Journal articles on the topic 'Mixed species plantation'
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1
ANBARASHAN, M., A. PADMAVATHY, and R. ALEXANDAR. "Short Communication: Survival and growth of mono and mixed species plantations on the Coromandel coast of India." Asian Journal of Forestry 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjfor/r010203.
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Anbarashan M, Padmavathy A, Alexandar R. 2017. Short Communication: Survival and growth of mono and mixed species plantations on the Coromandel coast of India. Asian J For 1: 70-76. There exists very little information on the growth of autochthonous tree species autochthonousin the tropics and on the experiences in conducting mono and mixed species plantations. The aim of this study was to compare the variation in growth parameter between the mixed species plantation and mono species plantation. The growth, survival, and height of 82 autochthonous mixed species plantations were compared with Casuarina equisetifolia, an exotic species broadly planted in this region after over a decade (2006 to 2016). In the mixed species plantation, seven species showed 100 % survival rate and 19 species were not survived after 10-year intervals. In the mono species plantation, Casuarina equisetifolia had 92 % of the survival rate. When it is compared to the mono plantation, the growth rate of mixed species plantation showed highly significant differences (P < 0: 05) values. Simple linear regression between annual girth increment and height produced very strong positive relations (R2 0.759). Plantations of Casuarina equisetifolia seem to be well adapted to the coastal region. On the other hand, mixed plantation with autochthonous species would contribute more to sustainable management because they provide a greater range of ecological goods and ecosystem services than the single species plantations.
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Wang, Lei, Xiaoguo Zhou, Yuanguang Wen, and Dongjing Sun. "Non-Additive Effects of Mixing Eucalyptus and Castanopsis hystrix Trees on Carbon Stocks under an Eco-Silviculture Regime in Southern China." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 8, 2022): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050733.
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Eucalyptus plantations harbor great potential for supporting ecosystem services, but this prospect is weakened under long-term traditional silviculture regimes. To reform these traditional silviculture regimes, we carried out a long-term Eucalyptus eco-silviculture experiment. However, the derived benefits and mechanisms that arise in mixed species stands under the eco-silviculture regime are not fully understood. Here, we evaluated tree carbon storage (TCS), understory vegetation carbon storage (UCS), floor litter carbon storage (FLCS), soil organic carbon storage (SOCS), and ecosystem carbon storage (ECS) in seven-year-old mono-specific plantations of a Eucalyptus hybrid (E. urophylla × E. grandis) and Castanopsis hystrix, as well as mixed plantations of these two trees under an eco-silviculture regime in southern China. The results showed that the tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), volume, and biomass of eucalypt trees and C. hystrix in the mixed plantation were significantly higher than that of the trees in the corresponding single-species plantations. The mixed-species plantation had the largest TCS (84.33 Mg ha−1), FLCS (4.34 Mg ha−1), and ECS (313.31 Mg ha−1), as well as a higher SOCS (233.98 Mg ha−1), but the lowest UCS (0.96 Mg ha−1), among the three plantation types. The mixture effects analysis revealed significant synergistic effects (non-additive effect, NAE > 0) on TCS, SOCS, and ECS, and significant antagonistic effects (NAE < 0) on UCS. These synergistic effects were mainly due to the complementary ecological niches of the two species in the mixed-species plantation, which could potentially enable them to maximize the use of local resources, and to increase stand productivity and litter production. These results imply that beyond the gains in timber production obtained by having both Eucalyptus and C. hystrix trees growing in the same plantation stand, such mixed-species plantations enhance carbon sequestration to a greater extent than mono-specific plantations of either Eucalyptus or C.hystrix trees. In conclusion, we suggest planting mixed plantations of species with complementary ecological niches under an eco-silviculture regime, to effectively resolve the contradiction between timber production and ecosystem services, and, thereby, also promote the sustainable development of Eucalyptus plantations.
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Gong, Zhilian, Ya Tang, Wenlai Xu, and Zishen Mou. "Rapid Sequestration of Ecosystem Carbon in 30-year Reforestation with Mixed Species in Dry Hot Valley of the Jinsha River." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111937.
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Reforestation plays an important role in the carbon cycle and climate change. However, knowledge of ecosystem carbon sequestration through reforestation with mixed species is limited. Especially in dry hot valley of the Jinsha River, no studies cover total ecosystem carbon sequestration level in mature mixed plantations for a limited area of mixed plantations and difficulty in the sampling of plant roots and deep soil. In this study, carbon sequestration of seven mixed plantations of different ages in dry hot valley of the Jinsha River was investigated with analogous sites method. The results are as follows: 1) Deep soil organic carbon (SOC) storage significantly increased with stand age (p = 0.025), possibly due to fine root exudates and dissolved organic carbon transportation into deep soil and retention. 2) Total biomass carbon storage in the 30-year-old mixed plantation was 77.78 t C ha−1, 54 times reference wasteland and 9 times reference natural recovery shrub-grassland. However, total biomass carbon storage of 30-year-old mixed plantation was insignificantly lower than that of reference natural forest (p = 0.429). After 30 years of reforestation, plantation biomass carbon storage recovered to reference level, and its sequestration rate was 2.54 t C ha−1 yr−1. 3) The total ecosystem carbon storage of 30-year-old mixed plantation was 185.50 t C ha−1, 2.38 times reference wasteland, 2.29 times reference natural recovery shrub grassland, and 29% lower than reference natural forest. It indicated that niche complementary, good stand structure, and characteristics of dominant species Leucaena leucocephala in mixed plantations facilitate more rapid carbon sequestration, especially biomass carbon in the dry hot valley.
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Darmawan, Andy, Tri Atmowidi, Wasmen Manalu, and Bambang Suryobroto. "Land-use change on Mount Gede, Indonesia, reduced native earthworm populations and diversity." Australian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 4 (2017): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo17028.
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The conversion of natural forest to agroforestry plantations and annual cropping systems alters the soil habitat and food resources for biota, including earthworms. Native earthworm species may disappear whereas exotic species with greater tolerance of disturbance and less niche specialisation may thrive. The objective of the study was to compare the earthworm diversity in managed forest and agroforestry systems, which were cultivated for mixed plantation and annual crop production on Mount Gede, Indonesia. All the habitats in the study area were impacted by humans. The forest habitat was a managed forest, with a permanent tree cover, whereas mixed plantation had a partial shrub cover. Meanwhile, homogenous plantation was cultivated with annual crops. Among 3787 individuals collected during July–October 2012, five Oriental earthworm species were identified in the soil communities of Mount Gede: Drawida nepalensis, Notoscolex javanica, Pheretima pura-group, Polypheretima moelleri, and Polypheretima sempolensis. Also, 18 species were found that are reported to be non-Oriental in origin. Anthropogenic disturbance of forests on Mount Gede, due to conversion into plantations, alters the earthworm environment by increasing soil water content, temperature and total phosphorous content, while decreasing organic carbon. N. javanica was the only native species to survive this deforestation, while the exotic Ocnerodrilus occidentalis and Pontoscolex corethrurus thrived, becoming the eudominant species. From the forest area to the mixed and homogenous plantations, the predicted decreasing diversity is evidenced by the lowering trend of Shannon’s diversity index. In conclusion, the land-use change into mixed plantations and annual croplands has reduced earthworm diversity in this region of Mount Gede, Indonesia.
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Deng, Haiyan, Linlin Shen, Jiaqi Yang, and Xiaoyong Mo. "Stand Stability of Pure and Mixed-Eucalyptus Forests of Different Tree Species in a Typhoon-Prone Area." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040458.
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Background and Objectives: The stable stand structure of mixed plantations is the basis of giving full play to forest ecological function and benefit. However, the monocultural Eucalyptus plantations with large-scale and successive planting that caused ecological problems such as reduced species diversity and loss of soil nutrients have presented to be unstable and vulnerable, especially in typhoon-prone areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nonspatial structure difference and the stand stability of pure and mixed-Eucalyptus forests, to find out the best mixed pattern of Eucalyptus forests with the most stability in typhoon-prone areas. Materials and Methods: In this study, we randomly investigated eight plots of 30 m × 30 m in pure and mixed-Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake × E. grandis W. Hill) plantations of different tree species (Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, Acacia mangium Willd., and Pinus elliottii var. Elliottii Engelm. × P. caribaea Morelet) on growth status, characterized and compared the distribution of nonspatial structure of the monoculture and mixtures, and evaluated the stand quality and stability from eight indexes of the nonspatial structure, including preservation rate, stand density, height, diameter, stem form, degree of stem inclination, tree-species composition, and age structure. Results: Eucalyptus surviving in the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and A. mangium (EA) and in the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and P. elliottii × P. caribaea (EP) were 5.0% and 7.6% greater than those in pure Eucalyptus plantation (EE), respectively, while only the stand preservation rate of EA was greater (+2.9%) than that of the pure Eucalyptus plantation. The proportions of all mixtures in the height class greater than 7 m were fewer than that of EE. The proportions of EA and mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and N. cadamba (EN) in the diameter class greater than 7 m were 10.6% and 7.8%, respectively, more than that of EE. EN had the highest ratio of branching visibly (41.0%), EA had the highest ratio of inclined stems (8.1%), and EP had the most straight and complete stem form (68.7%). The stand stability of the mixed plantation of Eucalyptus and A. mangium presented to be optimal, as its subordinate function value (0.76) and state value (ω = 0.61) of real stand were the largest. Conclusions: A. mangium is a superior tree species to mix with Eucalyptus for a more stable stand structure in the early growth stage to approach an evident and immense stability and resistance, which is of great significance for the forest restoration of Eucalyptus in response to extreme climate and forest management.
