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1
Omodior, Oghenekaro, and Nicholas Kaukis. "Variations in tick-borne disease incidence rate by rural-urban county classification." SDRP Journal of Earth Sciences & Environmental Studies 5, no. 3 (2020): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jeses.5.3.ra.10668.
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Background: Surveillance data of tick-borne disease (TBD) incidence in the United States are compiled at the county level, yet few studies have classified TBD risk using established county classification systems. Objective: Determine if significant differences in TBD incidence rates exist between Indiana counties based on population size classification (i.e. urban, rural, and rural-mixed). Methods: County TBD data for the period 2009 to 2016, were obtained from the Epidemiology Resource Center at the Indiana State Department of Health. Using the 2010 decennial population census, we normalized TBD counts to derive incidence rates per 1,000 population. We classified Indiana counties as either rural, rural-mixed, or urban based on population size. We used Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test to determine if median TBD incidence rates differed between urban, rural, and rural-mixed urban counties. We used choropleth maps in ESRI ArcGIS to display TBD incidence rate by county classification. Results: Kolmogorov-Smirnov pairwise comparisons test results, revealed no evidence of a difference in TBD incidence rates between rural, rural-mixed, and urban counties (p≥ 0.1208 ± 0.0065). Furthermore, Kruskal-Wallis test showed no evidence of a difference in the median TBD incidence rates by county classification (p = 0.9754). Higher TBD incidence rate counties occur in the western region, while lower rate counties occur in the eastern region. Although no differences exist in incidence rates by county classification, the two highest incidence rates were recorded in rural counties. Conclusion: A classification of Indiana counties based on population size is inadequate in identifying counties with a greater or lesser risk of TBD incidence. For a better understanding of county population-level TBD risk, future studies should aim at obtaining and exploring TBD incidence data at more granular, sub-county population levels such as zip codes, census- blocks and tracts.
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St John, Philip D., Verena Menec, Robert Tate, Nancy E. Newall, Denise Cloutier, and Megan O'Connell. "Depressive symptoms in adults in rural and urban regions of Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging." BMJ Open 11, no. 12 (December 2021): e048090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048090.
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ObjectivesPrevious studies on depression in rural areas have yielded conflicting results. Features of rural areas may be conducive or detrimental to mental health. Our objective for this study was to determine if there are rural–urban disparities in depressive symptoms between those living in rural and urban areas of Canada.DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective cohort study, which is as representative as possible of the Canadian population—the Tracking Cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. For this cohort, data were collected from 2010 to 2014. Data were analysed and results were obtained in 2020.Participants21 241 adults aged 45–85.MeasuresRurality was grouped as urban (n=11 772); peri-urban (n=2637); mixed (n=2125; postal codes with both rural and urban areas); and rural (n=4707). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression. We considered age, sex, education, marital status and disease states as potential confounding factors.ResultsThe adjusted beta coefficient was −0.24 (95% CI −0.42 to −0.07; p=0.01) for rural participants, −0.17 (95% CI −0.40 to 0.05; p=0.14) for peri-urban participants and −0.30 (95% CI −0.54 to −0.05; p=0.02) for participants in mixed regions, relative to urban regions. Risk factors associated with depressive symptoms were similar in rural and urban regions.ConclusionsThe small differences in depressive symptoms among those living in rural and urban regions are unlikely to be relevant at a clinical or population level. The findings do suggest some possible approaches to reducing depressive symptoms in both rural and urban populations. Future research is needed in other settings and on change in depressive symptoms over time.
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Thompson, Margaret J. J., Jim Stevenson, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, Peter Nott, Zam Bhatti, Andy Price, and Matthew Hudswell. "Mental Health of Preschool Children and their Mothers in a Mixed Urban/Rural Population." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 1 (January 1996): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.1.16.
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BackgroundThe prevalence rate of behaviour problems and maternal mental disturbance was estimated using a sample of 1047 families with a 3-year-old child from a mixed urban/rural area.MethodParents completed the Child Behaviour Checklist, EAS Temperament Questionnaire, Weiss–Werry–Peters Activity Scale and the GHQ–30.ResultsThe rate of behaviour problems (13.2%) was similar to that obtained in studies of urban children. The rate of maternal disturbance (27.6%) was lower than in other population samples. Few differences were found in the prevalence rates in the urban and rural areas.ConclusionsPreschool children and their parents living in non-urban areas had the same rates of problems as those in conurbations. The service needs of such families are similar regardless of locality.
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Prokopa, Ihor. "Rural component of territorial communities in the context of their inclusive development." Economy and forecasting 2022, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2022.01.102.
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The article deals with assessing the place of rural settlements and rural population in territorial communities (TC) - the basic link of the modern administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine and highlighting the preconditions and guidelines of inclusive development of rural population in these communities. The author reveals the factors of TC formation that determined their present composition and structure. It is noted that in their creation the decisive role was played by the important values of the projected indicators of population number and area of the "affluent" community. As a result, more than 2/3 of rural settlements and 61% of the rural population joined the TCs with centers in urban settlements (towns and urban-type settlements). Many urban and semi-urban TCs unite too many villages, which gives reason to question their belonging to urban territorial units, and no other types. Using methodological approaches to the identification of rural areas in the EU, the author compiles a classification of Ukrainian territorial communities on a functional (rather than administrative) basis. In terms of population density, the author separates communities with urban and rural population, and in terms of the share of rural residents in the TC's total population – those with predominantly urban, mixed (urban-rural) and predominantly rural nature of their territories. The distribution of rural settlements and rural population by these types of communities is carried out. In terms of both indicators, the absolute majority of TCs are communities with rural, or mostly rural and rural-urban functional type of territories. The author emphasizes that territorial communities have the main responsibility for the development of their territories and, consequently, for the inclusive development of their rural communities, and that the authorities should assist them in promoting such development by implementing various public policies, especially agricultural and regional ones. This includes, first of all, intensifying support for family and commercial farms, especially in small and peripheral villages, improving rural infrastructure, as well as unbundling TCs with a very large number of rural settlements and assisting new communities in their independent functioning.
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Prokopa, Ihor. "RURAL COMPONENT OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2022, no. 1 (April 10, 2022): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2022.01.124.
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The article deals with assessing the place of rural settlements and rural population in territorial communities (TC) - the basic link of the modern administrative-territorial structure of Ukraine and highlighting the preconditions and guidelines of inclusive development of rural population in these communities. The author reveals the factors of TC formation that determined their present composition and structure. It is noted that in their creation the decisive role was played by the important values of the projected indicators of population number and area of the "affluent" community. As a result, more than 2/3 of rural settlements and 61% of the rural population joined the TCs with centers in urban settlements (towns and urban-type settlements). Many urban and semi-urban TCs unite too many villages, which gives reason to question their belonging to urban territorial units, and no other types. Using methodological approaches to the identification of rural areas in the EU, the author compiles a classification of Ukrainian territorial communities on a functional (rather than administrative) basis. In terms of population density, the author separates communities with urban and rural population, and in terms of the share of rural residents in the TC's total population – those with predominantly urban, mixed (urban-rural) and predominantly rural nature of their territories. The distribution of rural settlements and rural population by these types of communities is carried out. In terms of both indicators, the absolute majority of TCs are communities with rural, or mostly rural and rural-urban functional type of territories. The author emphasizes that territorial communities have the main responsibility for the development of their territories and, consequently, for the inclusive development of their rural communities, and that the authorities should assist them in promoting such development by implementing various public policies, especially agricultural and regional ones. This includes, first of all, intensifying support for family and commercial farms, especially in small and peripheral villages, improving rural infrastructure, as well as unbundling TCs with a very large number of rural settlements and assisting new communities in their independent functioning.
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Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Romana, Joanna Stanisławska, and Andrzej Wołoszyn. "MULTI-DIMENSIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS OF THE POPULATION IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF THE WIELKOPOLSKIE VOIVODESHIP." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2229.
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The aim of the study was to compare the housing conditions of the population living in rural and urban areas of Wielkopolska province communes. The multidimensional assessment of housing conditions was carried out using the TOPSIS method. The research drew on 2016 data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Local Data Bank. The housing conditions in rural areas of the Wielkopolska province were found to be significantly worse than in urban areas. Over 38% of all examined urban areas and only 5% of rural areas (mainly located in the Poznań Metropolitan Area) were classified as Class I with the highest level of housing conditions. Class IV – with the lowest level of housing conditions – included as many as 25% of rural areas and only one urban area located in a mixed, urban-rural commune. In many of the studies, dynamic, beneficial changes in housing conditions in rural areas are emphasized despite the continuous worse situation of rural areas compared to cities. However, due to the observed suburbanisation processes in rural areas in the vicinity of large urban agglomerations, it would be necessary to distinguish living transformations in these rural areas, from changes in housing conditions in rural areas that perform typical agricultural functions.
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Szymańska, Daniela, Jadwiga Biegańska, and Anna Gil. "Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 12, no. 12 (January 1, 2009): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-009-0006-1.
