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Journal articles on the topic 'Mn TWIP/TRIP Steels'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Jung, Jong-Ku, Oh-Yeon Lee, Young-Koo Park, Dong-Eun Kim, and Kwang-Geun Jin. "Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of High Mn TRIP/TWIP Steels." Korean Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 7 (July 27, 2008): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2008.18.7.394.

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2

Wang, Li Hui, Di Tang, Hai Tao Jiang, Ji Bin Liu, and Yu Chen. "Effects of Different Manganese Content on Microstructures and Properties of TWIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.254.

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By analysis of TWIP Steels with different manganese content, the results showed that the microstructures and properties had been changed with different Mn content. The elongation of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn was high for 55.5 % and n value of that reached to 0.360. When Mn content of the tested steel was 17.9%, the yield and tensile strength were higher and its elongation was lower for the tested steel than that of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn. The microstructures of the tested steel with high Mn content were austenite before and after being stretched at room temperature. Mn content was decreased and the microstructure of the tested steel after being stretched had a small amount of martensite transformation at room temperature. That is to say, double effect with TWIP and TRIP had occurred, but TWIP effect was dominant. TWIP effect increased plasticity and strain hardening capacity to improve formability. TRIP effect was mainly to improve strength so as to further attain the strength of the tested steel.

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3

Campagnoli, Elena, Paolo Matteis, Giovanni M. M. Mortarino, and Giorgio Scavino. "Thermal Diffusivity of Traditional and Innovative Sheet Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.893.

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The low carbon steels, used for the production of car bodies by deep drawing, are gradually substituted by high strength steels for vehicle weight reduction. The drawn car body components are joined by welding and the welded points undergo a reduction of the local tensile strength. In developing an accurate welding process model, able to optimized process parameters and to predict the final local microstructure, a significant improvement can be given by the knowledge of the welded steels thermal diffusivity at different temperatures. The laser-flash method has been used to compare the thermal diffusivity of two traditional deep drawing steels, two high strength steels already in common usage, i.e. a Dual Phase (DP) steel and a TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel, and one experimental high-Mn austenitic TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steel. The low carbon steels, at low temperatures, have a thermal diffusivity that is 4-5 times larger than the TWIP steel. Their thermal diffusivity decreases by increasing temperature while the TWIP steel shows an opposite behaviour, albeit with a lesser slope, so that above 700°C the TWIP thermal diffusivity is larger. The different behaviour of the TWIP steel in respect to the ferritic deep drawing steels arises from its non ferro-magnetic austenitic structure. The DP and TRIP steels show intermediate values, their diffusivity being lower than that of the traditional deep drawing steels; this latter fact probably arises from their higher alloy content and more complex microstructure.

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4

Borek, Wojciech, Małgorzata Czaja, Krzysztof Labisz, Tomasz Tański, Mariusz Krupiński, and Stanislav Rusz. "High Manganese Austenitic X6MnSiAlNbTi26-3-3 Steel - Characteristic, Structures and Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.18.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel with various structures after their thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese steel provides an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms. TWIP steels not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity TRIP steels. The microstructure evolution in successive stages of deformation was determined in metallographic investigations using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies as well as X-ray diffraction methods.

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5

Peng, Ru Lin, Xiao Peng Liu, Yan Dong Wang, Shu Yan Zhang, Yong Feng Shen, and Sten Johansson. "In-Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of the Deformation Behaviour of Two High-Manganese Austenitic Steels." Materials Science Forum 681 (March 2011): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.681.474.

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In-situ neutron diffraction experiments under tensile loading were carried out to study the micromechanical behaviour of two iron-manganese based steels, a TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steel with 30 wt% Mn and a TRIP steel (transformation induced plasticity) with 20 wt% Mn. The former was loaded to 31.3% strain and the latter to 20% strain. The 30 wt.% Mn steel had a fully austenitic microstructure which remained stable over the loading range studied, while stress induced austenite to α´- and ε-martensite transformations occur in the 20 wt.% Mn steel which initially contained an α´-martensite in addition to the austenite. The evolution of lattice strains under tensile loading differs between the two steels, reflected their different plastic deformation mechanisms. A stronger grain-orientation dependent behaviour is observed during deformation for the 20 wt.% Mn in contrast to the 30wt.% Mn steel.