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Bu, Wen-Sheng, Han-Jiao Gu, Can-can Zhang, Yang Zhang, Anand Narain Singh, Xiang-Min Fang, Jing Fan, Hui-Min Wang, and Fu-Sheng Chen. "Mixed Broadleaved Tree Species Increases Soil Phosphorus Availability but Decreases the Coniferous Tree Nutrient Concentration in Subtropical China." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040461.
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Phosphorus (P) is a key limiting nutrient in subtropical forests and mixed forests with broadleaved species have been expected to stimulate P cycling, compared to pure conifer plantations. However, the mixture effect of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and broadleaved species on rhizosphere soil and coniferous tree P dynamics is unclear. In our study, eight plots of a single species of a Chinese fir plantation (pure plantation, PP) and eight mixed plantations (mixed plantation, MP) with broadleaved tree species (Michelia macclurei Dandy in Hunan Province or Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. in Fujian Province) were selected in subtropical China. Six P fractions in the rhizosphere and bulk soils were analyzed by a modified Hedley P fractionation method. Phosphorus fractions and nitrogen (N) concentrations in different root orders, different age fresh needles and twigs, and needle and twig litter of Chinese fir were measured. Our results showed that available P, slowly released P, occluded P, and the total extractable P in rhizosphere soil were significantly higher in MP than PP (p < 0.05). In contrast, P and N concentrations in the transportive roots and two-year old needles were generally higher in PP than MP. Meanwhile, the slowly released P, occluded P, total extractable P, and residual P in rhizosphere soil were negatively correlated with P concentrations in young (absorptive and transportive roots, one- and two-year old needles) but not old tissues (storative roots, three-year old needles and litters). In conclusion, mixture may increase soil P availability through the rhizosphere effect, but can decrease P and N concentration of Chinese fir tissues by competition between Chinese fir and broadleaved species. Clearly, the mixture effect may differ in soil and plant nutrients, and this issue needs be taken into consideration when converting a pure conifer plantation into a mixed-species forest.
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Liang, Chen, Ling Liu, Zhixiao Zhang, Sangzi Ze, Mei Ji, Zongbo Li, Jinde Yu, Bin Yang, and Ning Zhao. "Do Mixed Pinus yunnanensis Plantations Improve Soil’s Physicochemical Properties and Enzyme Activities?" Diversity 14, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030214.
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Many survival and ecological problems have emerged in Pinus yunnanensis pure pine forest plantations that are usually assumed to be solved by creating mixed plantations. On this basis, we determined the physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of three soil layers in pure and three types of mixed P. yunnanensis plantation stands (admixed species: Alnus nepalensis, Celtis tetrandra, and Quercus acutissima) in Southwest China. We used one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test to analyze the effects of plantation type and depth on the soil’s properties and variations among different depths. Principal component analysis combined with cluster analysis was used to evaluate the soil quality of different forest types comprehensively. The results showed that the stand with a mixing proportion of 2:1 of P. yunnanensis and A. nepalensis, C. tetrandra, and Q. acutissima had higher total porosity, moisture content, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, total phosphorus, sucrase, urease, and catalase enzyme activities than other proportions of mixed forest and P. yunnanensis pine pure forest. In general, the mixed P. yunnanensis plantation could improve the soil quality, especially its chemical properties and enzymes. This study provides a basis for creating a mixed-mode of P. yunnanensis and other tree species that can not only improve the economy of forest land but also enhance the ecological value.
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Liu, Yilin, Long Jiang, Chengming You, Han Li, Siyi Tan, Bo Tan, and Wanqin Yang. "Base Cation Fluxes from the Stemflow in Three Mixed Plantations in the Rainy Zone of Western China." Forests 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121101.
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Base cation transfer from stemflow is an important process for nutrient transfer and plays a key role in maintaining the balance of soil nutrient pools. To research the differences of stemflow chemistry in mixed plantations, we conducted a continuous field experiment in the rainy zone of Western China from December 2016 to November 2017. Three representative mixed plantations, including a conifer–broadleaved mixed plantation, a deciduous broadleaved mixed plantation and a multispecies mixed plantation, were selected to investigate the concentration and flux characteristics of K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in stemflow. The results showed that: (1) the K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ fluxes ranged from 1.75 to 2.44 kg ha−1 year−1, 0.14 to 0.24 kg ha−1 year−1, 1.25 to 2.11 kg ha−1 year−1, and 0.40 to 0.60 kg ha−1 year−1 in these mixed plantations during the one-year observation, and the annual or seasonal (i.e., rainy or dry season) base cation fluxes in the stemflow varied slightly with the plantation types; (2) broadleaved trees had a higher average stemflow base cation contribution rate and flux-based enrichment ratio than coniferous trees, and the enrichment ratios showed a decreasing tendency with increasing trunk diameter; (3) the stemflow base cation concentration was higher in the dry season, while flux was observed to be higher in the rainy season. These results suggested that increasing the proportion of broadleaved species in mixed plantations might improve soil nutrient content and benefit material cycling in subtropical forest ecosystems.
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Gao, Yang, Xiuwei Wang, Zijun Mao, Liu Yang, Zhiyan Jiang, Xiangwei Chen, and Doug P. Aubrey. "Changes in Soil Microbial Community Structure Following Different Tree Species Functional Traits Afforestation." Forests 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081018.
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The soil microbial community structure is critical to the cycling of carbon and nitrogen in forest soils. As afforestation practices increasingly promote different functional traits of tree species, it has become critical to understand how they influence soil microbial community structures, which directly influence soil biogeochemical processes. We used fungi ITS and bacteria 16S rDNA to investigate soil microbial community structures in three monoculture plantations consisting of a non-native evergreen conifer (Pinus sibirica), a native deciduous conifer (Larix gmelinii), and a native deciduous angiosperm (Betula platyphylla) and compared them with two 1:1 mixed-species plantations (P. sibirica and L. gmelinii, P. sibirica and B. platyphylla). The fungal community structure of the conifer–angiosperm mixed plantation was similar to that of the non-native evergreen conifer, and the bacterial community structure was similar to that of the angiosperm monoculture plantation. Fungal communities were strongly related to tree species, but bacterial communities were strongly related to soil nitrogen. The co-occurrence networks were more robust in the mixed plantations, and the microbial structures associated with soil carbon and nitrogen were significantly increased. Our results provide a comparative study of the soil microbial ecology in response to afforestation of species with different functional traits and enhance the understanding of factors controlling the soil microbial community structure.
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Wu, Zhou, Wen, Zhu, You, Qin, Li, et al. "Coniferous-Broadleaf Mixture Increases Soil Microbial Biomass and Functions Accompanied by Improved Stand Biomass and Litter Production in Subtropical China." Forests 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2019): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10100879.
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Although the advantages of multi-species plantations over single-species plantations have been widely recognized, the mechanisms driving these advantages remain unclear. In this study, we compared stand biomass, litter production and quality, soil properties, soil microbial community, and functions in a Pinus massoniana Lamb. and Castanopsis hystrix Miq. mixed plantation and their corresponding mono-specific plantations after 34 years afforestation in subtropical China. The results have shown that a coniferous-broadleaf mixture created significantly positive effects on stand biomass, litter production, soil microbial biomass, and activities. Firstly, the tree, shrub and herb biomass, and litter production were significantly higher in the coniferous-broadleaf mixed plantation. Secondly, although the concentrations of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were lower in the mixed stand, the concentrations of soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and nitrogen (MBN), along with MBC-to-SOC and MBN-to-TN ratio, were significantly higher in mixed stands with markedly positive admixing effects. We also found higher carbon source utilization ability and β−1, 4−N−acetylglucosaminidase, urease and acid phosphatase activities in mixed stands compared with the mono-species stands. Our results highlight that establishment of coniferous-broadleaf mixed forests may be a good management practice as coniferous-broadleaf mixture could accumulate higher stand biomass and return more litter, resulting in increasing soil microbial biomass and related functions for the long term in subtropical China.
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Pedlar, John H., Saul Fraleigh, and Daniel W. McKenney. "Revisiting the work of Fred von Althen – an update on the growth and yield of a mixed hardwood plantation in Southern Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 83, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83175-2.
