttranscriptional stability." Blood 84, no. 12 (December 15, 1994): 4269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v84.12.4269.bloodjournal84124269.
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We have previously shown that protein production and mRNA expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and interleukin-3 are decreased in stimulated mononuclear cells (MNCs) from human umbilical cord compared with adult peripheral blood. These deficiencies may contribute to the increased susceptibility of neonates to infection. Macrophage colony- stimulating factor (M-CSF) regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and functional activation of monocytes. In the present study, we compared the regulation of M-CSF gene expression and protein production from stimulated cord and adult MNCs. Upon adhesion to tissue culture flasks, both cord and adult MNCs constitutively expressed M-CSF mRNA. In response to both adhesion and recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM- CSF) stimulation for 120 hours, radioimmunoassays and bioassays showed that cord MNCs produced twofold to threefold less M-CSF protein compared with adult MNCs. Northern blot analysis also showed a fourfold decrease in M-CSF mRNA expression in both unstimulated and GM-CSF- induced cord versus adult MNCs. M-CSF mRNA expression in both cord and adult MNCs peaked between 16 and 24 hours and decreased to normal levels by 48 hours. We next determined the relative rates of transcription of the M-CSF gene by nuclear run-on assays in both cord and adult MNCs. The basal level signal of the M-CSF gene was similar between cord and adult MNCs. The transcriptional rate after stimulation with rhGM-CSF appeared to increase to a similar extent in both cord and adult MNCs (130% +/- 10% v 150% +/- 15%, C v A, n = 3, mean +/- SD). The comparative stability of M-CSF mRNA from cord versus adult MNCs was next determined by actinomycin D decay studies. The half-life of M-CSF mRNA from stimulated adult MNCs was 70 +/- 7.0 minutes (n = 4) compared with 47 +/- 2.8 minutes (n = 3) from stimulated cord MNCs (mean +/- SD, P < .05). To further determine the involvement of labile protein factors in posttranscriptional regulation, cord and adult MNCs were incubated with cycloheximide (CHX; 10 micrograms/mL). There was a significant increase in the induction of M-CSF mRNA by CHX treatment in both cord and adult MNCs. The increase of M-CSF mRNA induction by CHX was 2.5 times higher in cord MNCs compared with that in adult MNCs. These results suggest that there are one or more labile proteins that regulate M-CSF transcript stability in both cord and adult MNCs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Liu, Yang, and Yongjiang Shi. "Behind the scenes." European Journal of Marketing 54, no. 5 (April 10, 2020): 1061–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-02-2018-0153.
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Purpose Prior studies on product standardization–adaptation in multinational corporations (MNCs) have revealed environmental factors that can influence the choices of MNCs. However, these studies have not shown how these choices are made behind the scenes in new product development (NPD). In many industries, MNCs face the dual pressures for product standardization and adaptation from the environment. This study aims to explore how MNCs facing dual pressures can make choices of product standardization–adaptation in NPD. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study of four high-performing MNCs was conducted. The four MNCs were selected using the theoretical sampling approach. Data were collected, mainly through 74 semi-structured interviews. Coding was conducted and four aggregate dimensions were generated. Findings This study reveals that choices of product standardization–adaptation are made through a process in MNCs’ NPD, including four steps – organizing for NPD, organizational diversity, cross-unit integration and combination of design practices. In addition, MNCs adopt different process variants to address different environmental pressures. Research limitations/implications This research focuses on high-performing MNCs in manufacturing industries. Future research can explore different types of firms. Practical implications Managers in MNCs should focus more on the process of choices for product standardization–adaptation, than on the level of product standardization–adaptation. They should also keep monitoring the environmental pressure and employ experienced engineers. Originality/value By focusing on NPD, the authors shift the attention from product standardization–adaptation to product feature standardization–adaptation in MNCs, which is a fresh and refined perspective. The authors show a process in NPD composed of activities and mechanisms that managers might use for handling product standardization–adaptation challenges in MNCs. The authors contribute to the area of cross-unit integration in MNCs’ NPD by revealing mental mechanisms for mitigating tensions in cross-unit interactions.
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Tahir, Rizwan. "Expanding horizons and expatriate adjustment." Cross Cultural & Strategic Management 25, no. 3 (August 6, 2018): 401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccsm-02-2017-0024.
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Purpose Expatriate management is a popular theme in the field of international human resource management in light of the fact that expatriates play a crucial role in a MNC’s global operations. The purpose of this paper is to explore how MNCs select, train, deploy and support expatriate managers during and after their international assignment in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study is based on in-depth interviews with 22 Western expatriate managers who are presently based in the UAE. However, in order the ensure a diverse sample among the participants with regards to their age, professional experience, gender and nationality, purposeful sampling was utilized while selecting the participants. Findings The results of the present study cast light on many shortcomings of the overall expatriation process as they are implemented by MNCs in the UAE. Accordingly, there is a pressing need for MNCs in the UAE to develop strategic expatriation processes, involving the following critical factors: the selection of the right person for the right job; specific and relevant pre-departure and post-arrival cross-cultural training (CCT); practical support for the expatriate employees and their trailing spouses in the host country; and lastly, a clear repatriation strategy to mark a successful conclusion of foreign assignments in the UAE. Research limitations/implications It is acknowledged that the results of this purely qualitative study, based on a relatively small sample size, cannot claim to represent the management theories, practices and realities of all the Western MNCs in the UAE. Moreover, these findings narrate the views and perceptions of this particular cohort of expatriate executives with relation to their selection, pre-departure CCT, adjustment in the UAE and the support and repatriation policies utilized by their companies for doing business in the UAE. Practical implications This study points to the fact that technical skills are mostly considered to be the predominant selection criteria for the expatriate selections in the MNCs. Other abilities, such as language skills and relational and perceptual adjustability are considered to be less important and do not feature overtly in the selection criteria for expatriate positions. The results demonstrate that distinctive features of adjustability, which include expatriates’ willingness to communicate, their social orientation, dynamic anxiety resistance and openness ability are all critical to the adjustment in the host country and should be given more emphasis. Originality/value Regardless of the presence of numerous MNCs in the UAE, it is indeed surprising to see that the topic of the expatriation management process in MNCs in the UAE has received little research attention. The objective of this study is to address this deficiency. Additionally, it is hoped that these findings may also be valuable to MNCs and consultants who are preparing expatriates for international assignments, especially in the Middle East and in particular in the UAE.
