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Academic literature on the topic 'MLT radars'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "MLT radars"

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Hasebe, F., T. Tsuda, T. Nakamura, and M. D. Burrage. "Validation of HRDI MLT winds with meteor radars." Annales Geophysicae 15, no. 9 (September 30, 1997): 1142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-997-1142-7.

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Abstract. A validation study of the mesospheric and lower-thermospheric (MLT) wind velocities measured by the High-Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on board the Upper-Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) has been carried out, comparing with observations by meteor radars located at Shigaraki, Japan and Jakarta, Indonesia. The accuracy of the HRDI winds relative to the meteor radars is obtained by a series of simultaneous wind measurements at the time of UARS overpasses. Statistical tests on the difference in the wind vectors observed by HRDI and the meteor radars are applied to determine whether the wind speed has been overestimated by HRDI (or underestimated by the MF radars) as previously noticed in HRDI vs. MF radar comparisons. The techniques employed are the conventional t-test applied to the mean values of the paired wind vector components as well as wind speeds, and two nonparametric tests suitable for testing the paired wind speed. The square-root transformation has been applied before the t-tests of the wind speed in order to fit the wind-speed distribution function to the normal distribution. The overall results show little evidence of overestimation by HRDI (underestimation by meteor radars) of wind velocities in the MLT region. Some exceptions are noticed, however, at the altitudes around 88 km, where statistical differences occasionally reach a level of significance of 0.01. The validation is extended to estimate the precision of the wind velocities by both HRDI and meteor radars. In the procedure, the structure function defined by the mean square difference of the observed anomalies is applied in the vertical direction for the profile data. This method assumes the isotropy and the homogeneity of variance for the physical quantity and the homogeneity of variance for the observational errors. The estimated precision is about 6ms–1 for the Shigaraki meteor radar, 15ms–1 for the Jakarta meteor radar, and 20ms–1 for HRDI at 90-km altitude. These values can be used to confirm the statistical significance of the wind field obtained by averaging the observed winds.
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Portnyagin, Y. I., T. V. Solovjova, N. A. Makarov, E. G. Merzlyakov, A. H. Manson, C. E. Meek, W. Hocking, et al. "Monthly mean climatology of the prevailing winds and tides in the Arctic mesosphere/lower thermosphere." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 10 (November 3, 2004): 3395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-3395-2004.

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Abstract. The Arctic MLT wind regime parameters measured at the ground-based network of MF and meteor radar stations (Andenes 69° N, Tromsø 70° N, Esrange 68° N, Dixon 73.5° N, Poker Flat 65° N and Resolute Bay 75° N) are discussed and compared with those observed in the mid-latitudes. The network of the ground-based MF and meteor radars for measuring winds in the Arctic upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere provides an excellent opportunity for study of the main global dynamical structures in this height region and their dependence from longitude. Preliminary estimates of the differences between the measured winds and tides from the different radar types, situated 125-273km apart (Tromsø, Andenes and Esrange), are provided. Despite some differences arising from using different types of radars it is possible to study the dynamical wind structures. It is revealed that most of the observed dynamical structures are persistent from year to year, thus permitting the analysis of the Arctic MLT dynamics in a climatological sense. The seasonal behaviour of the zonally averaged wind parameters is, to some extent, similar to that observed at the moderate latitudes. However, the strength of the winds (except the prevailing meridional wind and the diurnal tide amplitudes) in the Arctic MLT region is, in general, less than that detected at the moderate latitudes, decreasing toward the pole. There are also some features in the vertical structure and seasonal variations of the Arctic MLT winds which are different from the expectations of the well-known empirical wind models CIRA-86 and HWM-93. The tidal phases show a very definite longitudinal dependence that permits the determination of the corresponding zonal wave numbers. It is shown that the migrating tides play an important role in the dynamics of the Arctic MLT region. However, there are clear indications with the presence in some months of non-migrating tidal modes of significant appreciable amplitude.
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Stober, Gunter, Alan Liu, Alexander Kozlovsky, Zishun Qiao, Witali Krochin, Guochun Shi, Johan Kero, et al. "Identifying gravity waves launched by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcanic eruption in mesosphere/lower-thermosphere winds derived from CONDOR and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster." Annales Geophysicae 41, no. 1 (April 18, 2023): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-197-2023.

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Abstract. The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha′apai volcano eruption was a unique event that caused many atmospheric phenomena around the globe. In this study, we investigate the atmospheric gravity waves in the mesosphere/lower-thermosphere (MLT) launched by the volcanic explosion in the Pacific, leveraging multistatic meteor radar observations from the Chilean Observation Network De Meteor Radars (CONDOR) and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster in Fennoscandia. MLT winds are computed using a recently developed 3DVAR+DIV algorithm. We found eastward- and westward-traveling gravity waves in the CONDOR zonal and meridional wind measurements, which arrived 12 and 48 h after the eruption, and we found one in the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster that arrived 27.5 h after the volcanic detonation. We obtained observed phase speeds for the eastward great circle path at both locations of about 250 m s−1, and they were 170–150 m s−1 for the opposite propagation direction. The intrinsic phase speed was estimated to be 200–212 m s−1. Furthermore, we identified a potential lamb wave signature in the MLT winds using 5 min resolved 3DVAR+DIV retrievals.
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Singer, W., J. Bremer, P. Hoffmann, A. H. Manson, C. E. Meek, R. Schminder, D. Kürschner, et al. "Geomagnetic influences upon tides—winds from MLT radars." Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics 56, no. 10 (August 1994): 1301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)90068-x.

