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Journal articles on the topic 'Mn TWIP'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Razavi, Gholam Reza. "The Study of Type Twin Annealing in High Mn Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.1085.

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TWIP steels are high manganese steel (Mn: 17% - 35%) which are used for shaping car bodies. The structure of this kind of steels remains austenite even in room temperature. Due to low SFE (Stacking Fault Energy) twinning of grains is governing reformation mechanism in this kind of steels which strengthen TWIP steel. Regarding heat treatment influences on mechanical properties of TWIP steels, in this paper we discuss twinning phenomenon resulting from this kind of treatment. For this, following casting and hot rolling processes, we anneal the steel at 1100°C and different time cycles and study its microstructure using light microscope. The results showed that with decreasing grain size the number of twin annealing added And four types of annealing twin in the microstructure, in the end they all become one twin and then turn into grain.

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2

Moon, K. M., D. A. Kim, Y. H. Kim, and M. H. Lee. "Effect of Mn content on corrosion characteristics of lean Mn TWIP steel." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 19 (July 18, 2018): 1840083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400830.

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It is important that the steel plate is manufactured with a high tensile strength to reduce the weight of the body. It is generally accepted that twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is a special steel with not only a high ductility but also a high-tensile strength compared to general steel. While numerous investigations have been carried out on the TWIP steel with an amount of manganese of at least 20%, the investigation of steel with manganese content of less than 20% has seldom been considered until now. In this study, the TWIP steel with manganese of less than 20% (12Mn, 15Mn and 18Mn TWIP steel) was investigated to determine the corrosion properties using electrochemical method. The 18Mn and 12Mn samples exhibited the best and worst corrosion resistance, respectively. It is suggested that the 18Mn sample forms a stable oxide film on the surface because it contains a larger amount of manganese and aluminum compared to the other samples, and their composition enables the easy formation of the oxide film.

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3

Wang, Li Hui, Di Tang, Hai Tao Jiang, Ji Bin Liu, and Yu Chen. "Effects of Different Manganese Content on Microstructures and Properties of TWIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.254.

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By analysis of TWIP Steels with different manganese content, the results showed that the microstructures and properties had been changed with different Mn content. The elongation of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn was high for 55.5 % and n value of that reached to 0.360. When Mn content of the tested steel was 17.9%, the yield and tensile strength were higher and its elongation was lower for the tested steel than that of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn. The microstructures of the tested steel with high Mn content were austenite before and after being stretched at room temperature. Mn content was decreased and the microstructure of the tested steel after being stretched had a small amount of martensite transformation at room temperature. That is to say, double effect with TWIP and TRIP had occurred, but TWIP effect was dominant. TWIP effect increased plasticity and strain hardening capacity to improve formability. TRIP effect was mainly to improve strength so as to further attain the strength of the tested steel.

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UEJI, Rintaro. "Alloyed Steel(TWIP Steel, High Mn Steel)." Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity 53, no. 620 (2012): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9773/sosei.53.814.

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5

Olugbade, Temitope Olumide. "Stress corrosion cracking and precipitation strengthening mechanism in TWIP steels: progress and prospects." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0052.

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AbstractTwinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are increasingly receiving wide attention for automotive applications due to their outstanding combination of ductility and strength, which can largely be attributed to the strain hardening effect, formation of mechanical twins during straining, and the presence of manganese (Mn) as an alloying element. However, the premature cracking and sudden failure frequently experienced by the TWIP steels under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion environment remain a challenge for many material scientists and experts up till now. Driven by this challenge, an overview of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of high-Mn TWIP steels (under the action of both mechanical loading and corrosion reaction) is presented. The SCC susceptibility of the high-Mn TWIP steels is specifically sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement, which is a major factor influencing the SCC behavior, and is a function of the hydrogen content, lattice-defect density and strength level. Besides, the corrosion susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement may be reduced by suppressing the martensite in the TWIP steels by carbon additions. This review further discusses in detail the precipitation strengthening mechanisms as well as the corrosion behavior of TWIP steel by mechanism.

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6

Martin, Ulises, Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch, and David M. Bastidas. "Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on the Corrosion Behavior of Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C TWIP Steel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249104.

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Electrochemical corrosion of thermo-mechanically processed (TMP) and recrystallized Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels containing 30 wt.% Mn was studied in a 1.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte solution. The alkaline nature of the corrosion products containing manganese oxide (MnO) increases the dissolution kinetics of the TWIP steel in acid media, obtaining Mn2+ cations in solution, and producing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis revealed an increased Al2O3 content of 91% in the passive layer of the recrystallized TWIP steel specimen, while in contrast only a 43% Al2O3 was found on the TMP specimen. Additionally, the chemical composition of the surface oxide layer as well as the TWIP alloy microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate an enhanced corrosion attack for the TMP high-Mn TWIP steel.

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Bastidas, David M., Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch, and Ulises Martin. "Corrosion Mechanisms of High-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels: A Critical Review." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020287.