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Daniali, Zahra Mohammadi, Mohammad Mehdi Sepehri, Farzad Movahedi Sobhani, and Mohammad Heidarzadeh. "A Regionalization Model to Increase Equity of Access to Maternal and Neonatal Care Services in Iran." Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 55, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.21.401.
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Objectives: Access to maternal and neonatal care services (MNCS) is an important goal of health policy in developing countries. In this study, we proposed a 3-level hierarchical location-allocation model to maximize the coverage of MNCS providers in Iran.Methods: First, the necessary criteria for designing an MNCS network were explored. Birth data, including gestational age and birth weight, were collected from the data bank of the Iranian Maternal and Neonatal Network national registry based on 3 service levels (I, II, and III). Vehicular travel times between the points of demand and MNCS providers were considered. Alternative MNCS were mapped in some cities to reduce access difficulties.Results: It was found that 130, 121, and 86 MNCS providers were needed to respond to level I, II, and III demands, respectively, in 373 cities. Service level III was not available in 39 cities within the determined travel time, which led to an increased average travel time of 173 minutes to the nearest MNCS provider.Conclusions: This study revealed inequalities in the distribution of MNCS providers. Management of the distribution of MNCS providers can be used to enhance spatial access to health services and reduce the risk of neonatal mortality and morbidity. This method may provide a sustainable healthcare solution at the policy and decision-making level for regional, or even universal, healthcare networks.
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Rim, Hyejoon, and Doori Song. "Corporate message strategies for global CSR campaigns." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 22, no. 3 (August 7, 2017): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-01-2017-0007.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine multinational corporations’ (MNCs) response strategy in social media to effectively communicate their international CSR practices. Design/methodology/approach An experiment was conducted by adopting a case of an MNC’s globalized CSR campaign in United Arab Emirates. The interaction effects of corporate communication strategy and company’s response sidedness were examined as well as a mediating role of the perceived altruism. Findings The current study suggests how two-sided response strategy can be applied and benefits MNCs’ international CSR campaigns. The findings demonstrate that a company’s two-sided response helps to increase people’s attitude toward the company and word-of-mouth intention through enhanced perceived altruism when the company has no prior CSR experience in a host country. Practical implications The current study provides insights on how to respond to negative publicity in social media. MNCs are suggested to use different response strategies based on their prior CSR experience in a host country. Originality/value The success of CSR depends on how consumers take the message and perceive a company’s motive of CSR. The current study examines how to best respond to the consumers’ criticism by utilizing message sidedness strategies depending on the company’s presence of CSR.
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Pham, Hanh Thi Song, and Hien Thi Tran. "Board and corporate social responsibility disclosure of multinational corporations." Multinational Business Review 27, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mbr-11-2017-0084.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the effects of board model and board independence on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure of multinational corporations (MNCs). Design/methodology/approach The authors developed an empirical model in which CSR disclosure is the dependent variable and board model (two-tier vs one-tier), board independence (a proportion of independent directors on a board) and the interaction variable of board model and board independence together with several variables conventionally used as control variables are independent variables. The authors collated the panel dataset of 244 Fortune World’s Most Admired (FWMA) corporations from 2005 to 2011 of which 117 MNCs use the one-tier board model, and 127 MNCs use the two-tier board model from 20 countries. They used the random-effect regression method to estimate the empirical models with the data they collated and also ran regressions on the alternative models for robustness check. Findings The authors found a significantly positive effect of a board model on CSR disclosure by MNCs. Two-tier MNCs tend to reveal more CSR information than one-tier MNCs. The results also confirm the significant moderating impact of board model on the effect of board independence on CSR disclosure. The effect of board independence on CSR disclosure in the two-tier board MNCs tends to be higher than that in the one-tier board MNCs. The results do not support the effect of board independence on CSR disclosure in general for all types of firms (one-tier and two-tier board). The impact of board independence on CSR disclosure is only significant in two-tier board MNCs and insignificant in one-tier board MNCs. Practical implications The authors advise the MNCs who wish to improve CSR reporting and transparency to consider the usage of two-tier board model and use a higher number of outside directors on board. They note that once a firm uses one-tier model, number of IDs on a board does not matter to the level of CSR disclosure. They advise regulators to enforce an application of two-tier board model to improve CSR reporting and transparency in MNCs. The authors also recommend regulators to continue mandating publicly traded companies to include more external members on their boards, especially for the two-tier board MNCs. Originality/value This paper is the first that investigates the role of board model on CSR disclosure of MNCs.
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Wuarin, Jean-Pierre. "Glutamate Microstimulation of Local Inhibitory Circuits in the Supraoptic Nucleus From Rat Hypothalamus Slices." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 3180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.6.3180.
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Wuarin, Jean-Pierre. Glutamate microstimulation of local inhibitory circuits in the supraoptic nucleus from rat hypothalamus slices. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3180–3186, 1997. The hypothesis of a local inhibitory input to the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus was tested with combined glutamate microstimulation and whole cell patch-clamp recordings in slices from rat hypothalamus. Synaptic activity in supraoptic magnocellular neuroendocrine cells (MNCs) was monitored and glutamate microdrops were applied in the perinuclear region of the supraoptic nucleus to evoke firing of action potentials in putative presynaptic inhibitory cells. The effect of glutamate microdrops applied in the perinuclear region was tested on 57 supraoptic MNCs. In control conditions, spontaneous excitatory (EPSCs) and inhibitory (IPSCs) postsynaptic currents were observed at resting membrane potential in all MNCs tested. Glutamate microstimulation evoked an abrupt increase in the frequency and size of spontaneous IPSCs in eight MNCs. Forty-nine MNCs did not show any change in the inhibitory synaptic input. Microapplication of glutamate in the periphery of the supraoptic nucleus did not modify the amplitude or the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs in any of the 57 MNCs tested. In the group of eight MNCs that responded to glutamate microstimulation by an increase in inhibitory input, two types of responses were observed. Four MNCs showed an increase in both size and frequency of spontaneous IPSCs through the entire range of amplitude. In the other four MNCs, local glutamate stimulation produced a dramatic increase in the size of IPSCs and a lesser increase in the frequency of the smaller IPSCs. The potential effect of the glutamate-evoked increase in inhibitory input on the firing activity of MNCs was tested in current-clamp conditions. Intracellular current injection was applied to evoke firing of action potentials in six MNCs that had responded to local glutamate microstimulation by an increase in inhibitory input. Glutamate microdrop applications inhibited the evoked action potential firing in all six cells. These results suggest 1) that local inhibitory interneurons are present in the periphery of the supraoptic nucleus, 2) that they contain functional glutamate receptors, 3) that they form inhibitory synapses with supraoptic MNCs, and 4) that activation of these interneurons inhibits firing in MNCs. These results support the hypothesis that local inhibitory interneurons play a important role in the firing activity of supraoptic MNCs.
