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1
Hart, Brian. "MLSE diversity receiver structures." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6033.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents the design and analysis of MLSE diversity receivers for linearly modulated signals transmitted over known and unknown time- and frequency-selective channels, corrupted by additive Gaussian noise. The extended MLSE receiver structure of Ungerboeck [56] is extended further; for the case of a known but time-varying, frequency-selective channel with diversity. The error event analysis technique of Forney [22] is used to approximate and bound the receiver's BER. The MLSE predictor receiver of Yu and Pasupathy [64] for unknown Rayleigh fading channels is also extended, to the case of Ricean fading, con-elated diversity threads, uncertain carrier frequency and phase, and unknown symbol timing. The received signal's second order statistics are needed to compute the predictors, and two methods are proposed that achieve this in the Rayleigh fading channel. The MLSE predictor receiver's BER is bounded, assuming ideal knowledge of the received signal's second order statistics.
2
Covre, Marcos Ricardo. "Redução de estados em receptores MLSE para comunicações ópticas." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259807.
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Orientador: Renato da Rocha LopesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T18:36:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Covre_MarcosRicardo_M.pdf: 1171170 bytes, checksum: c54296df40738ea9241917f550660426 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Sistemas ópticos são afetados pelas dispersões cromática e de modo de polarização que causam interferência intersimbólica. Para mitigar essas dispersões é utilizado um receptor de sequência de máxima verossimilhança, com uma métrica subótima adequada para esse sistema. Nesta dissertação uma técnica de redução de estados da treliça do algoritmo de Viterbi é descrita e adaptada para um sistema óptico de modulação por intensidade e detecção direta. A métrica é adaptada para compensar o efeito da redução de estados pela técnica de delayed-decision feedback sequence estimation. Resultados são apresentados em sistemas com dispersão cromática e de modo de polarização
Abstract: Optical systems are affected by chromatic and polarization mode dispersion causing intersymbol interference. To mitigate these dispersions a maximumlikelihood sequence estimation receiver is used, with an appropriate suboptimal metric for this system. In this thesis a technique for reducing the number of states of the trellis of the Viterbi algorithm is described and adapted to an optical intensity modulation and direct detection. The metric is adapted to compensate for the effect of reducing the number of states by the technique of delayed-decision feedback sequence estimation. Results are presented for a system with chromatic and polarization mode dispersions
Mestrado
Telecomunicações e Telemática
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
3
Zhou, Li. "Low Complexity PSP-MLSE receiver for H-CPM with receive diversity." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4455.
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This thesis is a study of harmonized continuous phase modulation (H-CPM)
coupled with receive diversity as applied to mobile radio communication applications.
H-CPM is the modulation technique specified by the American Public Safety
Communication Official Project 25 (APCO P25) Phase 2 standards, which is focused on public safety applications. Practical implementation of an H-CPM maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) receiver requires complex reduction techniques to ensure a cost effective form. In addition, it must be able to handle a fast fading environment, which is often encountered in public safety applications. Here, the reduction of receiver complexity and the combating of fast fading situations are
investigated via MATLAB simulation.
By using tilted phase and frequency pulse truncation techniques, the
complexity of an H-CPM MLSE receiver is successfully reduced. In particular, the original 384-state receiver is first reduced to a 192-state receiver through the use of
tilted phase. Then it is further reduced to 48-states and finally to 12-states by applying frequency pulse truncation. Simulation, assuming static channels, shows that the bit
error rate (BER) performance of a 12-state receiver is essentially identical to that of a 384-state receiver, despite a 97% reduction in computational complexity.
To take into account the effects of fading, channel gain estimation via persurvivor processing (PSP) is incorporated into the reduced complexity MLSE receiver. Using a weighted-sum approach to the PSP gain estimates, it was found that
at Doppler shifts of 5 Hz, 40 Hz and 80 Hz, the receiver performance was comparable to that obtainable by rival techniques. To further reduce the effect of fading, receive diversity combining was investigated, where a three-antenna diversity scheme
is applied to the reduced state PSP-based MLSE receiver. Three different combining techniques, namely selective combining (SC), equal gain combining (EGC) and maximum ratio combining (MRC) were compared. It was found via simulation that the best performance is achieved using MRC, with as much as 14dB improvement achieved by applying triple diversity MRC.
4
Sawada, Manabu, Masaaki Katayama, Takaya Yamazato, and Akira Ogawa. "Effect of Nonlinear Amplification on a Spread Spectrum Signal and Receiver Configurations." IEICE, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7201.
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5
Moctezuma, Andres. "CPM Equalization to Compensate for ISI due to Band Limiting Channels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34559.
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In modern wireless communication systems, such as satellite communications and wireless networks, the need for higher data rates without the need for additional transmit power has made Continuous Phase Modulation (CPM) one of the most attractive modulation schemes in band limited channels. However, as the data rates keep increasing, the spectral width of the CPM signal increases beyond the channel bandwidth and performance becomes constrained by the intersymbol interference (ISI) that results from band-limiting filters. We propose two approaches to the problem of equalization of band-limited CPM signals. First, our efforts are focused on shortening the channel impulse response so that we can use a low complexity MLSE equalizer. We implement the channel truncation structure by Falconer and Magee and adapt it to work with CPM signals. This structure uses a, a more derivable, pre-filter to shape the overall response of the channel, so that its impulse response is of shorter duration. Simulation results show that near-MLSE performance can be obtained while dramatically reducing MLSE equalizer complexity.
In our second approach, we focus on eliminating the group-delay variations inside the channel passband using an FIR pre-filter. We assume the channel to be time-invariant and provide a method to design an FIR filter so that -when convolved with the band limiting filter - it results in more constant group-delay over the filter passband. Results show that eliminating the group-delay variations in the band limiting filter passband reduce the amount of ISI and improve bit error rate performance.
Master of Science
6
McCorduck, James A., and Kamilo Feher. "SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY/BIT ERROR RATE OF FQPSK AND OTHER NON-COHERENT SYSTEMS SUPERIOR TO COHERENT SYSTEMS FOR SMS AND BURSTED TDMA AND CDMA SYSTEMS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606360.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, CaliforniaFor faster acquisition in bursted environments for SMS (Short Messaging Service) and other lower-bit rate applications, non-coherent detection techniques are proposed. Non-Coherent detection demodulators are proposed because faster acquisition capability in bursted environments can result in a reduced amount of preamble bits in the messaging frame, i.e. less overhead, resulting in an effective increase in spectral efficiency. Reducing the preamble can also provide performance enhancement opportunities for Feher Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (FQPSK) [1] and for other systems. The preamble can also be varied to provide for better Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. The lower bit rate environment also gives the opportunity to employ simpler architectures in lieu of preamble modification. Several non-coherent detection alternatives are described.
7
Deshpande, Nikhil 1978. "Matlab implementation of GSM traffic channel [electronic resource] / by Nikhil Deshpande." University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000167.
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Title from PDF of title page.Document formatted into pages; contains 62 pages
Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of South Florida, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references.
Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format.
ABSTRACT: The GSM platform is a extremely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement. The GSM platform is growing and evolving and offers an expanded and feature-rich voice and data enabling services. General Packet Radio Service, (GPRS), will have a tremendous transmission rate, which will make a significant impact on most of the existing services. Additionally, GPRS stands ready for the introduction of new services as operators and users, both business and private, appreciate the capabilities and potential that GPRS provides. Services such as the Internet, videoconferencing and on-line shopping will be as smooth as talking on the phone. Moreover, the capability and ease of access to these services increase at work, at home or during travel. In this research the traffic channel of a GSM system was studied in detail and simulated in order to obtain a performance analysis. Matlab, software from Mathworks, was used for the simulation.
ABSTRACT: Both the forward and the reverse links of a GSM system were simulated. A flat fading model was used to model the channel. Signal to Noise Ratio, (SNR), was the primary metric that was varied during the simulation. All the building blocks for a traffic channel, including a Convolutional encoder, an Interleaver and a Modulator were coded in Matlab. Finally the GPRS system, which is an enhancement of the GSM system for data services was introduced.
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Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Lin, Jin-Son, and Kamilo Feher. "NONCOHERENT AND DIFFERENTIAL DETECTION OF FQPSK WITH MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD SEQUENCE ESTIMATION IN NONLINEAR CHANNELS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606381.
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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, CaliforniaThis paper presents noncoherent limiter-discriminator detection and differential detection of FQPSK (Feher quadrature phase-shift-keying) with maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) techniques. Noncoherent FQPSK systems are suitable for fast fading and cochannel interference channels and channels with strong phase noise, and they can offer faster synchronization and reduce outage events compared with conventional coherent systems. In this paper, both differential detection and limiter-discriminator detection of FQPSK are discussed. We use MLSE with lookup tables to exploit the memory in noncoherently detected FQPSK signals and thus significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.
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Deshpande, Nikhil. "Matlab implementation of GSM traffic channel." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000167.
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10
Ozgur, Ayfer. "Performance Of A Transmit Delay Scheme In Digital Simulcast Environment." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605179/index.pdf.
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Simulcasting is a spectrally efficient wide area coverage technique that can be advantageous in private mobile radio applications such as emergency services. In a simulcast network, multiple base stations broadcast the same information on a single nominal carrier frequency, causing severe multipath interference at a receiver in the overlap region of several neighboring base stations. In this thesis, we introduce a transmit delay scheme for simulcast networks and investigate the performance of the scheme in LOS and Rayleigh fading environments. In this scheme a relative transmit delay is introduced between neighboring base stations to extend the differential delay between different paths in the overlap regions, from the order of the carrier period to the order of the symbol period, thus transform RF carrier interference into ISI. The receiver employs MLSE to obtain diversity gain from ISI. The performance of the system is evaluated using analytical bounds and simulations carried out for an MLSE based π
/4 DQPSK receiver and the results show that the proposed scheme operates succesfully, turning destructive interference disadvantage into a multipath diversity advantage, provided that a sufficient delay is used between the base stations. The &ldquo
sufficient&rdquo
delay value is determined by considering the coverage properties of the scheme and is in fact &ldquo
optimum&rdquo
, since more than sufficient transmit delays result in useless increased receiver complexity. We provide our results using parameters for the TETRA system, however, the results of the work can readily be used for other systems.
11
Sallem, Soumaya. "Traitements de réception mono et multi-antennes de signaux rectilignes ou quasi-rectilignes en présence de multitrajets de propagation." Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TELE0054/document.
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Le récepteur SAIC/MAIC introduit récemment est capable de séparer jusqu'à 2N utilisateurs synchronisés avec N antennes pour les réseaux de radiocommunications utilisant des modulations rectilignes ou quasi-rectilignes. Un tel récepteur, opérationnel dans les téléphones GSM depuis 2006, exploite la non-circularité du second ordre des signaux et met en œuvre un filtre optimal linéaire au sens large (widely linéaire WL). Il s'est montré performant pour les utilisateurs synchrones en absence de résidu de porteuse (l'effet doppler par exemple), mais son comportement en présence d'utilisateurs asynchrones ayant des résidus de porteuse potentiellement non nuls, omniprésents dans de nombreuses applications radio, n'a pas encore fait l'objet d'études théoriques, ce qui ne permet pas d'en connaître les dégradations. Le but de la 1e partie de ce travail consiste à présenter une analyse des performances du SAIC/MAIC, implanté via une approche MMSE avec séquence d'apprentissage, en présence de deux utilisateurs non nécessairement synchronisés et ayant des dérives de fréquence. Pour simplifier, nous avons limité l'analyse théorique à quelques cas particuliers avec des modulations rectilignes. Ainsi des expressions analytiques simples et interprétables ont été données et analysées. Nous avons prouvé que les performances sont moins dégradées dans le cas d'une dérive sur l'utile qu'en présence d'une dérive sur le brouilleur. En outre, la dégradation augmente avec la désynchronisation des deux signaux. Afin de préciser le domaine de validité des approximations analytiques, des illustrations numériques ont été réalisées en prenant comme paramètres ceux du standard GSM dans le but d'appliquer cette étude à ce standard et aux réseaux cellulaires. L'extension de l'analyse aux modulations quasi-rectilignes a nécessité la mise en œuvre d'un filtrage spatio-temporel. Nous avons ainsi étudié l'impact de la taille du filtre spatio-temporel sur les performances du MMSE SAIC/MAIC pour des modulations quasi-rectilignes (MSK et GMSK) en présence de résidus de porteuse. L'étude révèle qu'avec des résidus de porteuse standards, ce récepteur reste relativement robuste et ne nécessite pas de compensation. La 2e partie de ce travail considère des canaux sélectifs en fréquence et consiste à développer un SIMO MLSE pour un signal utile à modulation linéaire quelconque en présence de bruit additif gaussien centré stationnaire coloré temporellement et spatialement et potentiellement non circulaire, en partant d'un problème général de détection d'une forme d'onde. Nous avons démontré que le SIMO MLSE est constitué d'un filtre WL, d'un échantillonneur au rythme symbole et d'une minimisation récursive d'une métrique qui peut se mettre en oeuvre par l'algorithme de Viterbi. Le cas des modulations quasi rectilignes a aussi été considéré. Dans ce cadre, nous avons démontré que le SIMO MLSE a la même structure moyennant un prétraitement de dérotation. Tous ces filtres WL sont interprétés comme des filtres WL adaptés multidimensionnels (WL MMF) au sens où ils maximisent le rapport SNR sur le symbole courant en sortie. Nous avons ensuite étendu la structure du MLSE développée au cas d'un bruit gaussien non circulaire mais cyclostationnaire, de manière à se rapprocher des applications cellulaires. Nous appelons ce nouveau récepteur "pseudo-MLSE" car sa structure a été imposée. En conjecturant que les performances en probabilité d'erreur par symbole sont directement reliées au SNR sur le symbole courant, des expressions générales de celui-ci ont été données pour des MLSE et pseudo-MLSE dans le cadre d'interférences stationnaires et cyclostationnaires potentiellement non circulaires. Des formules interprétables de ces SNR ont été données dans des cas particuliers et des simulations numériques ont été présentées pour montrer les gains en performance des récepteurs introduits par rapport aux MLSE classiques dérivés sous hypothèse de bruit stationnaire circulaireThe SAIC/MAIC (Single/Multiple Antenna Interference Cancellation) receiver, recently introduced, is able to separate up to 2N synchronous users with N antennas for the radiocommunications networks using rectilinear or quasi-rectilinear modulations. A such receiver, operational in GSM handsets since 2006, exploits the second order non-circularity of signals and gives rise to an optimal widely linear (WL) filter. This receiver has been shown to be powerful for synchronous users without any frequency offsets (for example Doppler shift), but its behaviour in the presence of asynchronous users having potentially non zero carrier residues, omnipresent in many radio applications, has not yet been the subject of theoretical studies, which doesn't allow us to know their damage. For this reason, the purpose of the first part of this work is to present an analysis of SAIC/MAIC receiver performances, implemented via an MMSE approach with training sequence, with two users not necessarily synchronized with frequency shifts. To simplify the analytical developments, we limited the theoretical analysis to some particular cases with rectilinear modulations. Hence, simple and interpretable analytical expressions were given and analyzed. We proved in particular that the performance is less degraded in the case of a shift on the useful than in the presence of a drift on the jammer. Furthermore, the degradation increases with desynchronization of the two signals. To precise the range of validity of analytical approximations, numerical illustrations were made using as parameters those of the GSM standard in order to apply this study to this standard in particular and cellular networks in general. Extending the analysis to quasi-rectilinear modulations had required the implementation of a spatio-temporal filtering. We have studied the impact of the size of the spatio-temporal filter on the performance of MMSE SAIC/MAIC receiver for quasi-rectilinear modulations (GMSK and MSK) in the presence of residual frequencies. The study reveals that with standard carrier residues, this receiver remains relatively robust and doesn't require a compensation. The second part of this work considers frequency-selective channels and is developing a SIMO MLSE receiver for a useful signal with any linear modulation in the presence of an additive Gaussian centered stationary temporally and spatially colored and potentially non-circular noise, starting from a general problem of detection of a waveform. We have shown that SIMO MLSE receiver consists of a WL filter, a sampler at the symbol rate and a recursive minimization of a metric that can be solved by the Viterbi algorithm. The case of quasi-rectilinear modulations is also considered. Within this framework, we had proved that the SIMO MLSE receiver has the same structure through a postreatment derotation. All these filters are interpreted as WL multidimensional matched filters (WL MMF) in the sense that they maximize the SNR of the current symbol at output. Then, we extended the MLSE receiver structure developed in case of a noncircular gaussian noise but this time cyclostationary, so as to approximate radio cellular applications. We call this new receiver "pseudo-MLSE" because its structure was imposed. By conjecturing that the performances by per symbol error probability are directly related to the SNR of the current symbol, general expressions of this SNR are given for MLSE and pseudo MLSE receivers with stationary and cyclostationary potentially noncircular interferences. Interpretable formulas of these SNR were given in special cases and numerical simulations were presented to show performance gains of the receivers we have introduced relative to conventional MLSE receivers derived under the assumption of circular stationary noise
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Teal, Paul D., and p. teal@irl cri nz. "Real Time Characterisation of the Mobile Multipath Channel." The Australian National University. Research School of Information Sciences and Engineering, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020722.085502.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis a new approach for characterisation of digital mobile radio channels is investigated. The new approach is based on recognition of the fact that while the fading which is characteristic of the mobile radio channel is very rapid, the processes underlying this fading may vary much more slowly. The comparative stability of these underlying processes has not been exploited in system designs to date.