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Manson, A. H., C. E. Meek, C. M. Hall, S. Nozawa, N. J. Mitchell, D. Pancheva, W. Singer, and P. Hoffmann. "Mesopause dynamics from the scandinavian triangle of radars within the PSMOS-DATAR Project." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2004): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-367-2004.

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Abstract. The "Scandinavian Triangle" is a unique trio of radars within the DATAR Project (Dynamics and Temperatures from the Arctic MLT (60–97km) region): Andenes MF radar (69°N, 16°E); Tromsø MF radar (70°N, 19°E) and Esrange "Meteor" radar (68°N, 21°E). The radar-spacings range from 125-270km, making it unique for studies of wind variability associated with small-scale waves, comparisons of large-scale waves measured over small spacings, and for comparisons of winds from different radar systems. As such it complements results from arrays having spacings of 25km and 500km that have been located near Saskatoon. Correlation analysis is used to demonstrate a speed bias (MF smaller than the Meteor) between the radar types, which varies with season and altitude. Annual climatologies for the year 2000 of mean winds, solar tides, planetary and gravity waves are presented, and show indications of significant spatial variability across the Triangle and of differences in wave characteristics from middle latitudes. Key words: Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics; waves and tides: instrument and techniques)
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van Caspel, Willem E., Patrick J. Espy, Robert E. Hibbins, and John P. McCormack. "Migrating tide climatologies measured by a high-latitude array of SuperDARN HF radars." Annales Geophysicae 38, no. 6 (December 21, 2020): 1257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-38-1257-2020.

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Abstract. This study uses hourly meteor wind measurements from a longitudinal array of 10 high-latitude SuperDARN high-frequency (HF) radars to isolate the migrating diurnal, semidiurnal, and terdiurnal tides at mesosphere–lower-thermosphere (MLT) altitudes. The planetary-scale array of radars covers 180∘ of longitude, with 8 out of 10 radars being in near-continuous operation since the year 2000. Time series spanning 16 years of tidal amplitudes and phases in both zonal and meridional wind are presented, along with their respective annual climatologies. The method to isolate the migrating tides from SuperDARN meteor winds is validated using 2 years of winds from a high-altitude meteorological analysis system. The validation steps demonstrate that, given the geographical spread of the radar stations, the derived tidal modes are most closely representative of the migrating tides at 60∘ N. Some of the main characteristics of the observed migrating tides are that the semidiurnal tide shows sharp phase jumps around the equinoxes and peak amplitudes during early fall and that the terdiurnal tide shows a pronounced secondary amplitude peak around day of year (DOY) 265. In addition, the diurnal tide is found to show a bi-modal circular polarization phase relation between summer and winter.
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Zhong, Wei, Xianghui Xue, Wen Yi, Iain M. Reid, Tingdi Chen, and Xiankang Dou. "Error analyses of a multistatic meteor radar system to obtain a three-dimensional spatial-resolution distribution." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 3973–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3973-2021.

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Abstract. In recent years, the concept of multistatic meteor radar systems has attracted the attention of the atmospheric radar community, focusing on the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. Recently, there have been some notable experiments using such multistatic meteor radar systems. Good spatial resolution is vital for meteor radars because nearly all parameter inversion processes rely on the accurate location of the meteor trail specular point. It is timely then for a careful discussion focused on the error distribution of multistatic meteor radar systems. In this study, we discuss the measurement errors that affect the spatial resolution and obtain the spatial-resolution distribution in three-dimensional space for the first time. The spatial-resolution distribution can both help design a multistatic meteor radar system and improve the performance of existing radar systems. Moreover, the spatial-resolution distribution allows the accuracy of retrieved parameters such as the wind field to be determined.
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Rokade, M. V., R. Kondala Rao, S. S. Nikte, R. N. Ghodpage, P. T. Patil, A. K. Sharma, and S. Gurubaran. "Intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the MLT zonal wind over Kolhapur (16.8° N) and Tirunelveli (8.7° N)." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 12 (December 5, 2012): 1623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-1623-2012.

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Abstract. Simultaneous observations of the mean zonal winds at 88 km obtained by the medium-frequency (MF) radars at Kolhapur (16.8° N, 74.2° E) and Tirunelveli (8.7° N, 77.8° E) have been used to study the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the MLT region. The influences of the intraseasonal variations in the lower tropospheric convective activity associated with the Madden-Julian oscillations on the latitudinal behavior of intraseasonal oscillations (ISO) of the zonal winds in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) have been studied. The ISO activity in the lower tropospheric convective activity is examined by employing outgoing long wave radiation (OLR) as a proxy for deep convective activity occurring in the tropical lower atmosphere. The ISO activity in the zonal wind over TIR is more correlated with that in the convective activity compared to the ISO over KOL. The latitudinal and temporal variabilities of the ISO in MLT zonal winds are explained in terms of the intraseasonal variabilities in the convective activity.
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Makarevich, R. A., and P. L. Dyson. "Dual HF radar study of the subauroral polarization stream." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 12 (January 2, 2007): 2579–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2579-2007.