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Rural Areas in Poland in The Context of Changes in Population Age Structure in 1996, 2001 and 2006 The article presents changes in the rural age structures in Poland as observed in the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. The changes in population numbers are analysed with respect to age groups, the aging index and the old-age rate. Regarding its spatial scope, the article covers rural areas in Poland and the basic territorial units it uses are rural communes and the rural parts of mixed rural-urban communes that altogether amount to 2,171 units (as of 2006). The obtained results are discussed in a broader context of urban as well as countrywide age structures.
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Li, P., H. J. Wu, and B. Chen. "RSW-MCFP: A Resource-Oriented Solid Waste Management System for a Mixed Rural-Urban Area through Monte Carlo Simulation-Based Fuzzy Programming." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/780354.
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The growth of global population and economy continually increases the waste volumes and consequently creates challenges to handle and dispose solid wastes. It becomes more challenging in mixed rural-urban areas (i.e., areas of mixed land use for rural and urban purposes) where both agricultural waste (e.g., manure) and municipal solid waste are generated. The efficiency and confidence of decisions in current management practices significantly rely on the accurate information and subjective judgments, which are usually compromised by uncertainties. This study proposed a resource-oriented solid waste management system for mixed rural-urban areas. The system is featured by a novel Monte Carlo simulation-based fuzzy programming approach. The developed system was tested by a real-world case with consideration of various resource-oriented treatment technologies and the associated uncertainties. The modeling results indicated that the community-based bio-coal and household-based CH4facilities were necessary and would become predominant in the waste management system. The 95% confidence intervals of waste loadings to the CH4and bio-coal facilities were 387, 450 and 178, 215 tonne/day (mixed flow), respectively. In general, the developed system has high capability in supporting solid waste management for mixed rural-urban areas in a cost-efficient and sustainable manner under uncertainty.
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Zhao, Zijuan, Beilei Fan, Qingbo Zhou, and Shihao Xu. "Simulating the Coupling of Rural Settlement Expansion and Population Growth in Deqing, Zhejiang Province, Based on MCCA Modeling." Land 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111975.
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Analyzing the relationship between rural settlements and rural population change under different policy scenarios is key in the sustainable development of China’s urban and rural areas. We proposed a framework that comprised the mixed land use structure simulation (MCCA) model and the human–land coupling development model to assess the spatiotemporal dynamic changes in rural settlements and its’ coupling relationship with the rural population in the economically developed region of Deqing, Zhejiang Province. The results showed that rural settlements and urban land increased by 14.36 and 29.07 km2, respectively, over the last 20 years. The expansion of some rural settlements and urban land occurred at the cost of cropland occupation. Rural settlements showed an expansion trend from 2000 to 2020, increasing from 42.69 km2 in 2000 to 57.05 km2 in 2020. In 2035, under the natural development scenario, the cropland protection scenario, and the rural development scenario, rural settlements are projected to show an expansion trend and Wukang and Leidian are the key regions with rural settlement expansion. The distance to Hangzhou, nighttime light data, distance to rivers, and precipitation are important factors influencing the expansion of rural settlements. The coupling relationship between rural settlements and the rural population developed in a coordinated manner from 2000 to 2020. For 2035, under different scenarios, the coupling relationship between rural settlements and the rural population showed different trends. In the rural development scenario, the highest number of towns with coordinated development between rural settlements and the rural population is in Deqing, predominantly with Type I coupling. Overall, an important recommendation from this study is that the sustainable development of regional land use can be promoted by controlling the occupation of cropland for urban and rural construction, balancing rural settlement expansion and rural population growth, and formulating land use policies that are more suitable for rural development.
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Man, Olivia, Alicia Kraay, Ruth Thomas, James Trostle, Gwenyth O. Lee, Charlotte Robbins, Amy C. Morrison, Josefina Coloma, and Joseph N. S. Eisenberg. "Characterizing dengue transmission in rural areas: A systematic review." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 6 (June 8, 2023): e0011333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011333.
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Dengue has historically been considered an urban disease associated with dense human populations and the built environment. Recently, studies suggest increasing dengue virus (DENV) transmission in rural populations. It is unclear whether these reports reflect recent spread into rural areas or ongoing transmission that was previously unnoticed, and what mechanisms are driving this rural transmission. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize research on dengue in rural areas and apply this knowledge to summarize aspects of rurality used in current epidemiological studies of DENV transmission given changing and mixed environments. We described how authors defined rurality and how they defined mechanisms for rural dengue transmission. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for articles evaluating dengue prevalence or cumulative incidence in rural areas. A total of 106 articles published between 1958 and 2021 met our inclusion criteria. Overall, 56% (n = 22) of the 48 estimates that compared urban and rural settings reported rural dengue incidence as being as high or higher than in urban locations. In some rural areas, the force of infection appears to be increasing over time, as measured by increasing seroprevalence in children and thus likely decreasing age of first infection, suggesting that rural dengue transmission may be a relatively recent phenomenon. Authors characterized rural locations by many different factors, including population density and size, environmental and land use characteristics, and by comparing their context to urban areas. Hypothesized mechanisms for rural dengue transmission included travel, population size, urban infrastructure, vector and environmental factors, among other mechanisms. Strengthening our understanding of the relationship between rurality and dengue will require a more nuanced definition of rurality from the perspective of DENV transmission. Future studies should focus on characterizing details of study locations based on their environmental features, exposure histories, and movement dynamics to identify characteristics that may influence dengue transmission.
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Ajaero, Chukwuedozie K., and Patience C. Onokala. "The Effects of Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities of Southeastern Nigeria." International Journal of Population Research 2013 (September 9, 2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/610193.
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This paper examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the rural communities of Southeastern Nigeria. Data were obtained using mixed methods approach comprising questionnaire surveys and key informant interviews. Six rural local government areas (LGAs) were selected based on population size and spatial equity from two states of Southeastern Nigeria. From each of the rural LGAs, fifty migrant-sending households were sampled for the study. Multiple regression and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to estimate and categorize the effects of rural-urban migration due to remittances and community projects executed by the rural-urban migrants, respectively. In addition, the Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were utilized in prioritizing areas for development interventions in the rural communities. The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made.
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Gandy, Megan E., Kacie M. Kidd, James Weiss, Judith Leitch, and Xavier Hersom. "Trans*Forming Access and Care in Rural Areas: A Community-Engaged Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 23 (December 2, 2021): 12700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312700.
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Research indicates that rural transgender and gender diverse (TGD) populations have a greater need for health services when compared with their urban counterparts, face unique barriers to accessing services, and have health disparities that are less researched than urban TGD populations. Therefore, the primary aim of this mixed-methods study (n = 24) was to increase research on the health care needs of TGD people in a rural Appalachian American context. This study was guided by a community-engaged model utilizing a community advisory board of TGD people and supportive parents of TGD children. Quantitative results indicate that travel burden is high, affirming provider availability is low, and the impacts on the health and mental health of TGD people in this sample are notable. Qualitative results provide recommendations for providers and health care systems to better serve this population. Integrated mixed-methods results further illustrate ways that rural TGD people and families adapt to the services available to them, sometimes at significant economic and emotional costs. This study contributes to the small but growing body of literature on the unique needs of rural TGD populations, including both adults and minors with supportive parents, by offering insights into strategies to address known disparities.
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Arora, Brij Bala, Megha Maheshwari, Naiya Devgan, and D. R. Arora. "Prevalence of Trichomoniasis, Vaginal Candidiasis, Genital Herpes, Chlamydiasis, and Actinomycosis among Urban and Rural Women of Haryana, India." Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2014 (October 29, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/963812.
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Despite being curable reproductive tract infections (RTIs) including sexually transmitted infections continue to be a major health problem in developing countries. The present study was undertaken to know the prevalence of trichomoniasis, vaginal candidiasis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, and actinomycosis in rural and urban women of Haryana by using wet mount, PAP smear, and fluorescent microscopic examination. Patients suspected of suffering from bacterial vaginosis were given treatment and were not included in the study. RTIs were seen in 16.6% of urban and 28.7% of rural women. The highest prevalence seen was that of trichomoniasis in both rural (24.2%) and urban (15.7%) women, followed by candidiasis (4.2% in rural and 0.6% in urban women), genital herpes (0.3% in rural and 0.2% in urban women), and chlamydiasis (0.02% in rural and 0.05% in urban women). Pelvic actinomycosis was seen in 1.4% of rural and 0.06% of urban women using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Mixed infection of Trichomonas vaginalis with Candida spp. was seen in 6.3% of rural women only. It is desirable to have a baseline profile of the prevalence of various agents causing RTIs in a particular geographic area and population which will help in better syndromic management of the patients.
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Ghosh, Dilip Kumar, Mukta Nath, Amar Biswas, Moahammad Faiz Ahmad Khondakar, and Chanchal Kumar Ghosh. "Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: A comparison between rural and urban settings in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 47, no. 1 (May 17, 2022): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v47i1.55792.