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6

Solana Reyes, Yadira, JOSE ANGEL RAMOS BANDERAS, PEDRO GARNICA GONZALEZ, and Alondra Jacqueline BOCANEGRA HUERAMO. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN HIGH STRENGHT STEEL (AHSS) WITH MEDIUM MN CONTENT IN TWO ROLLING CONDITIONS: HOT AND WARM." DYNA 98, no. 5 (September 1, 2023): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10895.

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The microstructure before intercritical annealing of an AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel) with medium Mn content plays an important role in the final mechanical properties, since the transformations occurring during annealing modify phases, composition, and morphology. The microstructural changes that occur during intercritical annealing treatment of a medium Mn steel were examined. Two starting material comes from different conditions, hot rolling at 1200°C and warm rolling (initial rolling at 1200°C and subsequent at 680°C). The mechanical properties were related to the transformation phenomena that occur in these steels, mainly TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) and TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) effects. The transformations were verified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and X-RD (X-Ray Diffraction). Tensile strength values of 1111 MPa and 17% elongation were obtained by hot rolling route. For the warm rolling route, 35% deformation and a tensile strength of 1357 MPa were obtained. The strain hardening curve was analyzed, showing the presence of the TWIP effect subsequently "saw" behavior related to the discontinuous TRIP effect. The mechanic properties values are related to the difference in morphology phases present. An acicular morphology of a/? (ferrite/austenite) provides a higher value of tensile strength, but low elongation percentage, and a mixture of lamellar and globular morphologies, provides an optimized combination of strength and ductility. Key words: AHSS, medium manganese steel, rolling, heat treatment, discontinuous TRIP effect, TWIP.

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7

Mintz, Barrie, and Abdullah Qaban. "The Influence of Precipitation, High Levels of Al, Si, P and a Small B Addition on the Hot Ductility of TWIP and TRIP Assisted Steels: A Critical Review." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 16, 2022): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030502.

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The hot ductility of Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) and Twinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels is reviewed, concentrating on the likelihood of cracking occurring on continuous casting during the straightening operation. In this review, the influence of high levels of Al, Si, P, Mn and C on their hot ductility will be discussed as well as the important role B can play in improving their hot ductility. Of these elements, Al has the worst influence on ductility but a high Al addition is often needed in both TWIP and TRIP steels. AlN precipitates are formed often as thin coatings covering the austenite grain surfaces favouring intergranular failure and making them difficult to continuous cast without cracks forming. Furthermore, with TWIP steels the un-recrystallised austenite, which is the state the austenite is when straightening, suffers from excessive grain boundary sliding, so that the ductility often decreases with increasing temperature, resulting in the RA value being below that needed to avoid cracking on straightening. Fortunately, the addition of B can often be used to remedy the deleterious influence of AlN. The influence of precipitation hardeners (Nb, V and Ti based) in strengthening the room temperature yield strength of these TWIP steels and their influence on hot ductility is also discussed.

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8

Dobrzański, L. A., and W. Borek. "Thermo-mechanical treatment of Fe–Mn–(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 2012): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2012.06.016.

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9

Yang, Ping, Tong-Yan Liu, Fa-Yun Lu, and Li Meng. "Orientation Dependence of Martensitic Transformation in High Mn TRIP/TWIP Steels." steel research international 83, no. 4 (February 13, 2012): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100307.

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10

Kusakin, Pavel, Marina Tikhonova, Andrey Belyakov, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "On Primary Recrystallization of High-Mn Austenitic Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 385 (July 2018): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.385.337.

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The grain refinement is an effective approach to strengthen high-Mn TWIP/TRIP steels. The development of recrystallized microstructure with a grain size of about one micron increases the yield strength of high-Mn steels above 500 MPa. The fine grained microstructures can be easily developed by cold rolling followed by primary recrystallization. The recrystallized grain size can be expressed by a power law function of the strain hardening during the previous cold rolling with an exponent of -2. Taking the dislocation density as the main strengthener, the grain size is an inverse proportion to the dislocation density. Then, the number density of recrystallized grains can be expressed by a power law function of dislocation density evolved during cold rolling with an exponent of about 2.