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Dr. Fred W. von Althen, formerly of the Canadian Forest Service, established hundreds of research plantations with a focus on identifying tree species and silvicultural techniques conducive to successful hardwood afforestation in southern Ontario, Canada. Here we provide an update, using 30-year remeasurement data, on the growth and yield of one of his most productive, and compositionally unique, mixed hardwood plantations. At age 30, the plantation exhibited the following characteristics on average: 1) density of 790 stems/ha—reduced from 2222 stems/ha at time of planting through natural mortality; 2) height of 14.4 meters; 3) quadratic mean diameter of 20.1 cm; and 4) gross stand volume of 181 m3/ha. With a mean annual increment (MAI) of 6.1 m3/ha/year, this plantation exhibits one of the highest published growth rates for mixed hardwoods in temperate North America. There was considerable variation in growth and yield between the 10 hardwood species making up the stand—silver maple, white ash, and black walnut had the highest growth rates, and red and white oak the lowest. Several Carolinian species, such as catalpa and sycamore, showed good growth rates, despite the study site being located north of their published range limits. This data set provides rare information on the growth and yield of mixed hardwood plantations in Canada. Key words: growth and yield, southern Ontario, afforestation, mixed hardwoods, Carolinian species
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Donoso, Pablo J., Ariel A. Muñoz, Oscar Thiers, Daniel P. Soto, and Claudio Donoso. "Effects of aspect and type of competition on the early performance of Nothofagus dombeyi and Nothofagus nervosa in a mixed plantation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 5 (May 2011): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-019.
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In the Andes of Chile, two valuable Nothofagus tree species coexist (Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.) Oerst. and Nothofagus nervosa (Phil.) Krasser). They could provide an opportunity for mixed plantations because of their ecological differences. In a mixed plantation with a checkerboard design on a good site where the two species naturally coexist, we evaluated their performance according to aspect and type of competition. Nothofagus dombeyi had a greater survivorship (90% vs. 65%) and growth (twice in diameter and 20% greater in height). Forking was significantly lower in N. nervosa (23% vs. 70%). Aspect did not significantly affect the performance of N. dombeyi. The north aspect had a significant negative effect on survivorship of N. nervosa, but aspect did not significantly affect growth or forking of this species. The aspect – type of competition interaction was only significant for N. nervosa in diameter and marginally significant in height. The checkerboard design allowed for a clear separation of interspecific and intraspecific competition in this mixed plantation. Interspecific competition favored growth of N. nervosa on the north aspect (facilitation) and was detrimental to N. nervosa on the south aspect (competition). These results have a direct application when planting mixtures of species of complementary ecological characteristics that can increase the value of the plantation.
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Rotenberg, James A. "Ecological Role of a Tree (Gmelina Arborea) Plantation in Guatemala: An Assessment of an Alternative Land use for Tropical Avian Conservation." Auk 124, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 316–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.1.316.
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AbstractEstablished parks and nature reserves may be inadequate to preserve long-term biotic diversity, especially in tropical regions of Latin America where anthropogenic disturbance and land-conversion is an ongoing problem. Demand for economically productive land uses, such as cattle pastures or monoculture plantations, is one of the greatest threats to habitat and wildlife preservation. As a result, conservation biologists have turned to examining attributes of nonprotected lands to determine which land uses both support wildlife and make economic sense. I examined bird use of a plantation of Gmelina arborea (“white teak” or “melina” trees; hereafter “plantation”) in Guatemala to assess its suitability as bird habitat. Gmelina arborea is grown mainly for wood and paper pulp. Several compositionally different habitats were identified, based on the amount of natural vegetation grown within and among the plantation trees, forming a heterogeneous landscape. I detected 195 bird species from 45 families within this plantation-dominated landscape, and 144 species in plantation habitats combined. I observed a positive association between increased vegetative complexity and bird species richness; moreover, bird species richness attained levels statistically indistinguishable from those found in nearby forest fragments. Mixed plantation habitat containing 19–31% natural vegetative coverage supported bird communities that equaled or surpassed levels of species richness found by other researchers in shaded coffee (Coffea spp.) plantations. However, pure stands of G. arborea supported richness levels equal to those of grazed pasture; diversity levels associated with both these land uses were close to those reported for sun coffee plantations. Clearly, native vegetation played a significant role in enhancing bird species richness in the plantation habitat, and amounts of relative cover similar to or exceeding those in the plantation I studied should be considered in any management plan for G. arborea in Central America.Rol Ecológico de Plantaciones de Árboles de Gmelina arborea en Guatemala: Una Evaluación de un Uso Alternativo del Suelo para la Conservación de las Aves Tropicales
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Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Mónica Balzarini, and Marta Ortega González. "Pure and mixed plantations of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) for high quality timber production in Chile, South America." Journal of Plant Ecology 13, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rtz042.
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Abstract Aims Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), an interesting forest species for the veneering industry, requires adequate management to produce valuable high-quality logs. Since species associations and management level can improve stand productivity, the novelty of this work was to assess Persian walnut performance in different planting mixtures and in pure plantations conditioned to management intensity. Methods Growth, straightness and survival measurements were taken annually for 7 years after planting pure and mixed plantations under two contrasting management scenarios. Diseases were recorded at Age 7 in all plantations. Under each management intensity, besides the monoculture, three mixtures were tested: a mixture of only main forest species, main forest species plus one arboreal companion species, Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) and main species plus the shrub Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) as nurse species. A test of interaction between plantation type and management scenario was conducted using repeated growth data. Important Findings The interaction was significant, indicating the presence of different mechanisms underlying plantation effects under high and low management level. Compared with pure plantations, Persian walnut associated with the nurse shrub exhibited 78% higher height and 53% higher diameter growth in plantations under low management. Health benefits (lower presence of walnut blight than in the monoculture) and better straightness were also found in the association including the shrub when the management intensity was not high. These beneficial effects in the presence of Russian olive were not present under high management intensity (irrigation, fertilization, tutoring and frequent pruning). Site-specific designs for Persian walnut plantations would depend on the foreseen management intensity.
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Tang, Yakun, Lina Wang, Yongqiang Yu, and Dongxu Lu. "Differential response of plant transpiration to uptake of rainwater-recharged soil water for dominant tree species in the semiarid Loess Plateau." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 19 (October 11, 2022): 4995–5013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-4995-2022.
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Abstract. Establishing whether uptake of rainwater-recharged soil water (RRS) can increase plant transpiration in response to rainfall pulses requires an investigation to evaluate plant adaptability, especially in water-limited regions where rainwater is the only replenishable soil water source. In this study, the water sources from RRS and three soil layers, the predawn leaf water potential (Ψpd), the midday leaf water potential (Ψm), the gradient of leaf water potential (Ψpd−Ψm), and the plant transpiration in response to rainfall pulses were analyzed for two dominant tree species, Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and Populus tomentosa, in pure and mixed plantations during the growing period (June–September). Mixed afforestation significantly enhanced Ψpd−Ψm, RRS uptake proportion (RUP), and the relative response of daily normalized sap flow (SFR) and reduced the water source proportion from the deep soil layer (100–200 cm) for both species (P<0.05). In pure and mixed plantations, the large Ψpd−Ψm was consistent with high SFR for H. rhamnoides and the small Ψpd−Ψm was consistent with low SFR for P. tomentosa in response to rainfall pulses. Therefore, H. rhamnoides and P. tomentosa exhibited anisohydric and isohydric behavior, respectively, and the former plant species was more sensitive to rainfall pulses than P. tomentosa. Furthermore, in pure plantations, the SFR was significantly affected by RUP and Ψpd−Ψm for H. rhamnoides and significantly influenced by Ψpd−Ψm for P. tomentosa (P<0.05). However, the SFR was significantly influenced by RUP and Ψpd−Ψm for both species in the mixed plantation. These results indicate that mixed afforestation enhanced the influence of RRS uptake on plant transpiration for these different rainfall-pulse-sensitive plants. This study provides insights into suitable plantation species selection and management considering the link between RRS uptake and plant transpiration in water-limited regions.
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Gentilesca, Tiziana, Giovanna Battipaglia, Marco Borghetti, Michele Colangelo, Simona Altieri, Agostino M. S. Ferrara, Antonio Lapolla, Angelo Rita, and Francesco Ripullone. "Evaluating growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency in hardwood and conifer mixed plantations." Trees 35, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 1329–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02120-z.
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Abstract Key message Juglans, Fraxinus, Quercus and Pinus species seem to better maximize the carbon–water ratio providing useful indications on species selection for forestry plantations in areas with increasing drought risk. Abstract Maximizing carbon sequestration for a given water budget is extremely important in the contest of climate change in the Mediterranean region, which is characterized by increasing temperatures and rising water stress. This issue is fundamental for plantation stands, where limited water availability during the growing season reduces CO2 assimilation and, consequently, tree growth. In this study, the main objective was to investigate the performances in terms of carbon–water balance of conifer (Pinus halepensis and Cupressus sempervirens) and hardwood (Quercus robur, Juglans regia, Fraxinus excelsior and Populus spp.) mixed plantations. To this aim, we used carbon isotope signatures to evaluate the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and the species-specific relationship between basal area increments (BAI) and iWUE. At the species level, the highest iWUE values corresponded to the lowest carbon accumulation in terms of BAI, for water-saving species such as Cupressus. Conversely, Populus had the lowest iWUE and the highest BAI accumulation. Juglans, Fraxinus, and Pinus showed the most balanced ratio between BAI and iWUE. Overall, no clear correlation of iWUE and BAI was evident within all species, except for Populus and Cupressus. Considering projected aridification and increased temperatures that will negatively impact the growth, our data suggest that Pinus, for conifers, and Quercus, Juglans, Fraxinus for hardwood species should be preferred when choosing species for forestry plantation, as they performed better in terms of BAI and iWUE ratio.