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Abstract. The dual HF radars comprising the Tasman International Geophysical Environment Radar (TIGER) system often observe localized high-velocity F-region plasma flows (≥1500 m/s) in the midnight sector (20:00–02:00 MLT) at magnetic latitudes as low as Λ=60° S. The flow channels exhibit large variability in the latitudinal extent and electric field strength, and are similar to the subauroral polarization stream or SAPS, a plasma convection feature thought to be related to the polarization electric field due to the charge separation during substorm and storm development. In this study, the 2-D plasma drift velocity within the channel is derived for each of the two TIGER radars from the maximum velocities measured in all 16 radar beams within the latitudinally narrow channel, and the time variation of the subauroral electric field is examined near substorm onset. It is demonstrated that the flow channel often does not have a clear onset, rather it manifests differently in different phases of its evolution and can persist for at least two substorm cycles. During the growth phase the electric fields within the flow channel are difficult to distinguish from those of the background auroral convection but they start to increase near substorm onset and peak during the recovery phase, in contrast to what has been reported previously for auroral convection which peaks just before the substorm onset and falls sharply at the substorm onset. The response times to substorm onset range from −5 to +40 min and show some dependence on the substorm location with longer delays observed for substorms eastward of the radars' viewing area. The propagation velocity of the high-velocity region is also investigated by comparing the observations from the two closely-spaced TIGER radars. The observations are consistent with the notion that the polarization electric field is established with the energetic ions drifting westward and equatorward from the initial substorm injection. The ion injection front can precede that of the electrons and hence substorm onset resulting in a negative response time of a few minutes.
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Chau, Jorge Luis, Juan Miguel Urco, Juha Pekka Vierinen, Ryan Andrew Volz, Matthias Clahsen, Nico Pfeffer, and Jörg Trautner. "Novel specular meteor radar systems using coherent MIMO techniques to study the mesosphere and lower thermosphere." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 2113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-2113-2019.

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Abstract. Typical specular meteor radars (SMRs) use one transmitting antenna and at least a five-antenna interferometric configuration on reception to study the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. The interferometric configuration allows the measurement of the angle-of-arrival (AOA) of the detected meteor echoes, which in turn is needed to derive atmospheric parameters (e.g., mean winds, momentum fluxes, temperatures, and neutral densities). Recently, we have shown that coherent MIMO configurations in atmospheric radars, i.e., multiple input (transmitters) and multiple output (receivers), with proper diversity in transmission can be used to enhance interferometric atmospheric and ionospheric observations. In this study we present novel SMR systems using multiple transmitters in interferometric configuration, each of them employing orthogonal pseudorandom coded transmitted sequences. After proper decoding, the angle of departure (AOD) of the detected meteor echoes with respect to the transmitter site are obtained at each receiving antenna. We present successful bistatic implementations of (1) five transmitters and one receiver using coded continuous wave (CW) (MISO-CW), and (2) five transmitters and five receivers using coded CW (MIMO-CW). The latter system allows simultaneous independent observations of the specular meteor trails with respect to the transmitter (AOD) and with respect to the receiver (AOA). The quality of the obtained results is evaluated in terms of the resulting mean winds, the number of detections and the daily diffusion trail vs. altitude behavior. We show that the proposed configurations are good alternatives to explore the MLT region. When combined with multi-static approaches, they can increase the number of meteor detections, thereby improving the quality of atmospheric estimates and allowing the measurement of new atmospheric parameters (e.g., horizontal divergence, vorticity), The use of multiple collocated transmitters for interferometric AOD determination makes building a multi-static radar network easier logistically, as only one receiver per receiving site antenna is sufficient.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "MLT radars"

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Löhner, Andreas. "Ein Beitrag zum Verbessern der azimutalen Auflösung vorwärtsschauender Radarsysteme mit synthetischer Apertur /." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/300868324.pdf.

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Mittermayer, Josef. "Hochauflösende Verarbeitung von Radardaten mit synthetischer Apertur." Köln : Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen, 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959894764.

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Scheiber, Rolf. "Hochauflösende Interferometrie für Radar mit synthetischer Apertur /." Köln : DLR, Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/392658070.pdf.

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Hirsch, Oliver Wolfgang. "Neue Verarbeitungsverfahren von Along-Track Interferometrie Daten eines Radars mit synthetischer Apertur." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965273024.

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Schütz, Martin [Verfasser]. "Systemkomponenten zur simultanen Radar-Ortung und Radar-Bildgebung mit autonomen Robotern und Fluggeräten / Martin Schütz." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1233525492/34.

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Ramminger, Gernot. "Erfassung von Sturmschäden mit Hilfe moderner Radar-Fernerkundungssystemen." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB11513767.

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Benahmed, Daho Omar. "Radar ULB pour la vision à travers les murs : mise au point d'une chaîne de traitement de l'information d'un radar imageur." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS036/document.

