Journal articles on the topic 'Mixing or multiple addition'
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1
Kuo, Sai-hua. "Multilingualism, multiculturalism, and multiple identities." Media Discourse in Greater China 19, no. 2 (July 24, 2009): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.19.2.05kuo.
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This study aims to explore discursive changes in current Taiwanese society, with a particular focus on code-mixing in newspaper headlines. Data were collected from three major newspapers catering to different readerships during three time periods (i.e. 1985, 1995, and 2005). The language of Taiwanese newspaper is hybrid and heterogeneous in that local dialect (i.e. Southern Min), English, Japanese, Cantonese, and even Zhuyin (Mandarin Phonetic Symbols) are included in Mandarin news headlines. My analysis has found that over the past two decades, there has been an increase of code-mixing in all three newspapers, In addition, a cross-sectional comparison has revealed that soft news texts (e.g. entertainment news) contain more instances of code-mixing than hard news texts (e.g. political and international news). I argue that this increasing linguistic hybridization found in Taiwanese media texts is not only linked with the indigenization, globalization, marketization, and technologization in current Taiwanese society. More importantly, since language use is a kind of identity-constructing devices, this ongoing discursive change also reflects an emerging new Taiwan identity, which can be characterized by multilingualism, multiculturalism, and multiple identities.
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Dilbas, Hasan, and Mehmet Şamil Güneş. "Mineral Addition and Mixing Methods Effect on Recycled Aggregate Concrete." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040907.
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This paper presents influence of treatment and mixing methods on recycled aggregate concretes (RAC) designed regarding various techniques. Absolute Volume Method (AVM) according to TS 802, Equivalent Mortar Volume Method (EMV), silica fume (SF) as a mineral addition were considered in the design of concretes. In total, four groups of concretes were produced in the laboratory: (1) natural aggregate concrete (NAC) designed with AVM as control concrete, (2) RAC designed with AVM as control RAC, (3) RAC with SF as a mineral addition designed with AVM as treated RAC and (4) RAC designed with EMV as treated RAC. The tests were performed at 28th days and the statistical analysis were made on the test results. According to the results, EMV and SF increased the compressive strength of concretes and this resulted an increase in the strength class of concrete. A significant statistical difference between the concretes were determined. According to multiple comparison analysis, it was found that especially there was a significant relationship among NAC, RAC and RAC-EMV. In addition, it was recommended that EMV and AVM with 5% SF could be used in the design of RAC rather than AVM only to achieve the target strength class C30/37.
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Patterson, Joseph P., Lucas R. Parent, Joshua Cantlon, Holger Eickhoff, Guido Bared, James E. Evans, and Nathan C. Gianneschi. "Picoliter Drop-On-Demand Dispensing for Multiplex Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616000659.
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AbstractLiquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) provides a unique insight into the dynamics of nanomaterials in solution. Controlling the addition of multiple solutions to the liquid cell remains a key hurdle in our ability to increase throughput and to study processes dependent on solution mixing including chemical reactions. Here, we report that a piezo dispensing technique allows for mixing of multiple solutions directly within the viewing area. This technique permits deposition of 50 pL droplets of various aqueous solutions onto the liquid cell window, before assembly of the cell in a fully controlled manner. This proof-of-concept study highlights the great potential of picoliter dispensing in combination with LCTEM for observing nanoparticle mixing in the solution phase and the creation of chemical gradients.
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Zhang, Hui Min, and Hui Liang Liao. "Structure Optimization of Open Turbine Type Agitator." Advanced Materials Research 1082 (December 2014): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1082.284.
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Regarding open turbine type agitator, CFD method was used to simulate the mixing flow field with different number of blades, different blade angles and different ratio of blade lengths and diameters. In addition, according to the mixing effect, the parameters of agitator structure are optimized. Numerical simulations are verified by PIV experiments. The Multiple reference frame model conforms to the reality. Agitator structure is optimized when the ratio of blade length and diameter is 0.74, the blade angle is 45 °,blade number is 6, leading to the best the mixing effect with least stirring dead areas.
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Lai, Adrian C. H., and Joseph H. W. Lee. "Dynamic interaction of multiple buoyant jets." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 708 (August 10, 2012): 539–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.332.
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AbstractAn array of closely spaced round buoyant jets interact dynamically due to the pressure field induced by jet entrainment. Mutual jet attraction can result in a significant change in jet trajectories. Jet merging also leads to overlapping of the passive scalar fields associated with the individual jets, resulting in mixing characteristics that are drastically different from those of an independent free jet. A general semi-analytical model for the dynamic interaction of multiple buoyant jets in stagnant ambient conditions is proposed. The external irrotational flow field induced by the buoyant jets is computed by a distribution of point sinks with strength equal to the entrainment per unit length along the unknown jet trajectories and accounting for boundary effects. The buoyant jet trajectories are then determined by an iterative solution of an integral buoyant jet model by tracking the changes in the external entrainment flow and dynamic pressure fields. The velocity and concentration fields of the jet group are obtained by momentum or kinetic energy superposition for merged jets and plumes, respectively. The modelling approach is supported by numerical solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. The model shows that jet merging and mixing can be significantly affected by jet interactions. Model predictions of the multiple jet trajectories, merging height, as well as the centreline velocity and concentration of the buoyant jet group are in good agreement with experimental data for: (i) a clustered momentum jet group; (ii) a turbulent plume pair; and (iii) a rosette buoyant jet group. Dynamic interactions between a jet group are shown to decrease with the addition of an ambient cross-flow.
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Murrey, Tucker L., Kunping Guo, Justin T. Mulvey, Owen A. Lee, Camila Cendra, Zaira I. Bedolla-Valdez, Alberto Salleo, Jean-Francois Moulin, Kunlun Hong, and Adam J. Moulé. "Additive solution deposition of multi-layered semiconducting polymer films for design of sophisticated device architectures." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 4 (2019): 953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05652h.
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Ates, Gokhan. "Computer modelling and simulation of a novel printing head for complex tissue engineering constructs." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801045.
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In tissue engineering, three-dimensional functional scaffolds with tailored biological properties are needed to be able to mimic the hierarchical structure of biological tissues. Recent developments in additive biomanufacturing allow to extrude multiple materials enabling the fabrication of more sophisticated tissue constructs. These multi-material biomanufacturing systems comprise multiple printing heads through which individual materials are sequentially printed. Nevertheless, as more printing heads are added the fabrication process significantly decreases, since it requires mechanical switching among the physically separated printheads to enable printing multiple materials. In addition, this approach is not able to create biomimetic tissue constructs with property gradients. To address these limitations, this paper presents a novel static mixing extrusion printing head to enable the fabrication of multi-material, functionally graded structures using a single nozzle. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to numerically analyze the influence of Reynolds number on the flow pattern of biomaterials and mixing efficiency considering different miscible materials.
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Rocha, J. C. A., D. G. Pires, M. R. L. Motta, N. M. Litchinitser, S. S. Vianna, E. J. S. Fonseca, and J. Ferraz. "Controlled conversion of transverse symmetries in a four-wave mixing process." Journal of Optics 24, no. 4 (March 10, 2022): 045505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/ac57b2.
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Abstract Precise light manipulation in optical media has been important for developing new communication protocols, particle tracking and control, environmental sensing and quantum computing, to cite a few applications. Here, we explore the nonlinear light-matter interactions of Hermite-Gaussian (HG) beams with a rubidium vapor. We analytically and numerically predict the possibility of generating a nearly pure optical HG mode as a result of the four-wave mixing of two different HG modes. In contrast, four-wave mixing of other linear solutions of the paraxial wave equation in a third-order nonlinear medium results in the up-converted beam consisting of a superposition of multiple modes. In addition, we identify a large family of solutions of the paraxial wave equation, including cylindrical and elliptical modes, that can be generated in the process of the four-wave mixing by precisely adjusting the weights of the input HG beams. This study may find applications in the development of new classical and quantum optical sources, with more spatial versatility.
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Zhao, Ou, and Xuefeng Deng. "Effect of Aeolian Sand Powder Addition on Frost Resistance of Concrete Pavement." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022 (July 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5087896.