Channel models are proposed which take account of the stability of the
channel. Estimators for the parameters of the models are proposed, and their performance is analysed theoretically and by simulation and
measurement.
Bounds are derived for the extent to which the mobile channel can be
predicted, and the critical factors which define these bounds are
identified.
Two main applications arise for these channel models. The first is the
possibility of prediction of the overall system performance. This may be used to avoid channel fading (for instance by change of frequency), or
compensate for it (by change of the signal rate or by power control). The
second application is in channel equalisation. An equaliser based on a
model which has parameters varying only very slowly can offer improved
performance especially in the case of channels which appear to be varying
so rapidly that the convergence rate of an equaliser based on the
conventional model is not adequate.
The first of these applications is explored, and a relationship is derived between the channel impulse response and the performance of a broadband system.
13
Gomes, Catarina dos Santos Teles. "Identification and phylogenetic characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum species complex isolates collected in Portugal." Master's thesis, ISA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15089.
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Ugurlu, Bilal. "Receiver Design For A Class Of New Pulse Shapes For Cpm Signals." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614093/index.pdf.
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Recently, a study on obtaining better Euclidean distance for CPM (Continuous Phase Modulation) signals that fit well-known GSM spectral envelope has been carried out, and significant performance improvements were obtained. Two new pulse shapes, which are represented using 8th degree polynomials, were optimized to give the best error performance under the constraint that the PSD stays below GSM spectral standards. However, the approach uses parameters that cause the number of states to increase considerably, and thus yielding high complexity for receiver implementation. In this thesis, a study on finding a feasible receiver design that can provide a performance with acceptable degradation but affordable complexity is carried out for those new pulse shapes. After a survey about complexity reduction techniques, a decision is made to go on with a receiver structure based on Laurent Decomposition (LD) of phase modulated signals. Unlike other complexity reduction techniques, usage of LD based receivers permits reduction in both the number of matched filters and trellis states. Throughout the study, different numbers of matched filters and trellis states were used in LD based receivers for the new pulse shapes, and good results are obtained. For the pulse shape with pulse length L = 3, about a gain of 0.93dB in power is achieved by only 2 matched filters and 14 trellis states. For the case where L = 7, approximately a gain of 2.25dB is achieved with only 8 matched filters and 56 states, whereas 896 matched filters and 448 states are needed in the optimum case without complexity reduction.
15
Zamiri-Jafarian, Hossein. "Adaptive MLSDE receivers for wireless communications." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/NQ41537.pdf.
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Afonso, Mendes-Yahiaoui Noura. "Épidémiologie moléculaire du complexe d’espèces Ralstonia solanacearum, agent du flétrissement bactérien, dans les îles du Sud-Ouest de l’océan Indien." Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0014.
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Dans les îles du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien (SOOI) (Comores, Maurice, Mayotte, Réunion, Rodrigues et Seychelles), le flétrissement bactérien causé par le complexe d'espèces Ralstonia solanacearum (ceRs) est une phytobactériose considérée comme l'une des plus nuisibles pour les productions vivrières ou d'exportation. Les travaux de thèse présentés dans ce manuscrit avaient pour principal objectif l'exploration du niveau et de la distribution de la diversité génétique du ce Rs et de la structure génétique de ses populations dans le SOOI. Nous avons mené de vastes campagnes d'échantillonnage qui ont permis de constituer une large collection de 1704 isolats, principalement à partir de Solanacées (tomate, pomme de terre, piment, aubergine, poivron) et de géranium rosat. L'assignation phylogénétique des isolats a montré une très forte prévalence du phylotype I (88 %), qui est distribué dans chaque île du SOOI, tandis que les phylotypes II (9 %) et III (3 %) ne sont trouvés qu'à La Réunion. Deux souches de phylotype IV ont par ailleurs été signalées à l'île Maurice, représentant le premier rapport de ce groupe phylogénétique dans le SOOI. Une approche phylogénétique et de génotypage (MLSA/MLST) basée sur l'analyse de séquences de 6 gènes de ménage et 1 gène associé à la virulence (egl) a permis de révéler les relations génétiques entre 145 souches représentatives (diversité géographique + hôte d'isolement) du SOOI et 90 souches mondiales de référence. Le développement et l'application d'un schéma MLVA basé sur 17 séquences répétées en tandem (VNTR) sur près de 1300 souches a permis de révéler que les populations de phylotype I sont organisées en complexes clonaux dans le SOOI et que le niveau de diversité génétique est très contrasté selon les îles, Maurice présentant la plus forte diversité génétique. Un résultat majeur de cette thèse est la mise en évidence du déploiement d’une lignée génétique (sequevar I-31 ; STI-13 ; MT-035), surreprésentée dans les îles du SOOI, qui pourrait avoir été introduite via du matériel végétal contaminé depuis l'Afrique de Sud ou l’Afrique de l'Ouest. Nos études préliminaires montrent que l'haplotype majoritaire MT-035 (i) est le probable haplotype fondateur du complexe clonal le plus prévalent dans le SOOI, (ii) présente un pouvoir pathogène élevé (large gamme d'hôtes comprenant des plantes cultivées et des adventices, et forte agressivité sur Solanacées) et (iii) possède une forte aptitude à la compétition dans l'environnement via la production de bactériocines. Ces travaux permettront in fine de renforcer l'épidémiosurveillance et orienter les stratégies de lutte vis-à-vis de cet agent phytopathogène, notamment via le déploiement de cultivars résistantsIn the southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) islands (Comoros, Mauritius, Mayotte, Réunion, Rodrigues and Seychelles), bacterial wilt caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (Rssc) is considered one of the most harmful plant disease for food crops or export. The main objective of this work presented in this manuscript was to explore the level and the distribution of the genetic diversity of Rssc and the genetic structure of its populations in SWIO. We conducted extensive sampling campaigns that resulted in a large collection of 1704 isolates, mainly from Solanaceae (tomato, potato, chilli, eggplant, pepper) and geranium rosat. The phylogenetic assignment of the isolates showed a very high prevalence of phylotype I (88 %), which is distributed in each island of the SWIO, while phylotypes II (9 %) and III (3 %) are found only in Réunion. Two phylotype IV strains have also been reported in Mauritius, representing the first report of this phylogenetic group in SWIO. A phylogenetic and genotyping approach (MLSA/MLST) based on sequence analysis of 6 housekeeping genes and 1 gene associated with virulence (egl) revealed the genetic relationships between 145 representative SWIO strains (geographic diversity + host) and 90 global reference strains. The development and application of MLVA scheme based on 17 variable number of tandem repeat sequences (VNTR) on nearly 1300 strains revealed that phylotype I populations are organized into clonal complexes in SWIO and that the level of genetic diversity is highly contrasted according to the islands, with Mauritius having the highest genetic diversity. This work highlights the deployment of a genetic lineage (Sequevar I-31, STI-13, MT-035), overrepresented in SWIO islands, which could have been introduced via contaminated plant material from South Africa or West Africa. Our preliminary studies show that the main haplotype MT-035 (i) is the probable founding haplotype of the most prevalent clonal complex in SWIO, (ii) has high pathogenicity (wide range of hosts including cultivated plants and weeds, and high aggressiveness on Solanaceae) and (iii) has a strong ability to compete in the environment via the production of bacteriocins. This work will ultimately strengthen epidemiosurveillance and guide control strategies of this plant pathogen, including the deployment of resistant cultivars
17
Mary, Philippe. "Etude analytique des performances des systèmes radio-mobiles en présence d'évanouissements et d'effet de masque." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00406310.
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Cette thèse a pour but l'analyse des performances d'une communication radio en présence d'évanouissements et d'effet de masque. Le masquage, du aux obstacles entre l'émetteur et le récepteur, fait varier la probabilité d'erreur moyenne ("Symbole Error Probability" SEP). L'étude de la probabilité de coupure symbole (SEO "Symbol error Outage") définie comme la probabilité que le SEP moyen excède une valeur seuil est donc plus pertinent. La difficulté de son étude réside dans le fait qu'une inversion du SEP moyen par rapport au SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) est nécessaire. Par la méthode de Laplace nous donnons des approximations précises à tout SNR du SEP dans un canal de Nakagami-m et Rice dans le cas mono-antenne. Nous montrons ensuite que ces approximations sont inversibles par rapport au SNR et permettent d'exprimer analytiquement le SEO en fonction du SEP cible. Nous intégrons ensuite le codage canal et dérivons des expressions analytiques de la probabilité de coupure paquet pour un codage bloc puis un codage convolutif à entrée décidée. Nous étendons l'étude aux systèmes MIMO à codage bloc orthogonaux puis à multiplexage spatial où des formes exactes du SEO sont dérivées. Nous considérons le cas où des interférents sont présents. Nous dérivons une approximation précise et inversible de la probabilité d'erreur lorsque les signaux se propagent à travers un canal à évanouissements rapides de Rayleigh. Enfin parce que la prise en compte de l'interférence est un moyen avéré d'augmenter la capacité des réseaux, nous étudions les performances de la détection multiutilisateurs à maximum de vraisemblance (MUD-MLSE), dans un contexte WLAN à canaux recouvrant.
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SALLEM, Soumaya. "Traitements de réception mono et multi-antennes de signaux rectilignes ou quasi-rectilignes en présence de multitrajets de propagation." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00814611.