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Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse à la vision à travers les murs (VTM) par radar ULB, avec comme objectif la mise au point d’une chaîne de traitement de l’information (CTI) complète pouvant être utilisée par différents types de radar imageur VTM. Pour ce faire, nous souhaitons prendre en compte le moins possible d’information a priori, ni sur les cibles, ni sur leur contexte environnemental. De plus, la CTI doit répondre à des critères d’adaptabilité et de modularité pour pouvoir traiter les informations issues de deux types de radar, notamment, le pulsé et le FMCW, développés dans deux projets dans lesquels s’inscrivent les travaux de cette thèse. L’imagerie radar est un point important dans ce contexte, nous l’abordons par la combinaison des algorithmes de rétroprojection et trilatération, et montrons l’amélioration apportée avec l’utilisation d’un détecteur TFAC prenant en compte la forme des signatures des cibles. La mise au point de la CTI est notre principale contribution. Le flux d’images radar obtenu est scindé en deux parties. La première séquence dynamique contient les cibles mobiles qui sont ensuite suivies par une approche multihypothèse. La seconde séquence statique contient les cibles stationnaires ainsi que les murs intérieurs qui sont détectés par une méthode s’appuyant sur la transformée de Radon. Nous avons produit un simulateur VTM fonctionnant dans le domaine temporel et fréquentiel pour mettre au point les algorithmes de la CTI et tester leur robustesse. Plusieurs scénarios de simulation ainsi que de mesures expérimentales, montrent que la CTI construite est pertinente et robuste. Elle est ainsi validée pour les deux systèmes radar
This report is focused on Through-the-wall surveillance (TTS) using UWB radar, with the objective of developing a complete information processing pipeline (IPP) which can be used by different types of imaging radar. To do this, we want to take into account any a priori information, nor on the target, or their environmental context. In addition, the IPP must meet criteria of adaptability and modularity to process information from two types of radar, including pulsed and FMCW developed in two projects that are part of the work of this thesis. Radar imaging is an important point in this context ; we approach it by combining backprojection and trilateration algorithms and show the improvement with the use of a CFAR detector taking into account the shape of the targets signatures.The development of the IPP is our main contribution. The flow of radar images obtained is divided into two parts. The first dynamic sequence contains moving targets are tracked by a multiple hypothesis approach. The second static sequence contains stationary targets and interior walls that are highlighted by Radon transformbases approach. We developed a simulator operating in time and frequency domain to design the algorithms of the IPP and test their robustness. Several simulated scenarios and experimental measurements show that our IPP is relevant and robust. It is thus validated for both radar systems
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Castaings, Thibaut. "Catalogage de petits débris spatiaux en orbite basse par observations radars isolées." Phd thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00955486.

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Les débris spatiaux sont devenus une menace considérable pour la viabilité des satellites opérationnels en orbite basse. Afin de pouvoir éviter des collisions accidentelles, des systèmes de surveillance de l'espace existent mais sont limités en performances de détection pour les objets de petite taille (diamètre inférieur à 10cm), ce qui pousse à l'étude de nouvelles solutions. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'appuyer la faisabilité d'un système radar au sol utilisant un champ de veille étroit pour le catalogage de petits débris en orbite basse. Un tel système fournirait en effet des observations dites " isolées ", c'est-à-dire qu'une orbite n'est pas immédiatement déductible de chacune d'entre elles. Le grand nombre combinaisons nécessaires est alors prohibitif en termes de temps de calcul pour la résolution de ce problème de pistage. Nous proposons dans ces travaux une nouvelle méthode pour initialiser les pistes, c'est-à-dire associer des observations isolées avec une faible ambiguïté et en déduire des orbites précises. Les pistes ainsi obtenues sont combinées et filtrées grâce à un algorithme de pistage multicible que nous avons adapté aux particularités du problème. Avec un taux de couverture de plus de 80% obtenu en temps réel sur 3 jours pour des scénarios de 500 à 800 objets en plus d'un fort taux de fausses alarmes, les performances de la méthode proposée tendent à prouver la faisabilité du système envisagé. Afin d'extrapoler les résultats obtenus à de plus fortes densités d'observations, nous proposons un modèle de complexité combinatoire calibré sur les performances de l'algorithme aux faibles densités. L'apport d'un second capteur identique est également étudié et met en évidence un point de compromis entre réactivité et complexité combinatoire, ce qui offre un degré de liberté supplémentaire dans la conception d'un tel système.
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Araújo, Luciana Rodrigues de. "Comportamento dinâmico da região MLT tropical durante o Ciclo Solar 23." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/jspui/handle/tede/3117.