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Gong, Zhilian, Yong Li, Luqing Liu, and Shuang Deng. "Great Facilitation of Thirty Years of Reforestation with Mixed Species to Ecosystem Nitrogen Accumulation in Dry-Hot Valley in the Jinsha River." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 12660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912660.
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Nitrogen is a key factor influencing ecosystem structure and function in reforestation, but knowledge of ecosystem nitrogen accumulation through reforestation with mixed species is limited. Especially in the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River, no studies cover total ecosystem nitrogen accumulation in mature plantations and its allocation for difficulty in collecting tree roots and deep soil from dry red soil. In this study, nitrogen accumulation of seven mixed plantations in the dry-hot valley in the Jinsha River was studied after thirty years of reforestation with an analogous sites method. The results were as follows: (1) Soil nitrogen stocks decreased with depth in the soil profile. Deep soil nitrogen storage (20–80 cm) was significantly correlated with stand age (R2 = 0.752, p = 0.000; n = 7), accounting for 56–63% of total soil nitrogen storage and 43–47% of soil nitrogen accumulation in the dry-hot valley. (2) Total biomass nitrogen stock of the 30-year-old plantation was 1.22 t ha−1, 61 times that of degraded wasteland and 7.6 times that of natural recovery shrub grassland, and it recovered to the reference level of natural forest following 30 years of reforestation. (3) Total ecosystem nitrogen stock in the 30-year-old plantation was 12.72 t ha−1, 1.4 times the reference wasteland and 1.19 times the natural recovery shrub grassland. The contribution of soil nitrogen to ecosystem nitrogen storage and accumulation was 90% and 67%, respectively. Litter nitrogen accounted for 1.6% ecosystem nitrogen storage. It indicated that reforestation with mixed plantation of Leucaena leucocephala and other species greatly facilitated more ecosystem nitrogen accumulation, especially soil nitrogen (including deep compartment). Secondary biomass nitrogen, especially litter, could not be overlooked. This study filled the gap of ecosystem nitrogen storage and distribution during reforestation in the dry-hot valley. Mixed plantation with legume species such as L. leucocephala and other species and an important role of secondary biomass, especially litter in nitrogen accumulation, provided a reference for the strategy formulation of reforestation and forest nitrogen management in the dry-hot valley and other semi-arid or arid regions.
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Zhang, Ying, Beibei Zhang, Qing Xu, Deqiang Gao, Wenbin Xu, Ranran Ren, Jing Jiang, and Silong Wang. "The Effects of Plant and Soil Characteristics on Partitioning Different Rainfalls to Soil in a Subtropical Chinese Fir Forest Ecosystem." Forests 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010123.
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The climate-induced changes in soil water patterns pose a serious threat to subtropical plantations. Mixed species stands have been advocated as an efficient way to enhance ecosystem stability. However, little is known about their possible impact on the soil water-holding capacity in the subtropics. In this study, we employed a stable hydrogen isotope to assess the contribution of rainfall to soil water (CRSW) in a pure Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation and in two mixtures of Chinese fir with Cinnamomum camphora or with Alnus cremastogyne after three different magnitudes of rainfall events in subtropical China. Furthermore, we used structure equation modeling (SEM) to quantify the relative importance of vegetation and soil properties on the CRSW. The results indicated that the CRSW did not differ among these three Chinese fir plantations after light rainfall, whereas the CRSW of moderate and heavy rainfall to soil water were 15.95% and 26.06% higher in Chinese fir plantation with Cinnamomum camphora, and 22.67% and 22.93% higher in Chinese fir plantation with Alnus cremastogyne than that in the pure Chinese fir plantation, respectively. SEM analysis showed that the vegetation biomass and soil properties significantly affected the CRSW following light rainfall, but the soil properties were the most important factors influencing the CRSW under moderate and heavy rainfall. Our findings demonstrate that the mixed conifer–broad-leaved plantation is a more effective strategy for improving the soil water-holding capacity than the pure conifer plantation in subtropical regions, which is conducive to coping with the frequent seasonal droughts and extreme precipitation events.
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Darmawan, Andy, HENDRY WIJAYANTI, and Yanti Ariyanti. "ARTHROPOD DIVERSITY LOSS DUE TO MONOCULTURE PRACTICE IN SOUTH LAMPUNG, INDONESIA." BioWallacea 5, no. 2 (August 24, 2019): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/biowal.v5i2.142.
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It has been widely known that animal biodiversity is higher in ‘more natural’ environment than agricultural system. Arthropod is one of phyla in animalia kingdom which member includes 90% of identifiable animal species and their diversity can act as bioindicator of environment health. The objective of this study is to compare arthropod diversity in mixed plantation, pasture, and monoculture plantation in South Lampung, Indonesia. Forty pitfall traps were set at 1 m interval in each area. Mixed plantation has the highest diversity index and the lowest dominance. Our result suggested that land-use change from natural environment, which is reflected by mixed plantation, into pasture and monoculture plantation has reduced arthropod diversity in South Lampung.
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RATNASING, Jegatheswaran, Hazirah A. LATIB, Neelakandan PARAMJOTHY, Lim C. LIAT, Mathivanan NADARAJAH, and Florin IORAS. "Plantation forestry in Malaysia: an evaluation of its successes and failures since the 1970." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 1789–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48412167.
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With reducing supply of logs from the sustainably managed natural forest to meet the processing demand of the large wood products industry in Malaysia, plantation forestry has been gaining importance since the early 1970s. Despite the government’s efforts through the provision of financial support and incentives, investments in plantation forestry has been slow. The promising start of the large-scale forest plantation programs in the early 1970s, followed by the 1980s and then the latest program in early 2000, appear to have been a mixed bag of failures and limited success. The rather below-par performance of the forest plantations has been attributed to several factors, such as insufficient good planting stock, poor species-site matching, poor soil quality, pest and diseases and the overall poor silvicultural and management regime laid out for forest plantations. Further, plantation forestry appears to be dominated by larger companies, while small and medium companies, have limited financial resources to overcome the prevailing challenges faced. Despite the poor performance until to date, the adoption of intensive research based silvicultural and management regime for the plantation forests, which are maturing in the next years, will hopefully produce better results and serve as the sunrise for plantation forestry in Malaysia.
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Veridiano, Rizza Karen, Jobst Michael Schröder, Renezita Come, Angelica Baldos, and Sven Günter. "Towards Forest Landscape Restoration Programs in the Philippines: Evidence from Logged Forests and Mixed-Species Plantations." Environments 7, no. 3 (March 5, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments7030020.
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With only 7.01 million hectares of remaining forested areas in the Philippines, there is an urgency to protect these areas, while also implementing restoration strategies to increase forest cover and improve forest functionality. In this study, we assess how the so called “rainforestation” approach, attempts to implement close-to-nature restoration strategies in humid tropic areas. One of the main objectives of the “rainforestation” approach as a form of a mixed-species plantation is the rehabilitation of structural and floristic integrity similar to natural conditions. We compared study areas located in the provinces of Leyte and Southern Leyte composed of logged forests (temporary plots), with logged forests on a permanent research plot and with mixed-species plantations. Basal area, carbon stocks, volume and biological diversity between study areas were calculated and compared, both for static and dynamic data. Results from the static data indicate that carbon stocks (89.30 t ha−1) and volume (262.56 m3 ha−1) of the mixed-species plantations (“rainforestation” approach) is significantly lower than that of the logged forests. However, when it comes to the capacity of the study areas for potential increments, the mixed-species plantations are not significantly different on basal area increment (0.99 m2 ha−1 yr−1), carbon stock increment (3.67 t ha−1 yr−1) and total volume increment (10.47 m3 ha−1 yr−1) as compared to the logged forests’ capacity (basal area—1.08 m2 ha−1 yr−1, carbon—4.06 t ha−1 yr−1 and total volume—11.98 m3 ha−1 yr−1). The species composition was only partly comparable to logged forests of the region, but overall tree species richness is high in comparison to classical plantation approaches. Previously logged forests are able to recover fast reaching surprisingly high values of carbon stocks and potential commercial timber volume. Our study indicates that “rainforestation” cannot fully replace the functionality of natural forests, but can provide a surprisingly multifunctional tool for landscape restoration, providing both timber and non-timber ecosystem services.
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Oxbrough, Anne, Veronica French, Sandra Irwin, Thomas C. Kelly, Patrick Smiddy, and John O’Halloran. "Can mixed species stands enhance arthropod diversity in plantation forests?" Forest Ecology and Management 270 (April 2012): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.006.