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Le récepteur SAIC/MAIC introduit récemment est capable de séparer jusqu'à 2N utilisateurs synchronisés avec N antennes pour les réseaux de radiocommunications utilisant des modulations rectilignes ou quasi-rectilignes. Un tel récepteur, opérationnel dans les téléphones GSM depuis 2006, exploite la non-circularité du second ordre des signaux et met en œuvre un filtre optimal linéaire au sens large (widely linéaire WL). Il s'est montré performant pour les utilisateurs synchrones en absence de résidu de porteuse (l'effet doppler par exemple), mais son comportement en présence d'utilisateurs asynchrones ayant des résidus de porteuse potentiellement non nuls, omniprésents dans de nombreuses applications radio, n'a pas encore fait l'objet d'études théoriques, ce qui ne permet pas d'en connaître les dégradations. Le but de la 1e partie de ce travail consiste à présenter une analyse des performances du SAIC/MAIC, implanté via une approche MMSE avec séquence d'apprentissage, en présence de deux utilisateurs non nécessairement synchronisés et ayant des dérives de fréquence. Pour simplifier, nous avons limité l'analyse théorique à quelques cas particuliers avec des modulations rectilignes. Ainsi des expressions analytiques simples et interprétables ont été données et analysées. Nous avons prouvé que les performances sont moins dégradées dans le cas d'une dérive sur l'utile qu'en présence d'une dérive sur le brouilleur. En outre, la dégradation augmente avec la désynchronisation des deux signaux. Afin de préciser le domaine de validité des approximations analytiques, des illustrations numériques ont été réalisées en prenant comme paramètres ceux du standard GSM dans le but d'appliquer cette étude à ce standard et aux réseaux cellulaires. L'extension de l'analyse aux modulations quasi-rectilignes a nécessité la mise en œuvre d'un filtrage spatio-temporel. Nous avons ainsi étudié l'impact de la taille du filtre spatio-temporel sur les performances du MMSE SAIC/MAIC pour des modulations quasi-rectilignes (MSK et GMSK) en présence de résidus de porteuse. L'étude révèle qu'avec des résidus de porteuse standards, ce récepteur reste relativement robuste et ne nécessite pas de compensation. La 2e partie de ce travail considère des canaux sélectifs en fréquence et consiste à développer un SIMO MLSE pour un signal utile à modulation linéaire quelconque en présence de bruit additif gaussien centré stationnaire coloré temporellement et spatialement et potentiellement non circulaire, en partant d'un problème général de détection d'une forme d'onde. Nous avons démontré que le SIMO MLSE est constitué d'un filtre WL, d'un échantillonneur au rythme symbole et d'une minimisation récursive d'une métrique qui peut se mettre en oeuvre par l'algorithme de Viterbi. Le cas des modulations quasi rectilignes a aussi été considéré. Dans ce cadre, nous avons démontré que le SIMO MLSE a la même structure moyennant un prétraitement de dérotation. Tous ces filtres WL sont interprétés comme des filtres WL adaptés multidimensionnels (WL MMF) au sens où ils maximisent le rapport SNR sur le symbole courant en sortie. Nous avons ensuite étendu la structure du MLSE développée au cas d'un bruit gaussien non circulaire mais cyclostationnaire, de manière à se rapprocher des applications cellulaires. Nous appelons ce nouveau récepteur "pseudo-MLSE" car sa structure a été imposée. En conjecturant que les performances en probabilité d'erreur par symbole sont directement reliées au SNR sur le symbole courant, des expressions générales de celui-ci ont été données pour des MLSE et pseudo-MLSE dans le cadre d'interférences stationnaires et cyclostationnaires potentiellement non circulaires. Des formules interprétables de ces SNR ont été données dans des cas particuliers et des simulations numériques ont été présentées pour montrer les gains en performance des récepteurs introduits par rapport aux MLSE classiques dérivés sous hypothèse de bruit stationnaire circulaire
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DiBenedetto, Michael F. "Citing criteria for the microwave landing system (MLS) MLS/ILS collocation and runway hump shadowing." Ohio : Ohio University, 1988. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182785020.
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DiBenedetto, Michael F. "Siting criteria for the microwave landing system (MLS): MLS/ILS collocation and runway hump shadowing." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1182785020.
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Farrow, Kylie Ann 1973. "Analysis of clostridial MLS resistance determinants." Monash University, Dept. of Microbiology, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8319.
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Prezotto, Leandro Fontes. "Tipificação de linhagens de Wolbachia do complexo Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) da região neotropical por análise de locos múltiplos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-23072013-145455/.
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Wolbachia é uma bactéria intracelular encontrada tanto nos tecidos somáticos quanto nos reprodutivos de diversas espécies de artrópodes e nematódeos. Estudos filogenéticos baseados nos genes 16S e ftsZ indicaram que o gênero Wolbachia congrega seis supergrupos taxonômicos (\"A\" a \"F\"). Infecções por Wolbachia têm sido associadas a diversas alterações na reprodução de seus hospedeiros, p. exemplo, a incompatibilidade citoplasmática (IC), partenogênese, feminização de machos genéticos e morte dos machos. A identificação das diferentes cepas da bactéria é mais precisa quando a análise por locos múltiplos (MLST) é aplicada. Infecção por Wolbachia foi descrita em diversas espécies de moscas-das-frutas da familia Tephritidae, Bactrocera ascita, Rhagoletis cerasi, Ceratitis capitata, nas quais a bactéria induz a incompatibilidade citoplasmática. No gênero Anastrepha, endêmico do Continente Americano, infecção por Wolbachia foi descrita em várias espécies pela análise do gene wsp, existindo também a indicação de que IC mediada por Wolbachia ocorra em duas espécies do grupo fraterculus. A ocorrência de IC aliada à sugestão do emprego da Wolbachia em programas de controle populacional das moscas-das-frutas, impõem a necessidade de uma caracterização mais precisa das diferentes cepas da Wolbachia. No presente trabalho foram amplificados e sequenciados fragmentos dos genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, ftsZ e fbpA, que integram a metodologia de MLST (\"Multiloci Sequence Typing\") e do gene wsp da Wolbachia. Foram analisadas amostras populacionais do complexo de espécies crípticas de Anastrepha fraterculus do Brasil e da Argentina, Peru, Equador, Colômbia, Guatemala e México, além de amostras de Anastrepha obliqua do Brasil. Todas as amostras estavam infectadas com Wolbachia do supergrupo \"A\". Para os cinco genes, foram encontrados haplótipos únicos e outros já descritos anteriormente, determinando, assim, os alelos de cada um presentes nas amostras. O conjunto de cinco alelos de cada amostra determinou a linhagem da bactéria que estava presente. Comparação entre as análises filogenéticas das sequências de cada um dos genes isoladamente, mostrou discordância nas relações entre os alelos e amostras populacionais. As sequências dos cinco genes concatenadas, com 2079 pb, foram analisadas tendo sido encontrados 20 linhagens, com distâncias variando de 0,001 a 0,058. A análise filogenética isolou as linhagens de Wolbachia obtidas das amostras de Anastrepha em clados distintos, demonstrando que diferentes linhagens estão presentes nesses hospedeiros e regiões geográficas. Mostrou, também, que pode ocorrer mais que uma cepa de Wolbachia em uma mesma amostra populacional. Uma das linhagens foi detectada em duas espécies do complexo fraterculus e é, também, a mais comumente encontrada (ST1) em diferentes organismos. As sequências do wsp tinham cerca de 500 pb, tendo sido encontradas 22 sequências distintas. O nível de variabilidade de nucleotídeos não é uniforme ao longo do gene, formando um padrão com quatro regiões hipervariáveis, \"HVRs\". As distâncias genéticas entre os haplótipos de wsp mostrou uma variação de 0,001 a 0,235. Foram observadas evidências de recombinação intragência entre os haplótipos do gene wsp. A análise filogenética também isolou os haplótipos de Wolbachia em clados distintos, porém, em contraste com o MLST, a árvore do gene wsp, não suporta os grupos monofiléticos gerados pelo MLST. Os resultados mostram que linhagens similares de Wolbachia estão disseminadas por vasta extensão do Continente Americano, além da presença de linhagens específicas em determinadas áreas geográficas. Análises de ovários e testículos de indivíduos infectados e não infectados (curados por tratamento térmico) de A. sp. 1 e de A. obliqua foram feitas para avaliar possíveis efeitos da Wolbachia nesses hospedeiros. A análise das preparações dos ovários, coradas pelo DAPI, não mostrou diferenças perceptíveis nesta análise morfológica entre fêmeas infectadas e não infectadas, de ambas as espécies. A produção de espermatozoides aumenta progressivamente durante alguns dias, após a emergência das imagos, e cai nos dias seguintes. A análise da produção de espermatozoides pelos machos infectados e pelos curados mostrou que as diferenças entre eles não foram significativas, em ambas as espécies de hospedeiros. Foram feitas estimativas da fecundidade de fêmeas infectadas e não infectadas, de ambas as espécies. Mostrou-se que fêmeas infectadas são mais fecundas que as não infectadas em A. sp.1, mas mostram fecundidade similar em A. obliqua. As taxas de eclosão de larvas foram também estimadas em cruzamentos intraespecíficos compatíveis (fêmeas infectadas ou não cruzadas com machos não infectados) e cruzamentos incompatíveis (fêmeas não infectadas cruzadas com machos infectados) de ambas as espécies. A fertilidade foi significativamente mais elevada entre os ovos produzidos pelas fêmeas infectadas, de ambas as espécies. Foi observado que machos infectados, em ambas as espécies, estão relacionados com os cruzamentos onde ocorreram as taxas mais altas de eclosão. Analisando os cruzamentos incompatíveis, foi demonstrada a presença de incompatibilidade citoplasmática (IC), como seria esperado pela atuação da Wolbachia. Foi mostrado um alto valor para os índices de IC em A. sp,1 (IC= 54,01%) e em A. obliqua (IC = 66,2%). Os resultados sugerem que podem existir relações mutualísticas insipientes da Wolbachia com suas espécies de Anastrepha hospedeirasWolbachia is an intracellular bacteria found in somatic and in the reproductive tissues of various arthropods and nematodes. Phylogenetic studies based on 16S and ftsZ genes indicated the existence of six Wolbachia taxonomic supergroups (\"A\" through \"F\"). Infection of Wolbachia have been linked to several changes in the reproduction of their hosts, like cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis, feminization of genetic males and male killing. T Wolbachia infection has been described in several species of fruit flies of the family Tephritidae, like Bactrocera ascita, Rhagoletis cerasi, Ceratitis capitata, in which the bacteria induces cytoplasmic incompatibility. In Anastrepha, endemic to the American Continent, Wolbachia infection has been described in several species by analysis of the wsp gene, and there is also indications that Wolbachia-mediated CI occurs in two species of the fraterculus group. The occurrence of CI coupled with the suggestion of the use of Wolbachia in population supression programs, impose the need for a more precise characterization of the different strains of Wolbachia. The identification of the different strains of the bacteria is most accurate when the methodology of multiple loci (MLST) is applied. In this study fragments of genes gatB, coxA, hcpA, ftsZ and fbpA, integrating the methodology MLST, and of wsp gene were amplified and sequenced. Population samples of the Anastrepha fraterculus.complex of cryptic species from Brasil, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico, and samples of A. oblique from Basil were analysed. All samples were infected with supergroup \"A\" Wolbachia. For each of the five MLST genes, unique as well already known haplotypes were found. Phylogenetic analyses of each gene isolated showed incongruences in the relationships among haplotypes and population samples. The concatenated sequences of the five genes, with 2079 bp, were analyzed and 20 haplotypes were found, with distances ranging from 0.001 to 0.058. Phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia isolated haplotypes into distinct clades, demonstrating that different strains of Wolbachia were present in these hosts, and in distinct geographic areas. Hosts specific haplotypes were found as well as more than one strain of Wolbachia was found in given population samples. A haplotypes (ST1) was detected in two species of the complex and is also the most commonly found in different organisms. Twenty two different sequences of about 500 bp were found for the wsp gene. The level of nucleotide variability is not uniform along the gene, forming a pattern with four hypervariable regions, HVRs. Genetic distances between haplotypes showed a variation from 0.001 to 0.235. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotypes also isolated Wolbachia into distinct clades, but in contrast to the MLST, the tree formed by wsp gene does not support the monophily of some groups. The data show that strains of Wolbachia are disseminated along the American Continent, and also that there are specific strains in determined geographic areas. Analyses of ovaries and testes from infected and non infected (cured by heat treatment) individuals of A. sp. 1 and A. obliqua were made in search of possible effects of Wolbachia on its hosts. Ovaries from infected and cured females of both species, stained by DAPI, showed no visible differences in this morphological analysis. The production of sperms increases during few days after ermergence and drops out later one. Analysis of infected and cured males showed that the production of sperms were not significant between them, for both the host species. Fecundity of infected females of A, sp.1 was significantly higher than that of cured females, but was similar in A. obliqua, Egg hatching was scored in compatible intraspecies crosses and also in incompatibles crosses, of both species. Fertility was significntly higher for infected females of both species. Infected males of both species were found associated to crosses in which the higher egg hatching was observed. Analyses of incompatible crosses showed that CI occurred at high rates in A. sp.1 (CI = 54.01%) and in A. obliqua (CI = 66.2%). The data suggest that an incipient mutualism may be present in the relationships of Wolbachia and its Anastrepha hosts
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Silva, Ketrin Cristina da. "Caracterização molecular de plasmídeos carreadores de genes codificadores de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido em Enterobactereaceas isoladas de suínos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-03062016-151301/.
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A produção de beta-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) tornou-se um desafio em saúde pública por restringir as opções terapêuticas para o tratamento de infecções causadas por bactérias gram-negativas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de estirpes produtoras de ESBL nas granjas de suínos brasileiras, bem como caracterizar os plasmídeos carreadores dos genes blaESBL quanto ao grupo de incompatibilidade, tamanho e presença de genes de resistência adicionais. As estirpes foram isoladas em meio MacConkey e identificadas por MALDI-TOF. Posteriormente, os valores de concentração inibitória mínima foram determinados por microdiluição e/ou ágar diluição para aminoglicosídeos, carbapenens, cefalosporinas, fluoroquinolonas, tetraciclinas, sulfas e cefalosporinas associadas a inibidores competitivos. Os genes codificadores de beta-lactamases foram identificados por PCR assim como o grupo de incompatibilidade dos respectivos plasmídeos carreadores e o grupo filogenético das estirpes de E. coli. A análise de clonalidade foi realizada por ERIC-PCR e MLST. Finalmente, o ambiente genético do gene blaCTX-M-15 foi determinado por PCR e/ou sequenciamento, sendo que os plasmídeos carreando genes blaESBL foram transferidos às estirpes receptoras E. coli TOP10 e C600 por transformação e conjugação, respectivamente, e parcialmente sequenciados. As estirpes de Escherichia coli produtoras de CTX-M-2 foram as mais prevalentes, sendo endêmicas no estado de Minas Gerais. Além disso, é relatada a presença da enzima CTX-M-15 em estirpes de E. coli (ST224, ST410, ST1284), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ST3201). O gene blaCTX-M-15 esteve associado a plasmídeos IncF e foi transferido com sucesso para a estirpe receptora E.coli TOP10, plasmídeos IncF também foram associados a presença do gene blaCTX-M-2. O gene blaCTX-M-8 foi detectado em quatro novos STs de E. coli (ST5845, ST5847, ST5848 e ST5350) e não foi adquirido pelas estirpes receptoras. Estes dados indicam que a vigilância de fenótipos resistentes na produção suína deve de ser considerada uma prioridade, assim como a preferência ao uso de antimicrobianos de espectro estrito a fim de evitar a disseminação desses fenótipos nas granjas e sua possível transmissão para população humana.Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production (ESBL) became a great challenge regarding public health because limit the therapeutic options to treat infections by gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study were evaluate the occurrence of ESBL producers in Brazilian swine farms and characterize blaESBL-carrying plasmids by sizing and incompatibility group and presence of additional resistance genes. Strains were isolated in MacConkey agar and identified by Maldi-Tof. Next, the minimal inhibitory concentration values were determined by microdilution and/or agar dilution to aminoglycosides, carbapenems, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, sulfas and cephalosporin/inhibitors association. Betalactamase encoding genes, plasmid incompatibility group and Escherichia coli phylogenetic group were determined by PCR. Clonal relatedness was evaluated by ERIC-PCR and MLST. Finally, the blaCTX-M-15 genetic environment was determined by PCR and/or sequencing and blaESBL-carrying plasmids transferred to E. coli TOP10 and C600 receptor strains by transformation and conjugation, respectively, and partially sequenced. CTX-M-2-producing E. coli were the most prevalent phenotype, which were endemic in Minas Gerais State. Moreover, the CTX-M-15 enzyme emerged among E. coli (ST224, ST410, ST1284), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ST3201) strains. The blaCTX-M-15 was associated with IncF plasmids, which were successfully transferred to E.coli TOP10, similarly, IncF plasmids were found harboring the blaCTX-M-2. The blaCTX-M-8, detected in four novel E. coli sequence types (ST5845, ST5847, ST5848 e ST5350), was not acquired by receptor strains. Thus, the surveillance of resistant phenotypes in swine production must be established as a priority as well as narrow spectrum antimicrobials prescription antimicrobial instead broad spectrum to prevent the dissemination of these phenotypes in farms and their transmission to human population.