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Wind data obtained between 1999 and 2016 from measuments by meteor radar at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45.0°W), Brazil, were used to investigate the behavior of the dynamics on upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, the interannual variability in the winds, in the diurnal tide and 2-day wave amplitudes and the possible causes. The results show that zonal wind is characterized by a semiannual variation below 90 km and annual above, while the meridional wind exhibits an annual cycle at all altitudes. Monthly winds did not show quasi-biennial variation (QBO), however the seasonal winds in the zonal direction observed during the summer and fall show QBO variations type in altitudes below 90 km. The results also suggest that the zonal and meridional winds are intensified during the years of solar maximum, especially in the summer and winter seasons. The monthly amplitudes of diurnal tide show an annual variation, in which the amplitudes are greater during the eastward phase of QBO at 30 hPa. The spectrum obtained from the deseasonalized amplitudes shows a 26 months peak in the meridional component, which may to be associated with stratospheric QBO phase. The modulation of the diurnal tide amplitude by QBO shows a quasi ten-year variation, and is stronger for the solar cycle maximum. The amplitude of the 2-day wave exhibit interannual variability, however, do not shows to be affected by the QBO phase during the summer season. The amplitudes of the 2-day show interannual variability, but, only in winter it is affected by the QBO phase. Good agreement between the variation of the amplitude of the 2-day wave for meridional wind and the solar radio flux was observed for most of the summers with a significant correlation, suggesting a possible wave modulation by the 11-year solar cycle.
Dados de ventos obtidos entre 1999 e 2016 a partir de medidas por radar meteórico em Cachoeira Paulista (22,7°S, 45,0°O), Brasil, foram utilizados para investigar o comportamento da dinâmica da região da alta mesosfera e baixa termosfera, a variabilidade interanual dos ventos, das amplitudes da maré diurna e da onda de 2 dias e as possíveis causas. Os resultados mostram que o vento zonal é caracterizado por uma variação semianual abaixo de 90 km e anual acima, enquanto o vento meridional exibe um ciclo anual em todas as alturas. Os ventos mensais não mostraram variação quase bienal (QBO), contudo os ventos sazonais na direção zonal observados durante o verão e o outono mostram variações tipo QBO nas alturas abaixo de 90 km. Os resultados sugerem ainda que os ventos zonal e meridional são intensificados durante os anos de máxima atividade solar, principalmente nas estações de verão e inverno. As amplitudes mensais da maré diurna exibem variação interanual, em que as amplitudes são maiores durante a fase para leste da QBO em 30 hPa. O espectro obtido a partir das amplitudes dessazonalizadas mostra um pico próximo de 26 meses na componente meridional, o qual pode estar associado à fase da QBO estratosférica. A modulação da amplitude da maré diurna pela QBO mostra uma variação quase decenal, e é mais forte durante o máximo do ciclo solar. As amplitudes da onda de 2 dias exibem variabilidade interanual para ambas as componentes, contudo, apenas no inverno mostra ser afetada pela fase da QBO. Boa concordância entre a variação da amplitude meridional da onda de 2 dias e o fluxo de rádio solar foi observada para a maioria dos verões com correlação significativa, sugerindo uma possível modulação da onda pelo ciclo solar de 11 anos.
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Schmid, Hermann Wilhelm. "Hagelvorhersage mit Radar : wolkenphysikalische Untersuchungen und ein statistisches Vorhersagemodell /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1988. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=8684.

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Books on the topic "MLT radars"

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Klausing, Helmut, and Wolfgang Holpp, eds. Radar mit realer und synthetischer Apertur. München Wien: Oldenbourg Verlag, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/9783486598971.

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Moreira-Neto, João Roberto. Bewegungsextraktionsverfahren für Radar mit synthetischer Apertur. Köln: Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt, 1992.

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König, Christine. Eisfernerkundung mit "NOAA-advanced very high resolution radiometer" (AVHRR) und "synthetic aperture radar" (SAR). Hamburg: Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, 1995.

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Bendix, Jörg. Ein neuer Methodenverbund zur Erfassung der klimatologisch-lufthygienischen Situation von Nordrhein-Westfalen: Untersuchungen mit Hilfe boden- und satellitengestützter Fernerkundung und numerischer Modellierung. Bonn: In Kommission bei F. Dümmlers, 1998.

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Bochert, Axel. Klassifikation von Radarsatellitendaten zur Meereiserkennung mit Hilfe von Line-Scanner-Messungen =: Classification of radar satellite data for sea ice identification by means of line scanner measurements. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1996.

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Wandinger, U. Theoretische und experimentelle Studien zur Messung stratosphärischen Aerosols sowie zum Einfluss der Mehrfachstreuung auf Wolkenmessungen mit einem Polarisations-Raman-Lidar. Geesthacht [Germany]: GKSS-Forschungszentrum, 1994.

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Voermans, Wim. Sturen in de mist--, maar dan met radar: Een onderzoek naar praktisch haalbare vormen van computerondersteuning bij het ontwerpen van regelingen. Zwolle: W.E.J. Tjeenk Willink, 1995.

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Cornford, Stan. D-Day: 6 june 1944 : the role of the Met. Office. Bracknell: Meteorological Office, 1994.

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Göbell, Sibylle. Determination of sea ice surface elevation with laser and radar altimetry and comparison with ice thickness data sets in the Arctic and Antarctic =: Bestimmung der Oberflächenhöhe von Meereis mit Laser- und Radaraltimetrie und Vergleich mit Eisdickendatensätzen in der Arktis und Antarktis. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2007.

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Klausing, Helmut, and Wolfgang Holpp, eds. Radar mit realer und synthetischer Apertur. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783486598971.

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Book chapters on the topic "MLT radars"

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Austin, Pauline M., and Spiros G. Geotis. "Weather Radar at MIT." In Radar in Meteorology, 22–31. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-15-7_4.

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Bacon, P. J. "Doppler Facilities for the UK Met Office." In Weather Radar Networking, 292–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0551-1_33.

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Katz, Isadore, and Patrick J. Harney. "Radar Meteorology at Radiation Laboratory, MIT, 1941 to 1947." In Radar in Meteorology, 16–21. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-15-7_3.