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In order to solve the problem of exploring the freeze-thaw characteristics of modified aeolian sand mixed with cement and silt, the authors propose a freeze-thaw cycle test of modified aeolian sand under the condition of mixing 5% cement and silt with different contents. In this experiment, under freeze-thaw conditions, its intensity decay and mass volume change law and the changes of freeze-thaw characteristics were comprehensively characterized by multiple indicators. The result shows that, after two freeze-thaw cycles, the compressive strength and peak strain of the improved aeolian sand were positively correlated with the silt content. With the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the compressive and antidestruction capacity of the improved aeolian sand with high silt content and low silt content decreased significantly. 15% silt content improves the structural stability of aeolian sand. It is proved that the authors’ experiment can intuitively and effectively reflect the change law of soil strength after freezing and thawing of such improved aeolian sandy soil, which has displayed significance.
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Wang, Zeliang, André Sandmann, John G. McWhirter, and Andreas Ahrens. "Decoupling of Broadband Optical MIMO Systems Using the Multiple Shift SBR2 Algorithm." International Journal of Advances in Telecommunications, Electrotechnics, Signals and Systems 6, no. 1 (March 18, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11601/ijates.v6i1.207.
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Polynomial singular value decomposition (PSVD) plays a very important role in broadband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. One of its applications lies in the decoupling of MIMO convolutive mixing channel matrixin order to recover the transmitted signals corrupted by the channel interference (CI) at the receiver. In this paper, a novel algorithm, known as multiple shift second order sequential best rotation (MS-SBR2), is proposed to compute the approximate PSVD of the broadband MIMO channel matrix. Experimental examples, including a measured (2 × 2) optical MIMO channel impulse response using the multi-mode fiber (MMF) testbed, are presented to examine the proposed algorithm. Bit error rate (BER) performances are evaluated among different transmission schemes. In addition, power allocation (PA) schemes are investigated to further optimize the BER performance.
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Vepa, Ranjan, and Amzari Zhahir. "High-Precision Kinematic Satellite and Doppler Aided Inertial Navigation System." Journal of Navigation 64, no. 1 (November 26, 2010): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463310000329.
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In this paper an adaptive unscented Kalman filter based mixing filter is used to develop a high-precision kinematic satellite aided inertial navigation system with a modern receiver that incorporates carrier phase smoothing and ambiguity resolution. Using carrier phase measurements with multiple antennas, in addition to a set of typical pseudo-range estimates that can be obtained from a satellite navigation system such as GPS or GLONASS, the feasibility of generating high precision estimates of the typical outputs from an inertial navigation system is demonstrated. The methodology may be developed as a stand-alone system or employed in conjunction with a traditional strapped down inertial navigation system for purposes of initial alignment. Moreover the feasibility of employing adaptive mixing facilitates the possibility of using the system in an interoperable fashion with satellite navigation measurements.
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., Viet Huy Le, Nhan Thi Pham ., Anh Ngoc Pham, and Tien Manh Le. "Self-healing concrete: a potential smart material to apply for underground construction." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 63, no. 3a (July 31, 2022): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2022.63(3a).11.
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The crack of the concrete in underground constructions is generally difficult to detect and repair and consequently causes structural deterioration. Smart concrete with self-healing ability to autonomously repair micro cracks is a potential smart material to apply for underground constructions with sustainable development proposes. This paper reviews healing materials, the self-healing process, and the mixing method of self-healing concretes using bacteria, mineral admixtures, and fibers. The bacteria such as Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pasteurii, and Bacillus subtilis can produce a calcareous product for healing exterior cracks through microbial metabolic processes. As micro cracks are formed in the smart concrete, the bacteria spores contact nutrients and water and generate Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). The addition of mineral admixtures based on silica including fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) heals the inner cracks through Calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gels ( hydration reaction products. Other minerals such as expansive materials, geo-materials, crystals, and chemical additives change their forms or volumes to close cracks. Fibers including steel, carbon, PVA, PE, and carbon fibers are utilized to develop self-healing concretes based on controlling the crack width. The addition of fibers generates multiple micro-cracks, decreases the crack width, and enhances autogenous crack healing. Besides, healing agents can be easily dispersed into self-healing concretes by using the dry mixing, the wet mixing, or the latter mixing. Hence, all smart concretes with self-healing ability demonstrate potential and suitable characteristics for underground constructions. A combination method of fibers and bacteria or mineral admixtures can be applied for better sealing crack and durability enhancement of underground concrete structures.
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Dapporto, Massimiliano, Davide Gardini, Anna Tampieri, and Simone Sprio. "Nanostructured Strontium-Doped Calcium Phosphate Cements: A Multifactorial Design." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052075.
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Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been extensively studied in last decades as nanostructured biomaterials for the regeneration of bone defects, both for dental and orthopedic applications. However, the precise control of their handling properties (setting time, viscosity, and injectability) still represents a remarkable challenge because a complicated adjustment of multiple correlated processing parameters is requested, including powder particle size and the chemical composition of solid and liquid components. This study proposes, for the first time, a multifactorial investigation about the effects of powder and liquid variation on the final performance of Sr-doped apatitic CPCs, based on the Design of Experiment approach. In addition, the effects of two mixing techniques, hand spatula (low-energy) and planetary shear mixing (high-energy), on viscosity and extrusion force were compared. This work aims to shed light on the various steps involved in the processing of CPCs, thus enabling a more precise and tailored design of the device, based on the clinical need.
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Vepa, Ranjan, and Kanella Petrakou. "Inertial Navigation Position and Orientation Estimation with Occasional Galileo Satellite Position Fixes and Stereo Camera Measurements." Annual of Navigation 19, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 131–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10367-012-0023-7.
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Abstract In this paper an adaptive unscented Kalman filter based mixing filter is used to integrate kinematic satellite aided inertial navigation system with vision based measurements of five representative points on a runway in a modern receiver that incorporates carrier phase smoothing and ambiguity resolution. Using high resolution multiple stereo camera based measurements of five points on the runway, in addition to a set of typical pseudo-range estimates that can be obtained from a satellite navigation system such GPS or GNSS equipped with a carrier phase receiver, the feasibility of generating high precision estimates of the typical outputs from an inertial navigation system is demonstrated. The methodology may be developed as a stand-alone system or employed in conjunction with a traditional strapped down inertial navigation systems for purposes of initial alignment. Moreover the feasibility of employing adaptive mixing was explored as it facilitates the possibility of using the system for developing a vision based automatic landing controller.
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Pancino, Elena. "Globular cluster chemistry in fast-rotating dwarf stars belonging to intermediate-age open clusters." Astronomy & Astrophysics 614 (June 2018): A80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732351.
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The peculiar chemistry observed in multiple populations of Galactic globular clusters is not generally found in other systems such as dwarf galaxies and open clusters, and no model can currently fully explain it. Exploring the boundaries of the multiple-population phenomenon and the variation of its extent in the space of cluster mass, age, metallicity, and compactness has proven to be a fruitful line of investigation. In the framework of a larger project to search for multiple populations in open clusters that is based on literature and survey data, I found peculiar chemical abundance patterns in a sample of intermediate-age open clusters with publicly available data. More specifically, fast-rotating dwarf stars (v sin i ≥ 50 km s−1) that belong to four clusters (Pleiades, Ursa Major, Come Berenices, and Hyades) display a bimodality in either [Na/Fe] or [O/Fe], or both, with the low-Na and high-O peak more populated than the high-Na and low-O peak. Additionally, two clusters show a Na–O anti-correlation in the fast-rotating stars, and one cluster shows a large [Mg/Fe] variation in stars with high [Na/Fe], reaching the extreme Mg depletion observed in NGC 2808. Even considering that the sample sizes are small, these patterns call for attention in the light of a possible connection with the multiple population phenomenon of globular clusters. The specific chemistry observed in these fast-rotating dwarf stars is thought to be produced by a complex interplay of different diffusion and mixing mechanisms, such as rotational mixing and mass loss, which in turn are influenced by metallicity, binarity, mass, age, variability, and so on. However, with the sample in hand, it was not possible to identify which stellar parameters cause the observed Na and O bimodality and Na–O anti-correlation. This suggests that other stellar properties might be important in addition to stellar rotation. Stellar binarity might influence the rotational properties and enhance rotational mixing and mass loss of stars in a dense environment like that of clusters (especially globulars). In conclusion, rotation and binarity appear as a promising research avenue for better understanding multiple stellar populations in globular clusters; this is certainly worth exploring further.