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Darulzain, Muhammad Rizqy. "Pembebanan Tanggungjawab Hukum Terhadap Multinational Corporations (MNCs) dalam Hukum Internasional." Gema Keadilan 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/gk.2015.3658.
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Perkembangan dunia ekonomi sekarang ini telah membuat Multinational Corporations (MNCs) menjadi aktor non negara yang memiliki peran sangat besar dalam dunia internasional maupun keadaan internal suatu negara. Negara-negara, khususnya negara berkembang, seolah tunduk pada setiap keputusan MNCs dikarenakan kekuatan ekonomi MNCs yang sangat besar dan memang negara-negara tersebut membutuhkan kehadiran MNCs dalam membuka lahan investasi. Sebagai contoh, Indonesia yang nyaris selalu bungkam saat ditekan oleh Freeport. Hukum nasional negara-negara tersebut menjadi tumpul dalam menuntut tanggungjawab MNCs atas segala imbas kegiatan-kegiatannya yang merugikan. Hukum internasional dirasa perlu dilibatkan perannya dalam mengatasi masalah ini.
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NGOC, PHAN MINH, and ERIC D. RAMSTETTER. "FOREIGN OWNERSHIP AND EXPORTS IN VIETNAMESE MANUFACTURING." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 04 (December 2009): 569–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003513.
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This paper analyzes exports of multinational corporations (MNCs) in Vietnamese manufacturing, highlighting the disproportionately large contribution of heavily-foreign MNCs with foreign ownership shares of 90% or more. The exports of heavily-foreign manufacturing MNCs are substantial and concentrated in apparel, footwear, and electric machinery-related industries. Export propensities also tend to be markedly higher in heavily-foreign MNCs than in other MNCs, and these differences generally persist after controlling for the effects industry affiliation, firm size, vintage, and capital intensity. There is a large variation in the relationship between ownership shares and export propensities among industries and years, however.
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Okayama, Kaori, Toshiyuki Sasagawa, Koji Teruya, Mizue Oda, Masahiko Fujii, Hirokazu Kimura, and Mitsuaki Okodo. "Profiles of Human Papillomavirus Detection of the Multinucleated Cells in Cervical Smears." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081575.
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Many genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) may lead to morphological changes in cells, resulting in various atypical cells, such as multinucleated cells (MNCs) and koilocytes, in the cervix. However, the relationships between the profiles of HPV genotypes and MNCs are not exactly known. Thus, this study comprehensively profiles the HPV genotypes in MNCs using a microdissection method. HPV genotypes and MNCs were detected in 651 cases with an abnormal Pap smear by liquid-based cytology. Specific HPV genotypes were also detected, including HPV16, 34, and 56, which might be associated with MNCs. This result suggests that the high-risk HPV genotypes, such as HPV16 and 56, are associated with the atypical changes in MNC morphology from normal cervical cells. The results also show that MNCs may be a predictor of squamous intraepithelial lesion.
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Prakash, Aseem, and Jennifer J. Griffin. "Corporate responsibility, multinational corporations, and nation states: An introduction." Business and Politics 14, no. 3 (October 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0014.
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This special issue of Business and Politics examines how multinational corporations (MNCs) respond to the twin pressures of globalization and localization when implementing corporate responsibility (CR) policies. While MNCs are often viewed as agents of global economic integration, MNCs are impacted by globalization pressures, often in ways they cannot adequately control. As economies globalize, so do politics and stakeholder expectations that MNCs must negotiate as they manage their global operations. Working from the premise that CR strategies need to cohere with product and factor market strategies, the papers in this special issue make two contributions. First, they suggest that CR is an integral component of MNCs’ market and non-market strategies. Second, in addition to multi-domestic CR strategies, MNCs should consider international and global CR strategies as well.
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Foss, Nicolai J., and Torben Pedersen. "Transferring knowledge in MNCs." Journal of International Management 8, no. 1 (January 2002): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1075-4253(01)00054-0.
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Santoro, Michael. "Should LDCs Love MNCs?" Foreign Policy, no. 128 (January 2002): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3183367.
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Chea, Ashford C. "Doing Business in Emerging Market Economies: Challenges and Success Strategies for Western Multinational Corporations." International Business Research 14, no. 9 (August 9, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v14n9p82.
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The purpose of this paper was to investigate and analyze the negative impact of emerging economies’ institutional challenges on western multinational corporations (MNCs) operating there. The content analysis methodology was used. The paper reveals that emerging markets’ institutional voids affect western MNCs in terms of cost of doing business, strategy development and overall competitiveness. The conclusions derived from the analysis is that despite emerging economies investment opportunities, rapid economic and demand growth, their competitive landscape can negatively impact western MNCs ability to succeed in these markets. This is due to imprudent policies and inadequate governance structures implemented by emerging market policymakers. The article begins with a brief introductory background of emerging economies. This is followed by objectives of the paper, research method, and the theoretical underpinnings for the motivations of western MNCs to pursue overseas markets in emerging economies. It then provides an analysis of the role and significance of emerging economies in the global economy. This is followed by a critical review of MNCs strategies in emerging markets, and effects of emerging market institutional challenges on MNCs. Then, the implications for MNCs competitiveness in emerging markets are examined. Finally, recommendations for success for both prospective and current MNCs doing business in emerging economies are explored.