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Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have higher strength and ductility than conventional steels. Deformation mechanisms producing twins that prevent gliding and stacking of dislocations cause a higher ductility than that of steel grades with the same strength. TWIP steels are considered to be within the new generation of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). However, some aspects, such as the corrosion resistance and performance in service of TWIP steel materials, need more research. Application of TWIP steels in the automotive industry requires a proper investigation of corrosion behavior and corrosion mechanisms, which would indicate the optimum degree of protection and the possible decrease in costs. In general, Fe−Mn-based TWIP steel alloys can passivate in oxidizing acid, neutral, and basic solutions, however they cannot passivate in reducing acid or active chloride solutions. TWIP steels have become as a potential material of interest for automotive applications due to their effectiveness, impact resistance, and negligible harm to the environment. The mechanical and corrosion performance of TWIP steels is subjected to the manufacturing and processing steps, like forging and casting, elemental composition, and thermo-mechanical treatment. Corrosion of TWIP steels caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors has posed a serious problem for their use. Passivity breakdown caused by pitting, and galvanic corrosion due to phase segregation are widely described and their critical mechanisms examined. Numerous studies have been performed to study corrosion behavior and passivation of TWIP steel. Despite the large number of articles on corrosion, few comprehensive reports have been published on this topic. The current trend for development of corrosion resistance TWIP steel is thoroughly studied and represented, showing the key mechanisms and factors influencing corrosion processes, and its consequences on TWIP steel. In addition, suggestions for future works and gaps in the literature are considered.

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8

Jung, Jong-Ku, Oh-Yeon Lee, Young-Koo Park, Dong-Eun Kim, and Kwang-Geun Jin. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of High Mn TRIP/TWIP Steels." Korean Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 7 (July 27, 2008): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2008.18.7.394.

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9

Hernández-Belmontes, Humberto, Ignacio Mejía, and Cuauhtémoc Maldonado. "Ab Initio Study of Weldability of a High-Manganese Austenitic Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Boron." MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.15.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) currently under development; they are fully austenitic and characterized by twinning as the predominant strengthening mechanism. TWIP steels have high strength and formability with an elongation up to 80%, which allows reduction in automotive components weight and fuel consumption. Since the targeted application field of TWIP steels is the automotive industry, steels need high mechanical performance with good weldability and excellent corrosion resistance. However, there is lack of information about the weldability behavior of these advanced steels. This research work aims to study the weldability of a new generation of high-Mn austenitic TWIP steels microalloyed with B. Weldability was examined using spot welds produced by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Microstructural changes were examined using light optical metallography. Segregation of elements in the weld joint was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron-Dispersive Spectroscopy; while the hardness properties were examined with Vickers microhardness testing (HV25). Experimental results show that the welded joint microstructure consists of austenitic dendritic grains in the fusion zone, and equiaxed grains in the heat affected zone. Notably, the boron microalloyed TWIP steel exhibited poor weldability, showing hot cracking. Additionally, the studied TWIP steels showed a high degree of segregation in the fusion zone; Mn and Si segregated into the interdendritic regions, while Al and C preferentially segregated in dendritic areas. Finally, the welded joints of the TWIP steels showed microhardness values lower than the base material. In general, the present TWIP steels have problems of weldability, which are corroborated with microstructural changes, elements segregation and microhardness loss.

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Tewary, NK, SK Ghosh, and S. Chatterjee. "Deformation behaviour of low carbon high Mn twinning-induced plasticity steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217730440.

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The present study deals with the deformation behaviour of low carbon and high manganese twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel (Fe–21Mn–3Si–3Al–0.06C, wt%) through microstructural investigation. Low carbon with high manganese along with the addition of aluminium in TWIP steel results in lowering of specific weight with higher strain hardening due to the formation of mechanical twins during deformation. The full austenite phase is obtained after solution treatment and deformation twins appear and austenite grains become flattened during application of 10% to 50% cold deformation. The annealing twins are relatively coarser compared to the newly formed deformation twins. With the increasing amount of cold deformation, deformation twins and dislocation density are increased. Deformation twinning can be considered to be the dominant deformation mechanism during the course of cold rolling applied in the present study. The cold deformation results in the evolution of dislocation substructure, stacking faults, deformation twins and twin–dislocation interaction, which may be correlated with the lower stacking fault energy (∼24 mJ/m2) of the investigated steel. Excellent combination of strength and ductility has been obtained in the present TWIP steel with a small rolling reduction of 10% and 30%. With the increasing amount of cold deformation, tensile strength notably increases and maximum tensile strength is obtained at 50% cold-deformed sample along with the diminutive sacrifice of the ductility.

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11

Li, Shiqi, Jianhua Liu, Hongbo Liu, Changling Zhuang, Jian Liu, and Zhibiao Han. "Study on High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Fe-Mn-Si-Al TWIP Steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, no. 5 (May 24, 2017): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0144.