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Vu, Diep, Shaokai Gao, Tyler Berte, Mary Kacarab, Qi Yao, Kambiz Vafai, and Akua Asa-Awuku. "External and internal cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) mixtures: controlled laboratory studies of varying mixing states." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 4277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-4277-2019.
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Abstract. Changes in aerosol chemical mixtures modify cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity. Previous studies have developed CCN models and validated changes in external and internal mixing state with ambient field data. Here, we develop an experimental method to test and validate the CCN activation of known aerosol chemical composition with multicomponent mixtures and varying mixing states. CCN activation curves consisting of one or more activation points are presented. Specifically, simplified two-component systems of varying hygroscopicity were generated under internal, external, and transitional mixing conditions. κ-Köhler theory predictions were calculated for different organic and inorganic mixtures and compared to experimentally derived kappa values and respective mixing states. This work employs novel experimental methods to provide information on the shifts in CCN activation data due to external to internal particle mixing from controlled laboratory sources. Results show that activation curves consisting of single and double activation points are consistent with internal and external mixtures, respectively. In addition, the height of the plateau at the activation points is reflective of the externally mixed concentration in the mixture. The presence of a plateau indicates that CCN activation curves consisting of multiple inflection points are externally mixed aerosols of varying water-uptake properties. The plateau disappears when mixing is promoted in the flow tube. At the end of the flow tube experiment, the aerosols are internally mixed and the CCN activated fraction data can be fit with a single-sigmoid curve. The technique to mimic externally to internally mixed aerosol is applied to non-hygroscopic carbonaceous aerosol with organic and inorganic components. To our knowledge, this work is the first to show controlled CCN activation of mixed non-hygroscopic soot with hygroscopic material as the aerosol population transitions from externally to internally mixed states in laboratory conditions. Results confirm that CCN activation analysis methods used here and in ambient data sets are robust and may be used to infer the mixing state of complex aerosol compositions of unknown origin.
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Du, Qiuyan, Chun Zhao, Mingshuai Zhang, Xue Dong, Yu Chen, Zhen Liu, Zhiyuan Hu, et al. "Modeling diurnal variation of surface PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations over East China with WRF-Chem: impacts from boundary-layer mixing and anthropogenic emission." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 2839–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2839-2020.
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Abstract. Diurnal variation of surface PM2.5 concentration (diurnal PM2.5) could dramatically affect aerosol radiative and health impacts and can also well reflect the physical and chemical mechanisms of air pollution formation and evolution. So far, diurnal PM2.5 and its modeling capability over East China have not been investigated and therefore are examined in this study. Based on the observations, the normalized diurnal amplitude of surface PM2.5 concentrations averaged over East China is weakest (∼1.2) in winter and reaches ∼1.5 in other seasons. The diurnal PM2.5 shows the peak concentration during the night in spring and fall and during the daytime in summer. The simulated diurnal PM2.5 with WRF-Chem and its contributions from multiple physical and chemical processes are examined in the four seasons. The simulated diurnal PM2.5 with WRF-Chem is primarily controlled by planetary boundary layer (PBL) mixing and emission variations and is significantly overestimated against the observation during the night. This modeling bias is likely primarily due to the inefficient PBL mixing of primary PM2.5 during the night. The simulated diurnal PM2.5 is sensitive to the PBL schemes and vertical-layer configurations with WRF-Chem. Besides the PBL height, the PBL mixing coefficient is also found to be the critical factor determining the PBL mixing of pollutants in WRF-Chem. With reasonable PBL height, the increase in the lower limit of the PBL mixing coefficient during the night can significantly reduce the modeling biases in diurnal PM2.5 and also the mean concentrations, particularly in the major cities of East China. It can also reduce the modeling sensitivity to the PBL vertical-layer configurations. The diurnal variation and injection height of anthropogenic emissions also play roles in simulating diurnal PM2.5, but the impact is relatively smaller than that from the PBL mixing. This study underscores that more efforts are needed to improve the boundary mixing process of pollutants in models with observations of PBL structure and mixing fluxes in addition to PBL height, in order to simulate reasonably the diurnal PM2.5 over East China. The diurnal variation and injection height of anthropogenic emissions must also be included to simulate the diurnal PM2.5 over East China.
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Kunanusont, Nappaphan, Chavakorn Samthong, Fan Bowen, Masayuki Yamaguchi, and Anongnat Somwangthanaroj. "Effect of Mixing Method on Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer/Natural Rubber Thermoplastic Vulcanizates." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081739.
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Thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) has excellent elastomeric properties and can be reprocessed multiple times. TPV is typically produced by using the dynamic vulcanization (DV) method in which rubber is crosslinked simultaneously with thermoplastics. Peroxide-crosslinked TPV can increase the compatibility between rubber and thermoplastics but loses its reprocessability due to excess crosslinking in the latter. In this work, we overcome this obstacle by using a two-step mixing method to prepare fully crosslinked elastomers of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and natural rubber (NR). Each sample formulation was prepared with three different mixing methods for comparison: NR-DV, Split-DV, and All-DV. For NR-DV, NR was crosslinked prior to the addition of EVA together with the thermal stabilizer (TS). For Split-DV, a small amount of EVA and NR was crosslinked prior to the addition of EVA and TS. In the All-DV method, EVA and NR were crosslinked, and then TS was added. The appearance and processability of the samples were affected by the degree of crosslinking. NR-DV showed a non-homogeneous texture. Although the samples of the All-DV method appeared homogeneous, their mechanical and rheological properties were inferior to those of the Split-DV method. The mechanical properties of the Split-DV samples were not significantly changed after reprocessing 10 times. Therefore, Split-DV is the preferred method for TPV production.
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Inoue, Akihisa, Shintaro Sobu, Dmitri V. Louzguine, Hisamichi Kimura, and Kenichiro Sasamori. "Ultrahigh strength Al-based amorphous alloys containing Sc." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 5 (May 2004): 1539–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0206.
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Amorphous metallic alloys possess high strength characteristics, which are superior to crystalline materials. Here we report an influence of Sc addition on glass-forming ability, glass-transition behavior, supercooled liquid region, and mechanical properties of an Al84Y9Ni5Co2 glassy alloy. This paper also aims to present a promising (Al0.84Y0.09Ni0.05Co0.02)95Sc5 amorphous alloy. This alloy has an ultrahigh tensile fracture strength exceeding 1500 MPa, which surpasses those for all the other Al-based fully crystalline and amorphous alloys reported to date, in addition to high Young’s modulus of 78 GPa. The fracture surface of this new alloy exhibited vein pattern typical for amorphous alloys with good ductility, and multiple shear bandswere observed on the lateral surface. The ultrahigh tensile strength of the (Al0.84Y0.09Ni0.05Co0.02)95Sc5 amorphous alloy results from an increase in the interatomic constraint force by the addition of Sc, an element having highly negative enthalpy of mixing with Al, Ni, and Co and the highest chemical affinity with Al among the alloying elements.
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Koirala, Ravi, Quoc Linh Ve, Baoshan Zhu, Kiao Inthavong, and Abhijit Date. "A Review on Process and Practices in Operation and Design Modification of Ejectors." Fluids 6, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6110409.
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This work reviews the current operational condition and activities on design modification for different applications of ejectors. Ejectors being a simple mechanical system capable of performing multiple fluid related functions (vacuum generation, pumping, mixing, condensing and heat exchanging), have been an essential part of several industrial processes. Two areas have been emphasized; internal flow and application-based modifications in components of ejectors. The geometry and inlet flow conditions were found to be the prime influencing factor of its performance. The objective and application-based modifications were performed on the primary nozzle, secondary nozzle, mixing chamber, throat and diffuser. The resultant performance was found to be dependent on operational condition and fluid type. This emphasizes the requirement of application-based design selection of the technology. In addition, the flow dynamics of condensing, non-condensing, particle and slurry flow has been studied based on available literatures. The one-point final objective is to identify the usability of primary water jet ejectors for active vapor transport and condensation, to replace vacuum pump and condenser in compact domestic water desalination system.
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Tsikerdekis, Athanasios, Nick A. J. Schutgens, and Otto P. Hasekamp. "Assimilating aerosol optical properties related to size and absorption from POLDER/PARASOL with an ensemble data assimilation system." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2637–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2637-2021.