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Schuler, Douglas A. "A club theory approach to voluntary social programs: Multinational companies and the extractive industries transparency initiative." Business and Politics 14, no. 3 (October 2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2012-0024.
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This study uses club theory to describe the incentives of extractive industry MNCs to support the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), a multi-stakeholder promoted voluntary social program (VSP) aimed at creating national legislation to make the royalty payments received by governments from mining and oil and gas companies more transparent to the public. We characterize the EITI as a VSP that lacks stringent standards and that has a moderate to high level of enforcement through the national governments that have adopted its principles. According to club theory, VSPs with these characteristics produce only a low to medium level of club benefits, in this case “social branding,” for member firms. Noting that over 60 MNCs have signed on to the EITI as of April 2012, we argue that VSPs offering low to medium club benefits should be most attractive to MNCs from countries with long arm disclosure laws, to MNCs lacking relationships with NGOs seeking inexpensive CSR, to MNCs relying upon financing from institutional and social investors, to MNCs attempting to differentiate themselves from competitors on social criteria, and to MNCs with broad stakeholder-focused top managers. We also describe the implications for MNCs if the EITI were to include a more stringent set of social requirements.
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Li, Tingting, Zhenyu Wang, Ying Zhang, and Zhennan Wu. "Engineering Coinage Metal Nanoclusters for Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2022): 3837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12213837.
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Coinage metal nanoclusters (MNCs) are a new type of ultra-small nanoparticles on the sub-nanometer (typically < three nm) scale intermediate between atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles. At the same time, the ultra-small size and discrete energy levels of MNCs enable them to exhibit molecular-like energy gaps, and the total structure involving the metal core and surface ligand together leads to their unique properties. As a novel environmentally friendly chromophore, MNCs are promising candidates for the construction of electroluminescent light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, a systematic summary is urgently needed to correlate the properties of MNCs with their influences on electroluminescent LED applications, describe the synthetic strategies of highly luminescent MNCs for LEDs’ construction, and discuss the general influencing factors of MNC-based electroluminescent LEDs. In this review, we first discuss relevant photoemissions of MNCs that may have major influences on the performance of MNC-based electroluminescent LEDs, and then demonstrate the main synthetic strategies of highly luminescent MNCs. To this end, we illustrate the recent development of electroluminescent LEDs based on MNCs and present our perspectives on the opportunities and challenges, which may shed light on the design of MNC-based electroluminescent LEDs in the near future.
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Yunis, Mohammad, Dima Jamali, and Hina Hashim. "Corporate Social Responsibility of Foreign Multinationals in a Developing Country Context: Insights from Pakistan." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2018): 3511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103511.
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This paper aims to explore the dynamics of corporate social responsibility (CSR) of multinational companies (MNCs) subsidiaries operating in Pakistan. To do this, the corporate social performance (CSP) model, has been modified and integrated with the relevant models of CSR for multinational companies (MNCs). Empirical evidence from MNCs operating in the developing country context was collected and analyzed from MNCs operating in Pakistan. Findings from semi-structured interviews uncover that CSR is yet to institutionalize and most MNC executives understand CSR in narrow philanthropic and ethical terms and ignore the legal and economic aspects. Interestingly, there is evidence that MNCs are able to modify global CSR strategies to respond to local contexts and issues. In addition, the sample MNCs lack systematic environmental scanning, stakeholder management and demonstrate a short-term reactive approach to CSR. We believe that the proposed theoretical framework of the study can be utilized to understand MNCs CSR practices in both developed and developing countries. However, these empirical findings are context bound and cannot be generalized.
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Tseng, Cher-Hung, and Liang-Tu Chen. "Determinants of subsidiary’s technological capability – examining the roles of subsidiary–local supplier linkage." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 29, no. 5 (May 27, 2014): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2012-0094.
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Purpose – This study aims to explore the effects of subsidiary–local supplier linkage characteristics in a supply chain and the moderating effects of a multinational corporation’s (MNC’s) international experience (IE) and a subsidiary’s innovation orientation (IO) on the subsidiary’s technological capability. Design/methodology/approach – A new research framework is developed comprising four constructs and six research hypotheses. Applying the regression model, the hypotheses were tested on data from Taiwanese MNC’s subsidiaries of manufacturing industries in Asian developing countries. Findings – The subsidiary–local supplier linkage characteristics, including economic aspect: asset-specific investment (ASI) of local supplier and social aspect: relational capital (RC) of local linkage, are positively associated with subsidiary’s technological capability. Moreover, the MNC’s IE can enhance the positive effect of RC on the subsidiary’s technological capability and the subsidiary’s IO decreases the positive impact of ASI on the subsidiary’s technological capability. Practical implications – This study provides useful insights into how MNCs and subsidiaries should concentrate on the factors that increase the subsidiary’s technological capability. Moreover, MNCs’ and subsidiaries’ managers must endeavor to establish long-term linkages with carefully selected local suppliers, induce these suppliers to provide appropriate ASI, and actively develop RC in the subsidiary–local supplier linkage to enhance the subsidiary’s technological capability. Originality/value – This study demonstrates that subsidiary–local supplier linkage characteristics, MNC’s IE and subsidiary’s IO can be applied to examine the technological capability of subsidiaries operating in less advanced countries.
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Onishchenko, N. A., A. O. Nikolskaya, Z. Z. Gonikova, L. A. Kirsanova, M. Yu Shagidulin, and V. I. Sevastianov. "The role of apoptotic bone marrow cells in activation of liver regeneration." Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs 23, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15825/25/1995-1191-2021-4-110-118.