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AbstractThe high-temperature mechanical properties of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel with 0.05 % C, 25 % Mn, 3 % Al, 3 % Si have been investigated using the GLEEBLE 3500 machine. The result shows that the zero ductility temperature and the zero strength temperature of the TWIP steel are measured at 1,225 °C and 1,275 °C, respectively. The brittleness temperature interval I is from 1,200 °C to the melting point, and the brittleness temperature interval III is from 650 °C to 800 °C. The tensile fracture has been examined using the scanning electron microscope, optical microscope and electron backscatter diffraction to determine the fracture mechanisms. The result shows that the twin is not the main influencing factor of the high-temperature plasticity of TWIP steel. Instead, the degree of dynamic recrystallization determines its high-temperature plasticity. A small number of AlN particles are found near the fractures, but these particles are so coarse, therefore, have no influence on the brittle fracture, and ferrite transformation and work hardening are the main reasons that cause the brittle fracture.

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12

Liu, Hai Jun, Ding Yi Zhu, Xian Peng, Zhen Ming Hu, and Ming Jie Wang. "Dynamic Strain Aging in the Fe-Mn-Cu-C TWIP Steels." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.861.

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Strain rate jump tests were performed on the Fe-Mn-Cu-C TWIP Steels to determine the strain rate sensitivity, and serrated plastic flow was observed in the stress-strain curves during tensile tests at different constant strain rates ranging from 2.5×10-4S-1 to 2.5×10-2S-1. The Fe-Mn-Cu-C TWIP Steels exhibit high work hardening rate and outstanding mechanical properties, The excellent mechanical properties are attributed to dynamic strain aging(DSA) effect, which result from the interaction between Mn(Cu)-C atom atmosphere, C-vacancy, C-C pairs and moving dislocations.

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13

Hamada, A. S., L. P. Karjalainen, and J. Puustinen. "Fatigue behavior of high-Mn TWIP steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 517, no. 1-2 (August 2009): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.03.039.

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Chen, L., J. K. Kim, S. K. Kim, G. S. Kim, K. G. Chin, and B. C. De Cooman. "Stretch-Flangeability of High Mn TWIP steel." steel research international 81, no. 7 (July 29, 2010): 552–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000044.

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15

Kang, Mihyun, Wan Chuck Woo, Vyacheslav Em, Young Kook Lee, and Baek Seok Seong. "In Situ Neutron Diffraction Measurements of the Deformation Behavior in High Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 772 (November 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.73.

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Deformation behavior of high Mn TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steels was observed using neutron diffraction. Two kinds of specimens were prepared; 0 and 2 wt% of Al TWIP steels. The lattice strains and peak widths of hkl grains were measured under tensile loading. The results provide an insight into the influence of the Al contents on the deformation behavior associated with the microstructure changes in TWIP steels.

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De las Cuevas, Fernando, and Javier Gil Sevillano. "Pérdida de ductilidad debido a la descarburación y pérdida de Mn de un acero TWIP de tamaño de grano grosero." Revista de Metalurgia 53, no. 4 (December 18, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.109.

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Se ha observado una clara transición de la ductilidad a tracción con el tamaño de grano D del orden 15 μm - 20 μm (1,50 μm ≤ D < 50 μm) en un acero TWIP, 22% de Mn, 0,6% de C (% en masa). Este comportamiento es una combinación de un efecto intrínseco del tamaño de grano D en la resistencia y el endurecimiento por deformación del material, con un efecto extrínseco, proceso de descarburación superficial y pérdida de Mn ocurrido durante los tratamientos de recocido a T ≥ 1000 ºC. En el presente trabajo se ha estudiado en profundidad este efecto extrínseco sucedido en el acero TWIP. Se han realizado análisis por GDOES (Espectroscopia Óptica de Descarga Luminiscente) para estudiar cuantitativamente los perfiles de concentración de C y Mn. La profundidad de descarburación superficial se ha modelizado usando la teoría de Birks-Jackson. Se ha observado vía ferritoscopio que, en el volumen descarburizado, coexisten dos microconstituyentes: α’-martensita y γ-austenita. La ductilidad del acero TWIP de tamaño de grano grosero, sometido a altas temperaturas y largos tiempos de recocido, disminuye como consecuencia de la formación de α’-martensita y γ-austenita menos estable con menor energía de defectos de apilamiento, EDA, debido a la pérdida de Mn en el volumen descarburizado.

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Idrissi, H., K. Renard, L. Ryelandt, D. Schryvers, and P. J. Jacques. "On the mechanism of twin formation in Fe–Mn–C TWIP steels." Acta Materialia 58, no. 7 (April 2010): 2464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.12.032.

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Bosch, Juan, Ulises Martin, Willian Aperador, José M. Bastidas, Jacob Ress, and David M. Bastidas. "Corrosion Behavior of High-Mn Austenitic Fe–Mn–Al–Cr–C Steels in NaCl and NaOH Solutions." Materials 14, no. 2 (January 16, 2021): 425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14020425.