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11

Ding, Hua, Zheng-You Tang, Wei Li, Mei Wang, and Dan Song. "Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Fe-Mn-(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP Steels." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 13, no. 6 (June 2006): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(06)60113-1.

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12

Grässel, O., L. Krüger, G. Frommeyer, and L. W. Meyer. "High strength Fe–Mn–(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels development — properties — application." International Journal of Plasticity 16, no. 10-11 (January 2000): 1391–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-6419(00)00015-2.

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13

Kozłowska, Aleksandra, Barbara Grzegorczyk, Mateusz Morawiec, and Adam Grajcar. "Explanation of the PLC Effect in Advanced High-Strength Medium-Mn Steels. A Review." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244175.

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The paper reviews the recent works concerning the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect in Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSSs) with a special attention to high-strength medium-manganese steels. Theories explaining the mechanism of the plastic instability phenomenon in steels with medium- and high-Mn contents were discussed. The relationships between microstructural effects such as TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity), TWIP (Twinning-Induced Plasticity) and the PLC effect were characterized. The effects of processing conditions including a deformation state (hot-rolled and cold-rolled) and strain parameters (deformation temperature, strain rate) were addressed. Factors affecting the value of critical strain for the activation of serrated flow behavior in particular in medium-manganese steels were described.

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14

Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek, and Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments on Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.113.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel, containing about 24,5 % of manganese, 1% of silicon, 3 % of aluminium and microadditions Nb and Ti with various structures after their heat- and thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) steel provide an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. TWIP steel not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Results obtained for high-manganese austenitic steel with the properly formed structure and properties in the thermo-mechanical processes indicate the possibility and purposefulness of their employment for constructional elements of vehicles, especially of the passenger cars to take advantage of the significant growth of their strain energy per unit volume which guarantee reserve of plasticity in the zones of controlled energy absorption during possible collision resulting from activation of twinning induced by the cold working as the fracture counteraction factor, which may result in significant growth of the passive safety of these vehicles' passengers.

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15

Ding, Hua, Degang Liu, Minghui Cai, and Yu Zhang. "Austenite-Based Fe-Mn-Al-C Lightweight Steels: Research and Prospective." Metals 12, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101572.

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Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels have been investigated intensely in the last a few years. There are basically four types of Fe-Mn-Al-C steels, ferritic, ferrite-based duplex/triplex (ferrite + austenite, ferrite + austenite + martensite), austenite-based duplex (ferrite + austenite), and single-austenitic. Among these steels, austenite-based lightweight steels generally exhibit high strength, good ductility, and outstanding weight reduction effects. Due to the addition of Al and high C content, κ’-carbide and κ-carbide are prone to form in the austenite grain interior and at grain boundaries of lightweight steels, respectively, and play critical roles in controlling the microstructures and mechanical properties of the steels. The microstructural evolution, strengthening mechanisms, and deformation behaviors of these lightweight steels are quite different from those of the mild conventional steels and TRIP/TWIP steels due to their high stacking fault energies. The relationship between the microstructures and mechanical properties has been widely investigated, and several deformation mechanisms have also been proposed for austenite-based lightweight steels. In this paper, the current research works are reviewed and the prospectives of the austenite-based Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels are discussed.

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16

Sun, Qian, Hong-Shuang Di, Xiao-Nan Wang, Xia-Ming Chen, Xiao-Kang Nie, Dong-Liang Chen, and Jian-Ping Li. "Effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of dissimilar laser welded joints between TWIP and TRIP steels." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019043.

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In this present, the experimental steels were produced by different rolling and heat treatment processes. After that, dissimilar laser tailor welding was carried out with different heat inputs (40, 60 and 100 J/mm2) using IPG YLR 6000 fiber laser with Ar gas shielding. Hitachi SU5000 scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Zeiss Axio Vert.Al optical microscope were used to observe the microstructure of the welded joints after being polished and etched with 4% nital. HV-1000 microhardness tester was used to measure the microhardness of welded joints. Tensile test was carried out using DNS-100 universal material testing equipment, and Erichsen test was conducted using CTM604 Erichsen test machine. Five groups of repeated experiments were selected for the performance test. Tensile fracture surface morphology of welded joint was observed by SEM. The effect of heat input on microstructure and properties of dissimilar welded joints between high manganese TWIP steels and low manganese TRIP steels was studied. The results showed that weld width and penetration were increased and complete penetration was obtained when the heat input increased to 60 J/mm2. With heat input increased, the microstructure of welded seam was more inhomogeneous. The distribution of Mn content in welded seam was inhomogeneous such that columnar/equiaxed austenite was formed in rich Mn zone and lath martensite was formed in barren Mn zone. Heat input had no influence on the microstructure and hardness on the HAZ. The mechanical properties of welded joints of 60 J/mm2 were superior and its strength-ductility balance was greater than TRIP BM (23 GPa%) and was 82% of TWIP BM (36 GPa%). The formability of 60 and 100 J/mm2 was similar.