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Sheikh, Mehraj Ahamd, Munesh Kumar, and Nagendra Prasad Todaria. "Carbon sequestration potential of nitrogen-fixing tree stands." Forestry Studies 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fsmu-2015-0004.
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Abstract We compared the C storage of two nitrogen-fixing trees in mixed and monospecific plantations to investigate the C sequestration potential after 10 years of their establishment. The study was carried out in three types of plantation, Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. pure (P1DS), Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit pure (P2LL) and mixed plantation of D. sissoo and L. leucocephala (P3DS.LL). The results of the study indicated that, P3DS.LL sequestered 34.30 ± 0.24 t yr-1 ha-1 CO2 compared to 27.35 ± 0.19 t yr-1 ha-1 in P1DS and 19.81 ± 0.44 t yr-1 ha-1 in P2LL. Total carbon storage was also maximum in P3DS.LL (93.47 ± 0.67 t ha-1) followed by P1DS (74.54 ± 0.53 t ha-1) and P2LL (53.98 ± 1.21 t ha-1). This indicates that L. leucocephala has synergetic effect with D. sissoo to enhance the carbon sequestration potential when interplanted together. The study revealed that mixed plantation of N-fixer trees have potential to sequester more carbon than same species in monoculture. The study concluded that in reforestation or afforestation program the synergic effect of N-fixer trees can be helpful projects to offset more C emissions.
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Veinotte, Cam, Bill Freedman, Wolfgang Maass, and Friederike Kirstein. "Comparison of the Ground Vegetation in Spruce Plantations and Natural Forest in the Greater Fundy Ecosystem, New Brunswick." Canadian Field-Naturalist 117, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v117i4.800.
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We studied changes in ground vegetation associated with the conversion of natural, mature, mixed-species forest into conifer plantations in southeastern New Brunswick. This was done to determine the degree to which plant-associated biodiversity was affected by this forestry practice. Species of lichens, bryophytes, and vascular plants were examined in a 21-year chronosequence of 12 Black Spruce (Picea mariana) plantations and compared to 8 stands of natural forest of the type replaced. The richness, diversity, and density of species were greatest during younger stages of the plantation sere, with as many as 170 species occurring in a 6-year-old stand. Species occurred in successional stages according to their abilities to: (a) survive disturbances associated with clear-cutting and plantation establishment; (b) regenerate vegetatively; (c) re-establish from a persistent seedbank; (d) invade disturbed habitat by dispersed seeds; and/or (e) tolerate environmental stress imposed by the overtopping canopy during stand development. Multivariate analyses suggested that successional factors had the strongest influence on differences in the ground vegetation among stands of various ages. Gaps in the canopy of reference forest and older plantations provided microsite conditions similar to those of early seral stages, allowing some ruderal species to persist in older stands. Nonindigenous species were almost entirely limited to younger plantations. Some species of natural forest were rare or absent from plantations and may be at risk from the extensive development of these agroforestry habitats in our study region; these included Acer pensylvanicum, Cephaloziella spp., Chiloscyphus spp., Fagus grandifolia, Lepidozia reptans, Nowellia curvifolia, Odontoschisma denudatum, and Viburnum alnifolium.
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Chowdhury, Abhiroop, Aliya Naz, and Subodh Kumar Maiti. "Variations in Soil Blue Carbon Sequestration between Natural Mangrove Metapopulations and a Mixed Mangrove Plantation: A Case Study from the World’s Largest Contiguous Mangrove Forest." Life 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13020271.
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Sundarban is the world’s largest mangrove wetland. This study, conducted in 2016, to compare blue carbon sequestration with different natural metapopulations and a four-year-old Avicennia marina (30% area)-Rhizophora mucronata (70% area)-mixed mangrove plantation under anthropoganic stress. The aims of the study is to find out the variations in soil ecological function indicators (pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, soil texture, available nitrogn, phosphorus and soil organic carbon) and key ecological service indicator (soil blue carbon pool) between sites. Simpson’s Index of dominance, diversity and Shannon-Weiner Index revealed that all the sites are under ecological stress, with the Suaeda maritima-dominated mudflat having the least biodiversity. It is also revealed that pH and electrical conductivity were highest in Suaeda maritima and Phoenix padulosa-dominated metapopulations, whereas organic carbon was the highest under the mangrove plantation and Avicennia marina-dominated site. Available nitrogen was recorded highest in the community with the Sonneretia sp.-Avicennia marina association. The mixed mangrove plantation had the highest blue carbon pool. The species diversity was not found to be related with the distance from the nearby conserved mangrove forest, contrary to the island biogeography theory. This study concludes with a recommendation of mixed mangrove plantations to restore the degraded saline mudflats along the human settlements across the globe.
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Omari, Kwadwo, John Marty Kranabetter, and Louise de Montigny. "Productivity of coastal Douglas-fir and western redcedar in response to species mixture, planting density, and soil carbon:nitrogen ratio." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 5 (May 2021): 668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0223.
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Mixed-species plantations have been suggested as ecologically and economically viable alternatives to monocultures. We examined the growth response of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Lamb.) to different species mixtures (Douglas-fir : western redcedar mixtures of 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) and planting densities (500, 1000, and 1500 stems·ha−1) in a dry maritime forest on eastern Vancouver Island, Canada. Twenty-two years postplanting, species mixture significantly affected diameter and height growth (p < 0.001), with stand diameter and height generally decreasing with increasing redcedar composition. Inherent variation in soil productivity across the plantation (carbon:nitrogen ratio) equally constrained stand growth. The widest spacing had larger diameter than the closest spacing (p = 0.025) but the least stand basal area compared with the other spacing treatments (p = 0.003–0.031). Stand volume was significantly affected by mixture × density interaction (p = 0.024) and generally declined with increasing proportion of redcedar and decreasing stand density. In the first decades after plantation establishment, inherent species growth traits and soil fertility were most important in dictating stand productivity. Because of the differences in resource utilization of both species, stand dynamics may change as competition for light and soil resources increases. Evaluation of silvicultural recommendations regarding mixtures of both species will continue with plantation development.
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Kushwaha, S. P. S., G. D. Bhatt, D. M. Tadvi, and S. Nandy. "Ecological and Ethnobotanical Characterisation of Gujarat Forests." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 6, no. 01 (January 31, 2020): 09–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v6i01.02.
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This study focused on the ecological and ethnobotanical characteristics of the natural forests, forest plantations, and forest orchards in the Gujarat state of India through an extensive field survey of trees, shrubs, and herbs over a span of four years. We inventoried 345 tree, 345 shrub, and 1,380 herb plots using a stratified random sampling design. In all, 706 species [trees (224), shrubs (68), and herbs (414)] were recorded. The highest number of species were noted in teak mixed dry deciduous forest (207), followed by scrub (132), thorn forest (91), grassland (78), teak mixed moist deciduous forest (51), forest plantations (34), degraded forest (30), Prosopis juliflora scrub (24), forest orchard (19), ravine thorn forest (16), Anogeissus pendula forest (8), riverain forest (8), Eucalyptus plantation (6), mangrove forest (1), and mangrove scrub (1). Fabaceae was observed to be the dominant family. Out of total species, twenty-nine (29) species were found to be rare (25), endangered (2), and threatened (2). Fabaceae was also the dominant family for rare, endangered, and threatened (RET) species. Six endemic species were recorded. The highest value of Shannon’s Index of plant diversity was noticed in teak mixed dry deciduous forest (3.14), followed by teak mixed moist deciduous forest (2.96), ravine thorn forest (2.08), forest plantations (1.97), thorn forest (1.64), riverine forest (1.41), and degraded forest (1.49). Two hundred fifty-two species, including trees (24), shrubs (101), herbs (123), climbers (3), and bamboo (1) found to be ethnobotanically important. Fabaceae happened to be the dominant family in terms of ethnobotanically important plants too.
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Jatoi, Muhammad Tahir, Guoyu Lan, Zhixiang Wu, Rui Sun, Chuan Yang, and Zhenghong Tan. "Comparison of Soil Microbial Composition and Diversity Between Mixed and Monoculture Rubber Plantations in Hainan Province, China." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (January 2019): 194008291987607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1940082919876072.
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This study aimed to compare monoculture and mixed rubber plantations in terms of their soil bacterial and fungal composition. An Illumina MiSeq sequencing analysis was performed to investigate the composition and diversity of the soil bacterial and fungal communities among three different rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis) plantations: monoculture, Mixed 1 ( Hevea brasiliensis and Mytilaria laosensis), and Mixed 2 ( Hevea brasiliensis and Michelia macclurei) in Hainan. The results showed that the bacterial composition of the three rubber plantations was basically similar. However, there was a significant difference in fungal communities among the three rubber plantations at both the phylum and operational taxonomic unit level. The species richness, Chao, and Shannon diversity of bacterial communities of monoculture rubber plantations were higher than the Mixed 1 and Mixed 2 rubber plantations, whereas all diversity indexes of fungal communities were relatively equal for the monoculture and mixed rubber plantations. Soil nutrition (such as total nitrogen and total potassium) and soil pH are the main drivers of the bacterial composition ( p < .001). However, soil pH and water content are the main drivers of the fungal composition ( p < .001), and to some extent, soil pH can increase soil bacteria diversity. We suggest that alkaline fertilizers should be applied in mixed rubber plantations to improve the soil pH and, consequently, to increase the total diversity of the rubber plantation.