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Objective: using an adoptive transfer model to study the cellular mechanisms involved in the formation of the initial stage of liver regeneration during intraperitoneal injection of a healthy recipient with apoptotic bone marrowderived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) from a donor after extended liver resection.Materials and methods. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were used to create a model of adoptive transfer of apoptotic BM-MNCs (a-BM-MNCs) taken from the donor after extended liver resection to a healthy recipient. During the experiments, the animals were divided into five groups. Four experimental groups with intraperitoneal injection of the same doses to the recipient: freshly isolated BM-MNCs (group 1); BM-MNCs subjected to apoptosis for 48 hours by storage at t = 4–6 °C in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (group 2) or in a Custodiol HTK solution (group 3). In group 4, the animals were injected with PBS after storing BM-MNCs in it. The control animals were animals injected with saline (group 5). For selection of effective modes of apoptosis induction, BM-MNCs stained with 7AAD after incubation in solutions were analyzed by flow cytometry. Targeted transfer of regenerative signals to the recipient was assessed by the mitotic activity of hepatocytes in the liver and tubular epithelium in the kidneys, as well as by the intensity of microstructural changes in the liver 24, 48 and 72 hours after injection of the studied material.Results. BMC incubation in PBS and HTK for 48 hours at t = 4–6 °C provides the most effective accumulation of a-BM-MNCs in early apoptosis. It was shown that a-BM-MNCs retain the ability to target-focused transmission of regulatory signals to the liver supported by autophagy process during adoptive transfer. It was established that a-BM-MNCs (groups 2 and 3) in comparison to native BM-MNCs (group 1) at adoptive transfer increased the regenerative potential of the liver due to pronounced increase in the activity of autophagy processes and directed infiltration of immunomodulatory mononuclear cells in the liver.Conclusion. a-BM-MNCs create a stronger basis for development and implementation of a targeted and effective regeneration program by enhancing autophagy processes and immunomodulatory effect on mononuclear cells, which are regenerative signal carriers.
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Nguyen, Quoc H., Robert L. Roberts, Bonnie J. Ank, Syh-Jae Lin, Casey K. Lau, and E. Richard Stiehm. "Enhancement of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity of Neonatal Cells by Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-12." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.1.98-104.1998.
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ABSTRACT Newborn infants are more susceptible to infections due in part to deficiencies in the cytotoxic functions of their lymphocytes. We investigated the ability of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-12 to enhance the cytotoxicity of neonatal (cord blood) and adult mononuclear cells (MNCs) in both natural killer (NK) cell and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. The cytotoxic activity of cord blood MNCs was less than 50% that of adult MNCs in most assays prior to exposure to cytokines. Incubation with IL-2 (100 U/ml) or IL-12 (1 ng/ml) for 18 h increased the NK cell activity (using K562 target cells) of both cord blood and adult MNCs, and the combination of IL-2 and IL-12 increased cord blood cytotoxicity threefold, making the cytotoxicity of cord blood cells equivalent to that of adult cells treated with the same cytokines. In ADCC assays with chicken erythrocyte targets, the combination of IL-2 and IL-12 increased the cytotoxicities of both cord blood and adult MNCs, with greater enhancement again seen with cord blood cells. In assays with NK cell-resistant CEM cells coated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp120 antigen in the presence of hyperimmune anti-HIV immunoglobulin, ADCC of cord blood MNCs was about 50% that of adult MNCs; ADCC of cord blood MNCs increased two- to threefold with the addition of IL-2 and IL-12, whereas ADCC of adult MNCs did not increase. Incubation of cord blood cells, but not adult cells, with IL-2 or IL-12 for 1 week increased the percentage of CD16+/CD56+ cells two- to fivefold and enhanced ADCC activity. Thus, IL-2 and IL-12 greatly enhance both the NK cell and ADCC activities of neonatal MNCs and increase the number of NK cells in longer-term culture.
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Yang, Yue-Jin, Hai-Yan Qian, Lei Song, Yong-Jian Geng, Run-lin Gao, Na Li, Hong Wang, et al. "Strengthening effects of bone marrow mononuclear cells with intensive atorvastatin in acute myocardial infarction." Open Heart 7, no. 1 (May 2020): e001139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2019-001139.
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ObjectiveTo test whether intensive atorvastatin (ATV) increases the efficacy of transplantation with autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) in patients suffering from anterior ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI).MethodsThis clinical trial was under a 2×2 factorial design, enrolling 100 STEMI patients, randomly into four groups of regular (RA) or intensive ATV (IA) with MNCs or placebo. The primary endpoint was the change of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at 1-year follow-up from baseline, primarily assessed by MRI. The secondary endpoints included other parameters of cardiac function, remodelling and regeneration determined by MRI, echocardiography, positron emission tomography (PET) and biomarkers.ResultsAll the STEMI patients with transplantation of MNCs showed significantly increased LVEF change values than those with placebo (p=0.01) with only in the IA+MNCs patients group demonstrating significantly elevation of LVEF than in the IA+placebo group (+12.6% (95%CI 10.4 to 19.3) vs +5.0% (95%CI 4.0 to 10.0), p=0.001), pointing to a better synergy between ATV and MNCs (p=0.019). PET analysis revealed significantly increased viable areas of myocardium (p=0.015), while the scar sizes (p=0.026) and blood aminoterminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (p<0.034) reduced. All these above benefits of MNCs were also attributed to IA+MNCs instead of RA+MNCs group of patients with STEMI.ConclusionsIntensive ATV treatment augments the therapeutic efficacy of MNCs in patients with anterior STEMI at the convalescent stage. The treatment with the protocol of intensive ATV and MNC combination offers a clinically essential approach for myocardial infarction.Trial registration numberNCT00979758.
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Liu, Zhaoyu, Dong Yao, Huiwen Liu, and Hao Zhang. "Metal Nanoclusters/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Films as the Alternatives for Fabricating Remote-Type White Light-Emitting Diodes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020204.
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Packing luminescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) into polymers and fabricating novel MNCs/polymer composite materials is effective in obtaining high-performance light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Herein, water soluble Cu and Au nanoclusters are encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) by a casting method. The obtained MNCs/PVA composite films are highly emissive with triple primary colors, and inherit the merits of PVA, such as transparency, flexibility, machinability, stability and self-healing ability. By employing the MNCs/PVA composite films as down-conversions, remote type monochromic and white LEDs are fabricated. The white LEDs (WLEDs) exhibit a maximum color rendering index (CRI) of 86 with a Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) color coordinate of (0.33,0.35). By varying the three MNCs/PVA film arrangement, the correlated color temperature (CCT) of the WLEDs is tuned from 5582 to 9490 K, which signifies the possibility of MNCs/PVA as alternative light-emitting materials for advanced illumination and display in the future.