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Abstract. A data assimilation system for aerosol, based on an ensemble Kalman filter, has been developed for the ECHAM – Hamburg Aerosol Model (ECHAM-HAM) global aerosol model and applied to POLarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectances (POLDER)-derived observations of optical properties. The advantages of this assimilation system is that the ECHAM-HAM aerosol modal scheme carries both aerosol particle numbers and mass which are both used in the data assimilation system as state vectors, while POLDER retrievals in addition to aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the Ångström exponent (AE) also provide information related to aerosol absorption like aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD) and single scattering albedo (SSA). The developed scheme can simultaneously assimilate combinations of multiple variables (e.g., AOD, AE, SSA) to optimally estimate mass mixing ratio and number mixing ratio of different aerosol species. We investigate the added value of assimilating AE, AAOD and SSA, in addition to the commonly used AOD, by conducting multiple experiments where different combinations of retrieved properties are assimilated. Results are evaluated with (independent) POLDER, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dark Target, MODIS Deep Blue and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) observations. The experiment where POLDER AOD, AE and SSA are assimilated shows systematic improvement in mean error, mean absolute error and correlation for AOD, AE, AAOD and SSA compared to the experiment where only AOD is assimilated. The same experiment reduces the global ME against AERONET from 0.072 to 0.001 for AOD, from 0.273 to 0.009 for AE and from −0.012 to 0.002 for AAOD. Additionally, sensitivity experiments reveal the benefits of assimilating AE over AOD at a second wavelength or SSA over AAOD, possibly due to a simpler observation covariance matrix in the present data assimilation framework. We conclude that the currently available AE and SSA do positively impact data assimilation.
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Fitriyani, Lely, Edwan Kardena, Sukandar, and Qomarudin Helmy. "Optimization Approach for Solvent Extraction Process of Oily Contaminated Soil with Addition of Biosurfactant." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.2.117.
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Objectives : Solvent extraction is a process in which not only enable to reduce oil contaminant from soil residue, but also capable to recover oil from soil matrix of oily contaminated soil which has opportunity to be reutilized. Optimization process has been simulated by previous studies related to type and dosage of solvents, variances of temperature, additional of surfactants, and other related parameters to increase oil removal from oily contaminated soil. This study seeks an approach of optimization for solvent extraction process to oily contaminated solid waste by conducting statistical analysis into laboratory experimentation from perspective of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) removal.Method : Biosurfactant became single extractors for multistage extraction process and also combined with other solvents which are acetone and toluene. Mixing method that utilized during the study was combination between horizontal shaking at 150 rpm in 15 min duration and centrifugation force at 1,570 g in 10 min duration. Statistical analysis were conducted to seek its multiple regression.Result : Study describing biosurfactant performance single extractor by using multistage extraction process achieve 77% TPH removal, while combination of biosurfactant and solvent extraction by using toluene and acetone also capable to increase TPH removal 7% higher from original performance of both toluene and acetone at solvent extraction.Conclusion : Surfactant and solvents combination is promising to improve TPH removal, while statistics analysis that implemented to observed extraction process has possibility to be used for engineering higher efficiency of extraction process.
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Omura, Sachikazu, Yoshinori Kawazoe, and Daisuke Uemura. "Analysis of the Structural Aspects of Tannin-Based Adhesives by 2D-NMR." Materials 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 5479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195479.
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We developed non-toxic, harmless adhesives composed of all-natural and renewable resources, of which one was composed of tannin and gelatin, which unfortunately was lacking water resistance, and the other of tannin and ε-poly-l-lysine. In this study, we analyzed the chemical structures of these adhesives by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) to explain the difference in water-resistance of the two glues. The results showed that only one proton was left in the benzene ring of tannin after mixing. This suggests that the amino group of the protein was directly attached to the benzene ring by a Michael addition-type reaction, and not to the hydroxyl group. In addition, the heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectrum of the tannin-poly-l-lysine compound indicated that the hydroxyl groups of the tannin oxidized, suggesting the improvement of its water resistance.
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Fan, Xinjian, Xiaoguang Dong, Alp C. Karacakol, Hui Xie, and Metin Sitti. "Reconfigurable multifunctional ferrofluid droplet robots." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 45 (October 26, 2020): 27916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2016388117.
Full textAbstract:
Magnetically actuated miniature soft robots are capable of programmable deformations for multimodal locomotion and manipulation functions, potentially enabling direct access to currently unreachable or difficult-to-access regions inside the human body for minimally invasive medical operations. However, magnetic miniature soft robots are so far mostly based on elastomers, where their limited deformability prevents them from navigating inside clustered and very constrained environments, such as squeezing through narrow crevices much smaller than the robot size. Moreover, their functionalities are currently restricted by their predesigned shapes, which is challenging to be reconfigured in situ in enclosed spaces. Here, we report a method to actuate and control ferrofluid droplets as shape-programmable magnetic miniature soft robots, which can navigate in two dimensions through narrow channels much smaller than their sizes thanks to their liquid properties. By controlling the external magnetic fields spatiotemporally, these droplet robots can also be reconfigured to exhibit multiple functionalities, including on-demand splitting and merging for delivering liquid cargos and morphing into different shapes for efficient and versatile manipulation of delicate objects. In addition, a single-droplet robot can be controlled to split into multiple subdroplets and complete cooperative tasks, such as working as a programmable fluidic-mixing device for addressable and sequential mixing of different liquids. Due to their extreme deformability, in situ reconfigurability and cooperative behavior, the proposed ferrofluid droplet robots could open up a wide range of unprecedented functionalities for lab/organ-on-a-chip, fluidics, bioengineering, and medical device applications.
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Crawford, A. B., D. J. Cotton, M. Paiva, and L. A. Engel. "Effect of lung volume on ventilation distribution." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 2502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2502.
Full textAbstract:
To examine the effect of preinspiratory lung volume (PILV) on ventilation distribution, we performed multiple-breath N2 washouts (MBNW) in seven normal subjects breathing 1-liter tidal volumes over a wide range of PILV above closing capacity. We measured the following two independent indexes of ventilation distribution from the MBNW: 1) the normalized phase III slope of the final breaths of the washout (Snf) and 2) the alveolar mixing efficiency during that portion of the washout where 80–90% of the lung N2 had been cleared. Three of the subjects also performed single-breath N2 washouts (SBNW) by inspiring 1-liter breaths and expiring to residual volume at PILV = functional residual capacity (FRC), FRC + 1.0, and FRC - 0.5, respectively. From the SBNW we measured the phase III slope over the expired volume ranges of 0.75–1.0, 1.0–1.6, and 1.6–2.2 liters (S0.75, S1.0, and S1.6, respectively). Between a PILV of 0.92 +/- 0.09 (SE) liter above FRC and a PILV of 1.17 +/- 0.43 liter below FRC, Snf decreased by 61% (P less than 0.001) and alveolar mixing efficiency increased from 80 to 85% (P = 0.05). In addition, Snf and alveolar mixing efficiency were negatively correlated (r = 0.74). In contrast, over a similar volume range, S1.0 and S1.6 were greater at lower PILV. We conclude that, during tidal breathing in normal subjects, ventilation distribution becomes progressively more inhomogeneous at higher lung volumes over a range of volumes above closing capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Marotta, Angela, Andrea Causa, Martina Salzano de Luna, Veronica Ambrogi, and Giovanni Filippone. "Tuning the Morphology of HDPE/PP/PET Ternary Blends by Nanoparticles: A Simple Way to Improve the Performance of Mixed Recycled Plastics." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 5390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245390.
Full textAbstract:
Due to a very low mixing entropy, most of the polymer pairs are immiscible. As a result, mixing polymers of different natures in a typical mechanical recycling process leads to materials with multiple interfaces and scarce interfacial adhesion and, consequently, with unacceptably low mechanical properties. Adding nanoparticles to multiphase polymeric matrices represents a viable route to mitigate this drawback of recycled plastics. Here, we use low amounts of organo-modified clay (Cloisite® 15A) to improve the performance of a ternary blend made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephtalate (PET). Rather than looking for the inherent reinforcing action of the nanofiller, this goal is pursued by using nanoparticles as a clever means to manipulate the micro-scale arrangement of the polymer phases. Starting from theoretical calculations, we obtained a radical change in the blend microstructure upon the addition of only 2-wt.% of nanoclay, with the obtaining of a finer morphology with an intimate interpenetration of the polymeric phases. Rather than on flexural and impact properties, this microstructure, deliberately promoted by nanoparticles, led to a substantial increase (>50 °C) of a softening temperature conventionally defined from dynamic-mechanical measurements.