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Silva, Keila de Cássia Ferreira de Almeida. "Caracterização de Pseudomonas aeruginosa encontradas colonizando e/ou infectando pacientes queimados internados em um hospital público da cidade do Rio de Janeiro." Niterói, 2017. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/3038.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um dos principais patógenos causadores de infecções graves em pacientes queimados, estando associado a elevadas taxas de mortalidade e morbidade. A alta plasticidade de seu genoma confere a este microrganismo a capacidade de tornar-se multirresistente a antimicrobianos, dificultando o tratamento devido à redução de opções terapêuticas. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar 35 cepas de P. aeruginosa isoladas de pacientes queimados e da mesa onde era realizada a balneoterapia em um centro de tratamento de queimados (CTQ), determinando o perfil de resistência aos antimicrobianos, os fatores genéticos relacionados à virulência e resistência antimicrobiana, a capacidade de produzir biofilme e ação de biocidas sobre o mesmo, além de realizar tipificação molecular das cepas envolvidas. A suscetibilidade antimicrobiana foi verificada utilizando o método de disco-difusão, segundo os critérios do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). A pesquisa de genes de resistência que codificassem β-lactamases (blaPER-1, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-10, blaGES-1, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaSPM-1, blaKPC, blaNDM e blaSIM) e dos genes de virulência exoS e exoU, foi realizada através da técnica de Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). O teste fenotípico Carba NP, foi utilizado com a finalidade de detectar atividade hidrolítica enzimática à carbapenemas. A capacidade de formação de biofilme foi avaliada em placa para microtitulação e em cupom de aço inoxidável, sendo este último utilizado para verificar a eficácia de três agentes biocidas (hipoclorito de sódio 1%, peróxido de hidrogênio 5% e clorexidina 4%) na remoção dos biofilmes formados. As cepas foram tipificadas através da técnica de Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). De acordo com o teste de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana, foi observado um elevado padrão de resistência, com 71,5% (25/35) das cepas sendo resistentes a multidrogas (MDR). O maior percentual de resistência foi para o ciprofloxacino (94,3%; 33/35), seguido da gentamicina (88,6%; 31/35). Também foi observada resistência aos β-lactâmicos, inclusive à carbapenemas (22,9%; 8/35). Com relação aos genes de resistência pesquisados foi encontrado em 34,3% (12/35) das cepas o blaGES-1 e em uma única cepa o blaCTX-M. Nenhum gene codificador de carbapenemases pesquisado foi encontrado. Da mesma forma, nenhuma atividade hidrolítica enzimática ao imipenem foi detectada através do teste Carba NP, sugerindo que outros mecanismos de resistência possam estar envolvidos, como superexpressão de bomba e perda de porina de membrana externa (OprD). O gene de virulência exoS foi o mais prevalente estando presente em 71,4% (25/35) das cepas, enquanto o gene exoU foi detectado em 14,3% (5/35), porém todas as cepas que abrigavam este gene eram carbapenemas resistentes. Onze (31,4%) das 35 cepas, foram formadoras de biofilme utilizando a placa de microtitulação, sendo estas em sua maioria (81,8%) pertencentes ao clone A (obtido através de tipificação por PFGE em estudo prévio), o qual era o mais prevalente infectando/colonizando pacientes e contaminando a mesa de balneoterapia. A remoção do biofilme formado em superfície de cupom de aço inoxidável foi eficaz para os três biocidas testados (hipoclorito de sódio 1%, peróxido de hidrogênio 5% e clorexidina 4%), não havendo contagem de células viáveis das cepas analisadas após contato com os mesmos. A tipificação por MLST originou dois tipos de sequenciamentos novos, ST2236 e ST2237. Conclui-se com este estudo, que a redução de opções terapêuticas associada à presença de genes de virulência, pode agravar a situação destes pacientes. Assim como a presença de genes como blaGES-1 e blaCTX-M é preocupante, pois podem ser difundidas entre as demais cepas por transmissão horizontal, se não houver um controle adequado. Entretanto, o teste de remoção dos biofilmes mostrou que se a desinfecção for realizada de maneira correta, a contaminação cruzada entre pacientes pode ser evitada.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is major causative pathogens of serious infections in burn patients and is associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. The high plasticity of its genome confers to this organism the ability to become multiresistant to antibiotics, difficulting the threathment due to reduced therapeutic options. This study aimed to analyze 35 strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from burn patients and the tank where balneotherapy was held in a burn treatment center (BTC), determining the resistance profile to antimicrobial agents, genetic factors related to virulence and antimicrobial resistance, the ability to produce biofilms and biocide action thereon and perform molecular typing of the strains involved. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion method, according to the criteria of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). The research for resistance genes encoding β-lactamases (blaPER-1, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-10, blaGES-1, blaVIM, blaIMP, blaSPM-1, blaKPC, blaNDM and blaSIM) and the virulence genes exoS and exoU was performed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The phenotypic test Carba NP, was used in order to detect enzymatic hydrolytic activity to carbapenems. Biofilm formation ability was evaluated through plate for microtitration and stainless steel coupon, the latter being used to verify the efficacy of three biocides (sodium hypochlorite 1%, hydrogen peroxide 5% and chlorhexidine 4%) to remove formed biofilms. The strains were typed by Multilocus Sequence Typing technique (MLST). According to the antimicrobial susceptibility test, a high resistance pattern was observed in which 71.5% (25/35) of strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). The highest percentage of resistance was to ciprofloxacin (94.3%; 33/35), followed by gentamicin (88.6%; 31/35). It was also observed resistance to β-lactams antibiotics, including the carbapenems (22.9%; 8/35). Regarding the resistance genes investigated were found the blaGES-1 in 34,3% (12/35) of the strains and the blaCTX-M in a single strain. None of the searched genes encoding carbapenemases was found. Similarly, no enzymatic hydrolytic activity to imipenem was detected by Carba NP test, suggesting that other resistance mechanisms may be involved, such as pump over expression and loss of outer membrane porin (OprD). The exoS virulence gen was the most prevalent being present in 71.4% (25/35) of the strains, while exoU was detected in 14.3% (5/35), however all strains that harbored this gene were carbapenems resistant. Eleven (31.4%) of 35 isolates were biofilm formers using the plate for microtitration, which mostly (81.8%) belonging to clone A (obtained in a previous study by PFGE) that was the most prevalent infecting/ colonizing patients and contaminating balneotherapy tank. Removal of biofilm formed in stainless steel coupon surface was effective for all three biocides tested (sodium hypochlorite 1%, hydrogen peroxide 5% and chlorhexidine 4%), with no viable cell count after contact with biocides solutions. The MLST originated two new sequencing types, ST2236 and ST2237. It is concluded from this study that the reduction of therapeutic options associated with the presence of virulence genes, can aggravate the situation of these patients. As well as the presence of genes as blaGES-1 and blaCTX-M is worrying as they may be spread among the other strains by horizontal transmission, if there is no adequate control. However, the removal test of biofilms showed that, if the disinfection is carried out in a correct way, cross-contamination between patients can be avoided.
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Ramos, Patrícia Locosque. "Taxonomia do gênero Stenotrophomonas através de Multi Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-26012012-170618/.
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As Stenotrophomonas são comumente encontradas no trato respiratório de pacientes com doenças pulmonares crônicas e também na rizosfera de plantas. Esse gênero apresenta resistência a diversos antibióticos, promove o crescimento de plantas e algumas espécies apresentam a capacidade de fixar o nitrogênio atmosférico. O Multi Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) é uma metodologia baseada em genes constitutivos para definição e alocação taxonômica de novas espécies. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi caracterizar taxonomicamente uma coleção ampla de Stenotrophomonas composta por isolados endófitos, linhagens-tipo e de referência. Para tanto, foi estabelecido um sistema de classificação e identificação de Stenotrophomonas por meio de MLSA. Foi possível através da metodologia de MLSA definir 9 novas espécies, detectar a presença de um novo gênero e estabelecer um sistema online de taxonomia para Stenotrophomonas.The genus Stenotrophomonas is found in the respiratory treatment of patients with chronic pulmonary and also in the rizhosfera of plants. It presents resistance to several antibiotics, promotes the growth of plants and some species present the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. The Multi Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) is a methodology based on constitutive genes for definition and taxonomic allocation of new species. The general objective of the present work was to characterize a wide collection constituted by Stenotrophomonas from isolated endophytic, type and reference strains. In such a way, a system of classification and identification of Stenotrophomonas by means of MLSA was established. It was possible through the MLSA methodology to define 9 new species, to detect the presence of a new genus and to establish an online system for Stenotrophomonas taxonomy.
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Sacramento, Andrey Guimarães. "Caracterização molecular de Enterococcus spp. resistentes à vancomicina em amostras clínicas, ambientes aquáticos e alimentos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-09112015-155733/.
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Enterococos são ubíquos no ambiente e fazem parte da microbiota do trato gastrintestinal de humanos e animais. A importância dessas bactérias tem sido associada com infecções hospitalares e resistência a múltiplas drogas, principalmente à vancomicina. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a caracterização molecular de cepas de Enterococcus spp. resistentes à vancomicina (VRE) isoladas a partir de amostras coletadas de pacientes hospitalizados, água superficial de rios urbanos e carne de frango comercializada no Brasil. A presença do gene vanA foi confirmada em 20 cepas multirresitentes isoladas durante 1997-2011. Dentre os isolados VRE, 12 cepas foram identificadas como E. faecium e oito como E. faecalis. Cepas de E. faecium isoladas de amostras clínicas e águas foram classificadas como clonalmente relacionadas pelo PFGE, com perfil virulência predominante (acm+, esp+). Adicionalmente, enquanto cepas de E. faecium isoladas dos rios pertenceram aos ST203, ST412 e ST478 (previamente caracterizados como endêmicos em hospitais brasileiros), novos STs foram identificados entre as cepas de E. faecalis (ST614, ST615 e ST616) e E. faecium (ST953 e ST954) isoladas de alimentos. Sequências completas do transposon Tn1546 das cepas clínicas VREfm 320/07 (ST478) e ambiental VREfm 11 (ST412) mostraram Tn1546-like element de ~12800 pb, com um ponto de mutação no gene vanA na posição 7.698 (substituição do nucleotídeo T pelo C) e uma no gene vanX na posição 8.234 (G pelo T). Além disso, uma deleção na extremidade esquerda do Tn1546, e as sequências IS1251 e IS1216E na região intergênica vanHS e vanYX, respectivamente, também foram detectados. A este respeito, a IS1216E na região intergênica vanXY constitui um conjunto de genes previamente relatado em cepas clínicas de VREfm no Brasil, denotando uma característica regional. IS1216E tem sido associada com os genes tcrB e aadE que conferem resistência ao cobre e aminoglicosídeos, em E. faecium e Streptococcus agalactiae, respectivamente. Portanto, essa IS pode contribuir para a rápida aquisição de resistência antimicrobiana entre as espécies de cocos Gram-positivos clinicamente importantes. Os tipos de Tn1546 indistiguíveis que foram identificados no atual estudo isolados de humano e ambientes aquáticos sugerem uma comum partilha de um pool de genes de resistência à vancomicina.Enterococci are ubiquitous in the environment and in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. The importance of these bacteria has been associated with nosocomial infection and multiple resistance to antimicrobial agents, mainly vancomycin. The aim of the present study was to perform molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. strains (VRE) isolated from hospitalized patients, surface water of urban rivers and retail chicken meat in Brazil. The presence of the vanA gene was confirmed in 20 multidrug-resistant strains isolated in 1997-2011. Among these VRE isolates, (n = 12) were identified as E. faecium and (n = 8) as E. faecalis. E. faecium strains isolated from water and clinical samples were classified as clonally related by PFGE, the predominant virulence profile being (acm+, esp+). Additionally, while E. faecium strains isolated from rivers belonging to ST203, ST412 and ST478 (previously characterized as endemic in Brazilian hospitals), new STs were identified among strains of E. faecalis (ST614, ST615 and ST616) and E. faecium (ST953 and ST954) isolated from food. Complete sequences of transposon Tn1546 from VREfm clinical strain 320/07 (ST478) and environmental strain VREfm 11 (ST412) showed a Tn1546-like element of ~12800 bp, with T7698C vanA and G8234T vanX mutations. Moreover, deletion of the Tn1546 left extremity, and the IS1251 and IS1216E sequence inside the vanHS and vanYX intergenic region, respectively, were also detected. In this regard, the IS1216E sequence inside the vanXY intergenic region constitutes a gene array previously reported for Brazilian VREfm clinical strains alone, denoting a regional characteristic. IS1216E has been associated with tcrB and aadE genes, which confer resistance to copper and aminoglycosides, in E. faecium and Streptococcus agalactiae, respectively. Therefore, IS1216E should contribute to rapid acquisition of antimicrobial resistance among species of the clinically important Gram-positive cocci. On the other hand, Tn1546-like elements were identical among clinical and environmental VREfm isolates, suggesting sharing of a common vancomycin resistance gene pool.
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Thickett, Kathleen Mary. "Towards developing a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Burkholderia cepacia complex." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403134.
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Lallemand, Marie-Gabrielle. "La lettre dans le recit : etude de l'oeuvre de mlle de scudery." Caen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CAEN1211.