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The corrosion behavior of austenitic Fe–Mn–Al–Cr–C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) and microband-induced plasticity (MBIP) steels with different alloying elements ranging from 22.6–30 wt.% Mn, 5.2–8.5 wt.% Al, 3.1–5.1 wt.% Cr, to 0.68–1.0 wt.% C was studied in 3.5 wt.% NaCl (pH 7) and 10 wt.% NaOH (pH 14) solutions. The results obtained using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, alongside optical microscopy analysis, revealed pitting as the dominant corrosion mechanism in high-Mn TWIP steels. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the surface revealed that the main corrosion products were hematite (Fe2O3), braunite (Mn2O3), and hausmannite (Mn3O4), and binary oxide spinels were also identified, such as galaxite (MnAl2O4) and jacobsite (MnFe2O4). This is due to the higher dissolution rate of Fe and Mn, which present a more active redox potential. In addition, a protective Al2O3 passive film was also revealed, showing enhanced corrosion protection. The highest corrosion susceptibility in both electrolytes was exhibited by the MBIP steel (30 wt.% Mn). Pitting corrosion was observed in both chloride and alkaline solutions.

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Hamada, A. S., and L. P. Karjalainen. "Hot ductility behaviour of high-Mn TWIP steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 3 (January 2011): 1819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.030.

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20

Yang, Yang, Chun Fu Li, and Kai Hong Song. "Effect of Strain Rate on the Microstructures and Properties of Hot–Rolled TWIP Steel in the Solution Condition." Advanced Materials Research 430-432 (January 2012): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.430-432.256.

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TWIP steel containing 0.21% C, 24.4% Mn, 0.9% Si, 1.84% Al, 4.61% Cr, 1.89% Ni, 0.41% Mo and 0.012% Nb was investigated. Tensile tests of this steel were performed in the strain rate range of 10−4–10−3 s−1. Results indicate that tensile properties of TWIP steel at room temperature are sensitive to strain rate in the studied range. Analyses on the relationship between strain–hardening exponent and strain rates show that the formation of twins during deformation greatly affects the strain–hardening behavior of TWIP steels.

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21

Guo, Peng Cheng, Shuai Liu, Peng Hui Ma, Jiang Ying Meng, Fu Cheng Zhang, and Li He Qian. "Fatigue Deformation Behavior of Fe-Mn-C-(Al) TWIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1524.

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The effects of Al on the monotonic deformation behavior of Fe-Mn-C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels have been extensively investigated; however, how the addition of Al affects the fatigue properties of these steels is unknown. The present paper deals with the cyclic deformation properties of Fe-22Mn-0.6C-0Al and Fe-22Mn-0.6C-3Al steels by means of total strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue tests. The total strain amplitude ranges from 0.002 to 0.01. The evolved microstructures of fatigued samples were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results show that the addition of Al has a significant effect on the cyclic deformation behavior, fatigue lifetime and evolved microstructure of Fe-Mn-C TWIP steel.

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Hernández-Belmontes, H., I. Mejía, V. García-García, and C. Maldonado. "Heat Input Effect on the Microstructure of Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Welded Joints Through the GTAW Process." MRS Advances 3, no. 64 (2018): 3949–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.597.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are an excellent alternative in the design of structural components for the automotive industry. The TWIP steels application allows weight reduction, maintaining the performance of vehicles. Nowadays the research works focused on TWIP steel weldability are relative scarce. It is well-known that weldability is one of the main limitations for industrial application of TWIP steel. The main goal of this research work was studied the effect of heat input on the microstructural changes generated in a TWIP steel microalloyed with Ti. A pair of welds were performed through Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process. The GTAW process was carried out without filler material, using Direc Current Electrode Negative (DCEN), tungsten electrode EWTh-2 and Ar as shielding gas. The microstructure and average grain size in the fusion (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) were determined by light optical metallography (LOM). Elements segregation in the FZ was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis (EPMA) by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Phase transformations were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the hardness were measured by means of Vickers microhardness testing (HV500). The results show that the FZ is characterized by a dendritic solidification pattern. Meanwhile, the HAZ presented equiaxed grains in both weld joints. On the other hand, the TWIP-Ti steel weldments did not present austenite phase transformations. Nevertheless, the FZ exhibited variations in the chemical elements distribution (Mn, Al, Si and C), which were higher as the heat input increases. Finally, the heat input reduced the microhardness of TWIP-Ti steel weld joints. Although post-welding hardness recovery was detected, which is associated with precipitation of Ti second-phase particles.

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Dai, Yong Juan, Bo Li, Hao En Ma, and Chi Zhang. "Influence of Carbon on the Stacking Fault Energy and Deformation Mechanics of Fe-Mn-C System Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 710 (January 2015): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.710.9.

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Fe-Mn-C alloys with different carbon content were investigated. It was found that carbon element effected the SFE of the Fe-Mn-C alloys seriously, SFE increases with increase of carbon concentration. Fe-Mn-C alloys' deformation mechanisms, with SFE increase from 9.04 mJ.m-2to 39.99 mJ.m-2, turn transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect into twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect with carbon concentration increase from 0.16% to 0.98%.

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Bracke, Lieven, and Nieves Cabañas-Poy. "Recrystallisation Behaviour of an Fe-Mn-C-Si-Al TWIP." Materials Science Forum 715-716 (April 2012): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.715-716.649.