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17

Yang, Ping, Fa Yun Lu, Tong Yan Liu, Li Meng, and Wei Min Mao. "Crystallographic Behaviors of Uni-Axial Deformed High Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2668.

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High manganese TRIP/TWIP steels with different Mn contents were subjected to uniaxial deformation. The textures, misorientations and orientation relationships were determined in austenite, HCP/BCC martensites and ferrite. It is observed that the mechanically stabilized austenite possesses mainly stable deformation texture, the intermediate HCP martensite possesses mainly unstable tilted basal texture and the BCC martensite possesses stable deformation texture which was actually mixed with transformation texture. Special misorientations due to either the inherence from austenite or due to twins or variant selection were main components in each phase. K-S relationship became much scattered due to slip-induced misorientations both in martensite and in parent austenite.

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18

Bai, Shaobin, Wentao Xiao, Weiqiang Niu, Dazhao Li, and Wei Liang. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of a Medium-Mn Steel with 1.3 GPa-Strength and 40%-Ductility." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092233.

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Steel designs with superior mechanical properties have been urgently needed in automotive industries to achieve energy conservation, increase safety, and decrease weight. In this study, the aging process is employed to enhance the yield strength (YS) by tailoring the distribution of V-rich precipitates and to improve ductility by producing high volume fractions of recrystallized ferrite in cold-rolled medium-Mn steel. A reliable method to acquire ultra-high strength (1.0–1.5 GPa), together with ductility (>40%), is proposed via utilizing non-recrystallized austenite and recrystallized ferrite. Similarly to conventional medium-Mn steels, the TRIP effect, along with the mild TWIP effect, is responsible for the main deformation mechanisms during tensile testing. However, the coupled influence of precipitation strengthening, grain refinement strengthening, and dislocation strengthening contributes to an increase in YS. The studied steel, aged at 650 °C for 5 h, demonstrates a YS of 1078 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1438 MPa, and tensile elongation (TE) of 30%. The studied steel aged at 650 °C for 10 h shows a UTS of 1306 MPa and TE of 42%, resulting in the best product in terms of of UTS and TE, at 55 GPa·%. Such a value surpasses that of the previously reported medium-Mn steels containing equal mass fractions of various microalloying elements.

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19

Leták, Radek, Hana Jirková, Ludmila Kučerová, Štěpán Jeníček, and Josef Volák. "Effect of Forming and Heat Treatment Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Medium Manganese Steel with 5% Mn." Materials 16, no. 12 (June 12, 2023): 4340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124340.

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Medium manganese steels fall into the category of modern third-generation high-strength steels. Thanks to their alloying, they use a number of strengthening mechanisms, such as the TRIP and TWIP effects, to achieve their mechanical properties. The excellent combination of strength and ductility also makes them suitable for safety components in car shells, such as side reinforcements. Medium manganese steel with 0.2% C, 5% Mn, and 3% Al was used for the experimental program. Sheets with a thickness of 1.8 mm without surface treatment were formed in a press hardening tool. Side reinforcements require various mechanical properties in different parts. The change in mechanical properties was tested on the produced profiles. The changes in the tested regions were produced by local heating to an intercritical region. These results were compared with classically annealed specimens in a furnace. In the case of tool hardening, strength limits were over 1450 MPa with a ductility of about 15%.

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20

Kwok, T. W. J., P. Gong, R. Rose, and D. Dye. "The relative contributions of TWIP and TRIP to strength in fine grained medium-Mn steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 855 (October 2022): 143864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.143864.