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Detlefsen, Jürgen. "Radar mit synthetischer Apertur (SAR)." In Nachrichtentechnik, 151–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83600-8_9.

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Renz, Patrick S., Bruno Frischherz, and Irena Wettstein. "Good Practices im Integritätsmanagement." In Integrität im Managementalltag, 123–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66227-4_4.

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ZusammenfassungDas Kapitel stellt ausgewählte Umsetzungsvorschläge zum Integritätsmanagement als Good Practices vor. Es zeigt, was Führungskräfte konkret tun können, um die Integrität einer Organisation zu stärken. Die Good Practices sind nach den drei Bereichen des Integritätsmanagements geordnet.Für den Bereich „Prinzipien“ werden folgende Good Practices vorgestellt: Leitlinien-Workshop, Leitbild und Verhaltenskodex, Dialog mit Anspruchsgruppen, Ethikprogramme und Internationale Ethikstandards.Für den Bereich „Prozesse“ werden folgende Good Practices vorgestellt: Diskursive Rollenklärung, Regelmäßiger Reflexionsraum, Ethik-Hotline und Ethikbeauftragte, Checklisten zur Korruptionsbekämpfung, Compliance-Radar und Software zumIntegritätsmanagement.Für den Bereich „Menschen“ werden folgende Good Practices vorgestellt: Führungskräfte als Vorbilder, Workshop zu Spannungsfeldern, Ethik-Spiel mit Multiple-Choice-Fragen und Weiterbildung zur ethischen Kompetenz.Eine integre Organisation unterscheidet sich von einer weniger integren dadurch, dass sie ethische Spannungsfelder fortlaufend erkennt und als Teil der normalen Managementaufgaben löst.Das Ziel des vierten Kapitels ist es, Umsetzungsvorschläge zum Integritätsmanagement als Good Practices vorzustellen. Es soll aufgezeigt werden, was Führungskräfte konkret tun können, um die Integrität einer Organisation zu stärken.
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Shyamsunder, Metuku, and Kakarla Subba Rao. "Classification of LPI Radar Signals Using Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Networks." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 233–48. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5550-1_23.

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Bamler, Richard, and Michael Eineder. "Grenzen der Vermessung der Erde aus dem All mit Synthetischem Apertur Radar." In Handbuch der Geodäsie, 1–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46900-2_55-1.

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Bamler, Richard, and Michael Eineder. "Grenzen der Vermessung der Erde aus dem All mit Synthetischem Apertur Radar." In Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung, 483–524. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47094-7_55.

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Schneider, P. "Bestimmung der Spongiosadichte mit der quantitativen 125J-Tomographie am Radius." In Nuklearmedizin in der Orthopädie, 130–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74810-3_12.

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Kürschner, Silvio, Valentin L. Popov, and Markus Heß. "Anlage 3: Ersetzung der Materialeigenschaften mit Radoks Methode der Funktionalgleichungen." In Methode der Dimensionsreduktion in Kontaktmechanik und Reibung, 247–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32673-8_19.

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Conference papers on the topic "MLT radars"

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Kennedy, Hugh L. "Comparison of MHT and PDA track initiation performance." In 2008 International Conference on Radar (Radar 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2008.4653977.

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Mata-Moya, D., P. Jarabo-Amores, R. Vicen-Bueno, J. C. Nieto-Borge, M. Rosa-Zurera, and F. Lopez-Ferreras. "MLP solutions for approximating the Average Likekihood Ratio detector in radar applications." In 2008 IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2008.4721040.

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Zhu, Yongfeng, Hongzhong Zhao, and Qiang Fu. "MLE for moving target’s profile stitching in SFR." In 2008 International Conference on Radar (Radar 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2008.4653953.

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Koch, W. "Experimental results on Bayesian MHT for maneuvering closely-spaced objects in a densely cluttered environment." In Radar Systems (RADAR 97). IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19971772.

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Benavoli, A., A. Farina, and L. Ortenzi. "MLE in presence of equality and inequality nonlinear constraints for the ballistic target problem." In 2008 IEEE Radar Conference (RADAR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/radar.2008.4721042.

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Alleaume, P. F., C. Toussain, T. Huet, and M. Camiade. "Millimeter-wave SMT low cost plastic packages for automotive RADAR at 77GHz and high data rate E-band radios." In 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2009.5165815.

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Carlson, D. J., C. Weigand, D. Curcio, and T. Boles. "Commercial manufacturing practices applied to phased array radars." In 2010 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - MTT 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2010.5514932.

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Carlson, Douglas J., Christophe Weigand, Daniel Curcio, and Timothy Boles. "Commercial manufacturing practices applied to phased array radars." In 2010 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium - MTT 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwsym.2010.5517665.

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Adam, O., J. L. Zarader, A. Dabas, and P. H. Flamant. "Autoregressive Moving Average Spectral Estimation of Coherent Lidar Signal." In Coherent Laser Radar. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/clr.1995.wb2.