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Tong, Xian, Chunyan Shen, Ruonan Chen, Siyuan Gao, Xinpeng Liu, Allan P. Schinckel, and Bo Zhou. "Reestablishment of Social Hierarchies in Weaned Pigs after Mixing." Animals 10, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10010036.
Full textAbstract:
Pigs are animals that live in groups and have social hierarchies within the group. After mixing, they can re-establish social hierarchies within several days through fighting. Dominance hierarchical indices, such as I&SI, Elo rating, and Glicko rating, have been used to analyze social hierarchies of some social animals but not pigs. I&SI index involves iterative calculations that first minimize the number of inconsistencies (I) in a dominance matrix, and then minimize the strength of those inconsistencies (SI). Elo rating and Glicko rating indices are based on the sequence in which interactions occur, and continuously update ratings by looking at interactions sequentially. To study the temporal dynamics of social hierarchy formation and maintenance in weaned pigs after mixing, a total of 102 pigs (47 females and 55 barrows) were selected by similar body weight and mixed in 10 pens (10 or 11 females or barrows per pen). Their behavior was recorded and observed for 72 h after mixing. Results showed that hierarchical indices I&SI, Elo rating, and Glicko rating were associated with each other (|r| = 0.681 ~ 0.942, p < 0.001). I&SI was associated with logarithms of frequency of active attack (|r| = 0.65, p < 0.05) and tended to associated with logarithms of frequency of standoff (|r| = 0.48, p < 0.1). Elo rating, and Glicko rating were associated with the logarithms of duration of being bullied (|r| = 0.393~0.401, p < 0.05). In addition, Glicko rating tended to be associated with the logarithms of duration of active attack and frequency of active attack (|r| = 0.416~0.439, p < 0.1). Multiple linear regression analyses of logarithms of dyadic behavior indicators for three hierarchical indices indicated the same effects. The time (hours) to achieve social stability of pigs after mixing was lower for females than barrows (23.06 ± 4.15 vs. 40.55 ± 4.71 h; p < 0.001). The most dominant pig (the first ranked) in each pen quickly appeared within a few hours after mixing and remained stable. Overall, our study demonstrated that the ranks calculated by the three dominance hierarchical indices: I&SI, Elo rating, and Glicko rating, were consistent and partially associated with part of the dyadic behavioral indicators in weaned pigs after mixing.
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Crawford, A. B., D. J. Cotton, M. Paiva, and L. A. Engel. "Effect of airway closure on ventilation distribution." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 2511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2511.
Full textAbstract:
We examined the effect of airway closure on ventilation distribution during tidal breathing in six normal subjects. Each subject performed multiple-breath N2 washouts (MBNW) at tidal volumes of 1 liter over a range of preinspiratory lung volumes (PILV) from functional residual capacity (FRC) to just above residual volume. All subjects performed washouts at PILV below their measured closing capacity. In addition five of the subjects performed MBNW at PILV below closing capacity with end-inspiratory breath holds of 2 or 5 s. We measured the following two independent indexes of ventilation maldistribution: 1) the normalized phase III slope of the final breaths of the washout (Snf) and 2) the alveolar mixing efficiency of those breaths of the washout where 80–90% of the initial N2 had been cleared. Between a mean PILV of 0.28 liter above closing capacity and that 0.31 liter below closing capacity, mean Snf increased by 132% (P less than 0.005). Over the same volume range, mean alveolar mixing efficiency decreased by 3.3% (P less than 0.05). Breath holding at PILV below closing capacity resulted in marked and consistent decreases in Snf and increases in alveolar mixing efficiency. Whereas inhomogeneity of ventilation decreases with lung volume when all airways are patent (J. Appl. Physiol. 66: 2502–2510, 1989), airway closure increases ventilation inequality, and this is substantially reduced by short end-inspiratory breath holds. These findings suggest that the predominant determinant of ventilation distribution below closing capacity is the inhomogeneous closure of airways subtending regions in the lung periphery that are close together.
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Urhal, Pinar. "A novel printing channel design for multi-material extrusion additive manufacturing." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801024.
Full textAbstract:
Additive manufacturing has a great potential in terms of its capability to produce components with complex geometries and to make multi-material and composite products by combining different materials in a single manufacturing platform. Current trends for the multi-material extrusion additive manufacturing process are categorized by multi-nozzle systems and multi-material inlet systems. In the case of multiple nozzle system, materials are deposited from different nozzles in sequence. On the other hand, in the case of multi-material inlet system, different materials are sent into a mixing tube and deposited as a mixture of materials. In this case, functionally graded parts can be fabricated by changing the volume fraction of two or more materials. Hence, the fabrication of parts with a continuous material supply by varying ratios for the extrusion technologies requires the development of printing heads with suitable printing channels, capable of varying the mixing ratio of different materials. To evaluate the effect of different printing channel designs on the material’s flow pattern and the functionally graded material printability, this paper presents a three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of the two miscible liquid-liquid system in a printing channel. Different geometries and materials are considered
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Saunders, CJ, Winston Y. Li, Tulsi D. Patel, Jeffrey A. Muday, and Wayne L. Silver. "Dissecting the role of TRPV1 in detecting multiple trigeminal irritants in three behavioral assays for sensory irritation." F1000Research 2 (March 5, 2013): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-74.v1.
Full textAbstract:
Polymodal neurons of the trigeminal nerve innervate the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oral cavity and cornea. Trigeminal nociceptive fibers express a diverse collection of receptors and are stimulated by a wide variety of chemicals. However, the mechanism of stimulation is known only for relatively few of these compounds. Capsaicin, for example, activates transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. In the present study, wildtype (C57Bl/6J) and TRPV1 knockout mice were tested in three behavioral assays for irritation to determine if TRPV1 is necessary to detect trigeminal irritants in addition to capsaicin. In one assay mice were presented with a chemical via a cotton swab and their response scored on a 5 level scale. In another assay, a modified two bottle preference test, which avoids the confound of mixing irritants with the animal’s drinking water, was used to assess aversion. In the final assay, an air dilution olfactometer was used to administer volatile compounds to mice restrained in a double-chambered plethysmograph where respiratory reflexes were monitored. TRPV1 knockouts showed deficiencies in the detection of benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone and eugenol in at least one assay. However, cyclohexanone was the only substance tested that appears to act solely through TRPV1.
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Yang, Weizhun, Bo Yang, Sherif Ramadan, and Xuefei Huang. "Preactivation-based chemoselective glycosylations: A powerful strategy for oligosaccharide assembly." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 13 (October 9, 2017): 2094–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.207.
Full textAbstract:
Most glycosylation reactions are performed by mixing the glycosyl donor and acceptor together followed by the addition of a promoter. While many oligosaccharides have been synthesized successfully using this premixed strategy, extensive protective group manipulation and aglycon adjustment often need to be performed on oligosaccharide intermediates, which lower the overall synthetic efficiency. Preactivation-based glycosylation refers to strategies where the glycosyl donor is activated by a promoter in the absence of an acceptor. The subsequent acceptor addition then leads to the formation of the glycoside product. As donor activation and glycosylation are carried out in two distinct steps, unique chemoselectivities can be obtained. Successful glycosylation can be performed independent of anomeric reactivities of the building blocks. In addition, one-pot protocols have been developed that have enabled multiple-step glycosylations in the same reaction flask without the need for intermediate purification. Complex glycans containing both 1,2-cis and 1,2-trans linkages, branched oligosaccharides, uronic acids, sialic acids, modifications such as sulfate esters and deoxy glycosides have been successfully synthesized. The preactivation-based chemoselective glycosylation is a powerful strategy for oligosaccharide assembly complementing the more traditional premixed method.