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21

Torganchuk, Vladimir, Andrey Belyakov, and Rustam Kaibyshev. "Effect of rolling temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of 18%Mn TWIP/TRIP steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 708 (December 2017): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2017.09.122.

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22

Brüx, Udo, Georg Frommeyer, Oliver Grässel, Lothar Werner Meyer, and Andrea Weise. "Development and characterization of high strength impact resistant Fe-Mn-(Al-, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels." Steel Research 73, no. 6-7 (June 2002): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200200211.

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23

Tewary, N. K., S. K. Ghosh, D. Chakrabarti, and S. Chatterjee. "Deformation behaviour of a low carbon high Mn TWIP/TRIP steel." Materials Science and Technology 35, no. 12 (June 19, 2019): 1483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2019.1630087.

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24

Ding, Hao, Hua Ding, Dan Song, Zhengyou Tang, and Ping Yang. "Strain hardening behavior of a TRIP/TWIP steel with 18.8% Mn." Materials Science and Engineering: A 528, no. 3 (January 2011): 868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.10.040.

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25

Dini, G., A. Najafizadeh, S. M. Monir-Vaghefi, and A. Ebnonnasir. "Predicting of mechanical properties of Fe–Mn–(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP steels using neural network modeling." Computational Materials Science 45, no. 4 (June 2009): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2008.12.015.

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26

Belyakov, Andrey, Rustam Kaibyshev, and Vladimir Torganchuk. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 18%Mn TWIP/TRIP Steels Processed by Warm or Hot Rolling." steel research international 88, no. 2 (June 8, 2016): 1600123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201600123.

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27

Wu, Wenlong, Minghui Cai, Zeyu Zhang, Weigong Tian, and Haijun Pan. "Elevated Temperature Tensile Behavior of a Nb-Mo Microalloyed Medium Mn Alloy under Quasistatic Loads." Metals 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030442.

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The elevated temperature tensile behavior of a Nb-Mo microalloyed medium steel was investigated over the −50 to 150 °C temperature range. The ultimate tensile strength was significantly reduced with increasing deformation temperature, but both YS (yield strength) and EI (total elongation) values changed slightly. The best product of UTS (ultimate tensile strength) and EI (~59.5 GPa·%) can be achieved at the deformation temperature of 50 °C, implying an excellent combination of strength and ductility. Furthermore, the change in strain hardening rate as a function of deformation temperature was further explained by the following two aspects: the dependence of mechanical stability of retained austenite on deformation temperature as well as the dependence of deformation mechanism on deformation temperature. Theoretical models and experimental observations demonstrate that the dominant deformation mechanism of the present medium Mn steel changed from the single transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect at −50 to 50 °C to the multiple TRIP + TWIP (twinning-induced plasticity) effect at 50–150 °C.

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28

Yang, Guangkai, Changling Zhuang, Changrong Li, Fangjie Lan, and Hanjie Yao. "Study on High-Temperature Mechanical Properties of Fe–Mn–C–Al TWIP/TRIP Steel." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050821.

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In this study, high-temperature tensile tests were carried out on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator under a strain rate of ε = 1 × 10−3 s−1 in the temperature range of 600–1310 °C. The hot deformation process of Fe–15.3Mn–0.58C–2.3Al TWIP/TRIP at different temperatures was studied. In the whole tested temperature range, the reduction of area ranged from 47.3 to 89.4% and reached the maximum value of 89.4% at 1275 °C. Assuming that 60% reduction of area is relative ductility trough, the high-temperature ductility trough was from 1275 °C to the melting point temperature, the medium-temperature ductility trough was 1000–1250 °C, and the low-temperature ductility trough was around 600 °C. The phase transformation process of the steel was analyzed by Thermo-Calc thermodynamics software. It was found that ferrite transformation occurred at 646 °C, and the austenite was softened by a small amount of ferrite, resulting in the reduction of thermoplastic and formation of the low-temperature ductility trough. However, the small difference in thermoplasticity in the low-temperature ductility trough was attributed to the small amount of ferrite and the low transformation temperature of ferrite. The tensile fracture at different temperatures was characterized by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that there were Al2O3, AlN, MnO, and MnS(Se) impurities in the fracture. The abnormal points of thermoplasticity showed that the inclusions had a significant effect on the high-temperature mechanical properties. The results of EBSD local orientation difference analysis showed that the temperature range with good plasticity was around 1275 °C. Under large deformation extent, the phase difference in the internal position of the grain was larger than that in the grain boundary. The defect density in the grain was large, and the high dislocation density was the main deformation mechanism in the high-temperature tensile process.