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Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder. The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) varies from 4% to 20% in different Asian nations. Objective: This community-based study was aimed to find out the prevalence of IBS in rural and urban setting in Bangladesh using Rome-III criteria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 3500 respondents aged 18 years and above in both rural and urban communities of Bangladesh. The respondents were interviewed using a validated questionnaire in a door-to-door survey. A Rome III criterion was used for diagnosis of IBS. IBS was further classified as constipation predominant, diarrhoea predominant, mixed and un subtype. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17.0.The level of significance was set at pd” 0.05. Results: The study population consisted almost equal percent respondents from urban (50.1%) and rural (49.9%) community. Among the respondents, 55.06% was male and 44.94% female. Overall prevalence of IBS 7.2% (95% CI, 6.39-8.10) and majority of the participants were associated with IBS belongs to age group 31-40 years with mean age 39.9%. The prevalence of IBS-C, IBS-D, IBS-M, IBS-U were 0.48%, 1.3%, 4.6%, and 0.8% respectively. In rural setting, the prevalence of IBS was 6.5%, (95% CI, 5.46-7.78) and in urban was IBS 7.8% (95% CI, 6.71-9.23). In this study, the prevalence of IBS was higher in males i.e. 57.2% in rural and 52.9% in urban compared with 42.8% in rural and 47.1% in urban females. Conclusion: In conclusion, the prevalence of IBS in urban 7.8% and rural 6.5% among Bangladeshi population. The result of the study suggests that IBS is a major health issue among these respective populations. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(1): 70-77
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Bialasiewicz, A. A., and G. J. Jahn. "Epidemiology of Chlamydial Eye Diseases in a Mixed Rural/Urban Population of West Germany." Ophthalmology 93, no. 6 (June 1986): 757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(86)33667-4.
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Sonuga-Barke, Edmund, Jim Stevenson, and Margaret J. J. Thompson. "Mental Health of Preschool Children and their Mothers in a Mixed Urban/Rural Population." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 1 (January 1996): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.1.21.
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BackgroundThe extent to which certain maternal, child and family characteristics are associated in families with a 3-year-old child were examined.MethodA total population of families with a 3-year-old child and living in the New Forest were identified. Measures of child behaviour and the maternal GHQ-30 were obtained.ResultsWhereas behaviour problems were found to be significantly associated with all maternal and family factors (except social class), difficult temperament was only related to mother's recall of their own childhood as unhappy and overactivity was only significantly associated with maternal disturbance.ConclusionsThe results are consistent with maternal disturbance and difficult temperament acting independently and additively to influence the development of behaviour problems in preschool children.
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Stevenson, Jim, Margaret J. J. Thompson, and Edmund Sonuga-Barke. "Mental Health of Preschool Children and their Mothers in a Mixed Urban/Rural Population." British Journal of Psychiatry 168, no. 1 (January 1996): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.1.26.
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BackgroundThere is a lack of clear and explicit models of the way various family and social influences on children's behaviour interact with factors such as temperament to produce behaviour disturbance in young children.MethodThe following measures had been obtained on a total population sample of 1047 families with a 3-year-old child: the child's perceived cuddliness, difficult temperament, mother's unhappy childhood, maternal disturbance, social class, behaviour problems and overactivity. A latent variable analysis using the LISREL 7 program was applied to the data.ResultsA model that allowed the latent variables child ‘temperament’ and ‘mother's mental state’ to have separate additive effects on ‘child adaptation’ proved an excellent fit (goodness of fit index = 0.956). This model suggests that there is a common factor (‘child adaptation’) underlying behaviour problems and overactivity. Using this model 72% of child adaptation in boys could be explained. For girls however temperament and mother's mental state accounted for only 30% of the variance in child adaptation.ConclusionThere is a need to investigate different mechanisms for the origins of behaviour problems in preschool boys and girls.
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Fleet, Richard, François Lauzier, Fatoumata Korinka Tounkara, Stéphane Turcotte, Julien Poitras, Judy Morris, Mathieu Ouimet, et al. "Profile of trauma mortality and trauma care resources at rural emergency departments and urban trauma centres in Quebec: a population-based, retrospective cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 6 (June 2019): e028512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028512.
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ObjectivesAs Canada’s second largest province, the geography of Quebec poses unique challenges for trauma management. Our primary objective was to compare mortality rates between trauma patients treated at rural emergency departments (EDs) and urban trauma centres in Quebec. As a secondary objective, we compared the availability of trauma care resources and services between these two settings.DesignRetrospective cohort study.Setting26 rural EDs and 33 level 1 and 2 urban trauma centres in Quebec, Canada.Participants79 957 trauma cases collected from Quebec’s trauma registry.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOur primary outcome measure was mortality (prehospital, ED, in-hospital). Secondary outcome measures were the availability of trauma-related services and staff specialties at rural and urban facilities. Multivariable generalised linear mixed models were used to determine the relationship between the primary facility and mortality.ResultsOverall, 7215 (9.0%) trauma patients were treated in a rural ED and 72 742 (91.0%) received treatment at an urban centre. Mortality rates were higher in rural EDs compared with urban trauma centres (13.3% vs 7.9%, p<0.001). After controlling for available potential confounders, the odds of prehospital or ED mortality were over three times greater for patients treated in a rural ED (OR 3.44, 95% CI 1.88 to 6.28). Trauma care setting (rural vs urban) was not associated with in-hospital mortality. Nearly all of the specialised services evaluated were more present at urban trauma centres.ConclusionsTrauma patients treated in rural EDs had a higher mortality rate and were more likely to die prehospital or in the ED compared with patients treated at an urban trauma centre. Our results were limited by a lack of accurate prehospital times in the trauma registry.
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Diamond, Sarah E., Lacy D. Chick, Abe Perez, Stephanie A. Strickler, and Ryan A. Martin. "Evolution of thermal tolerance and its fitness consequences: parallel and non-parallel responses to urban heat islands across three cities." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1882 (July 4, 2018): 20180036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0036.
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The question of parallel evolution—what causes it, and how common it is—has long captured the interest of evolutionary biologists. Widespread urban development over the last century has driven rapid evolutionary responses on contemporary time scales, presenting a unique opportunity to test the predictability and parallelism of evolutionary change. Here we examine urban evolution in an acorn-dwelling ant species, focusing on the urban heat island signal and the ant's tolerance of these altered urban temperature regimes. Using a common-garden experimental design with acorn ant colonies collected from urban and rural populations in three cities and reared under five temperature treatments in the laboratory, we assessed plastic and evolutionary shifts in the heat and cold tolerance of F1 offspring worker ants. In two of three cities, we found evolved losses of cold tolerance, and compression of thermal tolerance breadth. Results for heat tolerance were more complex: in one city, we found evidence of simple evolved shifts in heat tolerance in urban populations, though in another, the difference in urban and rural population heat tolerance depended on laboratory rearing temperature, and only became weakly apparent at the warmest rearing temperatures. The shifts in tolerance appeared to be adaptive, as our analysis of the fitness consequences of warming revealed that while urban populations produced more sexual reproductives under warmer laboratory rearing temperatures, rural populations produced fewer. Patterns of natural selection on thermal tolerances supported our findings of fitness trade-offs and local adaptation across urban and rural acorn ant populations, as selection on thermal tolerance acted in opposite directions between the warmest and coldest rearing temperatures. Our study provides mixed support for parallel evolution of thermal tolerance under urban temperature rise, and, importantly, suggests the promising use of cities to examine parallel and non-parallel evolution on contemporary time scales.
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Zhu, Huasheng, Yawei Chen, and Kebi Chen. "Vitalizing Rural Communities: China’s Rural Entrepreneurial Activities from Perspective of Mixed Embeddedness." Sustainability 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2019): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11061609.
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Rural entrepreneurial activities play an important role in the development of rural economies and the vitality of rural areas, and they can also contribute to an increase in the employment opportunities of farmers and environmental sustainability during China’s transitional period. As a local organization, the community connects individuals, collective agencies, local authorities, and the market in reforming rural economies in China. Based on the concepts of mixed embeddedness and on the database of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), this paper uses a binary logistic regression (BLR) model to analyze the impact of social, institutional, and economic environments of rural communities on entrepreneurship. The finding shows that informal, entrepreneurship-oriented institutions in rural communities have more significantly positive impact on farmer entrepreneurship than formal institutions, as well as economic and social environments. Furthermore, compared with kinship, neighborhood relationships and weak ties based on the population mobility in rural communities are more important for farmer entrepreneurship. Additionally, rural communities are the production places and markets, and their economic levels are positively related to entrepreneurship. Last but not least, compared with urban communities, rural communities play a much more prominent role in local entrepreneurship.
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Jiang, David H., Darius J. Roy, Benjamin D. Pollock, Nilay D. Shah, and Rozalina G. McCoy. "Association of stay-at-home orders and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in rural and urban United States: a population-based study." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (April 2022): e055791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055791.