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The static recrystallisation behaviour of cold rolled and annealed TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels is important for its industrial production. The recrystallisation kinetics have been determined for an Fe-Mn-C-Si-Al TWIP steel using hardness measurements and microstructure analysis: it has been shown that recrystallisation progresses rapidly with increased annealing temperature. Recrystallisation was faster at higher cold reductions, and a smaller final grain size was observed at lower annealing temperatures. This indicates that the mechanism is nucleation dominated at lower temperatures; grain growth at higher temperatures appears similar for all reductions. The recrystallisation results in a crystallographic texture where the main components of the cold rolling texture are preserved in the final texture after annealing, although some randomisation was observed.

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Dai, Yong Juan, and Zhen Li Mi. "Influence of Carbon on Mechanical Behavior of Fe-Mn-C System Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 1469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1469.

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Fe-Mn-C alloys with different carbon content were developed as automobile sheet. Their mechanical properties were studies after hot rolled-cold rolled-different temperature annealed. It was found that carbon element effected mechanical behavior of Fe-Mn-C system alloys seriously. With carbon element increasing its deformation mechanisms turned transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect into twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. Then the Fe-Mn-C alloys with different carbon content showed different mechanical behavior and different microstructure characterization.

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Chen, Lei, Jin Kyung Kim, Sung Kyu Kim, Kwang Geun Chin, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "On the Stretch-Flangeability of High Mn TWIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.278.

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Edge stretching is an important formability issue when it comes to apply sheet steels to automotive industry. Anisotropy, strain hardening and toughness are closely related to hole expansion properties. In this paper, hole expansion properties of a high Mn fully austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel are compared with three other types of single-phase sheet steels. The effects of r-value, n-value, m-value and post-uniform elongation on the edge stretch-flangeability are discussed. It was found that the post-uniform elongation and the strain rate sensitivity have a pronounced effect on hole expansion properties.

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27

Gong, Yong Feng, Han Soo Kim, Sung Kyu Kim, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Selective Oxidation and Sub-Surface Phase Transformation during Austenitic Annealing of TWIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.258.

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The selective oxidation of Al-free and Al-added Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels during full austenitic annealing at 800°C in N2+10%H2 atmosphere at a dew point of -17°C was investigated by means of HR-TEM of FIB cross-sectional samples. For Al-free TWIP steel, a dense MnO layer was formed on the surface. Crystalline c-xMnO.SiO2(x2) particles and amorphous a-xMnO.SiO2(x<0.9) particles were found at the MnO layer/steel matrix interface. In the subsurface, Mn depletion resulted in the transformation of the austenite to the ferrite phase in a narrow zone. For Al-added TWIP steel, a continuous outer MnO layer and a transition layer consisting of amorphous a-xMnO.SiO2(x<0.9) and crystalline c-MnO.Al2O3(0.8<x<1.2) were formed. The interface between the a-xMnO.SiO2(x<0.9) and c-MnO.Al2O3(0.8<x<1.2) layers had rough structure and 20~50nm diameter voids were formed at the interface. Meanwhile, a narrow Mn-depleted ferrite layer was also formed in the subsurface. The void formation is very likely related to Kirkendall effect occurring during the oxides formation. The thick MnO layer and the voids constitute major challenges to the successful hot dip galvanization of TWIP steels in industrial HDG lines.

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Wang, Menghu, Xiaokai Liang, Wubin Ren, Shuai Tong, and Xinjun Sun. "Effect of Mn Content on the Toughness and Plasticity of Hot-Rolled High-Carbon Medium Manganese Steel." Materials 16, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16062299.

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The tensile and impact deformation behavior of three different Mn content test steels, xMn-1.0C-0.25V-1.5Cr-0.3Mo (5, 8 and 13 wt%), were investigated using mechanical properties testing, SEM-EBSD and TEM. The elongation and −20 °C impact energy of the three types of Mn content test steels increased as the Mn content increased. The room temperature tensile elongation was 9%, 23% and 81%, and the −20 °C impact energy was 9 J, 99 J and 241 J, respectively. The fracture morphologies of 5 Mn and 8 Mn were found to be cleavage fractures with secondary cracks and micro-voids. The 13 Mn fracture morphology was a plastic fracture with many coarse dimples. Transverse cracks perpendicular to the tensile direction occurred on the surface of the gauge area of 5 Mn and 8 Mn tensile specimens, reducing plasticity dramatically. This was mainly related to the martensitic transformation produced by stress. We characterized the martensite near the tensile fracture and speculated the main mode of crack propagation. Furthermore, a little amount of sharp-shaped BCC phase was found in the 5 Mn, which was determined to be a hard phase relative to the austenite matrix by nanoindentation test. These steels have stacking fault energies ranging from ~15 to ~29 mJ/m2 with increasing Mn content 13 Mn has high stacking fault energy (SFE) and austenite stability. Twin-induced plasticity (TWIP) was the deformation mechanism.

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Wu, Yan Xin, Di Tang, Zhen Li Mi, and Hai Tao Jiang. "The Static Recrystallization Behavior of Fe-Mn-Si-Al Series TWIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.419.