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Pozo, Paola, and Ina Säumel. "How to Bloom the Green Desert: Eucalyptus Plantations and Native Forests in Uruguay beyond Black and White Perspectives." Forests 9, no. 10 (October 6, 2018): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100614.
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The ongoing debate on the boon or bane of monocultural timber plantations demonstrates the need to develop alternative approaches that achieve forest productivity while conserving biodiversity. We assessed the diversity of tree species in native forests and in Eucalyptus plantations, and evaluated the potential use of native species to enhance plantation management. For this purpose, we established one-hectare permanent plots in nine native forests (riverine and park forests) and nine Eucalyptus plantations in the northwestern part of Uruguay. Forest inventories were carried out on 200 m2 plots and regeneration was assessed along transects in 9 m2 subplots. Riverine forests have the highest Shannon diversity index (2.5) followed by park forests (2.1) and Eucalyptus plantations (1.3). Tree density was high in riverine forests (1913/ha) and plantations (1315/ha), whereas park forests have lower tree density (796/ha). Regeneration density was high in riverine forests (39136/ha) and park forests (7500/ha); however, native species can regenerate in the understory of plantations (727/ha), and this underlines the possibility of developing a mixed species approach to reduce the negative impact of monocultures. Differences in the composition of plant communities were denoted between native forests and plantations, although native forests were similar in composition, even in the presence of exotic species. Native forests harbor specialist species that are absent from plantations, and therefore perform a decisive role in maintaining local biodiversity. Strategies to enhance species diversity and structural diversity within plantations or to establish mixed buffer strips containing native species at the edge of plantations are potential measures to enhance biodiversity and foster the integration of plantations into the local landscape.
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SIRAMI, ELIESER VIKTOR, DJOKO MARSONO, RONGGO SADONO, RONGGO SADONO, and MUHAMMAD ALI IMRON. "Typology of native species as the shade tree for merbau (Intsia bijuga) plantations in Papua, Indonesia based on ecological species group." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200106.
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Sirami EV, Marsono Dj, Sadono R, Imron MA. 2019. Typology of native species as the shade tree for merbau (Intsia bijuga) plantations in Papua, Indonesia based on ecological species group. Biodiversitas 20: 43-53. Ecological species group is an ecological principle that can be used as a reference in determining the potential native tree species of Papua as the shade trees for merbau in the mixed forest plantations. This research was conducted to identify the potential native trees as the shade for merbau plantation in Papua. The data collection used systematic line technique with hypothetical plot and sampling tree as the plot center. The Dice Index was used to analyze the level of association between merbau and the neighboring trees as well as to serve as a basis for determining ESG and Important Value Index was used to analyze the level of tree dominance. The main potential shade trees consisting of Pometia coriacea Radlk., Lepiniopsis ternatensi Valeton, Spathiostemon javensis Blume, Palaquium amboinense Burck., and Pimelodendron amboinicum Hassk. Whereas complementary and alternative potential shade consisting of Haplolobus lanceolatus H.J.Lam ex Leenh, Haplolobus celebicus H.J.Lam, Horsfieldia laevigata Warb., Horsfieldia irya (Gaertn.)Warb. Prunus costata Kalkman, Sterculia macrophylla Vent., Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume, Pertusadina multifolia (Havil.) Ridsdale, Streblus elongatus (Miq.) Corner and Geijera salicifolia Schott. The main shade trees possessed a main function for rendering shade toward younger merbau in the plantation area. Meanwhile, complementary and alternative shade trees were intended for increasing soil nutrient availability and optimizing microclimate surround merbau seedlings.
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Корчагов, Sergey Korchagov, Грибов, Sergey Gribov, Карбасникова, Elena Karbasnikova, Карбасников, and Aleksandr Karbasnikov. "THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF MIXED CULTURES OF SPRUCE AND LARCH." Forestry Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25197.
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One of the urgent tasks for intensive forest management is the scientific study of agricultural technology of creation of forest plantations, the study of peculiarities of growth, structure and formation. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of agrotechnical treatments on the survival and growth of mixed cultures of larch and spruce in the southern taiga subzone. In the areas of plantations test plots are laid in accordance with OST 56-69-83, silvicultural and forest inventory parameters are determined by conventional methods. Forest plantations are established in Prigorodny forestry of the Vologda district. Plantations were created under the same conditions, the same technology, with the same density. However, in one area of the mixed cultures agrotechnical treatments in the form of grass cutting were performed. The resulting research evidence suggests that mowing of weeds at the time of adaptation of the seedlings (first three to four years) in forest cultivated areas had a positive impact on the formation of mixed forest cultures of spruce and larch. The larch increasingly responded to this type of agro-technical care. From these data we see that the area of crops with weeds cutting has better survival of larch and all the morphometric parameters (height, root collar diameter, height increment). Trunks of larch in this area are in 2 times more than in the area of crops without conducted care. From this it follows that the larch, as light-demanding species, suffers from shading and it may die without timely care. Agrotechnical treatments as well affected positively on spruce plantation formation, but to a lesser extent than in larch plantation. On a plot of forest cultures with the agro-technical treatments (grass cutting) larger trunks with a greater increase in height are formed than in the area of crops that are not affected by care.
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Cosovic, Marija. "Using inventory variables for practical biodiversity assessment in plantation stands." Forest Systems 31, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): e016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2022312-18856.
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Aim of study: Practically and simply assessing biodiversity by using inventory variables in four types of forest plantation stands (mixed and pure) including species such are chestnut, blue gum and maritime pine.
Area of study: Northwest Portugal in Vale do Sousa (14,840 ha), which is 97% covered with plantation forests.
Material and methods: Simulated data, from 90-year stand-level forest management planning, were considered using three indicators: tree species (number of different species and species origin—native or exotic), mean diameter at breast height (DBH), and shrub biomass. Two shrub regeneration types (fully regeneration by seed and fully regeneration by resprouting), and three site quality conditions were also considered.
Main results: Mean biodiversity scores varied between very low (10.13) in pure blue gum stands on lowest-quality sites with shrub regeneration by seed, and low (29.85) in mixed stands with a dominance of pine, on best-quality sites with shrub regeneration by resprouting. Site quality and shrub regeneration type significantly affected all biodiversity scores in mixed stands dominated by pine and pure chestnut stands, while less affected pure blue gum stands and mixed stands dominated by blue gum.
Research highlights: The considered biodiversity indicators cover the major biodiversity aspects and allow biodiversity assessment over time. The findings are relevant for biodiversity conservation and fire protection management.
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HART, PETER W., and DALE E. NUTTER. "Use of cold tolerant eucalyptus species as a partial replacement for southern mixed hardwoods." July 2012 11, no. 7 (August 1, 2012): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj11.7.29.
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During the last several years, the increasing cost and decreasing availability of mixed southern hardwoods have resulted in financial and production difficulties for southern U.S. mills that use a significant percentage of hardwood kraft pulp. Traditionally, in the United States, hardwoods are not plantation grown because of the growth time required to produce a quality tree suitable for pulping. One potential method of mitigating the cost and supply issues associated with the use of native hardwoods is to grow eucalyptus in plantations for the sole purpose of producing hardwood pulp. However, most of the eucalyptus species used in pulping elsewhere in the world are not capable of surviving in the southern U.S. climate. This study examines the potential of seven different cold-tolerant eucalyptus species to be used as replacements for, or supplements to, mixed southern hardwoods. The laboratory pulping and bleaching aspects of these seven species are discussed, along with pertinent mill operational data. Selected mill trial data also are reviewed.
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Ivanchina, Ludmila A., and Sergei V. Zalesov. "The effect of spruce plantation density on resilience of mixed forests in the Perm Krai." Journal of Forest Science 65, No. 7 (July 31, 2019): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/14/2019-jfs.
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Over the course of the last few decades, many countries across the globe have experienced mass desiccation of spruce plantations. The subject of our research was the spruce forests of the Russian Perm Krai’s mixed forest zone. Spruce is a shade–tolerant tree species and low plantation density may adversely affect the spruce health. The aim of this research is to establish how influential the spruce stand density is on causing desiccation in mixed zones in the Perm Krai. The results of an on-site survey which had recorded spruce desiccation in 2017 were analysed. Within the boundaries of the aforementioned forest areas, 2017 saw the desiccation of spruce trees in 301 forest allotments covering an area of 5,343.7 ha. The value of the weighted average category of spruce forest health in Prikamye varies from 2.7 (severely weakened) to 4.2 (desiccating), and the percentage of the volume of spruce deadwood varies from 17% to 59.5%. When the spruce stand density rises from 0.4 to 0.8, spruce stand resilience to desiccation increases.