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The frequency estimators that perform the best on Doppler lidar signals are somehow matched to the signal characteristics like spectral width or SNR. In the Levin estimator for instance, the fitted filter is tuned in height and width to be as close as possible to the expected signal power spectrum. In practical applications, the tunable estimator parameters are set to values corresponding to the atmospheric conditions that are most likely to be met (clear air stable conditions without significant shear and low turbulence level). Other conditions are however often met that unpredictably broaden or alter the returned spectrum. This may be particularly true for dedicated applications like wake vortex or wind shear detections. The performance of the estimation may then be highly degraded. The coupled estimation of both the signal mean frequency and width could then improve the radial velocity retrieval. Such a co-estimation is possible using an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) type of filter.
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Su Wei, Lu Yao-bin, and Lei Shi-wen. "A multi-source information fusion MHT algorithms and applications." In IET International Radar Conference 2009. IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.0155.

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Reports on the topic "MLT radars"

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Berndt, Marko. Tech Report Dezember 2020 : ein komprimierter Überblick über aktuelle und aufkommende Technologien. Technische Hochschule Wildau, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15771/fg-irf_2020_5.

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Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat fast jeden Aspekt des Lebens verändert, vom privaten, also wie Menschen leben und arbeiten bis zum beruflichen, wie beispielsweise Unternehmen mit ihren Kund*innen interagieren oder wie Kund*innen Produkte und Dienstleistungen auswählen und schlussendlich kaufen. Und genau diese Veränderungen bieten Chancen, um mit neuen Anwendungen von Technologien die eigenen Produkte oder Geschäftsmodelle zu innovieren. Aus diesem Grund stellt der letzte Tech Report (Stand Dezember 2020) des Kompetenzzentrums IT-Wirtschaft nicht nur aktuelle und aufkommende Technologien vor, sondern gibt auch einen kurzen Einblick, welche konkreten Innovationen aufgrund der Covid-19 Pandemie entstanden sind. Vielleicht setzt die ein oder andere Anwendung, die in dem Artikel vorgestellt werden, Impulse für eigenen unternehmerische Innovationsideen. Die Basis des Artikels ist das interaktive Tech Radar des Kompetenzzentrums IT-Wirtschaft. Daher gibt der vorliegende Artikel nicht nur einen Einblick in den Aufbau des Radars, sondern fasst auch die zentralen Inhalte zusammen und gibt konkrete Beispiele zur Technologieanwendung.
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Lißner, Sven, Paul Lindemann, and Udo Becker. RadVerS - Mit Smartphones generierte Verhaltensdaten im Verkehr – Differenzierung des Nutzerverhaltens unterschiedlicher RadfahrerInnengruppen : Teil 2 des Abschlussberichts. Technische Universität Dresden, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2021.239.

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Der vorliegende Forschungsbericht fasst die Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Auswertung einer Feldstudie zum Thema Radverhaltensforschung mittels GPS Daten zusammen. Ziel des Teil-Projektes war es zu prüfen, welche Parameter auf Personenebene Einfluss auf das Radverkehrsverhalten haben.
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Anke, Juliane, Angela Francke, and Tibor Petzoldt. RadVerS - Mit Smartphones generierte Verhaltensdaten im Verkehr – Differenzierung des Nutzerverhaltens unterschiedlicher RadfahrerInnengruppen : Teil 1 des Abschlussberichts. Technische Universität Dresden, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26128/2021.240.

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Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, eine Typologie von RadfahrerInnen in Deutschland zu erarbeiten und diese zu beschreiben. Zu diesem Zweck wurde auf Basis einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche eine groß angelegte Online-Befragung vom 20.11.2017 bis 07.01.2018 durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden dabei 10.294 auswertbare Datensätze gewonnen. Durch Hauptkomponenten- und Faktorenanalyse wurden neun Faktoren (symbolische Motive, affektive Motive, instrumentelle Motive, subjektive Sicherheit, Identifikation als RadfahrerIn, zeitliche Distanz, Nutzungshäufigkeit, Wetter/Komfort und Regeltreue) extrahiert, die anschließend zur Clusterung der RadfahrerInnen genutzt wurden. Mit Hilfe dieser Faktoren ließen sich vier Typen von RadfahrerInnen identifizieren: passionierter, pragmatischer, funktioneller und ambitionierter Radfahrtyp. Die Typen unterscheiden sich dabei sowohl hinsichtlich der Typologisierungsfaktoren als auch bezüglich infrastruktureller Präferenzen, Unfallhistorie und der Radfahrhäufigkeit für bestimmte Wegezwecke. Die Einbeziehung motivationaler Faktoren erbrachte wichtige Einblicke in die Eigenschaften von RadfahrerInnen. Für den passionierten Radfahrtyp spielen sowohl Faktoren, wie die soziale Anerkennung bzw. Identifikation mit dem Umfeld, die Freude am Fahren als auch Faktoren wie Flexibilität oder Umweltschutz eine wichtige Rolle. Der Pragmatische wird dagegen v.a. instrumentell motiviert, d.h. das Rad wird genutzt, weil es flexibel ist, gut für die eigene Fitness und man damit schnell vorankommt. Insgesamt am wenigsten zum Radfahren motiviert ist der/die funktionelle RadfahrerIn. Für diesen Typ stehen z.B. ökonomische Gründe bei der Radnutzung im Vordergrund und das Fahrrad wird eher als „Mittel zum Zweck“ gesehen. Der Spaß am Fahren sowie die Zugehörigkeit zu oder das Kennenlernen von Personen sind für die ambitionierten RadfahrerInnen Hauptmotive für die Radnutzung. Aus den Kenntnissen der Eigenschaften der vier Radfahrtypen lassen sich u.a. Implikationen für die Radverkehrsförderung ableiten. So könnten z.B. Kampagnen vermitteln, dass das Fahrrad mehr sein kann als nur „Mittel zum Zweck“, um funktionelle und pragmatische Typen zu einer (Mehr-) Nutzung zu ermutigen. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Ausblick auf Teil 2 des Projektes, bei dem die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die Radfahrtypen mit realem Fahrverhalten verknüpft wurden.
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Czowalla, Lucas, Andreas Blechschmidt, Dahlia Busch, Andrea Fromberg, Christiane Grün, Peter Gwiasda, Pia Hartmann, Mathias Wilde, and Martin Lanzendorf. Handlungsansätze zur verbesserten Verknüpfung von Fahrrad und Öffentlichem Verkehr. Goethe-Universität, Institut für Humangeographie, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.40317.