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Zhai, Hangling, Chaoqun Bian, Yuxia Yu, Longfeng Zhu, Lingfeng Guo, Xiao Wang, Qinqin Yu, Jie Zhu, and Xuebo Cao. "Sustainable Route for Synthesis of All-Silica SOD Zeolite." Crystals 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9070338.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the sustainable synthesis of zeolites has become a very hot topic in recent years. Herein, we report a sustainable route for synthesizing all-silica SOD zeolite under solvent-free conditions. The method of solvent-free synthesis includes mixing, grinding, and heating raw solids. The all-silica SOD zeolite obtained was well characterized by multiple measurement techniques (XRD, SEM, IR, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and magic angel spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR)). The crystallization process of all-silica SOD zeolite was also investigated in detail by XRD, SEM, UV-Raman, and MAS NMR techniques. In addition, the effects of the crystallization compositions, including the molar ratios of Na2O/SiO2 and ethylene glycol/SiO2, on the synthesis of the pure all-silica SOD zeolite were investigated at different temperatures.
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Yan, Xiangdong, Pei-Shan Chen, Amin Al-Fakih, Baoxin Liu, Bashar S. Mohammed, and Jialiang Jin. "Experiments and Mechanical Simulation on Bubble Concrete: Studies on the Effects of Shape and Position of Hollow Bodies Mixed in Concrete." Crystals 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080858.
Full textAbstract:
This paper proposes a new type of lightweight concrete called bubble concrete, which was developed by mixing concrete with high-strength hollow bodies. In the present study, concave and spherical steel hollow bodies were used not only to form multiple cavities in the concrete but also to transfer internal stresses. Through compression tests, the shape effects and distribution effects of the hollow bodies on the strength and Young’s modulus of concrete were investigated. In addition, the mechanical characteristics of the bubble concrete were simulated by nonlinear elastoplastic finite element analysis to study the stress distribution and failure mechanism. The results indicate that with the proper combination, bubble concrete can reduce its density to 1.971–2.003 g/cm3 (83.3–84.7%, compared to control concrete) and its strength reaches 27.536–28.954 N/mm2.
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Wang, Jingbo, Weiming Shao, and Zhihuan Song. "Student’s-t Mixture Regression-Based Robust Soft Sensor Development for Multimode Industrial Processes." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 3968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113968.
Full textAbstract:
Because of multiple manufacturing phases or operating conditions, a great many industrial processes work with multiple modes. In addition, it is inevitable that some measurements of industrial variables obtained through hardware sensors are incorrectly observed, recorded or imported into databases, resulting in the dataset available for statistic analysis being contaminated by outliers. Unfortunately, these outliers are difficult to recognize and remove completely. These process characteristics and dataset imperfections impose challenges on developing high-accuracy soft sensors. To resolve this problem, the Student’s-t mixture regression (SMR) is proposed to develop a robust soft sensor for multimode industrial processes. In the SMR, for each mixing component, the Student’s-t distribution is used instead of the Gaussian distribution to model secondary variables, and the functional relationship between secondary and primary variables is explicitly considered. Based on the model structure of the SMR, a computationally efficient parameter-learning algorithm is also developed for SMR. Results conducted on two cases including a numerical example and a real-life industrial process demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach.
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Ohnmacht, Hannelore, Rudinei Fiorio, Tom Wieme, Dagmar R. D’hooge, Ludwig Cardon, and Mariya Edeleva. "Response-Surface-Methodology-Based Increasing of the Isotropic Thermal Conductivity of Polyethylene Composites Containing Multiple Fillers." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010039.
Full textAbstract:
To optimize the thermal conductivity of high-density polyethylene, 15 hybrid filler composites containing aluminum oxide (up to 45 m%), graphite (up to 12.5 m%), expanded graphite (up to 12.5 m%), and carbon nanotubes (1 m%), have been designed, using response surface methodology (RSM), taking into account density and melt viscosity variations. It is shown that the addition of filler(s) increases both the melt viscosity (up to ca. 270%) and the thermal conductivity (up to ca. 1000%). Hence, a further increase of TC can be hampered by a too high viscosity to enable processing. RSM indicates that all fillers have a significant effect on the thermal conductivity and synergistic effects can be achieved. The regression model obtained by applying RSM can adequately predict the thermal conductivity of composites of various compositions, as confirmed based on three validation experiments. The experimental density of the cube-shaped specimens is substantially lower than the theoretical density calculated by the linear mixing rule, mainly for the composites with high filler contents. The morphology of the composites, as studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), highlighted a good dispersion quality and random orientation of the fillers in the test specimens but also revealed air inclusions in the composites, explaining these density results.
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Wang, Ming, Tongde Huo, Chengwei Xing, and Yuxuan Wang. "Influence of Fiber Mixing Process on the Cracking Resistance of Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixture." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020999.
Full textAbstract:
Fiber reinforcement is often used to improve the road performance of cold recycled asphalt mixture (CRAM). The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of fiber mixing process on the cracking resistance of CRAM from multiple perspectives. Four kinds of fiber mixing processes, named A, B, C, and D, were designed by changing the order of fiber addition during the mixing process. Then, semicircle bending tests and indirect tensile tests were conducted to characterize the low-temperature cracking behavior of fiber CRAM. Freeze–thaw cycle tests under both dry and water-saturated conditions were performed to investigate the freeze–thaw damage behavior of fiber CRAM. Furthermore, the fiber dispersion in CRAM was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the fiber mixing process has a significant effect on the cracking resistance of CRAM. The CRAM specimens prepared by process C have the largest fracture energy, splitting strength, and fracture work, while the specimens made by process D have the smallest value. Specially, the fracture energy of the specimens prepared by process C is 77.23% larger than that of the specimens prepared by process A, while the fracture energy of the specimens prepared by process D is 5.6% smaller than that of the specimens prepared by process A. The reason for this phenomenon is that the fiber is well dispersed in the specimens prepared by process C, which contributes to obtain a better crack resistance. For all CRAM specimens, with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles, splitting strength and fracture work of fiber CRAM decrease. However, there is an obvious difference in the reduction rate of splitting strength and fracture work, especially for the specimens under the water saturation condition. The specimens made by process C have the smallest reduction rate, which indicates a better resistance to freezing and thawing damage. According to the analysis of fiber macro-distribution state in loose CRAM, the fiber dispersion is affected by the humidity conditions in the mixing environment. The best humidity conditions are obtained for fiber dispersion in process C. Based on the SEM observation, the overlapping bridging network structure can be observed in the microstructure of the specimens prepared by process C, allowing the mixture to better transfer and disperse stress.
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Seth, Shaguna, Andrew L. Goodman, and Richard W. Compans. "Mutations in Multiple Domains Activate Paramyxovirus F Protein-Induced Fusion." Journal of Virology 78, no. 16 (August 15, 2004): 8513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.16.8513-8523.2004.
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ABSTRACT SER virus, a paramyxovirus that is closely related to simian virus 5 (SV5), is unusual in that it fails to induce syncytium formation. The SER virus F protein has an unusually long cytoplasmic tail (CT), and it was previously observed that truncations or specific mutations of this domain result in enhanced syncytium formation. In addition to the long CT, the SER F protein has nine amino acid differences from the F protein of SV5. We previously observed only a partial suppression of fusion in a chimeric SV5 F protein with a CT derived from SER virus, indicating that these other amino acid differences between the SER and SV5 F proteins also play a role in regulating the fusion phenotype. To examine the effects of individual amino acid differences, we mutated the nine SER residues individually to the respective residues of the SV5 F protein. We found that most of the mutants were expressed well and were transported to the cell surface at levels comparable to that of the wild-type SER F protein. Many of the mutants showed enhanced lipid mixing, calcein transfer, and syncytium formation even in the presence of the long SER F protein CT. Some mutants, such as the I310 M, T438S, M489I, T516V, and N529K mutants, also showed fusion at lower temperatures of 32, 25, and 18°C. The residue Asn529 plays a critical role in the suppression of fusion activity, as the mutation of this residue to lysine caused a marked enhancement of fusion. The effect of the N529K mutation on the enhancement of fusion by a previously described mutant, L539,548A, as well as by chimeric SV5/SER F proteins was also dramatic. These results indicate that activation to a fusogenic conformation is dependent on the interplay of residues in the ectodomain, the transmembrane domain, and the CT domain of paramyxovirus F proteins.
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Wang, Junyuan, Xiaofeng Han, Zhijian Wang, Wenhua Du, Jie Zhou, Jiping Zhang, Huihui He, and Xiaoming Guo. "Modified Singular Spectrum Decomposition and Its Application to Composite Fault Diagnosis of Gearboxes." Sensors 19, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010062.