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Wang, T.-Y., and T. Y. Lam. "Modelling height-diameter relationship of fifteen tree species planted on reclaimed agricultural lands with random species effects." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1053, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1053/1/012013.
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Abstract Taiwan has a long history of reforesting degraded forest lands and reclaimed agricultural lands to improve forest ecosystem services. While the effort has been ongoing since 1950’s, very few studies attempted to understand how tree species planted on these lands are growing. To fill the knowledge gap, we established plots across elevation from 250 to 2500 m above sea level on reforested fruit orchards, betel nut farms, and bamboo plantations. Diameter and height of 15 plantation tree species were measured. Mixed effects modelling framework was applied to model tree height and diameter relationship of the 15 species with the Wykoff model. Random effects were added to species so that species with few observations could share information from species with abundant information. Preliminary results show that stand productivity and tree-level competition have potential effects on height-diameter relationship. Studying height-diameter relationship could assist decision making for better management of ecosystem services of reclaimed agricultural lands.
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Duarte, N. F., E. U. Bucek, D. Karam, N. Sá, and M. R. M. Scotti. "Mixed field plantation of native and exotic species in semi-arid Brazil." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 8 (2006): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05173.
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An afforestation of mixed plantation was proposed to provide wood supply and minimise exploratory actions in a biological reserve. Eucalyptus plants were indicated for this purpose. This study was carried out to test the effect of volatile oils extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. and E. grandis Hill ex Maiden on the growth of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. Under laboratory conditions, the Enterolobium plants showed tolerance to E. grandis oil, whereas E. camaldulensis oil caused loss of leaves, inhibition of height and diameter growth and a concomitant decrease in effective PSII quantum yield and the reduction of photosynthetic electron-transport chains. The field growth of E. contortisiliquum was not modified by intercropped E. grandis plants, confirming its tolerance. Inoculation with rhizobia and or mycorrhizal fungi significantly improved the height and diameter growth of these species. The results showed that E. contortisiliquum plants could be intercropped with E. grandis for reforestation and agroforestry systems.
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Danise, Tiziana, Walter S. Andriuzzi, Giovanna Battipaglia, Giacomo Certini, Georg Guggenberger, Michele Innangi, Giovanni Mastrolonardo, Francesco Niccoli, Francesco Pelleri, and Antonietta Fioretto. "Mixed-Species Plantation Effects on Soil Biological and Chemical Quality and Tree Growth of a Former Agricultural Land." Forests 12, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070842.
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Tree planting on abandoned agricultural land could both restore the soil quality and increase the productivity of economically valuable woody species. Here, we assess the impact of mixed-species tree plantations on soil quality at a site in Central Italy where tree intercropping systems were established 20 years ago on a former agricultural land. These intercropping systems include two species of economic interest, Populus alba and Juglans regia, and one of three different nurse trees, i.e., Alnus cordata, Elaeagnus umbellata, both of which are N-fixing species, and Corylus avellana. We measured tree growth and compared how soil organic matter, soil extracellular enzymes, and nematodes of different feeding groups varied among the intercropping systems and relative to a conventional agricultural field. Our results indicate that tree plantation led to an increase in soil carbon and nitrogen, and enhanced enzyme activities, compared with the agricultural land. The proportion of nematode feeding groups was heterogeneous, but predators were absent from the agricultural soil. Multivariate analysis of soil properties, enzymatic activity, nematodes, and tree growth point to the importance of the presence N-fixing species, as the presence of A. cordata was linked to higher soil quality, and E. umbellata to growth of the associated valuable woody species. Our findings indicate that intercropping tree species provide a tool for both restoring fertility and improving soil quality.
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Zalyvskaya, O. S., and N. A. Babich. "Assessment of Plantations Ornamentality." Lesnoy Zhurnal (Forestry Journal), no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-6-98-110.
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The issue of biodiversity and sustainability of tree and shrub plantations in large cities is relevant both in Russia and abroad. Their ornamentality is an indicator of adaptation and ability to fully perform their functions. It is relevant to create plantations, decorative throughout the calendar year. The research purpose is to develop a scale for assessing the ornamentality of plantations in urban conditions. This procedure is based on scoring the following characteristics of green spaces: sanitary state; decorative qualities of trunk and crown; characteristics of flowering (according to duration, abundance, color and size of flowers); characteristics of leafing (variety of summer and autumn colors, total duration of leafing). There are 5 most common types of plantations: single-breed arboreal; single-breed shrub; mixed wood; mixed shrub; and woodshrub groups, in which the research was carried out. A mixed group of blue spruce (Picea pungens Eng.), bird cherry (Padus racemosa Lam.) and Hungarian lilac (Syringe josikae Jacg.) has the highest degree of ornamentality in northern conditions (24.8 points). A single-breed plantation of common ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius L.) has the least ornamentality score (13.1 points), which is due to its sanitary state. The total score depends not only on the species assortment, but also on the plantation sanitary state. The ornamentality score increases with distance from the road, which is due to the improvement in the sanitary state of trees and shrubs (22.8 points at a distance versus 21.4 points near the road). Among all the studied types of plantations in the cities of the Arkhangelsk agglomeration, 50 % have a high degree of ornamentality, 45 % – medium and 5 % – low. Single-breed plantations are generally less decorative than mixed (20.5 points versus 23.4 points). Urban plantations are more or less decorative throughout the entire calendar year. The proposed scheme of the procedure assumes an assessment of decorative effect during all seasons of the year. So, the following should be recorded: the beginning of the period of leafing and flowering in spring; the sanitary state, flowering (duration, abundance, color and size of flowers) in summer; the color scheme of the leaves, the total duration of leafing in autumn; the decorative qualities of trunk and crown (architectonics of crown, coloring of branches) in winter.
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Forrester, David I., Jürgen Bauhus, and Partap K. Khanna. "Growth dynamics in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii." Forest Ecology and Management 193, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.01.024.
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Forrester, David I., Jürgen Bauhus, and Annette L. Cowie. "Carbon allocation in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii." Forest Ecology and Management 233, no. 2-3 (September 2006): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.018.
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Forrester, David I., Jürgen Bauhus, and Annette L. Cowie. "Nutrient cycling in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 2942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-214.
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A doubling of aboveground biomass production has been observed in mixtures of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Acacia mearnsii de Wildeman when compared with monocultures after 11 years of growth. This study examined to what extent increased nitrogen (N) availability and accelerated rates of nutrient cycling may contribute to increased growth in mixtures. Monocultures of E. globulus (E) and A. mearnsii (A) and mixtures of these species were planted in a species replacement series: 100% E, 75% E + 25% A, 50% E + 50% A, 25% E + 75% A, and 100% A. Litterfall mass increased with aboveground biomass production and was highest in 50:50 mixtures and lowest in monocultures. Owing to higher N concentrations of A. mearnsii litter, N contents of annual litterfall were at least twice as high in stands containing A. mearnsii (32-49 kg·ha1·year1) as in E. globulus monocultures (14 kg·ha1·year1). Stands with A. mearnsii also cycled higher quantities of phosphorus (P) in annual litterfall than E. globulus monocultures. This study demonstrated that mixing A. mearnsii with E. globulus increased the quantity and rates of N and P cycled through aboveground litterfall when compared with E. globulus monocultures. Thus, mixed-species plantations appear to be a useful silvicultural system to improve nutrition of eucalypts without fertilization.
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Luo, Jie, Shihua Qi, Li Peng, and Xianming Xie. "Enhanced phytoremediation capacity of a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Chickpeas." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 182 (November 2017): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.01.006.
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Carvalho, Renata Reis de, Jonathan William Trautenmüller, Sabrina Reis de Carvalho, Sergio Costa Júnior, Dimas Agostinho da Silva, and Afonso Figueiredo Filho. "Determination of the biomass stock in a mixed plantation of Pinus taeda L. and Pinus elliottii Engelm." Advances in Forestry Science 8, no. 2 (September 1, 2021): 1455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34062/afs.v8i2.10129.
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Mixed planting when well managed can be more efficient in the production of biomass and in the use of available resources, thus increasing the profits of planting. The objectives of this research were to quantify the biomass of a mixed plantation of Pinus taeda and Pinus elliottii, by the direct method and to verify the allocation of biomass between the components and the production of biomass per unit area of the mixed plantation and of the two species studied. From the forest census carried out in the mixed planting of 43.5 ha, at 16 years of age, the diametric distribution of the population was generated. Based on the diametric classes, 60 trees were randomly sampled by the direct method, 30 trees for each species. Then, the aerial biomass production in the different components of the tree for both species was evaluated and compared. Mixed planting produced 171.5 t ha-1 of biomass; the shaft represented more than 60% of the biomass. The biomass production in Pinus taeda was superior to Pinus elliottii. The biomass of branches, in turn, was significantly different between species. The stratified tree technique revealed that biomass production in the stand was lower than the biomass obtained by the direct method. In this technique, the biomass (t ha-1) was superior to Pinus elliottii, due to the frequency of individuals in the forest census being higher in the central diameter class, and the species having a larger number of individuals in the stand.