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Cette etude d'un ornement traditionnel du recit au xviieme siecle, la lettre, a pour objet de preciser le statut de la lettre en tant qu'ornement du recit et son evolution, la specificite de la lettre inseree dans le recit, ses differentes fonctions au sein du recit, l'influence du contexte socioculturel (la mondanite) sur l'ecriture epistolaire en milieu romanesque, la relation entre la lettre dans le roman et le roman par lettres. Elle porte tout particulierement sur l'oeuvre de mlle de scudery -romans et nouvelles dont l'ecriture couvre un demi-siecle- mais s'interesse egalement a des recits anterieurs ou contemporains, dont l'astree d'honore d'urfeA traditional narrative ornament of the xvii century, the letter, is examined in this study in view of defining both its role as such an ornament and its evolution as well as its specificity and various functions within the narration. This study also aims at defining the influence of the socio-cultural context (wordliness) upon the epistolary writing in novels and the relation between letters as found in novels and novels made of letters. Although the study focuses mainly upon the works of mademoiselle de scudery, it also draws upon earlier or contemporary writings including l'astree by honore d'urfe
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Viguetti, Sarah Carolina Zanetti e. "Epidemiologia molecular de linhagens invasivas de Corynebacterium diphtheriae utilizando o método MLST." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-8W2JKK.
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Diphtheria is a reemerging disease worldwide. The classic form of the infection, caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae, primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. However, there are some strains of this bacterium that can cause invasive infections such as endocarditis. In Brazil, strains of C. diphtheriae causing this type of infection have been isolated in recent years. These strains were able to infect vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals. The main distinguishing features of the invasive strains were mostly the ability to ferment sucrose and the non-toxigenic profile. The mechanisms leading to the invasive phenotype are poorly understood; this demonstrates the need for genetic studies of this subpopulation of C. diphtheriae. The aim of this study was to perform a molecular epidemiological analysis of the invasive C. diphtheriae strains isolated in Brazil, using the Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) method. A standardized MLST scheme for typing this bacterium was used, composed of seven housekeeping genes: atpA, dnaE, dnaK, fusA, leuA, odha, e rpoB. Type strains of C. diphtheriae were used as controls. The results obtained were compared with MLST profiles of strains isolated in different countries, which are accessible in the public database PubMLST. The profiles obtained for the invasive strains were divided into three clonal complexes by eBURST program. The strains were considered to be of the same clonal complex when at least six of the seven alleles studied in the MLST were shared. The Brazilian strains of biotype gravis were grouped into clonal complexes with strains from Europe, indicating a worldwide circulation of clones of this biotype and some genetic stability. Moreover, invasive strains of biotype mitis had a higher genetic diversity and an apparently associated with movement within South America. Analyzes suggest that high genetic diversity found among the invasive strains is due to a high recombinogenic potential of the isolates.A difteria é considerada por várias agências de saúde internacionais como uma doença re-emergente. A forma clássica da doença, causada pela bactéria Corynebacterium diphtheriae, afeta primariamente o trato respiratório superior. No entanto, existem alguns isolados desta bactéria capazes de causar infecções invasivas, como endocardite. No Brasil, linhagens de C. diphtheriae causadoras deste tipo de infecção têm sido isoladas nos últimos anos. Estas linhagens foram capazes de infectar pessoas vacinadas com o toxóide diftérico (DT) e suas principais características distintivas foram, na maioria dos casos, a capacidade de fermentar sacarose e o perfil não-toxigênico. A escassez de infromações sobre os mecanismos que levam ao fenótipo invasivo evidencia a necessidade de estudos genéticos desta sub-população de C. diphtheriae. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise epidemiológica molecular destas linhagens invasivas brasileiras, utilizando a técnica de Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Um esquema de MLST padronizado para tipagem de C. diphtheriae foi utilizado, composto por sete genes housekeeping desta bactéria: atpA, dnaE, dnaK, fusA, leuA, odha, e rpoB. Como controles, foram tipadas linhagens padrão de C. diphtheriae. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com perfis de MLST de grupos clonais de C. diphtheriae isolados em diferentes países, os quais estão depositados no banco de dados PubMLST. Os perfis obtidos para as linhagens invasivas foram divididos em três complexos clonais pelo programa eBURST. As linhagens foram consideradas como sendo de um mesmo complexo clonal quando pelo menos seis dos sete alelos estudados no MLST eram compartilhados. As linhagens brasileiras do biotipo gravis agruparam-se em complexos clonais com cepas originárias da Europa, indicando uma circulação mundial dos clones deste biotipo e alta estabilidade genética. Por outro lado, linhagens invasivas do biotipo mitis apresentaram maior diversidade genética e uma circulação aparentemente associada à América do Sul. As análises realizadas sugerem que a alta diversidade genética encontrada para as linhagens invasivas é devida a um elevado potencial recombinogênico dos isolados.
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Silva, Givago Faria Ribeiro da. "Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de estirpes de Haemophilus parasuis isoladas de suínos da região Centro-sul do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10134/tde-21062016-124945/.
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Haemophilus parasuis é o agente etiológico da Doença de Glässer, que causa artrite, pneumonia, meningite e poliserosite em suínos e tem assumido grande importância na suinocultura moderna, uma vez que sua ocorrência tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos em rebanhos afetados pelo circovirus suíno tipo 2. No presente estudo foram avaliadas 117 amostras de H. parasuis isoladas dentre os anos de 2009 a 2014, isoladas de suínos de diferentes estados do da região Centro-Sul do Brasil. As estirpes foram submetidas à sorotipificação, confirmação do gênero/espécie pela PCR, o perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos foi avaliado através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), foi realizada a caracterização genotípica das amostras por eletroforese em gel de campo pulsado (PFGE) e por sequenciamento de múltiplos sítios (multilocus sequence typing - MLST) e a presença de genes de virulência vtaA foi analisada. Os sorotipos mais frequentes foram: 4 (21,3%), seguido do 5 (12,9%), do 13 (9,4%), do 14 (7,7%) e do sorotipo 1 (1,7%), e em alguns casos mais de um sorotipo foi identificado na mesma granja e até no mesmo animal, resultado este parecido ao encontrado no restante do mundo. Em todas as amostras o gene vtaA estava presente, para alguns antibióticos os índices de resistência foram elevados, como para tilosina (98,29%), danofloxacina (95,72%), sulfadimetoxina (88,03%), penicilina (77,7%) e a multirrestencia atingiu o índice alarmente de 93,16% das estirpes. Foram identificados 67 perfis diferentes no PFGE e das 9 amostras analisadas pelo MLST foram identificados novos STs, até então, não descritos mundialmente. Quando os novos STs foram comparados com os previamente descritos, estas se dispersaram entre as descritas em diferentes países. Neste estudo foi possível observar que as estirpes de H. parasuis brasileiras possuem alta variabilidade, tanto nos sorotipos, perfis de resistência, análises genômicas de PFGE e MLSTHaemophilus parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer disease that causes arthritis, pneumonia, meningitis and polyserositis in pigs and has assumed great importance in modern swine production, since its occurrence has increased significantly in recent years in herds affected by porcine circovirus type 2. In the present study 117 strains of H. parasuis isolated between 2009 to 2014 were utilized, isolated from pigs of south center of Brazil. The strains were serotyping, confirmed genus/species by PCR, the antimicrobial resistance profile was evaluated determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and strains were genotypically characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and presence of vtA virulence gene. The major serotypes identified were 4 (21.3%), 5 (12.9%), 13 (9.4%), 14 (7.7%) and at last the 1 (1.7%), In some cases more than one serotype was identified in the same farm and in the same animal, this results were identified in others parts of the world. All samples had vtA gene. The resistance for some antibiotics was high for tylosin (98.29%), danofloxacin (95.72%) sulfadimetoxin (88.03%), and penicillin (77.7%). Multidrug resistance rates reached 93.16% of the samples. A total of 67 different profiles were identified in PFGE and nine samples were analyzed by MLST. All nine strains tested were identified as new STs. When these strains were compared with MLST database, they were dispersed among the strains from other countries. In this study, it was clear that the Brazilian H. parasuis strains are highly variable considering serotypes, resistance profiles, genomic analysis of PFGE and MLST
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Adams, Coy M. "VoIP quality measurements in a Multilevel Secure (MLS) environment." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Mar%5FAdams.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Information Systems and Operations)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.Thesis Advisor(s): Irvine, Cynthia E. ; Irvine, Nelson J. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 25, 2008. . Includes bibliographical references (p. 113). Also available in print.
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Murphy, Timothy A. "MLS Flight inspection techniques: Digital filtering and coordinate transformation." Ohio : Ohio University, 1985. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1184070645.
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Alpert, Stephanie. "Novel Use of Scenarios in the Usability Engineering of a Next-generation MLST Tool." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/47452.
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This work explores the utilization of scenarios in an iterative usability engineering process for the development of a next-generation multilocus sequence typing (MLST) tool. The following three research question were investigated during the usability process: (1) what are the differences in the elicited requirements as scenarios move further from extant work practices, (2) what are the differences in the elicited requirements between structured and free-form scenario groups, and (3) are participant-developed scenarios from the scenario-based interviews effective for use as tasks in formative usability evaluation.
Scenario-based interviews were conducted to collect relevant work-practice information and domain knowledge from two user classes. Requirements distilled from the scenarios and complementary interview questions informed the design of multiple iterations of the tool. A formative usability evaluation was conducted on the second iteration of the tool with the same participants.
Resulting requirements from the scenario-based interviews suggest that proposing scenarios beyond current work practices overwhelmed and confused participants, and therefore worked against requirements generation. Conversely, a less structured scenario-based interview scheme yielded a greater quantity of requirements, and specifically produced more creative requirements. Participant-developed scenarios from the scenario-based interviews were ultimately useful as benchmark tasks in the formative usability evaluation because they were intricate enough to afford meaningful interaction with the interface, while still being completable by both user classes. This research helps to provide a greater understanding of the utilization of novel scenario styles and methodologies, thereby providing support for the continued investigation into scenario use for a variety of applications.Master of Science
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Sontowski, Rebekka, Detlef Bernhard, Christoph Bleidorn, Martin Schlegel, and Michael Gerth. "Wolbachia distribution in selected beetle taxa characterized by PCR screens and MLST data." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-185242.
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Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria) is an inherited endosymbiont of arthropods and filarial nematodes and was reported to be widespread across insect taxa. While Wolbachia’s effects on host biology are not understood from most of these hosts, known Wolbachia-induced phenotypes cover a spectrum from obligate beneficial mutualism to reproductive manipulations and pathogenicity. Interestingly, data on Wolbachia within the most species-rich order of arthropods, the Coleoptera (beetles), are scarce. Therefore, we screened 128 species
from seven beetle families (Buprestidae, Hydraenidae, Dytiscidae, Hydrophilidae, Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, and Noteridae) for the presence of Wolbachia. Our data show that, contrary to previous estimations, Wolbachia frequencies in beetles (31% overall) are comparable to the ones in other insects. In addition, we used Wolbachia MLST data and host phylogeny to explore the evolutionary history of Wolbachia strains from Hydraenidae, an aquatic lineage of beetles. Our data suggest that Wolbachia from Hydraenidae might be largely host genus specific and that Wolbachia strain phylogeny is not independent to that of its hosts. As this contrasts with most terrestrial Wolbachia–arthropod systems, one
potential conclusion is that aquatic lifestyle of hosts may result in Wolbachia distribution patterns distinct from those of terrestrial hosts. Our data thus provide both insights into Wolbachia distribution among beetles in general and a first glimpse of Wolbachia distribution patterns among aquatic host lineages.
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Goldbeck, Justina. "What is MLE, who speaks it, and is it safe?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1172.
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Some youth in London speak a non-standard variety of English whose lexical items are difficult for non-speakers to understand. This study collected naturally produced speech samples from students of various ethnicities and class backgrounds who spoke this dialect. It also polled students about their identity, as well as about their use of particular slang words. The recordings were glossed to determine the kind of slang used, as well which populations were more or less likely to use slang. The surveys were analyzed to determine relevant background characteristics of those who used slang versus those who did not. This study concludes that one’s geographic background, as well as one’s class and peer group, impact the variety of English spoken. The idea of language as a method of counter culture is advanced, claiming that speakers are using this dialect as a way to signify resistance against the highly rigid class systems of the U.K.
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Trunzler, Jean. "Contribution à l'enrichessement des fonctions d'approximation sans maillage RKPA / MLS." Paris, ENSAM, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENAM0034.
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De nos jours, l'ingénierie de conception et de fabrication nécessite de plus en plus l'utilisation d'outils de simulation numérique. La majorité des codes industriels actuels utilisent la méthode des éléments finis. Celle ci présente un certain nombre de limitations pour la simulation des problèmes en grandes déformations, de localisation. . . La nécessité de construire un maillage vérifiant un certain nombre de critères de qualité implique un investissement important de la part de l'utilisateur. Pour éliminer ce type de contraintes, nous nous sommes orienté vers les méthodes sans maillage, la fonction d'approximation est construite à partir d'un nuage de noeuds répartis sur le domaine d'étude. La première partie présente une étude comparative des fonctions d'approximation de type RKP A et MLS. Dans la deuxième partie, nous présentons une technique d'enrichissement des fonctions RKP A. Le concept de base provient des fonctions MLS; il s'agit d'introduire dans la base de reproduction tout types de fonctions que l'on souhaite reproduire. Cette technique est appliquée au traitement de problèmes présentant une interface matérielle fixe ou mobile (problème de Stefan). La dernière partie traite du problème de Stokes incompressible. Nous présentons différentes stratégies pour stabiliser le champ de pression. Les différents problèmes traités dans cette étude ont été résolus par des méthodes de collocation. Notre intérêt était d'utiliser une méthode qui ne nécessite pas d'intégration ou qui réduit significativement les coûts d'intégration numériqueNowadays, the engineering of design and manufacture requires more and more the use of tools for numerical simulation. The majority of the Current industrial codes use the finite element method. That presents a certain number of limitations for the simulation of large strains, localization problems. . . The need to construct a mesh satisfying quality criteria implies an important investment on behalf of the user. To eliminate this type of constraints, we directed ourselves towards the meshfree methods, the approximation function is built starting from a cloud of nodes distributed on the field of study. The first part presents a comparative study of the approximation functions of the type RKP A and MLS. In the second part, we present a technique of enrichment of functions RKP A. The basic concept comes from functions MLS; it is a question of introducing into the base of reproduction every functions which one wishes to reproduce. This technique is applied to the treatment of problems presenting a fixed or mobile hardware interface (Stefan problem). The last part treats of the incompressible Stokes problem. We present various strategies to stabilize the field of pressure. The various problems dealt with in this study were solved by collocation methods. Our interest was to use a method which does not require integration or which reduces the costs of numerical integration significantly
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Santos, Sílvia Regina dos. "Determinação de sorotipos capsulares de Streptococcus pneumoniae por Multiplex-PCR sequencial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9136/tde-12092012-100134/.