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Die Verknüpfung des Fahrrades mit dem Öffentlichen Verkehr (ÖV) kann den Umweltverbund stärken, den Übergang von einem Verkehrssystem auf das andere erleichtern und eine attraktive Alternative zum motorisierten Individualverkehr schaffen. Die vorliegende Arbeit repräsentiert den zweiten umfassenden Projektbericht innerhalb des Forschungsprojektes „Verbesserte Integration des Fahrrads in den öffentlichen Verkehr – Systematische Erschließung von Handlungsoptionen und Bewertung von Best-Practices“. Im ersten Projektbericht (ebenfalls in dieser Arbeitspapierreihe erschienen – Nr. 15) wurden die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre in den infrastrukturellen Themenfeldern Fahrradmitnahme, Fahrradverleihsysteme und Fahrradabstellanlagen aufgearbeitet und Fragen zu Kommunikation und Marketing der Angebote sowie zu Möglichkeiten der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung zur verbesserten Integration von Fahrrad und Öffentlichem Verkehr diskutiert. Darauf aufbauend werden im vorliegenden Bericht die Ergebnisse vertiefender Fallstudien dargestellt, mit dem Ziel, Erfolgsfaktoren und Hemmnisse für die Integration von Fahrrad mit Öffentlichem Verkehr aufzuzeigen und in einem späteren Schritt daraus Handlungsempfehlungen zur Stärkung dieser Integration für Kommunen und Verkehrsanbieter geben zu können. Für die Fallstudien wurden solche Beispiele ausgewählt, die einen Vorbildcharakter haben und als nachahmenswert für andere Städte und Regionen gelten können bzw. aus denen sich Erkenntnisse für die Stärkung der Integration von Fahrradverkehr mit dem ÖV ziehen lassen. Zudem sollten die verschiedenen infrastrukturellen Themenfelder abgedeckt sein. Neben einer Darstellung der jeweils fallspezifischen Besonderheiten wird zu jedem Fallbeispiel das Betreiber- und Geschäftsmodell dargestellt und es erfolgt eine Bewertung, die sowohl die Sicht der Betreiber als auch die der Nutzenden beachtet. Folgende Fallbeispiele werden behandelt: Die hessischen Verkehrsverbünde Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV) und Nordhessischer Verkehrsverbund (NVV) bieten eine kosten- und sperrzeitfreie Mitnahmeregelung für Fahrräder an. Das MVGmeinRad Mainz ist als Fahrradverleihsystem ein Teil des kommunalen ÖPNV-Unternehmens. Zu den Fahrradabstellanlagen an Bahnhöfen wurden in der Fallstudie drei unterschiedlich große Anlagen einbezogen: Dein Radschloss des Verkehrsverbundes Rhein-Ruhr (VRR) für kleine, das Radhaus Offenburg für mittelgroße und die Radstation Düsseldorf für große Standorte. München wurde schließlich für eine kommunale Strategie zur verbesserten Verknüpfung von Fahrrad und Öffentlichem Verkehr ausgewählt, da dort eine Vielzahl von Maßnahmen zur Stärkung der Fahrradmobilität sichtbar sind.
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McDonald, William, Jerry Haston, Mark Gredell, and Mark Benson. GRl-95-0455 Howell Storage Field Horizontal Well Field Experiment. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011174.

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This report summarizes results of a horizontal gas storage well field experiment at the Howell Storage Field in Howell, Ml. A new horizontal well was successfully drilled in the Niagaran formation offsetting a vertical well on the same location. TVD was 3914 ft; Measured depth was 6271ft, including 967 ft in the turn (616-ft radius) and a 2000-ft lateral. The lateral was held within a 10-ft window over the entire 2000-ft length. The horizontal well was drilled on schedule and within budget Minor problems, typical of all drilling operations, were handled without serious impact. The research objectives were to 1) address problems of planning and conducting drilling operations on a very small site in a populated area, and 2) demonstrate using horizontal well technology to increase working gas ratio. This report describes the careful planning process necessary for implementing horizontal well technology in storage fields, and presents 1) details of the actual drilling and completion operations, 2) time and component breakdown of all costi, and 3) preliminary well flow results.
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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Abstract:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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