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Nessa, Michelle L. "Repatriation Tax Costs and U.S. Multinational Companies' Shareholder Payouts." Accounting Review 92, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-51633.
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ABSTRACT This paper examines whether and to what extent repatriation tax costs constrain U.S. multinational companies' (MNCs) distributions to shareholders. During the 1987–2004 sample period, I find that repatriation tax costs decrease U.S. MNCs' dividend payments, and the economic magnitude of the effect is substantial. I do not find evidence that repatriation tax costs decrease U.S. MNCs' share repurchases, on average. I find cross-sectional variation in the effect of repatriation tax costs on share repurchases based on U.S. MNCs' opportunities to fund repurchases through external borrowing and to minimize the incremental U.S. cash tax cost of repatriations. I do not observe an association between repatriation tax costs and U.S. MNCs' dividend payments or share repurchases during a more recent time period (2009–2014). This study contributes to our understanding of the impact of the current U.S. worldwide tax system on U.S. MNCs' real decisions and of the determinants of firms' payout policies.
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Lykov, A. P., M. A. Surovtseva, O. V. Poveshchenko, A. M. Chernyavsky, A. V. Fomichev, N. A. Bondarenko, and I. I. Kim. "Effect of erythropoietin on bone marrow mononuclear cells." Medical Immunology (Russia) 22, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-eeo-1807.
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Stem/progenitor cells are considered an alternative method of heart failure therapy by promoting regeneration of damaged myocardium in myocardial infarction. Effectiveness of cell therapy depends on the population composition and functional activity of the cell graft, and, in turn, it depends on the conditions of microenvironment. Cultivation of stem/progenitor cells with erythropoietin stimulates proliferative potential causing in vitro resistance to hypoxia, and in vivo stimulation of angiogenesis. We aimed for assessing effects of erythropoietin upon hematopoietic cells. We studied some effects of short-term incubation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) with erythropoietin upon cellular phenotype, cell cycle, apoptosis and their proliferative potential. BM-MNCs were isolated from bone marrow aspirate from patients with CHD in a density gradient, then incubated for 60 minutes with erythropoietin (33.4 IU/ml). Using flow cytometric assay of the total BM-MNCs pool, we have shown there endothelial progenitor cells at different stages of maturation and differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells are. Their total number did not exceed 30%. Short-term incubation of BM-MNCs with erythropoietin reduces expression of CD184 “homing receptor” molecules on CD34+ cells, and causes increase of CD184 on CD31+ cells in the BM-MNCs pool (p < 0.05). In addition, erythropoietin has been shown to cause a delay of CD34+ cells in the resting phase (G0G1), reduce a proportion of cells in the synthetic phase (S) and mitosis (G2/M) (p<0.05), and does not affect apoptosis, as shown by Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit. Erythropoietin had no significant effects on expression on BM-MNCs surface molecules involved in providing adhesion, such as CD18, CD29, CD44, CD49a, CD54, CD62E, CD146, and CD202b. MTT-method has shown that the short-term preincubation of BM-MNCs with erythropoietin contributed to a significant decrease in proliferative activity of BM-MNCs (p < 0.05). However, there was a tendency towards increased resistance of erythropoietin-pretreated BM-MNCs to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. We have also revealed a correlation between the numbers of endothelial progenitor cells at different stages of differentiation, and numbers of hematopoietic stem cells in the total BM-MNCs pool. The number of CD34+/CD133+, CD34- / CD31+, CD45+/EpoR+, and CD34+/EpoR+ in BM-MNCs pool are dependent on the age of patients. Hence, a short-term incubation of BM-MNCs with erythropoietin promotes the cells to be retained in resting phase of the cell cycle, thus, in turn, helping to reduce proliferative potential of BM-MNCs.
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McDonnell, Anthony, Brendan Boyle, Timothy Bartram, Pauline Stanton, and John Burgess. "Similarity or Variation? Employee Representation and Consultation Approaches amongst Liberal Market Economy Multinationals." Articles 70, no. 4 (January 28, 2016): 645–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1034898ar.
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This paper engages with the varieties of capitalism literature to investigate the employee representation and consultation approaches of liberal market economy multinational companies (MNCs), specifically Australian, British and US MNCs operating in Australia. While the literature would suggest commonality amongst these MNCs, the paper considers whether the evidence points to similarity or variation amongst liberal market headquartered MNCs. The findings contribute to filling a recognized empirical gap on MNC employment relations practice in Australia and to a better understanding of within category varieties of capitalism similarity and variation. Drawing on survey data from MNCs operating in Australia, the results demonstrated that UK-owned MNCs were the least likely to report collective structures of employee representation. Moreover, it was found that Australian MNCs were the most likely to engage in collective forms of employee representation and made less use of direct consultative mechanisms relative to their British and US counterparts. In spite of the concerted individualization of the employment relations domain over previous decades, Australian MNCs appear to have upheld more long-standing national institutional arrangements with respect to engaging with employees on a collective basis. This varies from British and US MNC approaches which denotes that our results display within category deviation in the variety of capitalism liberal market economy typology. Just as Hall and Soskice described their seminal work on liberal market economy (LME) and coordinated market economy (CME) categories as a “work-in-progress” (2001: 2), we too suggest that Australia’s evolution in the LME category, and more specifically its industrial relations system development, and the consequences for employment relations practices of its domestic MNCs, may be a work-in-progress.