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29

Jahn, Andreas, Karl-Philipp Steinhoff, Tobias Dubberstein, Peter Franke, Marco Weider, Steffen Wolf, Alexander Kovalev, et al. "Phosphor Alloyed CrMnNi Austenitic As-cast Stainless Steel with TRIP/TWIP Effect." steel research international 85, no. 3 (July 24, 2013): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201300114.

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30

WU, Zhiqiang, Zhengyou TANG, Huaying LI, and Haidong ZHANG. "EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE ON MICROSTRUCTURE EVOLUTION AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A LOW C HIGH Mn TRIP/TWIP STEELS." ACTA METALLURGICA SINICA 48, no. 5 (February 26, 2013): 593–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1037.2011.00590.

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31

Mertinger, V., M. Benke, E. Nagy, and T. Pataki. "Reversible Characteristics and Cycling Effects of the ε ↔ γ Martensitic Transformations in Fe-Mn-Cr Twip/Trip Steels." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23, no. 7 (May 16, 2014): 2347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-1025-5.

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32

Dong, Fu Yuan, Jian Chao Pang, Peng Zhang, Qi Qiang Duan, and Zhe Feng Zhang. "Mechanical Properties and Tensile Fracture Mechanisms of Fe-Mn-(Al, Si) TRIP/TWIP Steels with Different Ferrite Volume Fractions." Advanced Engineering Materials 17, no. 11 (June 1, 2015): 1675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adem.201500108.

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Malamud, Florencia, Facundo Castro, Lina Maria Guerrero, Paulo La Roca, Marcos Sade, and Alberto Baruj. "High-precision face-centered cubic–hexagonal close-packed volume-change determination in high-Mn steels by X-ray diffraction data refinements." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719015024.

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High-Mn steels attract attention because of their various technological properties. These are mainly mechanical and functional, such as the shape-memory effect, high damping capacity, high strength with simultaneous large ductility, the TRIP/TWIP (transformation- and twinning-induced plasticity) effect, low cycle fatigue and high work hardening capacity. All these phenomena are associated with the face-centered cubic (f.c.c.)–hexagonal close-packed (h.c.p.) martensitic transformation which takes place in these alloys. During this phase transition defects are introduced, mainly due to the large volume change between austenite and martensite. Knowing this volume change is key to understanding the mechanical behavior of these metallic systems. In the present article, a full-pattern refinement method is presented. The proposed method uses data obtained by means of conventional X-ray diffraction from regular bulk samples and allows a high-precision calculation of the lattice parameters of both phases, f.c.c. and h.c.p., under conditions very different from randomly oriented (powder) materials. In this work, the method is used to study the effect of chemical composition on the volume change between the two structures. By applying empirical models, the results enabled the design and fabrication of Fe–Mn-based alloys with a small volume change, showing the potential of this new tool in the search for improved materials.

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Choi, Jin Hyeok, Min Chul Jo, Hyungsoo Lee, Alireza Zargaran, Taejin Song, Seok Su Sohn, Nack J. Kim, and Sunghak Lee. "Cu addition effects on TRIP to TWIP transition and tensile property improvement of ultra-high-strength austenitic high-Mn steels." Acta Materialia 166 (March 2019): 246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.12.044.

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Ofei, Kirk Anguah, Lie Zhao, and Jilt Sietsma. "Study of the Combined TWIP/TRIP Effect in a High Mn Steel During Cold Rolling." steel research international 83, no. 4 (March 6, 2012): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201100306.

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Bhadhon, Kazi M. H., Xiang Wang, Elizabeth A. McNally, and Joseph R. McDermid. "Effect of Intercritical Annealing Parameters and Starting Microstructure on the Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Medium-Mn Third Generation Advanced High Strength Steel." Metals 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020356.