Full textAbstract:
Under the strong noise environment, the composite fault signal of gearbox is weak, which makes it difficult to extract fault features. For this problem, based on noise-assisted method, we propose a novel method called Modified Singular Spectrum Decomposition (MSSD). Singular Spectrum Decomposition (SSD) has many advantages such as high decomposition precision and strong ability to restrain mode mixing, etc. However, the ability of SSD to extract a weak signal is not ideal, the decomposition results usually contain a lot of redundant noise and mode mixing caused by intermittency, which is also a troubling problem. In order to improve the decomposition efficiency and make up for the defects of SSD, the new method MSSD adds an adaptive and particular noise in every SSD decomposition stage for each trial, and in addition, whenever the input signal is decomposed to obtain an intrinsic module function (IMF), a unique residual is obtained. After multiple decomposition, the average value of the residual is used as input to the next stage, until the residual cannot continue to decompose, which means that the residual component has, at most, one extreme value. Finally, analyzing simulated signals to explain the advantages of MSSD compared to ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and complete ensemble local mean decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN). In order to further prove the effectiveness of MSSD, this new method, MSSD, is applied to the fault diagnosis of an engineering gearbox test stand in an actual engineer project case. The final results show that MSSD can extract more fault feature information, and mode mixing has been improved and suffers less interference compared to SSD.
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Kang, Xiaojun, Cheng Yang, Xuguang Zhao, Weiwei Chen, Sifa Zhang, and Yaping Wang. "A Short Sequence Splicing Method for Genome Assembly Using a Three-Dimensional Mixing-Pool of BAC Clones and High-throughput Technology." Open Biotechnology Journal 9, no. 1 (October 27, 2015): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070701509010210.
Full textAbstract:
Current genome sequencing techniques are expensive, and it is still a major challenge to obtain an individual whole-genome sequence. To reduce the cost of sequencing, this paper introduced a high-throughput sequencing strategy using a three-dimensional mixing-pools based on the cube. Following the strategy, BAC clones were injected into each vertex of the cube, and sequencing of each plane provided information about multiple clones, thereby significantly reducing the cost of sequencing. In addition, Velvet was used to assemble the sequencing data. The scaffold generated from Velvet contained a number of contigs, which were orderless. Therefore, to address this problem, a scaffold assembly algorithm based on multi-way trees was used. The algorithm used a multi-way tree to build the framework of chromosomes, and subsequently, the frame was filled to complete the scaffold assembly. This algorithm alone outperformed Velvet in the assembling of a scaffold.
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Al-Enezi, Majda H., and Fahad S. Aldawsari. "Study of P-Phenylenediamine (PPD) Concentrations after Hair Dye Mixing: A Call for Safety Reassessment." Cosmetics 9, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9020041.
Full textAbstract:
Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is a chemical that is widely used in hair dyes. Multiple safety and regulatory agencies have categorized PPD as a potent sensitizer. In addition, PPD has carcinogenicity and genotoxicity attributes and, consequently, it is regulated at a maximal concentration of 2.0%. The aim of this study was to test whether the limit for PPD is surplus, and hence whether the consumer may be exposed to unnecessarily PPD levels. Experimentally, the analysis of PPD was performed using HPLC, where method validation and an inter-laboratory comparison test (ILC) were conducted to evaluate method performance. Thirty-three commercial products were analyzed, and five products were chosen to study the unconsumed PPD. Successfully, the implemented method confirmed its suitability and validity for the determination of PPD. For ILC results, PPD levels were 0.97 ± 0.04% and 0.92 ± 0.02%, quantified by our laboratory and an accredited laboratory, respectively. For all products, the initial concentration (T0) of PPD was lower than the regulatory limit. After 45 min, the content of PPD significantly reduced compared to T0. One product showed unconsumed PPD to be as high as 96% following the recommended dyeing time. In conclusion, the existence of high levels of unreacted PPD increases the likelihood of allergic events and elevates the risk of PPD-related chemicals. Collaborative efforts between industries, regulatory bodies, and health-related decision makers are deemed necessary to establish safe concentrations for PPD.
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Nassif, Hani, Mina Habib, Adi Obeidah, and Mohammed Abed. "Restrained Shrinkage of High-Performance Ready-Mix Concrete Reinforced with Low Volume Fraction of Hybrid Fibers." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 4934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224934.
Full textAbstract:
Cracking due to restrained shrinkage is a recurring issue with concrete bridge decks, impacting durability and ultimately service life. Several scholars’ research has proven that the incorporation of fibers in concrete mitigates restrained shrinkage cracking when utilizing high (0.5–3%) fiber volumes. This often presents a mixing and placement issue when used for ready-mixed concretes, which discourages their use in bridge decks. This study aims to optimize the incorporation of fibers for their benefits while producing concrete that is conducive to ready-mix, jobsite use. A series of tests were performed on a high-performance concrete (HPC) mix which incorporated blended, multiple fiber types (steel crimped, macro polypropylene, and micro polypropylene) while maintaining low total fiber (0.19–0.37%) volume. These “hybrid” fiber mixes were tested for multiple mechanical properties and durability aspects, with a focus on the AASHTO T334 ring test, to evaluate fiber efficiency under restrained conditions. Promising results indicate the use of a low-volume hybrid fiber addition, incorporating a macro and micro polypropylene fiber (0.35% by volume) blend, reduced the cracking area by 16.6% when compared to HPC incorporating a single fiber type, and 39% when compared to nonfibrous HPC control mixture.
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Sah, Edel, and Hongkee Sah. "Recent Trends in Preparation of Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles by Mixing Polymeric Organic Solution with Antisolvent." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/794601.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, there have been a plethora of nanoengineering approaches for the development of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticulate carrier systems. However, overlooking the multifaceted issues in the preparation and characterization of PLGA-based nanoparticles, many reports have been focused on theirin vivobehaviors. It is imperative to fully assess technological aspects of a nanoencapsulation method of choice and to carefully evaluate the nanoparticle quality. The selection of a nanoencapsulation technique should consider drug property, nanoparticle quality, scale-up feasibility, manufacturing costs, personnel safety, environmental impact, waste disposal, and the like. Made in this review are the fundamentals of classical emulsion-templated nanoencapsulation methods used to prepare PLGA nanoparticles. More specifically, this review provides insight into emulsion solvent evaporation/extraction, salting-out, nanoprecipitation, membrane emulsification, microfluidic technology, and flow focusing. Innovative nanoencapsulation techniques are being developed to address many challenges existing in the production of PLGA-based nanoparticles. In addition, there are various out-of-the-box approaches for the development of novel PLGA hybrid systems that could deliver multiple drugs. Latest trends in these areas are also dealt with in this review. Relevant information might be helpful to those who prepare and develop PLGA-based nanoparticles that meet their specific demands.
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Dong, Y. H., and P. Scardi. "MarqX: a new program for whole-powder-pattern fitting." Journal of Applied Crystallography 33, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s002188989901434x.
Full textAbstract:
MarqXis a computer program for the modelling of powder diffraction data. It can be used for an unconstrained profile fitting (pattern decomposition, PD) or constrained modelling of the whole powder pattern (Pawley method, PM), for single- as well as multiple-phase samples. The program output includes: lattice parameters or peak positions (for PM and PD, respectively), width and shape of the diffraction peak (in terms of half width at half-maximum and mixing parameter of a pseudo-Voigt function), corrected for the instrumental broadening component, intensity, peak area and profile asymmetry. In addition, errors on the goniometer zero and shift in sample position with respect to the goniometric axis can also be modelled, together with distance and relative intensity of the spectral components of the X-ray beam (e.g.Kα1andKα2). Specific output files are provided for line-profile analysis, including the Williamson–Hall plot and Warren–Averbach method.
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Miller, Kevin W. P., Neil Grossman, Peter Haviernik, John Wolff, Chih-lung Fu, Brandon Bare, and Eric Sindelar. "A Semi-Automated Tuberculosis Testing Workflow Reduces Manual Hazardous Sample Handling and Hands-On Time: A Proof-of-Concept Study." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 25, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630319884519.