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ObjectiveWe examined the association between stay-at-home order implementation and the incidence of COVID-19 infections and deaths in rural versus urban counties of the United States.DesignWe used an interrupted time-series analysis using a mixed effects zero-inflated Poisson model with random intercept by county and standardised by population to examine the associations between stay-at-home orders and county-level counts of daily new COVID-19 cases and deaths in rural versus urban counties between 22 January 2020 and 10 June 2020. We secondarily examined the association between stay-at-home orders and mobility in rural versus urban counties using Google Community Mobility Reports.InterventionsIssuance of stay-at-home orders.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCo-primary outcomes were COVID-19 daily incidence of cases (14-day lagged) and mortality (26-day lagged). Secondary outcome was mobility.ResultsStay-at-home orders were implemented later (median 30 March 2020 vs 28 March 2020) and were shorter in duration (median 35 vs 54 days) in rural compared with urban counties. Indoor mobility was, on average, 2.6%–6.9% higher in rural than urban counties both during and after stay-at-home orders. Compared with the baseline (pre-stay-at-home) period, the number of new COVID-19 cases increased under stay-at-home by incidence risk ratio (IRR) 1.60 (95% CI, 1.57 to 1.64) in rural and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.30 to 1.42) in urban counties, while the number of new COVID-19 deaths increased by IRR 14.21 (95% CI, 11.02 to 18.34) in rural and IRR 2.93 in urban counties (95% CI, 1.82 to 4.73). For each day under stay-at-home orders, the number of new cases changed by a factor of 0.982 (95% CI, 0.981 to 0.982) in rural and 0.952 (95% CI, 0.951 to 0.953) in urban counties compared with prior to stay-at-home, while number of new deaths changed by a factor of 0.977 (95% CI, 0.976 to 0.977) in rural counties and 0.935 (95% CI, 0.933 to 0.936) in urban counties. Each day after stay-at-home orders expired, the number of new cases changed by a factor of 0.995 (95% CI, 0.994 to 0.995) in rural and 0.997 (95% CI, 0.995 to 0.999) in urban counties compared with prior to stay-at-home, while number of new deaths changed by a factor of 0.969 (95% CI, 0.968 to 0.970) in rural counties and 0.928 (95% CI, 0.926 to 0.929) in urban counties.ConclusionStay-at-home orders decreased mobility, slowed the spread of COVID-19 and mitigated COVID-19 mortality, but did so less effectively in rural than in urban counties. This necessitates a critical re-evaluation of how stay-at-home orders are designed, communicated and implemented in rural areas.
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Bork-Hüffer, Tabea. "Healthcare-Seeking Practices of African and Rural-to-Urban Migrants in Guangzhou." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44, no. 4 (December 2015): 49–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400404.
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Taking the examples of Chinese rural-to-urban migrant and African migrant businesspeople in Guangzhou, this article inquires into the commonalities and differences in the health status and healthcare-seeking practices of both groups. While both populations of migrants are diverse and heterogeneous, there are many commonalities with regard to the challenges they face compared to the Chinese local population. Mixed-methods research frameworks and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied. While existing publications emphasise lacking financial access to healthcare, further individual and social factors account for migrants’ healthcare choices. Their access to healthcare can be improved only by introducing insurance schemes with portable benefits, providing localised and culturally adequate health services adapted to migrants’ specific needs and health risks, and enhancing patient orientation and responsiveness by health professionals.
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Wang, Liyao, and Guiqing Yang. "The Mechanism of Socio-Spatial Evolution in Rural Areas Driven by the Development of the Planting Industry—A Case Study of Yuezhuang Village in Shandong Province, China." Land 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2024): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13060768.
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Rural industrialisation in China, which has historically been restricted by urban–rural dual development policies, has been largely encouraged since the Rural Revitalisation Strategy released in 2018. Industrialisation has deeply influenced socio-spatial evolution by providing job opportunities and promoting the construction of infrastructure and public services, accelerating the two-way flow of urban–rural factors in rural areas. However, this may lead to social and spatial issues, such as social inequalities and unsuitable living conditions, to some extent. This research aims to investigate how the socio-spatial evolution of rural areas was influenced by rural industrialisation and the two-way flow of urban–rural factors. The cherry planting industry and an active “industrial centre”, Yuezhuang Village, in Linqu County, Shandong Province, China, were selected for the empirical study. This research analysed the evolution of the cherry planting industry, the formulation of rural social networks, and the spatial adaptation of the two using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, followed by a discussion on the current rural planning policies in China. The results show that the cherry industrial chain largely extended the planting areas, and the categories of land use generally increased in Yuezhuang Village over the 30 years studied. The average output value per mu (mu is unit of area measurement used in China, where it is officially standardised. It corresponds to 1/15 of a hectare, or about 666.67 m2). In 2021 was 25 times larger than that in 1996. The population involved in industrial activities increased to over 5000 people countrywide from the initial 17 households. The results also show that urban–rural factors, such as capital, population, techniques, and information, rapidly accelerated in the annual peak season of the cherry industry. This research indicates that small-scale, characteristic, and traditional agriculture could become one of the main driving forces in urban–rural integration and may contribute to sustainable and inclusive rural communities and urban–rural partnerships. This provides the theoretical mechanism of socio-spatial interaction in rural industrialisation in China based on the empirical case study.
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Salvia, Rosanna, Pere Serra, Ilaria Zambon, Massimo Cecchini, and Luca Salvati. "In-Between Sprawl and Neo-Rurality: Sparse Settlements and the Evolution of Socio-Demographic Local Context in a Mediterranean Region." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2018): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103670.
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Dispersed urbanization during the last half century has transformed metropolitan regions into well-connected, low-density residential areas. However, this kind of urbanization has changed irreversibly the traditional rural landscape around cities, leading to a new definition of ‘rurality’. The present work discusses the intimate relationship between urban sprawl and new forms of rurality. Considering economic downturns and the possible impact on landscape transformations, our study focuses on a representative Mediterranean case of urban sprawl (the metropolitan region of Athens, Greece). In this area, urban settlements expanded rapidly into fringe land, producing relevant socio-demographic transformations that have determined uneven changes in rural landscapes. A spatially-explicit investigation of local-scale dynamics that characterize population residing in sparse settlements over a long time period (1961–2011)—encompassing distinct phases of urban growth and rural development—is relevant for analysis of local changes in the relationship between sprawl and new forms of rurality. A new concept of ‘rurality’—adapting to rapidly-evolving, mixed rural/peri-urban contexts—require reframing the relationship between rural landscapes, scattered settlements, economic cycles and socio-demographic aspects, in the light of a truly sustainable development of local territories.
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Hansen, Heike, Ingmar Schäfer, Nadine Janis Pohontsch, Agata Kazek, Hanna Hardt, Dagmar Lühmann, and Martin Scherer. "Regional differences in the patient population of general practices in northern Germany: results of a mixed-methods study." BMJ Open 10, no. 11 (November 2020): e041762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041762.
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ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to explore patient types in general practitioner (GP) practices and to quantify the regional differences of the frequencies of these patient types in northern Germany.Design and settingWe conducted a mixed-methods study based on focus groups and standardised interviews with GPs. All counties and independent cities within a radius of 120 km around Hamburg were assigned one of three regional categories (urban areas, environs, rural areas). The focus groups were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Relative frequencies of consultations by patient types and differences between the regions were calculated. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify differences among regions.ParticipantsNine focus groups with 65 GPs (67.7% male). From the 280 initially recruited GPs 211 (65.4% male) could be personally interviewed.ResultsFour themes with 27 patient types were derived from the focus groups: patients classified by morbidity, sociodemographic characteristics, special care needs and patient behaviour. Five patient characteristics were significantly more prevalent in urban areas than rural areas: patients with migration background and culturally different disease concepts (OR 1.23; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.42), privately insured patients (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31), educationally disadvantaged patients with low health literacy (OR 1.11; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.19), patients with psychiatric disorders (OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.12) and senior citizens living on their own without caregivers (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.31). Three patient types were significantly less prevalent in urban areas: minors accompanied by their parents (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.83), patients with poor therapy adherence (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.95) and patients with dementia (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99).ConclusionsGPs could compensate the specific needs of their patients with medical training aligned with the requirements of their region. Urban GPs need skills treating patients with psychiatric, social and cultural problems, rural GPs regarding the care for children or noncompliant patients.Trial registration numberNCT02558322
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Apinis, Pēteris, Vilnis Dzērve, Anda Čakša, Iveta Bajāre, and Andrejs Ērglis. "Thirty Years of Epidemiological Studies of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Latvia: Why are they Needed?" Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 74, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2020-0046.
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Abstract The present review is designed to provide insight into population-based investigations of cardiovascular risk factors in Latvia. Most of them represent urban, rural and mixed populations. The results are age-standardised using the European Standard Population. All of the studies confirm a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors with wide differences across the studies. The differences are not consistent or regular and some of the underlying reasons are discussed. Analysis of the previous studies justifies the need for a nationwide cross-sectional epidemiological study, which in a small country can be carried out in compliance with all the requirements for a population-based epidemiological study.