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Hu, Wenjin, Yongyi Shou, Mingu Kang, and Youngwon Park. "Risk management of manufacturing multinational corporations: the moderating effects of international asset dispersion and supply chain integration." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 25, no. 1 (September 19, 2019): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-01-2019-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the contingencies of supply chain risk management (SCRM) in manufacturing multinational corporations (MNCs) by exploring the moderating role of international asset dispersion in the performance effect of SCRM, as well as the counteraction effect of supply chain integration (SCI). Design/methodology/approach Multi-country survey data from a sample of 378 responses collected by the sixth round International Manufacturing Strategy Survey were analyzed. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. Findings The results demonstrate that SCRM improves the operational effectiveness of manufacturing MNCs but this performance effect is attenuated by international asset dispersion. Nevertheless, external integration can counteract the negative effect of international asset dispersion and ensure the efficacy of SCRM practices. Practical implications The results of this study provide suggestions for supply chain managers of manufacturing MNCs to better conduct SCRM practices under the condition of dispersed international assets. Besides, supply chain managers can leverage external integration to ensure the efficacy of SCRM practices. Originality/value Although there are plenty of studies on the relationship between SCRM and operational performance, prior findings are inconsistent. This study sheds light on the SCRM-operational performance relationship by considering how a manufacturing MNC’s international asset dispersion can influence the efficacy of SCRM practices and how SCI can attenuate the negative effect of international asset dispersion.
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Li, Ren, and Zhenlin Liu. "What Causes the Divestment of Multinational Companies in China? A Subsidiary Perspective." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v3n1p81.
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<p><em>This paper examines the causes of MNCs’ divestments in China. The MNCs’ profitability, market shares and productivities are negatively related to the possibility of divestment, while the MNCs’ debts are positively related to the possibility that foreign investments are divested. These results suggest that divestments are affected by MNCs’ performances, and their performances are endogenous shocks for divestment.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>
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Yeganeh, Hamid. "A critical examination of the social impacts of large multinational corporations in the age of globalization." critical perspectives on international business 16, no. 3 (October 21, 2019): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpoib-01-2019-0001.
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Purpose This paper aims to offer a critical examination of the social impacts of large multinational corporations (MNCs) in the age of globalization. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a multidisciplinary approach and relies on various scholarly resources in several disciplines including international business, international economics, sociology and international relations. The analysis is organized around eight major areas and constituencies of MNCs including the global scene, workers, competitors, entrepreneurs, government and tax payers, social justice, nations/states and natural environment. Findings Giant MNCs have benefited from favorable conditions in the past three decades and currently dominate the global scene. In general, the rising corporate profits come not to the benefit, but to the detriment of workers. Large MNCs benefit from their immense resources to develop sophisticated competitive advantages against smaller rivals. They impede small entrepreneurs from scaling up their operations and increasing their market shares. Furthermore, large MNCs often take advantage of their power to shape national and international policies in ways that enable them to enhance their profitability. Overall, large MNCs aggravate the rising economic inequality in different ways, thus contributing to social and financial instability. Furthermore, large MNCs erode state sovereignty and enormously contribute to environmental degradation. Originality/value While most international business studies focus on the concept of corporate social responsibility or sustainable development, the originality of this paper resides in adopting an alternative perspective and offering a multidisciplinary and critical examination of the social impacts of large MNCs.
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Zhang, Qiaowen, and Annalien de Vries. "Seeking Moral Legitimacy through Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from Chinese Manufacturing Multinationals." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095245.
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Recently, concerns have been raised as to how Chinese multinational companies (MNCs) can achieve organizational legitimacy and sustainable development in host countries, especially given China’s weak institutional environment. One strategic approach to establish and maintain legitimacy is by promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR). This study examined the relationship between Chinese manufacturing MNCs’ engagement in terms of CSR and gaining moral legitimacy in host countries, and whether the institutional distance between countries is an important moderating factor in this relationship. Using a hierarchical regression analysis and a bootstrapping method on data obtained from 303 questionnaires completed by a sample of Chinese manufacturing MNCs, this paper finds that CSR engagement at both aggregate and disaggregate levels (specifically, customer- and community-related CSR engagement) is likely to be an effective strategy for Chinese manufacturing MNCs’ subsidiaries to gain moral legitimacy in host countries. Furthermore, Chinese MNCs’ subsidiaries are more likely to gain moral legitimacy by means of engagement in customer- and government-related CSR when the institutional distance from China is greater. Overall, this paper contributes to our understanding of the gaining of moral legitimacy by Chinese manufacturing MNCs in host countries. The findings can support Chinese manufacturing MNCs in shaping the CSR strategy of their international businesses.
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Jozef, Erwind, Kavigtha Mohan Kumar, Mohammad Iranmanesh, and Behzad Foroughi. "The effect of green shipping practices on multinational companies’ loyalty in Malaysia." International Journal of Logistics Management 30, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 974–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-01-2019-0005.
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Purpose The globalization of market and production activities with unequal distribution of market demand and resources has accelerated the demand for shipping services. Public concerns about environmental issues and the impacts of shipping service providers’ green shipping practices (GSPs) on the reputation and performance of multinational companies (MNCs) motivated the authors to test the impact of shipping companies’ GSPs on MNCs’ loyalty by considering timeliness and perceived value as moderators. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected from 141 MNCs and analyzed using the partial least squares technique. Findings The results show that company policy and procedure, shipping documentation, shipping equipment and shipping materials have significant effects on MNCs’ loyalty. Furthermore, timeliness positively moderates the impacts of shipping materials and shipping design on compliance, while perceived value positively moderates the effects of shipping equipment and shipping design for compliance on MNCs’ loyalty. Practical implications The results provide insight for shipping service providers on GSPs that may lead to MNCs’ loyalty by considering the roles of lead time and freight rate. Originality/value The results extend the literature by testing empirically the impacts of GSP of shipping companies on MNCs’ loyalty and also by investigating the moderating impacts of perceived value and timeliness.
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KIYOTA, KOZO, TOSHIYUKI MATSUURA, and SHUJIRO URATA. "EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY AND MNCs' PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS: THE CASE OF JAPANESE MANUFACTURING MNCs." Singapore Economic Review 53, no. 03 (December 2008): 523–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590808003087.
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This paper empirically examines the impacts of exchange rate volatility on the location choice by Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) and their intra-firm trade. We use affiliate-level data for Japanese MNCs for 1995, 1998 and 2001. We found that high exchange rate volatility discourages the establishment of an affiliate by MNCs. Moreover, the high exchange rate volatility causes the shift from inter-firm to intra-firm transactions. These findings imply the importance of maintaining a stable exchange rate environment in order for MNCs to expand their production and distribution networks.