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he softening and static recrystallization behavior of typical Fe-Mn-Si-Al series TWIP steel between high temperature deformation passes was investigated by two-pass hot compress deformation experiments on Gleeble-3500 thermal simulated test machine. The dynamic model of static recrystallization was built according to the experimental results. The investigation of the effects of deformation temperature, deformation rate and pre-deformation shows that deformation rate is the most effective parameter, and the increase of deformation and pre-deformation can also promote the static recrystallization. The calculated static recrystallization activation energy of TWIP steel is about 147kJ/mol through the dynamic equation built. The results of model predict conform to the experimental results.

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Razavi, Gholam Reza, and Hossein Monajati. "Corrosion Behavior of TWIP Steels in 3.5% NaCl Solution." Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (January 2012): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.334.

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TWIP steels are high Mn (17-35%) austenitic steels having strength and ductility concurrently. This makes them suitable for applications that need high strength and ductility like gas tanks and oil platforms. To these applications corrosion resistance of these steel is also of paramount importance and needs to be noticed. This was achieved by two usual methods of weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization of the samples, after that they casted and hot rolled in experimental scale. The observed corrosion pits are related to the chemical composition. It is connected with the high dissolution rate of Mn and Fe atoms in NaCl solution. Fractographic analyses of samples revealed corrosion products on their surface in a form of pits with diversified size.

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31

Ueji, Rintaro, Kenji Harada, Noriyuki Tsuchida, and Kazutoshi Kunishige. "High Speed Deformation of Ultrafine Grained TWIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.107.

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Tensile properties of twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels (31%Mn-3%Al-3%Si-Fe) with various mean grain sizes ranging from ultrafine grain size (1.1μm) to conventional one (35.5μm) at a wide range of strain rates from 10-3sec-1 to 103sec-1 were studied. The ultrafine grained TWIP steel exhibits a large work hardening and keeps an adequate elongation at any strain rate. The strength held to the Hall-Petch relationship at each strain rate and the Hall-Petch slopes do not change largely.

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32

Mercado, V. H., I. Mejía, and A. Bedolla-Jacuinde. "Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of a High-Mn Austenitic Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Ti." MRS Proceedings 1765 (2015): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.807.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn austenitic twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are the object of intense worldwide scientific study due to the promising combination of strength and ductility of these alloys. Mechanical behavior of this family of new generation steels has been extensively studied recently. However, limited information regarding their tribological properties is available in the literature. The aim of this research work is to study the wear behavior of a high-Mn austenitic Fe–20Mn–1.5Si–1.5Al–0.4C TWIP steel microalloyed with Ti. The wear behavior was evaluated under dry sliding condition by the ‘‘pin-on-ring’’ method. For this purpose, solution-treated samples were worn for 10 km against a counterface disc made of hardened AISI M2 steel, under loads of 52, 103 and 154 N, and at speeds of 0.20, 0.60 and 0.86 m/s. The wear resistance was evaluated from the average wear rate. Wear debris and worn surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The Ti addition to TWIP steel slightly improved the wear resistance particularly at a speed of 0.86 m/s and at loads of 52 and 103 N. Results show that the wear resistance increases with increasing sliding speed. This is attributed to the formation of an oxide layer acting as a protective layer against wear, which suggests that the main wear mechanism for the studied TWIP steel under these conditions is oxidative.

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33

Mejía, I., H. Hernández-Belmontes, and C. Maldonado. "Weldability of High-Mn Austenitic Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Nb." MRS Advances 2, no. 62 (2017): 3899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.108.

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ABSTRACTThe objective of this research work is to study the weldability of a Nb microalloyed TWIP steel through welding nuggets generated by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding process. Weldability was examined by microstructural changes in the fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ) using light optical metallography (LOM), segregation in the nuggets was evaluated using elemental mappings of chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), phase transformations were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the hardness properties were examined using Vickers microhardness testing (HV25). Experimental results show that microstructure of welding nuggets consists of austenitic dendritic grains in the FZ and equiaxed grains in the HAZ. FZ width and HAZ grain growth tend to increase as the heat input increases. Additionally, the studied Nb-containing TWIP steel showed segregation in the FZ, where Mn and Si segregated in the interdendritic regions, while Al and C preferentially segregated in dendritic areas. In general, the data obtained by XRD indicated that GTAW process did not affect austenite stability. Finally, the welding nuggets of studied TWIP steel showed lower microhardness values than the as-solution condition (starting condition). However, the heat affected zone showed hardened areas, which are associated with NbC precipitation hardening.

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34

Podany, P., M. Koukolikova, T. Kubina, R. Prochazka, and A. Franc. "Fe-Mn(Al, Si) TWIP steel – strengthening characteristics and weldability." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 179 (February 2017): 012057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/179/1/012057.

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35

Lee, Dong Bok, and Poonam Yadav. "Oxidation of High Mn TWIP Steels in Reheating Furnace Conditions." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 53, no. 12 (December 5, 2015): 859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2015.53.12.859.

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36

van Tol, R. T., J. K. Kim, L. Zhao, J. Sietsma, and B. C. De Cooman. "α′-Martensite formation in deep-drawn Mn-based TWIP steel." Journal of Materials Science 47, no. 12 (March 17, 2012): 4845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-012-6345-y.