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Mumu, Shirin Jahan, A. K. M. Fazlur Rahman, Paul P. Fahey, Liaquat Ali, and Dafna Merom. "Lifestyle risk factors and metabolic markers of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladeshi rural-to-urban male migrants compared with their non-migrant siblings: A sibling-pair comparative study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 27, 2022): e0274388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274388.
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Background The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing countries like Bangladesh has been linked to progressive urbanisation. Comparisons of rural and urban populations often find a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors in the urban population, but rural-to-urban migrants might have different CVD risk profiles than either rural or urban residents. This study aimed to describe differences in CVD risk factors between migrants and non-migrants siblings and to determine whether acculturation factors were associated with CVD risk factors among migrants. Methods Using a sibling-pair comparative study, 164 male migrant who migrated from Pirganj rural areas to Dhaka City and their rural siblings (total N = 328) were assessed by interview, anthropometric measurement, blood pressure and blood samples. Comparisons were made using linear or logistic mixed effects models. Findings Physical inactivity, inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables and possible existence of a mental health disorder had 3.3 (1.73; 6.16), 4.3 (2.32; 7.92) and 2.9 (1.37; 6.27) times higher odds among migrants than their rural siblings, respectively. Migrants watched television on average 20 minutes (95% CI 6.17–35.08 min/day) more per day than the rural sibling group whereas PUFA intake, fruit and vegetable and fish intake of the migrants were -5.3 gm/day (-6.91; -3.70), -21.6 serving/week (-28.20; -15.09), -14.1 serving/week (-18.32; -9.87), respectively, lower than that of the rural siblings. No significant difference was observed for other variables. After adjusting, the risk of physical inactivity, inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, a mental health disorder and low HDL were significantly higher in migrants than in rural siblings and tended to be higher for each increasing tertile of urban life exposure. Conclusion The findings suggest that migration from rural-to-urban environment increases CVD risk which exacerbate with time spent in urban area due to acculturation. This study gives new insights into the increased CVD risk related with migration and urbanization in Bangladesh.
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Sen, Kritika. "Poverty, Economic Inequality and Polarization: A District-Wise Analysis of Maharashtra." Indian Journal of Human Development 12, no. 3 (December 2018): 420–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973703018813753.
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This article presents a new set of poverty, economic inequality and polarization estimates for all districts of Maharashtra based on the Modified Mixed Recall Period (MMRP) estimates of consumption expenditure from the National Sample Survey (NSS) Consumer Expenditure survey rounds 66th (2009–2010) and 68th (2011–2012). The broad picture emerging from these revised estimates is that poverty has declined during the reference period in rural as well urban sectors. However, perceptible differences between rural and urban sectors in all measures of poverty were identified along with a disaggregated study of the districts where the magnitude of poverty and inequality has been alarming and needs policy attention. The pattern of clustering of population around poles defined by MPCE has been studied by employing indices of polarization. These indicate that polarization has increased in rural sector and decreased in urban sector over the reference period.
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Saner, Hugo, Cyrill Morger, Prisca Eser, and Martin von Planta. "Dual dispatch early defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a mixed urban–rural population." Resuscitation 84, no. 9 (September 2013): 1197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.02.023.
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Cheruto, Dianah, Fred K. Wamalwa, and Esther Chepsiror. "Effect of Rapid Urban Housing Expansion on On-Farm Activities of Rural Household Livelihoods in Simat/Kapseret Ward, Kenya." American Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 2 (November 17, 2023): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajds.v1i2.2046.
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The study focused on examining how an increase in urban housing expansion affects livelihoods of rural households. The study objective was to determine the effect of urban housing expansion on on-farm activities of households in Kapseret/Simat ward, Kenya. A sample of 164 households was selected from a target population of 13610 households. A systematic random sampling technique was used to obtain the population of the study. A household survey questionnaire and an interview guide were used as tools for data collection taking a mixed methods research design. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive methods in form of frequencies, means and deviation. Inferential statistics specifically Chi square was used to test the hypotheses in terms of the strength and direction of the independent and dependent variables. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and triangulated into the quantitative data of the study. Quantitative study findings indicated that there was a statistical significant relationship between urban housing expansion and on-farm activities of rural households (p=0.000). The qualitative study findings indicated that there was a shift from on-farm to off-farm livelihood activities of rural households. The study concluded that as land value and land sales increased, there was a higher likelihood for demand for land to facilitate the urban housing developments and ultimately housing expansion within the area of study. The study concluded that there was a significant statistical effect of urban housing expansion on rural household livelihoods.
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Warmenhoven, Helmut, Paul R. J. Hoebink, and Jan M. A. M. Janssens. "The Chinese Postreform Generation as Caregivers: The Caregiving Intentions Toward Parents and Parents-in-Law of the One-Child Generation." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 14 (July 22, 2018): 3690–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18789208.
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The problem of population aging in China has been widely documented. As a result of decreasing birth rates due to the Chinese one-child policy, birth rates have decreased dramatically, while life expectancy has increased. By 2040, it is expected that 24.6% of the Chinese population will be older than 65 years (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2015), with the majority of the elderly care likely to fall to their, often, singleton children. Little research has been conducted, however, with this future generation of caregivers. This article reports on a mixed-methods study comparing the attitudes of the one-child generation toward the future care of their parents and parents-in-law, in terms of gender, sibling status, and urban/rural providence. It includes the results of 26 in-depth interviews with students aged 18 to 22 years, and a survey among 351 first-year students of a semiprivate university in Zhuhai (China). No differences were found for gender, sibling status, or urban/rural providence for the intention to take care of the own parents in the future, although rural and nonsingleton participants were more likely to mention that they intended to live close to, or with their parents in the future than their urban and singleton counterparts. Concerning the care for future parents-in-law, male students in both the survey and the interviews were significantly less likely to accept responsibility for their care than female students, but no differences were found for urban/rural providence or for sibling status in this respect. Finally, female and rural students were found to be significantly much more likely to want to live in a separate house than their male and urban counterparts.
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Trinh, Huong Thi, Vincent Linderhof, Vy Thao Vuong, Erin E. Esaryk, Martin Heller, Youri Dijkxhoorn, Trang Mai Nguyen, et al. "Diets, Food Choices and Environmental Impacts across an Urban-Rural Interface in Northern Vietnam." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020137.
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Human diets and their associated environmental impacts differ across segments of the population. There is evidence that consumer choices of food intake can also affect the overall environmental impacts of a food system. This paper analyzes the environmental impact of diets and food choices across a rural–urban transect in Northern Vietnam by using mixed survey data from 619 adult respondents. The average greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) resulting from producing the daily food intake of adults in the urban and peri-urban districts were similar, while the average in the rural district was lower. Although starchy staples contributed the most to energy intake, pork and beef were the largest contributors to GHGE. Metrics of blue water use were higher for diets of males than those of females in all three districts. Interestingly, the difference in mean diet diversity score between urban and rural households was significant, and females’ diets were more diverse than those of males. As expected, urban households were more likely to buy food, while rural households often produced their own foods. Urban households reported prioritizing personal health and the natural content of food and would increase seafood and fruits if their income were to increase. In rural regions, interventions aimed at reducing undernutrition should address improving diet quality without significant increases to diet-related environmental impacts.
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TIFFEN, MARY. "URBANIZATION: IMPACTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF ‘MIXED FARMING’ SYSTEMS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 3 (July 2006): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479706003589.
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During the past two decades or so, rural population in Africa has increased slowly while urban population has grown dramatically. The hugely increased urban demand for cereals and pulses (which produce crop residues for livestock) and for livestock products is now the main force stimulating mixed farming systems in the semi-arid and sub-humid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Grazing land has diminished, crop residues are becoming a more important element in raising livestock and fattening penned livestock has become profitable. The changes in land use, land tenure and the shift of livestock raising southwards in West Africa are illustrated. Farmers' adaptation to rapidly changing markets for their products and the factors of production are illustrated with examples from Senegal, Nigeria, Niger, and, by way of contrast, Kenya. The main challenges this sets to agricultural scientists are described. The livestock element in mixed farming system now requires careful economic analysis and participative research if scientists are to meet the evolving needs of farming as the urban sector enlarges.
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Crowson, Matthew G., and Vincent Lin. "The Canadian Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Workforce in the Urban-Rural Continuum: Longitudinal Data from 2002 to 2013." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 158, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599817733688.
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Objectives To evaluate the proportion of otolaryngology–head and neck surgery (OHNS) providers who are rural versus urban based from 2002 to 2013. Secondary objective was to present perspectives of rural primary care providers on unmet needs for OHNS services. Study Design Mixed methods database analysis and prospective survey. Setting National administrative database. Subjects and Methods The Canadian Medical Association OHNS provider Masterfile and the Statistics Canada postal code file were used to determine provincial, urban, rural, and Aboriginal group care coverage. The Society of Rural Physicians of Canada was surveyed to explore care delivery and unmet needs for OHNS and audiology. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were used to describe results. Results Ontario and Quebec had the largest annual OHNS physician growth (6.38 providers/year; r2 = 0.94) versus stagnant growth in the territories. The clear majority of OHNS providers are in urban centers, and rural OHNS coverage is decreasing annually (–0.33 providers/year, r2 = 0.28). There are no OHNS providers in 485 population centers where Aboriginal groups are located. A survey of 40 rural primary care providers reported that OHNS care is most commonly delivered through seasonal visits to a local facility, with otology (hearing loss, chronic ear disease) and rhinology (nonmalignant nasal or sinus conditions) as the most frequently reported unmet needs. Conclusion From 2002 to 2013, OHNS coverage showed a trend for urban consolidation. Most Aboriginal groups may have decreased access to care, as there are no OHNS providers in 485 population centers where reserves are located. There is an unmet need for specialized OHNS services reported by rural primary care physicians, especially otology and rhinology.