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A prototype medium-Mn TRIP steel (0.2 C–6 Mn–1.7 Si–0.4 Al–0.5 Cr (wt %)) with a cold-rolled tempered martensite (CR) and martensitic (M) starting microstructures was subjected to continuous galvanizing line (CGL) compatible heat treatments. It was found that the M starting microstructures achieved greater than 0.30 volume fraction of retained austenite and target 3G properties (UTS × TE ≥ 24,000 MPa%) using an intercritical annealing temperature (IAT) of 675 °C with an IA holding time of 60–360 s, whereas the CR microstructure required an IAT of 710 °C and annealing times of 360 s or greater to achieve comparable fractions of retained austenite and target 3G properties. This was attributed to the rapid austenite reversion kinetics for the M starting microstructures and rapid C partitioning from the C supersaturated martensite, providing chemical and mechanical stability to the retained austenite, thereby allowing for a gradual deformation-induced transformation of retained austenite to martensite—the TRIP effect—and the formation of nano-scale planar faults in the retained austenite (TWIP effect), such that a high work-hardening rate was maintained to elongation of greater than 0.20. Overall, it was concluded that the prototype steel with the M starting microstructure is a promising candidate for CGL processing for 3G AHSS properties.

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Lee, Sangwon, Yuri Estrin, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Effect of the Strain Rate on the TRIP–TWIP Transition in Austenitic Fe-12 pct Mn-0.6 pct C TWIP Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45, no. 2 (October 12, 2013): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-013-2028-9.

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de Dafé, Sara Silva Ferreira, Débora Rezende Moreira, Mariana de Souza Matoso, Berenice Mendonça Gonzalez, and Dagoberto Brandão Santos. "Martensite Formation and Recrystallization Behavior in 17Mn0.06C2Si3Al1Ni TRIP/TWIP Steel after Hot and Cold Rolling." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.185.

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This work evaluates the evolution of the microstructure and its influence on the mechanical behavior of steel containing 17% Mn, 0.06% C, 2% Si, 3% Al, and 1% Ni after hot rolling at 1070°C, cold rolling with 44% reduction, and annealing at 700°C for different time periods. The resultant athermal, strain-induced martensite and austenite grains were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The volume fractions of the g, e, and α’ phases of martensite were confirmed by X-ray diffraction, dilatometry, and SEM-electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. It was found that cold reduction results in the formation of more a’ martensite. The Vickers microhardness values were higher for the cold-rolled condition and lower for recrystallized samples, as expected. However, this reduction is counterbalanced by the formation of athermal e and a’ martensite during the cooling process. The sizes of the recrystallized grains change exponentially during their growth and remain within 1–3 mm. The yield and tensile strength of the hot-rolled steel reach values close to 250 and 800 MPa, respectively, with a total elongation of 40%, which demonstrates the high work-hardening rate of the steel.

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Lee, Sangwon, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Annealing Temperature Dependence of the Tensile Behavior of 10 pct Mn Multi-phase TWIP-TRIP Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 45, no. 13 (September 5, 2014): 6039–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2540-6.

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Mujica, Lais, Sebastian Weber, and Werner Theisen. "The Stacking Fault Energy and its Dependence on the Interstitial Content in Various Austenitic Steels." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2193.

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The stacking fault energy (SFE) is an intrinsic property of metals and is involved in the deformation mechanism of different kind of steels, such as TWIP (twinning induced plasticity), TRIP (transformation induced plasticity), HNS (high nitrogen), and high strength steels. The dependence of the SFE on the content of interstitial elements (C, N) is not yet fully understood, and different tendencies have been found by different authors. In order to study the influence of the interstitial elements on the SFE, experimental measurements extracted from literature were collected and analyzed to predict the individual and combined effect of carbon and nitrogen in different systems. The referenced austenitic steels are Fe-22Mn-C, Fe-30Ni-C, Fe-15Cr-17Mn-N, Fe-18Cr-16Ni-10Mn-N, Fe-18Cr-9Mn-C-N, Fe-18Mn-18Cr-C-N and Fe-(20-30)Mn-12Cr-C-N. The calculation of the SFE is based on the Gibbs free energy of the austenite to ε-martensite transformation (ΔGγàε), which is calculated by means of the Calphad method. The revision of the measured values reveals that on different ranges of interstitial contents the SFE behaves differently. At lower values (C, N or C+N up to 0.4%), a local minimum or maximum is found in most of the systems. At higher concentration levels, a proportional dependence seems to occur. These observations agree with the theory of the dependence of SFE on the free electron concentration. Alloying with Mn or Ni has a strong influence on the electronic configuration and magnetic properties of the austenite and therefore on the SFE. The results of this study provide valuable information for materials design, especially in the context of alloying with C, N or C+N.