Full textAbstract:
S. pneumoniae coloniza a nasofaringe e é um dos principais agente de otite média, pneumonia, bacteremia e meningite com altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. Estima-se que 1,6 milhões de pessoas morram de doença pneumocócica por ano, a maioria crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento. A cápsula polissarídica antifagocitária é o principal fator de virulência deste microrganismo e determina os 93 sorotipos conhecidos, sendo o alvo de vacinas pneumocócicas. No presente trabalho foi padronizada a tipagem molecular por Multiplex PCR de S. pneumoniae, que compreende 30 pares de iniciadores agrupados em seis reações sequenciais. Foram tipadas 270 cepas de pneumococo isoladas entre janeiro de 2005 a setembro de 2011, proveniente de líquor (13%), sangue (76%) e líquido pleural (11%) de 232 pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário da USP. Além disso, a caraterização dessas amostras quanto ao perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e à diversidade foi realizada, segundo o CLSI 2011 e a genotipagem molecular pelas técnicas de Multilocus Sequencie Typing Scheme (MLST) e Pulsed Field Eletrophoresis Gel (PFGE), respectivamente. A tipagem por Multiplex PCR detectou 24 sorotipos/sorogrupos diferentes, que foram: 14 (22%), 5 (12%), 12F/A (11%), 6A/B/C (10%), 7F/A (5%), 1 (4%), 3 (4%), 10A (4%), 19A (4%), 18 A/B/C/F (3%), 4 (3%), 8 (3%), 23F (3%), 19F (3%) e outros (9%) (9V/A, 9N/L, 15A, 22F, 11A/D, 31, 38, 34, 16F, 17F e não tipável). Este método apresentou 100% de especificidade e 98% de sensibilidade para determinação de sorogrupos e 66% para sorotipos. Os sorotipos 14, 6B, 5 e 19F foram significativamente mais comuns em criança até dois anos, já entre adultos, os sorotipos 5 e 12F foram os predominantes. O perfil de sensibilidade em infecções não meníngeas foi de 99% de sensibilidade e 1% de resistência intermediária para penicilina e ceftriaxona. Para infecções meníngeas os resultados mostraram 73% de sensibilidade e 27% de resistência para penicilina e 88% de sensibilidade e 12% de resistência intermediária para ceftriaxona. A resistência aos beta-lactâmicos está ligada principalmente ao sorotipo 14 que foi o sorotipo mais isolado com 52 cepas e dessas foram realizados MLST e PFGE. No MLST encontramos 51 cepas pertencentes ao clone Spain9V-3 (ST 156) que é predominante na região sul e sudeste do Brasil e uma cepa com um tipo de sequência ainda não depositada. Pela técnica de PFGE foram detectados três clusters e quatro amostras não relacionadas, o cluster A foi predominante com 41(79%) cepas com 81,7% de similaridade entre elas. A técnica de Multiplex PCR demonstrou ser excelente ferramenta para a detecção dos sorotipos/sorogrupos de S. pneumoniae. Não foi detectada resistência plena à penicilina e ceftriaxona em infecções não meníngeas consolidando a importância do uso da penicilina no tratamento da doença pneumocócica não meníngea. Houve grande similaridade genética entre cepas de S. pneumoniae sorotipo 14.S.pneumoniae colonizes the nasopharynx and is a major agent of otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis with high morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that 1.6 million people die of pneumococcal disease every year, mostly children under five years old, mainly in developing countries. The antiphagocytic polissarídica capsule is the main virulence factor of this organism and determine the 93 serotypes known for being the target of pneumococcal vaccines. In the present study was standardized molecular typing by Multiplex PCR molecular typing, which comprises 30 primer pairs grouped into six sequential reactions. We performed antimicrobial susceptibility profile, according to the CLSI 2011 and the most frequent serotype was made by molecular genotyping techniques Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel Eletrophoresis (PFGE). We studied 270 pneumococcal strains isolated from 2005 to September 2011, from CSF (13%), blood (76%) and pleural fluid (11%) of 232 patients attended at University Hospital of USP. Typing by Multiplex PCR detected 24 serotypes / serogroups different, which were: 14 (22%), 5 (12%), 12F / A (11%), 6A/B/C (10%), 7F / A (5 %), 1 (4%), 3 (4%), 10A (4%), 19A (4%), 18 A / B / C / F (3%), 4 (3%), 8 (3% ), 23F (3%), 19F (3%) and others (9%) (9V / A, 9N / L, 15A, 22F, 11A / D, 31, 38, 34, 16F, 17F and nontypable). This method showed 100% specificity and 98% sensitivity for the determination of 66% for serogroups and serotypes. Serotypes significantly more common in children under two years were: 14, 6B, 5 and 19F among adults serotypes 5 e12F were predominant. The sensitivity profile in non-meningeal infections was 99% sensitivity and 1% penicillin intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone. For meningeal infections the results showed 73% sensitivity and 27% resistance to penicillin and 88% sensitivity and 12% intermediate resistance to ceftriaxone. Resistance to beta-lactams is linked mainly to serotype 14 was the serotype most isolated, and of these 52 strains were performed MLST and PFGE. MLST found in 51 strains belonging to clone Spain9V-3 (ST 156) which is prevalent in south and southeastern Brazil and a strain with a type of sequence is not deposited. The technique of PFGE found three clusters and four non-related samples, cluster A predominated with 41 (79%) strains with 81.7% similarity between them. Multiplex PCR technique proved to be an excellent tool for the detection of serotypes/serogroups of S. pneumoniae. We did not detect full resistance to penicillin and ceftriaxone in non-meningeal infections showing the importance of use of penicillin in the treatment of pneumococcal non-meningeal disease. There was great genetic similarity among strains of S. pneumoniae serotype 14.
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Possebon, Fábio Sossai. "Perfil molecular e resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella isolada em linfonodos mesentéricos de suínos." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134337.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: José Paes de Almeida Nogueira PintoResumo: O presente trabalho avaliou 250 animais de 25 lotes distintos abatidos em 4 estabelecimentos do estado de São Paulo para a presença de Salmonella nos linfonodos mesentéricos, e caracterizou o perfil de resistência das cepas isoladas aos principais antibióticos. O patógeno estava presente em 36,4% das amostras e 72% dos lotes analisados. Dos 91 isolados, 67 foram sorotipados, e os principais sorovares encontrados foram S. Typhimurium (n=13), S. 1.4,5,12:i:- (n=12) S. Infantis (n=12) e S. Havana (n=11). Os compostos com menor eficácia frente aos isolados foram estreptomicina e tetraciclina (68,1% de resistência) ampicilina e sulfonamidas (62,6%), cloranfenicol (56,0%), trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (41,8%) e ácido nalidíxico (40,7%). Os mais efetivos foram aztreonam e cefoxitina, (ambos com 3,3% de resistência) e cefepima e ceftriaxona, (ambos com 7,7%). Cepas multidrogas resistentes (MDR) corresponderam a 70,3% dos isolados. Oito cepas foram submetidas ao MLST: quatro S. Typhimurium e uma S. 1.4,5,12:i:- todas pertencentes ao ST 19, duas S. Infantis pertenceram ao ST 32 e uma S. Derby, pertencente ao ST 40. A grande prevalência do patógeno nos animais analisados, com altas taxas de resistência aos antibióticos e pertencentes a grupos genéticos frequentemente associados a surtos e doenças em humanos demonstram que a cadeia produtiva da carne suína é uma fonte de contaminação em potencial nos casos de salmonelose, sendo necessárias medidas preventivas eficazes para o controle do pa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This study evaluated 250 animals of 25 different batches processed in four slaughterhouses in São Paulo state - Brazil for the presence of Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and characterized the resistance profile for the main antibiotics. The pathogen was present in 36.4% of samples and 72% of the analyzed batches. Of the 91 isolates, 67 were serotyped, and the main serovars found were S. Typhimurium (n = 13), S. 1.4,5,12:i- (n = 12) S. Infantis (n = 12) and S. Havana (n = 11). The compounds with less efficacy were streptomycin and tetracycline (68.1% resistant) ampicillin and sulphonamides (62.6%), chloramphenicol (56.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41.8%), and nalidixic acid (40.7%). The most effective were cephalothin and aztreonam, (both with 3.3% resistant) and ceftriaxone and cefepime (both with 7.7%). Multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) accounted for 70.3% of the isolates. Eight strains were submitted to MLST: Four S. Typhimurium and one S.1.4,5,12:i:- all belonging to the ST 19, two S. Infantis, belonging to the ST 32 and one S. Derby, belonging to ST 40. The high prevalence of the pathogen in the analyzed animals, with high rates of resistance to antibiotics and belonging to genetic groups that are often associated with outbreaks and disease in humans, shows that the production chain of pork is a potential source of contamination in salmonellosis cases, with the necessity of effective preventive measures for pathogen control and lower the risk of foodborne... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Ménard, Isabelle. "Une nouvelle méthode d'épidémiologie moléculaire pour le chlamydia trachomatis le multi locus sequence typing." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5557.
Full textAbstract:
Les Chlamydiaceae sont une famille de bactéries relativement récente dans la systématique microbienne. Deux bactéries sont principalement associées à des pathologies de l'homme, soit Chlamydia trachomatis et Chlamydophila pneumoniae. C. trachomatis est la première maladie à déclaration obligatoire au Québec et l'infection sexuellement transmissible (ITS) le plus fréquemment rencontré dans le monde. Mon projet consistait au développement d'une méthode de"Multi Locus Sequence Typing" (MLST) pour C. trachomatis à partir d'isolats cliniques, sans passer par la culture cellulaire, et ce grâce au PCR (réaction en chaîne de la polymérase) multiplex niché. L'objectif ultime de cette technique est de mieux connaître l'épidémiologie de la bactérie, pour pouvoir comprendre la résistance et la persistance aux antibiotiques et l'origine géographique commune, par exemple. Outre les 15 isolats de référence, 115 isolats d'origines diverses (38 ITS de l'Estrie, 54 ITS de l'Afrique et 22 trachomes de l'Afrique) ont été testés par PCR multiplex niché puis séquencés. Globalement, les 130 isolats se séparent en 29 séquences-types différentes, dont 17 ne sont retrouvées qu'une seule fois. Ces STs se regroupent en 4 complexes clonaux distincts. De plus, les isolats sont séparés selon le type d'infection qu'ils causent, soit l'ITS, le trachome ou la lymphogranulomatose vénérienne. Dans son ensemble, l'évaluation de la pertinence et de la qualité de la nouvelle technique MLST montre une force discriminatoire de 90,1%, qui est dans les normes de qualité pour une technique d'épidémiologie moléculaire. Un index d'association de 3,809 pour le schéma complet est trouvé, et un de 2,447 lorsque le calcul est refait avec un exemplaire de chaque ST seulement, indiquant une population clonale forte. Finalement, un ratio d[indice inférieur N]/d[indice inférieur S] variant entre 0.145 et 0.773 pour les gènes choisis pour le schéma MLST démontre que les gènes sélectionnés ne sont pas soumis à une pression de sélection positive. Toutes ces données tendent à prouver que le nouveau schéma MLST est une technique discriminante, qui va permettre de faire des liens épidémiologiques intéressants pour C. trachomatis. De plus, au cours de ce projet, des analyses de certains isolats de C. trachomatis ont montré des caractéristiques nouvelles au niveau du génotype ompA.Les 22 isolats de trachome de la Tanzanie (Afrique) ainsi que 5 isolats ITS des Îles Comores ont cette particularité. Il s'agit selon la séquence d'un génotype A variant. Des analyses supplémentaires restent à faire pour caractériser complètement le génotype.
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Possebon, Fábio Sossai [UNESP]. "Perfil molecular e resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella isolada em linfonodos mesentéricos de suínos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134337.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O presente trabalho avaliou 250 animais de 25 lotes distintos abatidos em 4 estabelecimentos do estado de São Paulo para a presença de Salmonella nos linfonodos mesentéricos, e caracterizou o perfil de resistência das cepas isoladas aos principais antibióticos. O patógeno estava presente em 36,4% das amostras e 72% dos lotes analisados. Dos 91 isolados, 67 foram sorotipados, e os principais sorovares encontrados foram S. Typhimurium (n=13), S. 1.4,5,12:i:- (n=12) S. Infantis (n=12) e S. Havana (n=11). Os compostos com menor eficácia frente aos isolados foram estreptomicina e tetraciclina (68,1% de resistência) ampicilina e sulfonamidas (62,6%), cloranfenicol (56,0%), trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (41,8%) e ácido nalidíxico (40,7%). Os mais efetivos foram aztreonam e cefoxitina, (ambos com 3,3% de resistência) e cefepima e ceftriaxona, (ambos com 7,7%). Cepas multidrogas resistentes (MDR) corresponderam a 70,3% dos isolados. Oito cepas foram submetidas ao MLST: quatro S. Typhimurium e uma S. 1.4,5,12:i:- todas pertencentes ao ST 19, duas S. Infantis pertenceram ao ST 32 e uma S. Derby, pertencente ao ST 40. A grande prevalência do patógeno nos animais analisados, com altas taxas de resistência aos antibióticos e pertencentes a grupos genéticos frequentemente associados a surtos e doenças em humanos demonstram que a cadeia produtiva da carne suína é uma fonte de contaminação em potencial nos casos de salmonelose, sendo necessárias medidas preventivas eficazes para o controle do patógeno e diminuição do risco de veiculação de patógenos por alimentos.