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Somsunun, Kawinwut, Tippawan Prapamontol, Todsabhorn Kuanpan, Teetawat Santijitpakdee, Kanyapak Kohsuwan, Natwasan Jeytawan, and Nathaporn Thongjan. "Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Indoor Household Dust in Urban and Rural Areas of Chiang Mai and Lamphun Provinces, Thailand." Toxics 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2023): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11121018.
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Indoor exposure to heavy metals poses human health risks worldwide, but study reports from Thailand are still limited, particularly in rural and urban areas. We measured the heavy metals in a hundred indoor household dust samples collected from urban and rural areas in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces and found a significantly higher concentration of As in rural areas and Cd in urban areas with industrial activities. The source identification of the heavy metals showed significant enrichment from traffic emissions, paint, smoking, and mixed sources with natural soil. From health risk assessment models, children were more vulnerable to noncarcinogenic risks (HI = 1.45), primarily via ingestion (HQ = 1.39). Lifetime cancer risks (LCRs) due to heavy metal exposure were found in adults (LCR = 5.31 × 10−4) and children (LCR = 9.05 × 10−4). The cancer risks from As were higher in rural areas via ingestion, while Cr and Ni were higher in urban areas via inhalation and ingestion, respectively. This study estimated that approximately 5 out of 10,000 adults and 9 out of 10,000 children among the population may develop cancer in their lifetime from exposure to indoor heavy metals in this region.
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Lee, EunSu, Melanie McDonald, Erin O’Neill, and William Montgomery. "Statewide Ambulance Coverage of a Mixed Region of Urban, Rural and Frontier under Travel Time Catchment Areas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 2638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052638.
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This study examines the statewide service coverage of emergency medical services (EMS) in view of public health planners, policy makers, and ambulance service managers. The study investigates the statewide service coverage in a mixed region of urban, rural, and frontier regions to address the importance of ambulance service coverage at a large scale. The study incorporated statewide road networks for ambulance travel time, census blocks for population, and backup service coverage using geographic information systems (GIS). The catchment areas were delineated by the travel time after subtracting chute time for each Census Block as an analysis zone. Using the catchment areas from the ambulance base to the centroid of Census Block, the population and land coverage were calculated. The service shortage and multiple coverage areas were identified by the catchment areas. The study found that both reducing chute time and increasing the speed of emergency vehicles at the same time was significantly more effective than improving only one of two factors. The study shows that the service is improved significantly in frontier and urban areas by increasing driving time and chute time. However, in rural areas, the improvement is marginal owing to wider distribution than urban areas and shorter threshold response time than frontier areas. The public health planners and EMS managers benefit from the study to identify underserved areas and redistribute limited public resources.
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Morán Alonso, Nerea, Ícaro Obeso Muñiz, Agustín Hernández Aja, and Felipe Fernández García. "Challenges for the revitalisation of peri-urban agriculture in Spain: Territorial analysis of the Madrid and Oviedo metropolitan areas." Moravian Geographical Reports 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0017.
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Abstract Contemporary urban sprawl and urban functional centrality at the regional scale have made the classical urban-rural dichotomy no longer valid. Instead, urban development generates a range of peri-urban transitional areas in which urban and rural uses are mixed in a fragmented land mosaic. The main objective of this paper is to detect opportunitites for the revitalisation of peri-urban agriculture based on an analysis and comparison of its evolution in two different regional contexts in Spain. The peri-urban space is delimited according to density, topography and perceptual criteria. Aerial images and cartographic bases are used to identify land quality and land use changes in the areas, concluding that peri-urban agriculture has suffered both urban occupation and internal changes in crops and agricultural uses, experiencing a process of decline. Innovative initiatives performed in these spaces are also explored as opportunities for revitalisation from a multifunctional approach, linking urban population to peri-urban agriculture, organic farming or landscape management. This analysis serves as a prerequisite to develop new policies for the planning of peri-urban agriculture at local and regional scales, based on a deep understanding of the territory and its evolution.
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Anzalone, Alfred (Jerrod), Ronald Horswell, San Chu, Brian Hendricks, Jeremy Harper, William Beasley, Lucio Miele, Clifford james Rosen, James McClay, and Sally L. Hodder. "33. Evaluation of Rural-Urban Differences in Hospitalization and Mortality Rates for US COVID-19 Patients in the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S23—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.033.
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Abstract Background Rural communities are among the most vulnerable and resource-scarce populations in the United States. Rural data is rarely centralized, precluding comparability across regions, and no significant studies have studied this population at scale. The purpose of this study is to present findings from the National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) to provide insight into future research and highlight the urgent need to address health disparities in rural populations. N3C Patient Distribution This figure shows the geospatial distribution of the N3C COVID-19 positive population. N3C contains data from 55 data contributors from across the United States, 40 of whom include sufficient location information to map by ZIP Code centroid spatially. Of those sites, we selected 27 whose data met our minimum robustness qualifications for inclusion in our study. This bubble map is to scale with larger bubbles representing more patients. A. shows all N3C patients. B. shows only urban N3C distribution. C. shows the urban-adjacent rural patient distribution. D. shows the nonurban-adjacent rural patient distribution, representing the most isolated patients in N3C. Methods This retrospective cohort of 573,018 patients from 27 hospital systems presenting with COVID-19 between January 2020 and March 2021, of whom 117,897 were admitted (see Data Analysis Plan diagram for inclusion/exclusion criteria), analyzes outcomes and 30-day survival for the hospitalized population by the degree of rurality. Multivariate Cox regression analysis and mixed-effects models were used to estimate the association between rurality, hospitalization, and all-cause mortality, controlling for major risk factors associated with rural-urban health discrepancies and differences in health system outcomes. The difference in distribution by rurality is described as well as supplemented by population-level statistics to confirm representativeness. Data Analysis Plan This data analysis plan includes an overview of study inclusion and exclusion criteria, the matrix for data robustness to determine potential sites to include, and our covariate selection, model building, and residual testing strategy. Results This study demonstrates a significant difference between hospital admissions and outcomes in urban versus urban-adjacent rural (UAR) and nonurban-adjacent rural (NAR) lines. Hospital admissions for UAR (OR 1.41, p< 0.001, 95% CI: 1.37 – 1.45) and NAR (OR 1.42, p< 0.001, 95% CI: 1.35 – 1.50) were significantly higher than their urban counterparts. Similar distributions were present for all-cause mortality for UAR (OR 1.39, p< 0.001, 95% CI: 1.30 – 1.49) and NAR (OR 1.38, p< 0.001, 95% CI: 1.22 – 1.55) compared to urban populations. These associations persisted despite adjustments for significant differences in BMI, Charlson Comorbidity index Score, gender, age, and the quarter of diagnosis for COVID-19. Baseline Characteristics Hospitalized COVID-19 Positive Population by Rurality Category, January 2020 – March 2021 Survival Curves in Hospitalized Patients Over 30 Days from Day of Admission This figure shows a survival plot of COVID-19 positive hospitalized patients in N3C by rural category (A), Charlson Comorbidity Index (B), Quarter of Diagnosis (C), and Age Group (D) from hospital admission through day 30. Events were censored at day 30 based on the incidence of death or transfer to hospice care. These four factors had the highest predictive power of the covariates evaluated in this study. Unadjusted and Adjusted Odds Ratios for Hospitalization and All-Cause Mortality by Rural Category, January 2020 – March 2021 This figure shows the adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios for being hospitalized or dying after hospitalization for the COVID-19 positive population in N3C. Risk is similar between adjusted and unadjusted models, suggesting a real impact of rurality on all-cause mortality. A shows the unadjusted odds ratios for admission to the hospital after a positive COVID-19 diagnosis for all N3C patients. B shows the unadjusted odds ratios for all-cause mortality at any point after hospitalization for COVID-19 positive patients. C shows the adjusted odds ratios for being admitted to the hospital after a positive COVID-19 diagnosis for all N3C patients. D shows the adjusted odds ratios for all-cause mortality for all-cause mortality at any point after hospitalization for COVID-19 positive patients. Adjusted models include adjustments for gender, race, ethnicity, BMI, age, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) composite score, rurality, and quarter of diagnosis. The data provider is included as a random effect in all models. Conclusion In N3C, we found that hospitalizations and all-cause mortality were greater among rural populations when compared to urban populations after adjustment for several factors, including age and co-morbidities. This study also identified key demographic and clinical disparities among rural patients that require further investigation. Disclosures Sally L. Hodder, M.D., Gilead (Advisor or Review Panel member)Merck (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)Viiv Healthcare (Grant/Research Support, Advisor or Review Panel member)
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Ukweh, I. H., O. N. Ukweh, J. N Iya-Benson, and A. O Oku. "Comparative Assessment of Health Status and Health-Seeking Behaviour of Household Heads in Rural and Urban Areas of Abia State, Nigeria." Texila International Journal of Public Health 12, no. 1 (March 29, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.12.01.art016.