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Kołodziej, Sławomir, Joanna Kowalska, Wiktoria Ratuszek, Wojciech Ozgowicz, and Krzysztof Chruściel. "Microstructure and Texture Evolution in a Cold-Rolled High Mn Steel with Microadditions of Ti and Nb." Solid State Phenomena 203-204 (June 2013): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.203-204.71.

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The aim of this work was the microstructure and texture analysis of a deformed via cold-rolling 24.5Mn-3.5Si-1.5Al-Ti-Nb TWIP/TRIP type steel. It was found, that during cold plastic deformation a phase transformation of austenite into martensite takes place. The transformation progress was confirmed by the microscopic investigations. The texture of austenite is characterized by a limited α1=||RD fibre and the γ=||ND fibre. The texture of austenite changed with increasing deformation rate. In the texture of deformed austenite the strongest orientation is the {110} Goss orientation, which belongs to the α=||ND orientation fibre. During cold plastic deformation γ→ε and γ→ε→α’ phase transformations as well as the deformation of γ, ε and α’ phases are taking place in the steel. The formed ε phase (hexagonal structure) also possesses a distinct texture.

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Sun, Shenghui, Minghui Cai, Hua Ding, Hongshou Huang, and Haijun Pan. "Deformation mechanisms of a novel Mn-based 1 GPa TRIP/TWIP assisted lightweight steel with 63% ductility." Materials Science and Engineering: A 802 (January 2021): 140658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140658.

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43

Lee, Seawoong, Kyooyoung Lee, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Observation of the TWIP + TRIP Plasticity-Enhancement Mechanism in Al-Added 6 Wt Pct Medium Mn Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 46, no. 6 (March 21, 2015): 2356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-015-2854-z.

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Lee, Sangwon, and Bruno C. De Cooman. "Influence of Intra-granular Ferrite on the Tensile Behavior of Intercritically Annealed 12 pct Mn TWIP+TRIP Steel." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 46, no. 3 (January 6, 2015): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-014-2710-6.

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45

Wang, Tong, Jun Hu, and R. D. K. Misra. "Microstructure evolution and strain behavior of a medium Mn TRIP/TWIP steel for excellent combination of strength and ductility." Materials Science and Engineering: A 753 (April 2019): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.03.021.

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46

Ma, Li, Tao Jia, Geng Li, Jun Hu, Jose A. Jimenez, and Xiuhua Gao. "Mechanical properties enhancement of a novel medium Mn-TRIP/TWIP assisted steel by dispersion of M2B-type borides particles." Materials Science and Engineering: A 784 (May 2020): 139333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139333.

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Pierce, D., J. E. Wittig, J. Bentley, and J. A. Jimenez. "The Influence of Stacking-Fault Energy on Deformation Mechanisms in an Fe-Mn-Al-Si Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steel." Microscopy and Microanalysis 18, S2 (July 2012): 1894–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927612011324.

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48

Pozuelo, M., J. E. Wittig, J. A. Jiménez, and G. Frommeyer. "Enhanced Mechanical Properties of a Novel High-Nitrogen Cr-Mn-Ni-Si Austenitic Stainless Steel via TWIP/TRIP Effects." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 40, no. 8 (June 20, 2009): 1826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-9863-8.

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49

Lee, Sangwon, Wanchuck Woo, and Bruno C. de Cooman. "Analysis of the Tensile Behavior of 12 pct Mn Multi-phase (α + γ) TWIP + TRIP Steel by Neutron Diffraction." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 47, no. 5 (February 29, 2016): 2125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3407-9.

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Tang, Zhengyou, Jianeng Huang, Hua Ding, Zhihui Cai, Dongmei Zhang, and Devesh Misra. "Effect of Deformation Temperature on Mechanical Properties and Deformation Mechanisms of Cold-Rolled Low C High Mn TRIP/TWIP Steel." Metals 8, no. 7 (June 22, 2018): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8070476.

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