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Levy, David L., and Ans Kolk. "Strategic Responses to Global Climate Change: Conflicting Pressures on Multinationals in the Oil Industry." Business and Politics 4, no. 3 (November 2002): 275–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1042.
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MNCs are increasingly facing global environmental issues demanding coordinated market and non-market strategic responses. The home country institutional context and individual company histories can create divergent pressures on strategy for MNCs based in different countries; however, the location of MNCs in global industries and their participation in ‘global issues arenas’ create issue-level fields within which strategic convergence might also be expected. This paper analyzes the responses of oil MNCs to climate change and finds that local context influenced initial corporate reactions, but that convergent pressures predominate as the issue matures.
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Zeghal, Daniel, and Manel Moussa. "An analysis of the determinants of corporate governance disclosure policies in multinational enterprises: A multi- medium study." Corporate Ownership and Control 12, no. 4 (2015): 671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i4c6p7.
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This research aims to identify the factors underlying the corporate governance disclosure policies of the world’s largest multinational companies (MNCs) based on the following: (1) national factors related to the MNCs’ home countries (2) governance factors related to their governance systems and (3) operational factors arising from the operational characteristics of the MNCs. Methodology – Our sample includes 159 MNCs from 24 countries representing three geographic regions. The corporate governance disclosure policy is examined in terms of level and quality of disclosed information in two different mediums (traditional i.e .paper vs. websites). Results – Multiple linear regressions indicate that national factors, especially cultural ones, are important determinants of MNCs corporate governance disclosure policy in the traditional print mediums. National factors, however, seem to play no part in governance disclosures on the internet but can rather be explained by the international MNCs listing status. Practical implications – This study could guide the harmonization efforts of international standard setters in identifying factors leading to different governance disclosure behaviors and the disclosure medium most influenced by these factors.
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Harzing, Anne‐Wil. "An analysis of the functions of international transfer of managers in MNCs." Employee Relations 23, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01425450110409248.
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Aims to get a clearer picture of why multinational companies (MNCs) send out expatriates. Identifies three organisational functions of international transfers: position filling, management development and coordination and control. Based on an empirical study with results from 212 subsidiaries of MNCs from nine different home countries, located in 22 different host countries, shows that the importance that is attached to these functions differs between subsidiaries in MNCs from different home countries, between subsidiaries in different host regions and in addition varies with the level of cultural difference. Sees position filling as most important for subsidiaries of US and British MNCs and in the Latin American and Far Eastern regions. Sees management development as most important for subsidiaries of German, Swiss and Dutch MNCs and as tending to occur more in Anglo‐Saxon countries than in the Far Eastern region. Transfers for coordination and control seem to be most important for subsidiaries of German and Japanese MNCs and in host countries that are culturally distant from headquarters. Argues that these differences might have important consequences for expatriate management.
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MOHAMED SAYUTI, NAZURA, AZITADOLY MOHD ARIFFIN, AFIZA AZURA MOHAMAD ARSHAD, and AZLIN SHAFINAZ MOHAMAD ARSHAD. "Evaluating Drivers Impacting Buyer-Supplier Relationships in Agile Supply Chain." ADVANCES IN BUSINESS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/abrij.v3i2.10098.
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buyer-supplier relationships in the context of agile supply chains. It develops a conceptual framework consisted of three higher level constructs and eleven determinants of buyer-supplier relationship. Data and information were collected through in-depth interviews from senior managers of six MNC’s (buyers) and six local SMEs (suppliers) operating in electrical and electronics industry in Malaysia. AHP, a multi-criteria-decision-making methodology, was used to analyze data and access the criticality of determinants. The results indicate that SMEs regard partner’s characteristics capability as the mostimportant construct, whereas MNCs consider process capability as most important construct in building a buyersupplier relationship. The results also indicate that the determinants such asresources complementarities and partner capabilities are more important for SMEs, whereas flexibility proficiency and information technology determinants are more important for MNCs. The findings ofthis study may generate ideas to manufacturers in agile environment to focus on partner’s expectations in developing a mutually beneficial relationship.
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Takahashi, Masaya, Tao-Sheng Li, Ryo Suzuki, Toshiro Kobayashi, Hiroshi Ito, Yasuhiro Ikeda, Masunori Matsuzaki, and Kimikazu Hamano. "Cytokines produced by bone marrow cells can contribute to functional improvement of the infarcted heart by protecting cardiomyocytes from ischemic injury." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 291, no. 2 (August 2006): H886—H893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00142.2006.
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It is well known that the implantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) into ischemic hearts can induce angiogenesis and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction, but the precise mechanisms of these actions are unclear. We hypothesize that the cytokines produced by BM-MNCs play a key role in this cell-based therapy. BM-MNCs from rats were cultured under normoxic or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions for 24 h, and then supernatants were collected for study. ELISA and Western blotting analysis showed that various cytokines, including VEGF, IL-1β, PDGF, and IGF-1, were produced from BM-MNCs, some of which were enhanced significantly under hypoxia stimulation. When compared with a control blank medium, the supernatants of BM-MNCs cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions inhibited apoptosis significantly and preserved the contractile capacity of isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes in vitro ( P < 0.05). Using a rat model of acute myocardial infarction, we injected the supernatants of BM-MNCs or control medium intramyocardially on day 0 and then intraperitoneally on days 2, 4, and 6 after infarction. When compared with the control medium, the supernatants of BM-MNCs cultured under both normoxic or hypoxic conditions increased the microvessel density and decreased the fibrotic area in the infarcted myocardium significantly, contributing to remarkable improvement in cardiac function. Various cytokines were produced by BM-MNCs, and these cytokines contributed to functional improvement of the infarcted heart by directly preserving the contractile capacity of the myocardium, inhibiting apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and inducing therapeutic angiogenesis of the infarcted heart.
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Napathorn, Chaturong, and Suchada Chanprateep Napathorn. "Translation of MNCs’ Corporate Talent Management Strategies: The Case of MNCs in Thailand." Academy of Management Proceedings 2018, no. 1 (August 2018): 11660. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2018.11660abstract.
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