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Health status of a nation is closely linked to the health seeking behavior and its economic growth. Therefore, this study aims to examine the health status and health-seeking behaviour of household heads in urban and rural areas of Abia State, Nigeria using a mixed model approach. An analytical cross-sectional study design was employed where the quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire to compare the health status and health-seeking behaviour of urban (n=450) and rural household heads (n=447). For the qualitative arm of the study, data was collected through focus group discussions using an interview guide. The results show that a significantly higher percentage of rural household heads (10.3%) perceive their health status as ‘very good’ compared to their urban counterparts (4.2%), p-value <0.05. Additionally, urban household heads reported a higher incidence of illness (85.2% vs. 36.2%), where malaria (70.9% vs. 9.9%) and typhoid (34.3% vs. 4.3%)ranked highest. Regarding their health seeking behavior, urban household heads were first sought care from to private hospitals (n=102, 26.6%) followed by chemist shops (n=212, 55.2%), while their rural counterpart first sought treatment from primary health centres. To conclude, these findings suggest that although urban household heads have seemingly better health-seeking behaviour than the rural, the effect of urbanization has negatively affected their health status. Therefore, more concerted efforts should be geared at designing health promotion campaigns to improve the health status of the population whilst addressing barriers to seeking health care such as financial constraint and cost of transportation.
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Bowman, Amauri, Sydney Taylor, Pritam Bora, Hongyan Xu, Leigh Wells, Latanya Bowman, Nadine Barrett, et al. "Demographic Features of a Mixed Urban/Rural Adult Sickle Cell Population:Opportunities and Challenges for Improving Health Care." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 5594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5594.5594.
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Abstract Improvements in pediatric care since the 1970s as a result of Comprehensive Sickle Cell Centers, newborn screening, and prophylactic penicillin has led to an increase in life expectancy for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and has resulted in an increase in the number of adults with progressive end-organ damage/dysfunction. The inability of the U.S. Health Care system to adequately address the needs of this increasing patient population, along with stereotyping of SCD patients, has inevitably led to disparities in care, with an ever increasing disease burden and cost of care. Recognition of these issues has led U.S. Federal Health Care and Biomedical Research agencies (CDC, NIH, HRSA) to develop and implement programs to tackle this growing problem. Recently, NHLBI and NIMHD issued an RFA (HL-16-010) to address through implementation science the unmet health care needs of adolescents and adults (ages ≥15 years) with SCD. This program seeks to improve the health care and outcomes of this population through rigorous implementation of evidence-based guidelines. This initiative prompted us to analyze the demographic characteristics of the adult SCD population served by the GRU Sickle Cell Center, in an effort to better understand the opportunities and challenges posed by this initiative. The GRU Sickle Cell Center has been in existence since 1972, and serves ~1500 pediatric and adult SCD patients through its clinical program. Although based at the GRU campus in Augusta, GA (the second largest metropolitan area in the state with a population of >540,000), the Center has operated extensive outreach activities in rural south Georgia for the last 30 years, covering both pediatric and adult patients. The adult program holds monthly or every other month clinics in 5 sites in central, eastern, and southern Georgia. As of 2015, the Center has 580 active adult patients (>18 years). Fifty six percent are female and 44% male. Over half (54%) are followed at the Augusta clinic, and the remaining 46% in primarily rural outreach sites. The distribution of different genotypes is as follows: SS 392 (69%), SC 114 (20%), S-β+-thal 37 (6%), S-β0-thal 16 (3%) and others 11 (2%). The median age of the male patients is 31 (17-82), whereas for females is 34 (18-68). The median age for SS patients is 32 (17-65), and for SC is 34 (19-71). Overall, 62% of the population is in the 18-40 age group. Only 10% of the patients are >50. There is an age dependent increase in the proportion of female patients (70.6% > 61). Similarly, the proportion of SC patients increases to 56.3%, while SS decreases to 31.3% among subjects >61 years of age. Fifty-one percent of all patients (mostly SS) were prescribed hydroxyurea (HU). However, as reported earlier (Chand et al, ASH poster, 2014), only 59.9% had an adequate response; 26.3% were non-adherent, and 13.9% were on suboptimal doses. These data show that the adult SCD population in Georgia is young, with median age in the lower 30s. It also confirms the well-known observations that SC genotype and female gender are overrepresented in the older age groups. The opportunities to improve the health of this patient population in the next 5-10 years include: the existing outreach infrastructure, the partnership forged between the GRU Sickle Cell Center and some primary care practices (Family Medicine) and Hematology/Oncology practices in various outreach sites, and the implementation of an emergency department fast track pathway to treat vaso-occlusive crises in two of these outreach sites. The challenges, on the other hand, are persisting barriers to adequate/appropriate use of HU, partnering with community providers in the provision of appropriate pain management, implementation of evidence based transfusion practices in outlying hospitals and implementation of long-term evidence based health maintenance and primary care. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ibrahim, Aminu Alhassan, Mukadas Oyeniran Akindele, Sokunbi Oluwaleke Ganiyu, Bashir Kaka, and Bashir Bello. "The Hausa Back Beliefs Questionnaire: Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric assessment in mixed urban and rural Nigerian populations with chronic low back pain." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): e0249370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249370.
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Introduction Negative attitudes and beliefs about low back pain (LBP) can lead to reduced function and activity and consequently disability. One self-report measure that can be used to assess these negative attitudes and beliefs and to determine their predictive nature is the Back Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ). This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the BBQ into Hausa and assess its psychometric properties in mixed urban and rural Nigerian populations with chronic LBP. Methods The BBQ was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Hausa (Hausa-BBQ) according to established guidelines. To assess psychometric properties, a consecutive sample of 200 patients with chronic LBP recruited from urban and rural clinics of Nigeria completed the questionnaire along with measures of fear-avoidance beliefs, pain catastrophizing, functional disability, physical and mental health, and pain. One hundred of the 200 patients completed the questionnaire twice at an interval of 7–14 days to assess test-retest reliability. Internal construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis, and external construct validity was assessed by examining convergent, divergent, and known-groups validity. Reliability was assessed by calculating internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change at 95% confidence interval (MDC95), and limits of agreement using Bland-Altman plots. Reliability (ICC, SEM and MDC95) was also assessed separately for rural and urban subgroups. Results The factor analysis revealed a four-factor solution explaining 58.9% of the total variance with the first factor explaining 27.1%. The nine scoring items loaded on the first factor hence supporting a unidimensional scale. The convergent and divergent validity were supported as 85% (6:7) of the predefined hypotheses were confirmed. Known-groups comparison showed that the questionnaire discriminated well for those who differed in education (p < 0.05), but not in age (p > 0.05). The internal consistency and ICC (α = 0.79; ICC = 0.91) were adequate, with minimal SEM and MDC95 (1.9 and 5.2, respectively). The limits of agreements were –5.11 to 5.71. The ICC, SEM and MDC95 for the urban and rural subgroups were comparable to those obtained for the overall population. Conclusions The Hausa-BBQ was successfully adapted and psychometrically sound in terms of internal and external construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability in mixed urban and rural Hausa-speaking populations with chronic LBP. The questionnaire can be used to detect and categorize specific attitudes and beliefs about back pain in Hausa culture to prevent or reduce potential disability due to LBP.
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Gbaguidi, Vital Ezéchiel, and David Adetou. "Factors affecting school dropout: Comparative study of rural and urban settings." International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies 5, no. 2 (June 15, 2024): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/353073.
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Education remains the key to development in all countries. Thus, every country is making efforts to promote education for all. However, despite these efforts, the school dropout rate continues to rise. With this in mind, this research is carried out with the aim of analyzing the factors underlying the phenomenon of school dropout in rural and urban areas. Mixed research method was carried out on one hundred and six (106) participants identified using purposive and accidental sampling techniques. Due to the similar characteristics of the population and its unknown size (exact number of students who dropped out in the two municipalities being unknown), it was logical, for statistical reasons, to determine the size of this sample accordingly. Data processing was based on an analytical model inspired by Viau’s (1999) theory of motivational dynamics and Ryan and Deci’s (1985) theory of self-determination. The results research show that a student’s environment necessarily influences his or her school life. School dropout in rural areas, unlike in urban areas, is more influenced by economic factors and those linked to the family circle. The identified specific factors imply policy decisions and interventions tailored to the needs of students in urban and rural communities.