This study evaluated 250 animals of 25 different batches processed in four slaughterhouses in São Paulo state - Brazil for the presence of Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and characterized the resistance profile for the main antibiotics. The pathogen was present in 36.4% of samples and 72% of the analyzed batches. Of the 91 isolates, 67 were serotyped, and the main serovars found were S. Typhimurium (n = 13), S. 1.4,5,12:i- (n = 12) S. Infantis (n = 12) and S. Havana (n = 11). The compounds with less efficacy were streptomycin and tetracycline (68.1% resistant) ampicillin and sulphonamides (62.6%), chloramphenicol (56.0%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (41.8%), and nalidixic acid (40.7%). The most effective were cephalothin and aztreonam, (both with 3.3% resistant) and ceftriaxone and cefepime (both with 7.7%). Multidrug-resistant strains (MDR) accounted for 70.3% of the isolates. Eight strains were submitted to MLST: Four S. Typhimurium and one S.1.4,5,12:i:- all belonging to the ST 19, two S. Infantis, belonging to the ST 32 and one S. Derby, belonging to ST 40. The high prevalence of the pathogen in the analyzed animals, with high rates of resistance to antibiotics and belonging to genetic groups that are often associated with outbreaks and disease in humans, shows that the production chain of pork is a potential source of contamination in salmonellosis cases, with the necessity of effective preventive measures for pathogen control and lower the risk of foodborne diseases transmission.
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Armand-Lefèvre, Laurence. "Influence de l'environnement sur le portage nasal et la diversité de Staphylococcus aureus sensible et résistant à la méticilline." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA114808.
Full textAbstract:
Staphylococcus aureus est un des principaux pathogènes isolés en médecine humaine. Il est par ailleurs retrouvé dans la flore commensale de près d’un quart de la population. Au cours des années, S. Aureus a acquis de multiples résistances dont la résistance à la méticilline. Le S. Aureus résistant à la méticilline (SARM) est aujourd’hui la première bactérie multirésistante isolée à l’hôpital. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse ont cherché à étudier le portage nasal de S. Aureus sensible ou résistant à la méticilline chez différentes populations exposées à des environnements particuliers : professionnels (éleveurs de porcs, étudiants en soins infirmiers) ou hospitaliers (patients hospitalisés). La diversité des souches circulant au sein de ces environnements a également été exploréeStaphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogen in human infection diseases. S. Aureus is also a bacteria present in commensal flora of about a quarter of the population. For years, S. Aureus has acquired antibiotic resistances traits of various clinical relevance, of which methicillin resistance might be the most important. Methicillin-resistant S. Aureus (MRSA) is the first multiresistant bacteria isolated in hospitalised patients. The studies presented in this PhD Thesis analysed the nasal carriage of methicillin-susceptible or resistant S. Aureus in different populations exposed to contrasted environments : professional (pig farmers, nursing students) or hospital (hospitalized patients). The genetic diversity of strains circulating in these environments was also investigated
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He, Wenmin. "Cooperative Channel State Information Dissemination Schemes in Wireless Ad-hoc Networks." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/288.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis considers a novel problem of obtaining global channel state information (CSI) at every node in an ad-hoc wireless network. A class of protocols for dissemination and estimation are developed which attempt to minimize the staleness of the estimates throughout the network. This thesis also provides an optimal protocol for CSI dissemination in networks with complete graph topology and a near optimal protocol in networks having incomplete graph topology. In networks with complete graph topology, the protocol for CSI dissemination is shown to have a resemblance to finding Eulerian tours in complete graphs. For networks having incomplete graph topology, a lower bound on maximum staleness is given and a near optimal algorithm based on finding minimum connected dominating sets and proper scheduling is described in this thesis.
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Silva, Leila Priscilla Pinheiro da. "Epidemiologia molecular e genética da resistência à vancomicina em enterococos isolados de pacientes de dois hospitais de Ribeirão Preto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-08102012-111127/.
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A emergência de resistência à vancomicina no mundo iniciou-se no final dos anos 80, sendo primeiro documentada na parte ocidental da Europa e posteriormente nos EUA. Depois disso, o isolamento de enterococos resistentes à vancomicina (VRE - do inglês, vancomycin-resistant enterococci) tem sido continuamente reportado em diversas localizações geográficas, inclusive no Brasil. As infecções nosocomiais causadas por enterococos são grandes desafios para os médicos devido à ocorrência de isolados resistentes a múltiplos antibióticos. Diversos métodos de tipagem molecular têm sido utilizados para estudar a epidemiologia de VRE. Neste trabalho, foi realizada a caracterização genética da resistência à vancomicina e epidemiologia molecular de VREs isolados de pacientes de dois hospitais de Ribeirão Preto, o Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) e a Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ribeirão Preto (SCMRP), no período de setembro de 2008 a setembro de 2010. Foram estudados também os primeiros VREs isolados no HCFMRP-USP, em meados de 2005/2006. Foram determinadas as espécies e os genótipos de 53 VREs, pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR), e todos eram E. faecium e apresentavam o gene vanA. Todos E. faecium isolados dos 2 hospitais em estudo apresentaram CIM para vancomicina >256?g/mL pelo Etest®, já daptomicina mostrou valores de CIM dentro do limite de sensibilidade para todos os enterococos analisados. Com relação aos fatores de virulência, foi evidente a predominância dos genes acm e esp nos E. faecium estudados. Os primeiros VREfm (do inglês, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium) isolados em meados de 2005/2006 de pacientes do HCFMRP-USP apresentaram o transposon Tn1546 intacto, já todos os E. faecium isolados do HCFMRP-USP e da SCMRP, no período de setembro de 2008 a setembro de 2010, apresentaram produto de amplificação maior do que os 4,4kb esperados para grupamento gênico vanRSHAX. Resultados de overlapping PCR e sequenciamento da região do transposon que amplificou fragmento de DNA com tamanho maior que o esperado utilizando primers P11-P12, mostraram que 81% (43 VREfm) isolados nos dois hospitais em estudo, no período de setembro de 2008 a setembro de 2010, apresentaram deleção da extremidade esquerda do Tn1546 e insersão (IS1251), entre genes vanS e vanH. A análise da PFGE dos VREfm em estudo mostrou que havia ocorrido disseminações clonais com determinados perfis de PFGE em períodos específicos. O fato dos primeiros VREfm terem apresentado perfil de PFGE diferente da maioria dos isolados, não permitiu que se determinasse o ancestral comum por PFGE, mas resultados de MLST mostraram que VREfm isolados, no período de 2008-2010, podem ser descendentes diretos destes cinco primeiros VREfm ou podem ter evoluído de um mesmo ancestral comum. A análise da tipagem por MLST de 31 linhagens de VREfm selecionadas a partir dos resultados de PFGE, mostrou que havia 9 STs diferentes, dentre estes, sendo 5 STs novos (656, 657, 658, 659 e 660). Os STs predominantes foram STs 412 e 478. Todos STs identificados pertenciam ao complexo clonal 17 (CC17), com exceção do ST658 que era um singleton. O ST78 que vem se disseminando mundialmente, foi identificado pela primeira vez no Brasil em linhagens do presente estudo. E, por fim, a tipagem por MLST comprovou o que já havia sido determinado pelos resultados de PFGE, que existe relação clonal entre linhagens isoladas nos dois hospitais estudados de Ribeirão Preto.World reports on vancomycin resistance emerged in the late 1980s and first documented in Western Europe and later in the United States. Since then, isolation of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) has been continuously reported in several geographic locations, including Brazil. The widespread occurrence of strains resistant to multiple antibiotics present a challenge to clinicians when treating enterococci caused nosocomial infections. Several molecular typing methods have been used to study the epidemiology of VRE. In this study, genetic characterization of vancomycin resistance and molecular epidemiology were performed in VREs isolated from patients in two hospitals in Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo/Brazil, the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) and the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ribeirão Preto (SCMRP), from September 2008 to September 2010. The first five VREs isolated in the HCFMRP-USP, in mid 2005/2006 were also included in this study. Species and genotypes of 53 VREs determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were all E. faecium and had the vanA gene. MICs for vancomycin determined by Etest® were >256?g/mL for all E. faecium isolated in the two hospitals, whereas daptomycin showed MIC values within the limit of susceptibility for all the enterococci analyzed. acm and esp genes predominated as virulence factors. The first five vancomycin resistant E. faecium (VREfm) isolated in mid 2005/2006 showed an intact Tn1546 transposon, whereas all E. faecium isolated later, September 2008 to September 2010, gave a larger amplified DNA fragment than the expected 4,4kb gene cluster vanRSHAX. Results of overlapping PCR and sequencing (primers P11-P12) of the transposon region that amplified the larger than expected DNA fragment showed that 81% (n=43) of the these VREfm had a deletion of the left end of Tn1546 and also a IS1251, between the vanS and vanH genes. The analysis of VREfm PFGEs indicated the occurrence of clonal disseminations with some PFGE profiles at specific times. The different PFGE profiles of the first VREfm (2005-2006) in relation to the latter isolates showed that the common ancestor could not be determined by PFGE. However, MLST results indicated that VREfm isolated, in the period from 2008 to 2010, could be direct descendants of the first five VREfm or could have evolved from a common ancestor. MLST analysis of 31 VREfm isolates selected according to the PFGE results, showed that there were nine different STs, among these five new STs (656, 657, 658, 659, 660). The predominant STs were ST412 and 478. All STs identified belonged to clonal complex 17 (CC17), except for ST658, a singleton. The ST78 that has spread worldwide is being identified in Brazil for first time in this study. MLST confirmed PFGE results showing that there is a clonal link between strains isolated in the two hospitals of Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Dasananda, Songkot. "Capability of MLS instruments in the observations of atmospheric gravity waves." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13569.
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We found that the temperature response functions of both UARS MLS and EOS MLS instrument for waves with typical vertical wavelength of 1-20 km are sharply peaked at certain horizontal wavelengths but their amplitudes are always less than ~60% in case of UARS MLS and 80% for EOS MLS. The responses at vertical wavelength of 10-20 km, in particular, are considerably high to waves with horizontal wavelength of scales ~200-500 km which are propagating away from the satellite position with respect to the line-of-sight direction. These are waves that should be most detectable with both of the MLS instruments in the real observations in terms of the amplitude response. The variance response functions in the 32-measurement limb-tracking mode of UARS MLS and 150-measurment limb-tracking mode of EOS MLS have also peaked at some certain horizontal wavelengths for waves of vertical wavelength 1-20 km but their amplitudes never exceeds ~20% for UARS MLS and 30% for EOS MLS. Like the temperature response, the variance responses at vertical wavelengths of 10-20 km are maximum to waves with horizontal wavelength of scales ~200-500 km which are propagating away from the satellite position with respect to the LOS. In the contrary, gravity waves with vertical wavelength of few kilometers are unlikely to be much visible to the MLS instruments due to the very low response regardless of their horizontal wavelength scales or directions of propagation.
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Bridier, Julen. "Etude de la diversité intraspécifique de l’espèce Oenococcus oeni, relation entre variabilité phénotypique et diversité génétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21881/document.
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Oenococcus oeni est l’agent principalement responsable de la fermentation malolactique durant la vinification. Son adaptation au milieu vin est une étape clé dans la réussite de la FML, et donc dans la qualité des vins finis. Cependant, au sein de l’espèce, il existe une variabilité phénotypique importante, et de nombreuses souches ne sont ainsi pas aptes à réaliser la FML. La sélection des meilleures souches œnologiques passe ainsi par l’analyse de la diversité d’O. oeni. Cette étude a été abordée dans cette thèse, selon trois grands axes de recherche. Premièrement, la diversité génétique a été étudiée par des approches MLST, REA-PFGE et présence de marqueurs, et a montré une structuration de l’espèce en deux groupes phylogénétiques et plusieurs sous-groupes, reliés à des souches d’origine géographique précise. Ensuite, l’étude de la diversité phénotypique a montré la grande variabilité d’adaptation au vin des souches étudiées et un meilleur comportement de celles du groupe phylogénétique A durant la vinification. Enfin, une étude transcriptomique a mis en lumière certains mécanismes moléculaires éventuellement impliqués dans la réponse au stress vin chez O. oeniOenococcus oeni is the main agent responsible for the malolactic fermentation, during the wine making process. Its adaptation to wine environment is a key step for the success of the MLF, and then for wines quality. However, there is a high phenotypic variability among the species and several strains are unable to perform MLF. The selection of the best enological strains implies starting by analyzing the diversity of O. oeni. This study has been divided in three main themes of research. Firstly, the genetic diversity has been analyzed using several approaches, MLST, REA-PFGE and presence of genetic markers. That study proved the structuration of the species in two phylogenetic groups and several subgroups, related to geographical areas. Secondly, the study of the phenotypic diversity showed that all the studied strains present a high variability and the best behavior in wine making conditions is found in those from the phylogenetic group A. Finally, a transcriptional analysis has revealed some molecular mechanisms possibly implicated in stress response in O. oeni
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Hippler, Corinna. "Molekularepidemiologische Untersuchung von klinischen Acinetobacter baumannii und Acinetobacter Genospezies 13TU mittels Multilocus Sequenz Typisierung (MLST) /." Köln, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253632.
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Helene, Luisa Caroline Ferraz. "Diversidade entre estirpes do gênero Bradyrhizobium avaliada por Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) e análise polifásica." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, 2015. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000201471.