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37

Haase, Christian, Luis Antonio Barrales-Mora, Dmitri A. Molodov, and Günter Gottstein. "Application of Texture Analysis for Optimizing Thermo-Mechanical Treatment of a High Mn TWIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.213.

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A recently introduced processing route consisting of cold rolling and recovery annealing allows the production of TWIP steels with high yield strength along with appreciable uniform elongation due to the thermal stability of mechanically induced nanoscale twins. A wide range of strength-ductility combinations was obtained using recovery and recrystallization annealing of 30%, 40%, and 50% cold-rolled Fe-23Mn-1.5Al-0.3C TWIP steel. Texture measurement during cold rolling and annealing was proven to be a suitable tool to determine the optimal deformation degree and annealing time for this processing method. As a consequence, texture analysis can be used to predict the final materials properties.

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38

Mijangos, D., I. Mejía, and J. M. Cabrera. "Characterization of inclusions and second-phase particles in high-Mn TWIP steels microalloyed with Ti, Ti/B, Nb, V and Mo, in as-solutioned condition." MRS Advances 5, no. 59-60 (2020): 3023–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.389.

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AbstractIn recent years there has been an increase in the field of research of advanced steels that have excellent mechanical properties combining high strength with excellent ductility. Within this range of advanced steels are the stable austenitic phase steels at room temperature of twinning induced plasticity known as TWIP. An important aspect to highlight about TWIP steels is their addition with different microalloying elements, generally less than 0.20 wt. %, which are forming precipitated phases such as carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, and directly or indirectly control and/or modify microstructure and mechanical properties in these steels. Microalloying elements can cause a higher degree of hardening due to the formation of precipitates and grain refinement. The present research work studies the inclusions and second-phase particles formed in Fe–21Mn–1.3Si–1.6Al TWIP steels microalloyed with Ti, Nb, V, Mo and Ti/B in as-solution condition. TWIP steels melted in induction furnace were homogenized and hot-rolled at 1200 °C with reduction of 60 %. Subsequently, rolled plates were solubilized at 1100 °C followed by water quench. Thermodynamics-based predictions of inclusions and second-phases of different TWIP steels were carried out using JMatPro®V.9.1.2. Metallographic characterization was carried out by light optical and scanning electron microscopies (LOM, SEM), while second-phase particles characterization was performed using energy dispersion spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Also, Vickers microhardness tests were carried out in accordance to ASTM E92 standard. In general, results showed the formation of inclusions of AlN and MnS at higher temperatures, which act as nuclei points for the precipitation particles of each type of microalloying element (TiN, TiC, Nb (C, N), VC and MoC) at lower temperatures. The studied TWIP steels exhibit similar microhardness values, since the microalloying elements are mostly dissolved in solid solution. The TWIP steels microalloyed with V and Ti exhibited the highest microhardness values.

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39

Llanos, L., B. Pereda, B. López, and J. M. Rodriguez-Ibabe. "Modelling the Static Recrystallization Kinetics of Microalloyed TWIP Steels with Different Alloying Contents." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1465.

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During hot rolling, austenite recrystallization determines the grain size evolution and the extent of strain accumulation, and therefore, it can be used to tailor the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final product. However, at the moment, models describing the recrystallization kinetics of high-Mn steels are scarce and they do not take into account the effect of the alloying elements present in these steels. The aim of this work is to provide a quantitative model for the determination of the static recrystallization kinetics valid for a wide range of high-Mn steel compositions. Softening data determined for steels with different Mn (20 to 30%), Al (0 to 1.5%) and C (0.2 to 1%) levels at different strain, strain-rate and temperature conditions were analyzed. Static recrystallization of the investigated high-Mn steels follow Avrami’s law, with n Avrami exponents which are temperature dependent and lower than those determined for low C steels. A dependence of the t0.5 (time for 50% fractional softening) on the carbon content has been also observed and it was incorporated into an equation for the calculation of this parameter.

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40

Peng, Ru Lin, Xiao Peng Liu, Yan Dong Wang, Shu Yan Zhang, Yong Feng Shen, and Sten Johansson. "In-Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of the Deformation Behaviour of Two High-Manganese Austenitic Steels." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.474.

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In-situ neutron diffraction experiments under tensile loading were carried out to study the micromechanical behaviour of two iron-manganese based steels, a TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steel with 30 wt% Mn and a TRIP steel (transformation induced plasticity) with 20 wt% Mn. The former was loaded to 31.3% strain and the latter to 20% strain. The 30 wt.% Mn steel had a fully austenitic microstructure which remained stable over the loading range studied, while stress induced austenite to α´- and ε-martensite transformations occur in the 20 wt.% Mn steel which initially contained an α´-martensite in addition to the austenite. The evolution of lattice strains under tensile loading differs between the two steels, reflected their different plastic deformation mechanisms. A stronger grain-orientation dependent behaviour is observed during deformation for the 20 wt.% Mn in contrast to the 30wt.% Mn steel.