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Zhang, Yongchao, André Torre, and Marianne Ehrlich. "Governance Structure of Rural Homestead Transfer in China: Government and/or Market?" Land 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070745.
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Rapid urbanization in China has triggered the mass migration of rural populations to cities. These policies have resulted in a shortage of construction land for the urban population and in an inefficient use of rural homestead, causing a tremendous waste of rural land resources. Rural homestead transfer has been identified as a tool to solve this problem: the saved construction land can be reclaimed to cultivated land, and the construction rights are transferred to urban areas, where they can be used to build new households for the demanding population. We consider that transaction costs analysis can help understand the governance structures of the homestead processes, and provide avenues for further research and policy recommendations. Our article draws on the practices and experiences gained in three areas in rural China (Jinzhai, Yiwu, and Jiangning in the Anhui, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu Provinces, China). Based on the empirical cases and information produced from the villages and households survey, we developed an analytical framework of transaction cost. Results suggest that Yiwu has lower assets specificity, lower uncertainty, and transaction frequency, hence the market driven model played a major role. In Jinzhai, which presents higher assets specificity, higher uncertainty, and transaction frequency, the government-oriented model also played a major role. In Jiangning, where most transaction attributes are situated in the middle, the mixed-oriented model acted as a main role in the local area. Our conclusion shows that various governance structures are appropriate for different areas of rural China, which is significantly related to the local transaction attributes. We suggest promoting the governance structure which corresponds to the local resource endowment, human and residential condition, the cultural atmosphere, and also the institutional (official) atmosphere. Matched with the government or/and market governance structure, it may develop the resource allocation efficiency and improve economic performance.
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Sahoo, Priyambada, Santosh Kumar, and Bijay Baibhav Ray. "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Area: A Case Study of Rourkela." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): 4698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.62668.
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Abstract: Peri-urban areas, the transitional zones between urban and rural environments, are increasingly being targeted for sustainable development due to their rapid expansion and unique challenges. This paper explores development strategies for these areas, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that integrates economic growth, social equity, and environmental sustainability. Key factors driving peri-urban growth include urban sprawl, population migration, and economic opportunities. The study highlights the pressures these areas face, such as inadequate infrastructure, environmental degradation, and social disparities. Comprehensive planning, including land use management, infrastructure development, and community participation, is crucial for fostering resilient peri-urban regions. Case studies from different geographical contexts illustrate successful interventions and policies, including mixed-use developments, green infrastructure, and governance frameworks. The findings suggest that sustainable development in peri-urban areas requires a multi-faceted approach, aligning local initiatives with regional planning efforts.
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Ryan, Conor, and Harsheen Kaur. "EPID-09. INCIDENCE OF GLIOMA IN A MIXED URBAN-RURAL COMMUNITY OF NORTH AMERICA: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY." Neuro-Oncology 18, suppl_6 (November 1, 2016): vi57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/now212.235.
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Deng, Xiaohong, Lei Gong, Yanfang Gao, Xiaoqing Cui, and Ke Xu. "Internal Differentiation within the Rural Migrant Population from the Sustainable Urban Development Perspective: Evidence from China." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 4839. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124839.
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Population mobility and attendant issues, especially housing issues, have a major impact on sustainable urban development. In the urbanization process, a number of micro-communities with various social characteristics have come to compose the rural migrant population (RMP), resulting in internal differentiation. This study aims to reveal the demographic structure of this specific group, and to analyze the effects of the mechanism between population flow trends and sustainable urban development, taking housing demand as a starting point. To this end, a clustering model for mixed-type data based on partitioning around the medoid is proposed, and the linked characteristics and potential laws of the RMP are analyzed, based on the dynamic data of the migrant population in eastern China. To achieve sustainable urban development, the locational preferences and coping strategies of inflowing micro-communities based on city types are demonstrated. The results show that the RMP can be divided into four groups that have strong representativeness and that show significant differences in population structure and housing demand. Super-large and medium-sized cities are the main migration destinations. Several suggestions are proposed, based on these results. Housing security policies should be designed according to the housing demand characteristics and the spatial distribution of different groups. Housing security policies should play a full and positive role in reasonably guiding RMP movement.
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Saporito, Emanuela. "Mexico City. The marginal communities: social and ethnic segregation of the native population." TERRITORIO, no. 57 (June 2011): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2011-057004.
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The article focuses on persistent ethnic and social problems in Mexico City's indigenous communities. While the city is considered one of the most ethnically mixed and cosmopolitan in the world, its indigenous communities are marginalised and suffer the consequences of a discrimination and exclusion process that began during the colonial period. It can actually be said that because of ingrained cultural bias and conditions of extreme poverty, Mexico City's indigenous population lives in a situation of ‘urban marginality' (Wacquant, 2008). The first part describes the historical roots of these ethnic minorities and describes the migration from rural areas to the metropolis. The second part explores the question of marginality, analysing data for the labour market, education and accessibility to services urban indigenous communities, with the aim of understanding whether an integration process has been triggered in recent decades. The third part examines how the government and other institutions are dealing with this problem and proposals for integration policies.
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MILLER, G., G. M. DUNN, A. SMITH-PALMER, I. D. OGDEN, and N. J. C. STRACHAN. "Human campylobacteriosis in Scotland: seasonality, regional trends and bursts of infection." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 4 (July 9, 2004): 585–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002572.
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Fourier time-series models were constructed to study regional and national seasonality of human campylobacteriosis in Scotland between 1997 and 2001. Strong seasonality was demonstrated with an annual peak of reported cases in late June to early July. The prominence of this peak varied between regions, which was exemplified for the two major population centres: Lothian, with mixed urban/rural population, had a more prominent peak than Greater Glasgow, which has a predominantly urban population. No significant trend of annual cases of campylobacteriosis was found nationally and Fourier models successfully predicted the seasonal pattern of national and regional cases in 2002. During the period studied, the Fourier model identified >20 bursts of infection (potential outbreaks). Multi-regional bursts were also identified in the summers of 1998 and 2000 – the latter comprising the vast majority of the regions in Scotland, which could suggest a national outbreak.
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Dahal, Kedar. "Peri-urban Development: Discussion with Land Use Zoning, Statutory Provision, and Issues inside Katahari Rural Municipality, Nepal." Journal of Geographical Research 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v6i1.5113.
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The peri-urban area is a transitional zone between the city and its hinterlands characterized by mixed land use and intensive flows of resources, people, goods, and services from and to the city center. These zones are generally misguided and haphazardly developed without a proper planning framework. The peri-urban area at present will be the urban area in the future; therefore, it needs planning intervention in its initial stage of growth. Katahari, a peri-urban area of Biratnagar metropolitan city, is developing a spontaneous lack of land use plans. Recently, the Government of Nepal has encouraged the local government to implement land use plans in the provided framework, policy, and guidelines. This study, in this context, attempts to analyze and identify land use issues and potential zones for Katahari rural municipality that also supports planning urban development in the future. The study is based on primary and secondary data and information supported by maps and figures. It is concluded that Katahari has been developed as a multi-function center adjoining the Biratnagar metropolitan city, and future expansion of the city will cover a wide range of rural municipalities. The postal highway that passes through it has attracted a wide range of urban functions. Agriculture, residential, commercial, and industrial are the main land use category at present and needs development control through providing land use zoning and related planning instruments through the increasing role of the stakeholder and the government agencies in the decision-making processes and implementation of spatial development frameworks to regulate peri-urban development in the area which will guide the future planning for liability, economic viability, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability in the area. Spill-over development activities of Biratnagar, have increased the number of economic activities, population growth, and mixed-use development.
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Salvia, Rosanna, Luca Salvati, and Giovanni Quaranta. "Beyond the Transition: Long-Term Population Trends in a Disadvantaged Region of Southern Europe, 1861–2017." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126636.
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The long-term impact of demographic transitions on the spatial distribution of human settlements was occasionally evaluated in Europe. Assuming the distinctive role of urban–rural divides, our study investigates local-scale population trends (1861–2017) in Southern Italy, a disadvantaged region of Mediterranean Europe, as a result of long-term socioeconomic transformations. A quantitative analysis of municipal-scale population data based on descriptive and exploratory multivariate statistics, mapping, inferential approaches, and regression models identified four time intervals with distinctive demographic dynamics: (i) a spatially homogeneous population growth between 1861 and 1911, (ii) a moderate population increase rebalancing a traditional divide in coastal and internal areas (1911–1951), (iii) accelerated population growth enlarging spatial divides in urban and rural districts (1951–1981), and (iv) population stability (or slight decline) leading to heterogeneous demographic patterns since the early 1980s. The first three stages reflect a prolonged transition from high fertility and mortality to high fertility and low mortality, with accelerated population growth typical of the latest stage of the first demographic transition. Outcomes of time interval (iv) reflect the early stages of the second demographic transition, with lowest-low fertility and rising life expectancy. While the first transition reflected spatially homogeneous population trends along a considerable time spam, the second transition has been associated with heterogeneous (leapfrog) demographic patterns as a result of socially mixed (and spatially) fragmented dynamics of growth and change.