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Bactérias simbióticas fixadoras de nitrogênio, também denominadas popularmente de rizóbios, têm grande relevância agronômica, pois fornecem quantidades significativas de nitrogênio para as plantas e colaboram para a recuperação de solos e ambientes degradados. Nos últimos anos, com o avanço das técnicas moleculares, diversos trabalhos têm demonstrado que essas bactérias apresentam uma elevada diversidade genética, resultando em reclassificações taxonômicas e na descrição de novas espécies. Apesar de o gene ribossomal 16S (16S RNAr) ainda ser utilizado em análises filogenéticas de procariotos, sua alta conservação não é capaz de revelar diferenças entre espécies de diversos gêneros, incluindo Bradyrhizobium. Outras metodologias, como o MLSA (Multilocus Sequence Analysis), estão sendo utilizadas para elucidar esses casos, com bons resultados. Neste trabalho, 15 estirpes de Bradyrhizobium sem posicionamento taxonômico claro foram utilizadas em estudos de filogenia e taxonomia com base na técnica de MLSA e análise polifásica. Para isso, três genes housekeeping?glnII, gyrB e recA?foram sequenciados e suas sequências foram concatenadas e utilizadas para a construção de uma árvore filogenética. Das 15 estirpes, sete agruparam com a espécie Bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi, enquanto as SEMIAS 6159, 6405 e 6408 ocuparam posições isoladas, e dois grupos (SEMIAS 6399 e 6404, e SEMIAS 690, 6387 e 6428) não apresentaram similaridade filogenética com nenhuma espécie descrita. Esses grupos merecem estudos mais detalhados, pois apresentam grande potencial de representarem espécies novas. As estirpes SEMIA 690 (isolada de Centrosema pubescens), SEMIA 6387 e SEMIA 6428, (isoladas de Acacia spp.) foram selecionadas para análises complementares, visando à descrição de uma nova espécie, tendo início um estudo polifásico (análises genéticas, fenotípicas e filogenéticas). O perfil de BOX-PCR agrupou as estirpes com mais de 73% de similaridade entre si, e inferiores a 66% com as espécies de Bradyrhizobium já descritas. Os ácidos graxos identificados como principais na SEMIA 690 foram a fração molecular total 8 e a fração individual C19:0 ciclo ?8c. A SEMIA 690 apresentou identidade nucleotídica média do genoma inferior a 91% com todas as estirpes tipo das espécies relacionadas. O conteúdo G + C da SEMIA 690 foi determinado em 63,46%. Os testes fenotípicos (fontes de carbono utilizadas, características morfológicas, condições de crescimento) foram congruentes entre as estirpes representantes da provável nova espécie. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que a técnica de MLSA é eficiente para estudos filogenéticos de procariotos, mostrando ser uma ferramenta segura e rápida de análise da diversidade dos gêneros e identificação de possíveis novas espécies. Os resultados suportam a descrição de uma nova espécie de Bradyrhizobium.Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, also commonly called rhizobia, have great agronomic relevance because they can provide significant amounts of nitrogen to plants and help in the recovery of soils and degraded environments. In recent years, with the advances in molecular techniques, several studies have shown that these bacteria have a high level of genetic diversity, resulting in taxonomic reclassifications and description of new species. Although the 16S ribosomal genes (16S rRNA) are still used in phylogenetic analyses of prokaryotes, their high conservation do not allow to reveal differences between species of several genera, including Bradyrhizobium. Other methodologies such as the MLSA (Multilocus Sequence Analysis) are being used to elucidate these cases, with good results. In this study, 15 strains of Bradyrhizobium without clear taxonomic position were used in studies of phylogeny and taxonomy based on the MLSA technique. Tree housekeeping genes?glnII, gyrB and recA?were sequenced and their sequences were concatenated and used for the construction of a phylogenetic tree. Of the 15 strains, seven grouped with the species Bradyrhizobium pachyrhizi, while the SEMIAS 6159, 6405 and 6408 strains occupied isolated locations, and two groups (SEMIAS 6399 and 6404, and SEMIAS 690, 6387 and 6428) showed no genetic similarity with any described species. These groups deserve more detailed studies, since they have great potential to represent new species. Strains SEMIA 690 (isolated from Centrosema pubescens), SEMIA 6387 and SEMIA 6428, (isolated from Acacia spp.) were selected for a polyphasic study (genetic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyzes) aimed at the description of a new species. The BOX-PCR profile clustered the strains with more than 73% of similarity, and less than 66% with closer Bradyrhizobium described species. Fatty acids identified as key in SEMIA 690 were summed features 8 and individual fraction C19:0 cycle ?8c. The genomic analysis of ANI (average nucleotide identity) between SEMIA 690 and closer type strains of Bradyrhizobium species was less than 91%. The G + C content from SEMIA 690 was of 63.46%. The phenotypic tests (carbon sources used, morphological characteristics, growth conditions) were congruent among the strains representative of the new putative species. The results confirm that the MLSA technique is efficient for phylogenetic studies of prokaryotes, representing a reliable and fast tool to analyze the diversity of genes and to identify possible new rhizobial species. The results obtained in this study also support the description of a new species of Bradyrhizobium.
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Petzold, Markus. "Array hybridization and whole genome sequencing as new typing tools for Legionella pneumophila." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-233546.
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To understand transmissible human diseases, disciplines such as epidemiology and the surveillance of affected cases are as essential as the knowledge about the pathogenesis and the course of a disease. Epidemiologists categorize and estimate factors for public health risks by taking metadata into account including geographic aspects, health and social states to study a disease transmission and prevent further cases. In addition, a focus on the causative agents itself is necessary in order to understand their ecology and hence their virulence traits. The causative agents for a severe pneumonia named Legionnaires’ disease (LD) are bacteria of the genus Legionella. The putative sources of LD infection are any aerosol-generating natural or man-made fresh water systems. Due to this ubiquitous distribution of legionellae, it is difficult to find the source of infection. Therefore, it is necessary to isolate the bacterium from the suffering patients to further characterize it in the laboratory and to compare the clinical isolates with isolates obtained from probable environmental sources.
The predominant species isolated from LD patients is Legionella pneumophila serogroup (Sg) 1. Intensive genotyping of L. pneumophila Sg1 isolates by using the current gold standard method, the sequence-based typing scheme (SBT), revealed limitations in the discrimination of several sequence types (ST) which could not be compensated for by additional phenotypic typing scheme. In practical terms, this means that several clones or STs are disproportional frequently found in both, patients and water systems, and cannot be distinguished by current methods. Therefore, a distorted picture of endemic and globally-spread clones is generated and current typing methods cannot add substantial information during the identification of the infectious source. The aim of this thesis is to develop and implement new typing methods for L. pneumophila isolates with a higher resolution than the gold standard methods.
A DNA-DNA hybridization based microarray was designed and equipped with probes that target specifically L. pneumophila virulence factors and genes that are involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide structures. Legionellae can be subgrouped on the basis of their lipopolysaccharide structures. Here, the usually phenotypic characterization of L. pneumophila Sg1 is successfully transmitted to a DNA-based genotypic method. Furthermore, the detailed validation of the DNA-microarray revealed a higher discriminatory power in comparison to the gold standard methods. It enables previously indistinguishable clones to be subdivided, providing valuable information about probable sources of infection.
The second new tool for typing of L. pneumophila is based on the core genome of the bacteria. An extended SBT-scheme was extracted from the core genome and accordingly named core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). This genome wide gene-by-gene typing approach allows a high genomic resolution of L. pneumophila isolates by retaining epidemiological concordance. A major advantage of this genome-based method is the detection of large recombination events within the analysed genomes, which is, so far, reserved for whole genome sequencing. The population structure of legionellae is largely driven by recombination and horizontal gene transfer rather than by spontaneous mutations. Therefore, the detection of recombination events is essential for typing of L. pneumophila isolates. In addition, the cgMLST-scheme assigns a core genome sequence type to the analysed isolate and allows backwards compatibility with the current SBT-scheme.
Both methods proved to be fast, reliable and robust typing methods through their application during outbreak investigations. Furthermore, both systems are particularly suited as routine molecular typing tools for the surveillance of single cases. The raw data are verified and translated into uniform portable codes, which enables the easy transfer and comparison of results. The standardized and portable quality of the results of both methods enables the establishment of a curated global database. This qualifies both methods as potential new gold standard methods for the genotyping of L. pneumophila isolates.
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Costa, Natália Silva da. "Análise do polimorfismo numérico de sequências repetitivas em múltiplos loci (MLVA) como instrumentos de avaliação da diversidade genética de Streptococcus pneumoniae do sorotipo 14." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6065.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorStreptococcus pneumoniae é um importante agente etiológico de infecções invasivas e não invasivas, incluindo meningite, pneumonia e otite média. A cápsula polissacarídica é o principal fator de virulência desse microrganismo, sendo também considerada um importante marcador em estudos epidemiológicos. Dentre os mais de 90 tipos capsulares conhecidos, o sorotipo 14 se destaca pela prevalência elevada em várias regiões, inclusive no Brasil. A avaliação da diversidade genética desse microrganismo também inclui a aplicação de métodos moleculares, como PFGE e MLST. Entretanto, essas metodologias são relativamente onerosas, consomem muito tempo e os resultados obtidos com a técnica de PFGE são de difícil comparação entre diferentes laboratórios. A técnica de análise do polimorfismo numérico de segmentos repetitivos em múltiplos loci [MLVA, do inglês Multiple Loci VTNR (Variable-Number Tandem Repeat) Analysis] se apresenta como uma alternativa, embora ainda necessite de padronização e avaliação mais ampla para a espécie em questão. No presente estudo, 60 amostras de Streptococcus pneumoniae pertencentes ao sorotipo 14, isoladas de diversas fontes clínicas, em diferentes locais e períodos de tempo, foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de MLVA (baseada na análise de 18 loci distintos), MLST, PFGE e tipagem do gene pspA. O gene pspA2 predominou entre as amostras analisadas, seguido pelo gene pspA1. Os tipos de MLVA, perfis de PFGE, e STs encontrados apresentaram resultados, em geral, concordantes, indicando o elevado poder discriminatório da versão da técnica de MLVA empregada. Cinco complexos clonais (CC) de MLVA e cinco singletons puderam ser definidos. O CC de MLVA denominado de L7 foi o predominante, compreendendo 36,7% da amostragem estudada. O CC L7 mostrou-se relacionado com genes pspA da família 2, com o CC1 de MLST, com o CC Pen14-H de PFGE, e com a não susceptibilidade à penicilina, Entre os complexos clonais de MLST, o CC1 foi o prevalente e incluiu predominantemente o ST156, pertencente ao clone internacional Spain9V-3. O CC L3 e o singleton L17 de MLVA apresentaram-se associados ao CC de PFGE Eri14-A, a família 1 de PspA e ao CC2 de MLST, que por sua vez também estava relacionado com o clone internacional England14-9. O CC L15 de MLVA esteve associado ao CC de PFGE Pen14-A, ao gene pspA2, aos CC3 e CC4 de MLST e ao clone internacional do PMEN Tennessee14-18. A técnica de MLVA revelou-se significativamente mais discriminatória que as técnicas de PFGE e MLST, conforme exemplificado pela detecção de 21 perfis de MLVA, 13 perfis de PFGE e cinco STs, entre as 22 amostras pertencentes ao CC de MLVA L7. Uma versão de MLVA, compreendendo um painel com os oito loci de maior poder discriminatório, pôde ser proposta a partir da análise dos resultados obtidos. Estes aspectos, aliados ao menor tempo e custo de execução, indicam que a técnica de MLVA constitui uma alternativa importante e satisfatória para uso em estudos sobre a diversidade genética de S. pneumoniae.
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing invasive and non-invasive diseases in humans, including meningitis, pneumonia and otitis media. The polysaccharide capsule of this microorganism is considered a major virulence factor and an important marker for epidemiological studies. More than 90 pneumococcal capsular serotypes are recognized, and serotype 14 is highly prevalent in many regions, including Brazil. Genotyping methods, such as PFGE and MLST, are essential to evaluate genetic diversity of this bacterium. However, these methods are expensive, time-consuming and results from different laboratories are difficult to compare. Multiple Loci VTNR (Variable-Number Tandem Repeat) Analysis (MLVA) appears as an alternative, despite the fact that standardization and wide evaluation for application to this species is still required. In the present study, a total of 60 S. pneumoniae isolates belonging to serotype 14, isolated from different sources, regions and periods of time, were analyzed by MLVA (based on the analysis of 18 distinct loci), MLST, PFGE and pspA typing methods. Gene pspA2 was the predominant, followed by pspA1. Overall, the results of PFGE, MLST and MLVA typing were congruent, and indicated the discriminatory power of the MLVA method used. Five clonal complexes (CC) and five singletons were identified by MLVA. CC L7 was the predominant MLVA CC, comprising 36.7% of all the isolates. L7 was associated with pspA2 gene and non-susceptibility to penicillin, and it was related to MLST CC1, and to PFGE Pen14-H. CC1 was the prevalent MLST CC and included mostly ST156 that belongs to international clone (IC) Spain9V-3. Another MLVA CC, named L3, and the singleton L17 were related to PFGE CC Eri14-A, MLST CC2, and IC England14-9. MLVA CC L15 was related to PFGE Pen14-A, MLST CC3 and CC4, and IC Tennessee14-18. MLVA was found to be more discriminatory than PFGE and MLST, as exemplified by detection of 21 MLVA types, 13 PFGE profiles and 5 STs among the 22 strains belonging to L7, the predominant MLVA CC. A modified version of the MLVA method, based on the analysis of 8 loci only, is proposed. This aspect, in conjunction with reducing time and costs, indicate that MLVA represents an important and satisfactory alternative method to evaluate the genetic diversity of S. pneumoniae.
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Rogers, Thomas John. "Design models for multimedia learning environments based on interactive drama." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/341.
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Interactive multimedia offers a degree of richness that lies outside the scope of conventional design methods for computer based learning. This research seeks to develop an interdisciplinary approach to design, that recognises the ways in which the combination and integration of different media forms can be exploited to stimulate experiential, intuitive, perceptual, and social/communicative aspects of learning. The goal of the project has been to develop a conceptual design model for the development of multimedia learning environments (MLEs), for humanistic learning applications, by using interactive drama. The models and methods developed though a practical design project have been founded upon theory from the realms of psychology, social sciences, learning and education, the arts and media, and software design. They address the cognitive and social aspects of learning, the use and interpretation of interactive media, the creation of learning environments, and the activities involved in design. As a vehicle to test the theoretical perspective, a design project has been undertaken, that has involved: 0 learning needs analysis and subject matter development; 9 development of a structural model for the MLE; 9 information structure, navigation and interface design; scripting, design and development of media materials for the development of interactive drama; formative evaluation. The subject area chosen for the design project is that of pregnancy and childbirth. The primary reasons for this choice was a desire to address the issues of design for informal learning experiences (that do not fit in the remit of institutional curricula) and an interest in finding ways to represent the social and interpersonal dimension to learning. Such learning processes have been described as 'humanistic learning' for the purposes of this research project. To help fulfil these goals, it was decided to work with playwright Simon Turley to develop a number of interactive drama scenes. Not only did this enable some of the more sensitive and personal issues of pregnancy to be addressed, but it also gave an opportunity to explore the world of drama, film and theatre as a means to create interactive learning experiences. The research has shown the benefits of interdisciplinary design practice, produced a framework of the theoretical issues that inform designers, and developed an approach to the design of MLEs for humanistic learning applications. These elements have been brought together to form the conceptual design model.