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41

Solana Reyes, Yadira, JOSE ANGEL RAMOS BANDERAS, PEDRO GARNICA GONZALEZ, and Alondra Jacqueline BOCANEGRA HUERAMO. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN HIGH STRENGHT STEEL (AHSS) WITH MEDIUM MN CONTENT IN TWO ROLLING CONDITIONS: HOT AND WARM." DYNA 98, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10895.

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The microstructure before intercritical annealing of an AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel) with medium Mn content plays an important role in the final mechanical properties, since the transformations occurring during annealing modify phases, composition, and morphology. The microstructural changes that occur during intercritical annealing treatment of a medium Mn steel were examined. Two starting material comes from different conditions, hot rolling at 1200°C and warm rolling (initial rolling at 1200°C and subsequent at 680°C). The mechanical properties were related to the transformation phenomena that occur in these steels, mainly TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) and TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) effects. The transformations were verified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and X-RD (X-Ray Diffraction). Tensile strength values of 1111 MPa and 17% elongation were obtained by hot rolling route. For the warm rolling route, 35% deformation and a tensile strength of 1357 MPa were obtained. The strain hardening curve was analyzed, showing the presence of the TWIP effect subsequently "saw" behavior related to the discontinuous TRIP effect. The mechanic properties values are related to the difference in morphology phases present. An acicular morphology of a/? (ferrite/austenite) provides a higher value of tensile strength, but low elongation percentage, and a mixture of lamellar and globular morphologies, provides an optimized combination of strength and ductility. Key words: AHSS, medium manganese steel, rolling, heat treatment, discontinuous TRIP effect, TWIP.

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42

Gao, Yong Liang, Shu Qiang Yuan, Yan Lv, Wei Chen, and Shi Lian Hu. "Effect of Strain Rate on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Fe-23Mn-0.6C TWIP Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 1102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.1102.

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Effect of different strain rate on mechanical properties and microstructures of Fe-Mn-C twip steel were studied by dynamic compressed using Gleeble 3500 at room temperature. The results show that Rm and Rp0.2 gradually increase with the strain rate increasing, and the TWIP steel has a strong strain rate effect; The curves of strain hardening rate and true strain have different stage with different strain rate; The mechanism of the deformation behavior was also investigated, it was found that the evolution of microstructure was controlled by dislocation and deformation twins, but the density of dislocation and the appearance of twins were different with increasing strain rate.

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43

Melo, Tulio M. F., Érica Ribeiro, Lorena Dutra, and Dagoberto Brandão Santos. "Low C High Mn Cold Rolled TWIP Steel: Kinetics of Isothermal Recrystallization." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2181.

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The increasing demand, mainly from the automobile industry, for materials which combine high strength, high ductility and low specific weight makes steels with the TWIP (TWinning Induced Plasticity) effect a promising material to meet these requirements. This work aimed to study the kinetics of isothermal recrystallization of a TWIP steel (C-0.06%, Mn-25%, Al-3%, Si-2%, and Ni-1%) after cold rolling. The steel was hot and cold-rolled and then annealed at 700°C with soaking times ranging from 10 to 7200 s. Microstructural analysis was performed using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, quantitative metallography was performed in order to evaluate the recrystallized volume fraction and grain size. A JMAK based model was applied to describe the nucleation grain growth process. The restoration of the steel was also evaluated by microhardness tests. A complete recrystallization after 7200 s at 700°C was observed. It was found that with increasing annealing times, the recrystallized volume fraction also increases, while the nucleation and growth rates decrease, in agreement with the results for plain carbon steels.

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44

Koyama, Motomichi, Takahiro Sawaguchi, and Kaneaki Tsuzaki. "TWIP Effect and Plastic Instability Condition in an Fe-Mn-C Austenitic Steel." Tetsu-to-Hagane 98 (2012): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.98.229.

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45

Kalsar, Rajib, and Satyam Suwas. "Texture evolution in medium Mn containing TWIP steel: Experiments and Simulation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 375 (June 2018): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/375/1/012020.

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46

Tewary, N. K., S. K. Ghosh, D. Chakrabarti, and S. Chatterjee. "Deformation behaviour of a low carbon high Mn TWIP/TRIP steel." Materials Science and Technology 35, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 1483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1630087.

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47

Ding, S. X., C. P. Chang, J. F. Tu, and K. C. Yang. "Microstructure and tensile behaviour of 15–24 wt-%Mn TWIP steels." Materials Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (September 2013): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284713y.0000000251.

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48

Dai, Yong-juan, Di Tang, Zhen-li Mi, and Jian-chong LÜ. "Microstructure Characteristics of an Fe-Mn-C TWIP Steel After Deformation." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 17, no. 9 (September 2010): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(10)60142-2.

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49

Lan, Peng, Haiyan Tang, and Jiaquan Zhang. "Hot ductility of high alloy Fe–Mn–C austenite TWIP steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 660 (April 2016): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.02.086.

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50

Kalsar, Rajib, and Satyam Suwas. "Deformation mechanisms during large strain deformation of high Mn TWIP steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 700 (July 2017): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.05.039.

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