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A central tenet of good diagnostic laboratory practice is protecting laboratory staff from contact with sample-borne pathogens and dangerous chemicals. Automated sample-processing systems can reduce or eliminate the risk of exposure to infectious samples while providing results on par with, or better than, those from manually processed samples. In addition, hands-free automated processing may enable analysts to focus on higher order activities while eliminating the risk of repetitive strain injuries associated with manual pipetting. Here, we describe a semi-automated tuberculosis interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) workflow that includes an automated high-throughput sample-processing system. The system automates cap removal, automates sample mixing and aspiration of blood from lithium heparin collection tubes, and aliquots blood samples into multiple blood assay tubes for downstream testing without manual intervention. We show that automated results are comparable to manual methods without risk of analyst exposure or repetitive strain injury.
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Sun, Xiaoli, James B. Abshire, Anand Ramanathan, Stephan R. Kawa, and Jianping Mao. "Retrieval algorithm for the column CO<sub>2</sub> mixing ratio from pulsed multi-wavelength lidar measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): 3909–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3909-2021.
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Abstract. The retrieval algorithm for CO2 column mixing ratio from measurements of a pulsed multi-wavelength integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is described. The lidar samples the shape of the 1572.33 nm CO2 absorption line at multiple wavelengths. The algorithm uses a least-squares fit between the CO2 line shape computed from a layered atmosphere model and that sampled by the lidar. In addition to the column-average CO2 dry-air mole fraction (XCO2), several other parameters are also solved simultaneously from the fit. These include the Doppler shift at the received laser signal wavelength, the product of the surface reflectivity and atmospheric transmission, and a linear trend in the lidar receiver's spectral response. The algorithm can also be used to solve for the average water vapor mixing ratio, which produces a secondary absorption in the wings of the CO2 absorption line under humid conditions. The least-squares fit is linearized about the expected XCO2 value, which allows the use of a standard linear least-squares fitting method and software tools. The standard deviation of the retrieved XCO2 is obtained from the covariance matrix of the fit. The averaging kernel is also provided similarly to that used for passive trace-gas column measurements. Examples are presented of using the algorithm to retrieve XCO2 from measurements of the NASA Goddard airborne CO2 Sounder lidar that were made at constant altitude and during spiral-down profile maneuvers.
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Lankhorst, Matthias, and Walter Zenk. "Lagrangian Observations of the Middepth and Deep Velocity Fields of the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean." Journal of Physical Oceanography 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2869.1.
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Abstract The circulation of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean at intermediate depths is characterized by watermass transformation processes that involve Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) from the northeast, Labrador Sea Water (LSW) from the west, and Mediterranean Water from the south. Field observations were carried out with 89 eddy-resolving floats (RAFOS and MARVOR types). The data coverage achieved is remarkably high and enables a comprehensive study of the eastern basins between Iceland and the Azores. The trajectories show typical pathways of the water masses involved and the role that the complex bottom topography plays in defining them. The ISOW paths tend to lean against the slopes of the Reykjanes Ridge and Rockall Plateau. Westward escapes through multiple gaps in the ridge are possible, superimposed on a sustained southward flow in the eastern basin along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. LSW pathways leading to the eastern basins are subject to high variability in flow direction and eddy activity. In addition to a selection of characteristic trajectories, maps of the horizontal distributions of Lagrangian eddy kinetic energy and integral time scales are presented. These reveal distinct areas of intensified mixing in the Iceland Basin, as well as the sharp contrast between the subpolar and subtropical dynamics. A self-contained eddy detection scheme is applied to obtain statistics on individual eddy properties and their abundance. It is suggested that much of the intensified mixing can be related to cyclonic activity, particularly in the subpolar region.
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Mazurek, Grzegorz, Juraj Šrámek, and Przemysław Buczyński. "Composition Optimisation of Selected Waste Polymer-Modified Bitumen." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248714.
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Waste plastomer disposal is currently a major challenge facing modern economies. This article reports on a study and analysis regarding the implementation of plastomers into bitumen, with a special focus on the influence of mixing process factors. Two plastomers were selected for analysis, PP and PET, and two bitumen types, 20/30 and 70/100, were modified. Determination of the basic characteristics, such as penetration, softening temperature, cohesion energy, and Fraass temperature, was complemented with advanced multiple-stress creep recovery (MSCR) rheological testing. The entire experimental process followed the Plackett–Burman design. Rheological effects of modified bitumen were evaluated using the generalized Maxwell model. Microstructural analysis with epi-fluorescence microscopy showed the ability of plastomer-modified bitumen to obtain a fine-grained structure with a particle size of <10 μm. In addition, creep susceptibility (Jnr) was found to be statistically significantly dependent on the polymer type and particle size, rotational speed, and bitumen type. In turn, the particle dispersion structure in the bitumen matrix significantly depended on the rotational speed, plastomer particle size, and mixing temperature. Ultimately, the process of bitumen 70/100 modification was optimized. It was demonstrated, following the experimental design, that by using fine-grained PP for a temperature of 160 °C, rotational speed of about 6300 rpm and time of 105 min, it is possible to obtain modified bitumen with rheological properties very similar to those of modified bitumen PmB 45/80-55.
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Mallick, Subha Prakash, Yu-Heng Hong, Lih-Ren Chen, Tsung Sheng Kao, and Tien-Chang Lu. "Effect of Passivation Layer on the Thin Film Perovskite Random Lasers." Materials 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13102322.
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Novel functionalities of disorder-induced scattering effect in random lasers, attributed to low spatial coherence, draw remarkable attention in high-contrast to superior quality speckle-free imaging applications. This paper demonstrates perovskite-polystyrene (PS)-based random lasing action with robust optical performance at room temperature. Optical characterizations are carried out upon perovskite thin films addition with polystyrene of different mixing concentrations (wt.%). A low threshold lasing operation is achieved with an increasing concentration of polystyrene, accompanying a wavy surface texture with high surface roughness. The rough surface dominating multiple scattering effects leads to enhanced feedback efficiency. Moreover, this study also elucidates efficient fabrication process steps for the development of high quality and durable PS-based random lasers. With the advantages of reduced coherent artifacts and low spatial coherence, speckle free projection images of the USAF (U. S. Air Force MIL-STD-150A standard of 1951) resolution test chart are shown for different PS-based random lasers.
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Kim, Hyun Hwan, Mithil Mazumder, Soon-Jae Lee, and Moon-Sup Lee. "Laboratory Evaluation of Sustainable PMA Binder Containing Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS) and Thermoplastic Polyurethane." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2020): 10057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310057.
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In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) were utilized to enhance asphalt binder properties. Superpave asphalt binder tests and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) were conducted to evaluate the physical and rheological performance (viscosity, rutting, and cracking properties) of the asphalt binders before and after short-term aging and after the long-term aging process. The results showed that (i) TPU has a positive effect on workability, including the mixing and compaction processes, which was evident from the reduced binder viscosity; (ii) asphalt binders with TPU and SIS showed better rutting resistance compared to the SIS binders without TPU; (iii) the cracking resistance of asphalt binders was found to be improved significantly with the addition of TPU; and (iv) TPU has the potential to be considered as a sustainable polymer modifier for producing bearable asphalt binders by improving rutting and crack resistance without increasing the melting temperature of the asphalt binders.
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Gibson, Brandt M., Imran A. Rahman, Katie M. Maloney, Rachel A. Racicot, Helke Mocke, Marc Laflamme, and Simon A. F. Darroch. "Gregarious suspension feeding in a modular Ediacaran organism." Science Advances 5, no. 6 (June 2019): eaaw0260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw0260.
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Reconstructing Precambrian eukaryotic paleoecology is pivotal to understanding the origins of the modern, animal-dominated biosphere. Here, we combine new fossil data from southern Namibia with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to test between competing feeding models for the Ediacaran taxon Ernietta. In addition, we perform simulations for multiple individuals, allowing us to analyze hydrodynamics of living communities. We show that Ernietta lived gregariously, forming shallow marine aggregations in the latest Ediacaran, 548 to 541 million years (Ma) ago. We demonstrate enhanced vertical mixing of the water column above aggregations and preferential redirection of current into body cavities of downstream individuals. These results support the reconstruction of Ernietta as a macroscopic suspension feeder and also provide a convincing paleoecological advantage to feeding in aggregations analogous to those recognized in many extant marine metazoans. These results provide some of the oldest evidence of commensal facilitation by macroscopic eukaryotes yet recognized in the fossil record.