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Perles-Garcia, Maria D., Matthias Kunz, Andreas Fichtner, Nora Meyer, Werner Härdtle, and Goddert von Oheimb. "Neighbourhood Species Richness Reduces Crown Asymmetry of Subtropical Trees in Sloping Terrain." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061441.
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Reforestation in sloping terrain is an important measure for soil erosion control and sustainable watershed management. The mechanical stability of such reforested stands, however, can be low due to a strong asymmetric shape of tree crowns. We investigated how neighbourhood tree species richness, neighbourhood pressure, tree height, and slope inclination affect crown asymmetry in a large-scale plantation biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in subtropical China (BEF-China) over eight years. We took the advantage of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) measurements, which provide non-destructive, high-resolution data of tree structure without altering tree interactions. Neighbourhood species richness significantly reduced crown asymmetry, and this effect became stronger at steeper slopes. Our results suggest that tree diversity promotes the mechanical stability of forest stands in sloping terrain and highlight the importance of TLS-data for a comprehensive understanding of the role of tree diversity in modulating crown interactions in mixed-species forest plantations.
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Niccoli, Francesco, Tiziana Danise, Michele Innangi, Francesco Pelleri, Maria Chiara Manetti, Giovanni Mastrolonardo, Giacomo Certini, Antonietta Fioretto, and Giovanna Battipaglia. "Tree Species Composition in Mixed Plantations Influences Plant Growth, Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency and Soil Carbon Stock." Forests 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091251.
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Species interactions in mixed plantations can influence tree growth, resources capture and soil fertility of the stands. A combined approach of tree-ring analyses and carbon stable isotope was used to check tree growth and water use efficiency of two species, Populus alba L. and Juglans regia L., intercropped with each other and with N-fixing or competitive production species. Furthermore, soil analyses were performed to understand how the different intercropping systems can influence soil characteristics, in particular soil carbon stock. Dendrochronological data showed that during the first years, the growth of principal species was favored by intercropping. This positive effect decreased in the following years in most of intercropped stands, due to light competition with the crown of companion species. Carbon isotope data showed that P. alba and J. regia had the highest intrinsic water use efficiency when growing with Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb, a shrubby species with a shallow root system that favors a non-competitive exploitation of soil water resources. Finally, the intercropping of the principal species with Corylus avellana L. promoted the highest soil C stock. Our findings confirmed the importance to consider the plantation dynamics and wood formation in the long-run and to apply appropriate thinning and pruning interventions to counteract interspecific competition.
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Soto-Cervantes, Jesús Alejandro, Artemio Carrillo-Parra, Rodrigo Rodríguez-Laguna, José Javier Corral-Rivas, Marín Pompa-García, and Pedro Antonio Dominguez-Calleros. "Survival, growth and carbon content in a forest plantation established after a clear-cutting in Durango, Mexico." PeerJ 8 (August 4, 2020): e9506. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9506.
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Background Forest plantations play an important role in carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change. In this study, survival, biomass, growth rings and annual carbon content storage were evaluated in a mixed Pinus durangensis and P. cooperi plantation that was established after a clear-cutting. The plantation is eight years old and covers an area of 21.40 ha. Methods Sixteen sites of 100 m2 were distributed randomly. At each site, two trees distributed proportionally to the diametric categories were destructively sampled (one per tree species). Two cross-sections were cut from each tree: The first at the base of the stump and the second at 1.30 m. The width of tree rings of the first cross-section was measured using a stereoscopic microscope with precision in microns (µm). The year-by-year basal diameter of each tree was recorded and biomass and carbon content was estimated using allometric equations. Results The estimated survival was 75.2%. The results of the ANOVA showed significant differences between the year-by-year width records of tree rings, the highest value corresponding to the fifth year. The average carbon sequestration per year is 0.30 kg for both studied tree species. Conclusions P. durangensis and P. cooperi plantations adapt and develop well in Durango forests when they are established in areas that are subjected to clear-cutting.
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Jing, L., L. Mozhui, L. N. Kakati, and L. Thyug. "Earthworm community structure and population dynamics at Minkong forest of Mokokchung, Nagaland, India." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 6 (November 15, 2022): 810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/6/mrn-3089.
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Aim: The present study was undertaken to assess the seasonal variations of density, biomass and community characteristics of earthworms in two different types of forest at Minkong area, Mokokchung. Methodology: The survey was conducted during the period from January 2019-February 2020 in two areas viz., mixed forest and plantation. Standard methods were followed to determine the ecological categories of earthworms, density and biomass, relative abundance and species richness as well as for determination of different soil parameters viz., pH, moisture, bulk density, organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium. Results: 12 number earthworm species viz., Amynthas corticis (Kinberg), Amynthus gracilis (Kinberg), Drawida assamensis (Gates), Drawida hodgarti (Stephenson), Drawida nepalensis (Michaelsen), Drawida sp., Eutyphoeus assamensis (Stephenson), Eutyphoeus festivus (Gates) Metaphire houlleti (Perrier), Perionyx excavatus (Perrier), Perionyx simlaensis (Michaelsen) and Pontoscolex corethurus (Müller) were recorded. Dominant earthworm species in both the areas were D. nepalensis, P. excavatus, Drawida sp. and E. festivus. The Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity and Pielou’s species evenness were 2.17, 0.87 and 0.87 in mixed forest and 2.05, 0.86, 0.86 in plantation. The earthworm density and biomass were greater in plantation (276.74 ind m-2 and 338.47g m-2) compared to mixed forest (230.52 ind m-2 and 254.55 g m-2). Interpretation: As earthworm community characteristics differ depending on the type of forest, therefore, earthworm’ sdiversity and its indices can be used as an ecological indicator of anthropogenic disturbances and can help designing conservation programs for reclaiming the depleted areas. Key words: Biomass, Earthworm diversity, Minkong, Relative abundance, Subtropical ecosystem
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Данилов, Dmitriy Danilov, Смирнов, and A. Smirnov. "Effect of stand structure on density of pine and spruce wood in myrtillus forest type." Forestry Engineering Journal 4, no. 4 (January 15, 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/8434.
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Mixed stands of spruce and pine of myrtillus y forest types occupy large areas of the forest
fund of the Leningrad region. For the theory and practice of forestry it is important to know the impact
of plantations on the density of wood in bunk mixed spruce-pine stands. In mixed stands of
pine and spruce disks and cores of wood species were selected from the model tree to determine the
basic density by the method of maximum water capacity. The study of basic wood density of pine
and spruce in the coniferous bunk stands revealed that its rates are higher for both species in the
mixed forest stand than in pure coniferous plantations in the region of the study. With the predominance
of pines in the stand composition, its wood density is higher than in stands dominated by
spruce. Density of pinewood increases from smaller to larger classes of stand diameters. Variability
of wood density by diameter of trunk is higher in spruce than in pine in mixed stands. In stands, after
cutting dilutes the density of pinewood is lower than in the plantation, which is not passed with
felling. In the bunk spruce-pine the stand, to the age of maturity, larger mass of stem wood of coniferous
species is formed than in the pure one-tier stands of pine or spruce. Developed regression
equations depending on the density of the wood at a height of 1.3 m to the average density of trunk
allow for a more accurate assessment of this parameter in mixed stands than previously published
equations for pure stands of myrtillus forest types for the study area.
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Danilov, Dmitriy, Nataliia Beliaeva, Dmitriy Zaytsev, and Irina Anisimova. "TAXATION INDICATORS AND COMMODITY STRUCTURE OF RIPE MIXED PINE AND SPRUCE STANDS IN GREENMOSS FORESTS." Forestry Engineering Journal 12, no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2022.2/2.
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The influence of the stand composition on taxation indicators and the stock of mature pine and spruce stands have been considered. The objects of study are forest stands with different proportions of pine and spruce in the most represented green moss forests of the landscape of the Tikhvin Ridge (Boksitogorsky forestry) of the Leningrad region. Stock assessment and determination of taxation indicators were carried out on trial plots laid out according to standard forestry methods. Commodity structure of the stand and different yield of assortments by size categories depend on the share of participation of one or another species in the composition of the plantation by the age of clear-cutting in the taiga zone in different types of forests. The purpose of the study was to determine optimal plantation composition in terms of stock and large-scale marketability by the age of maturity of the stand. The most productive in terms of stock and output of large-scale coniferous wood under the studied growing conditions are pine forests with a stand composition of 8C2E, 7C1E2B, 5C4E1B and spruce forests with a composition of 7E1C2B, 4E2C4Os+B. The obtained results of the study show that with an increase in the share of pine in the plantations of the green moss group of forest types, the yield of large-sized coniferous wood assortments increases by the age of a ripe forest stand
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Willis, Gordon, Tanger, Blazier, Self, and Brodbeck. "Managing Mixed Stands: Reassessing a Forgotten Stand Type in the Southeastern United States." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090751.
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Forestry in the Southeastern United States has long focused on converting natural stands into pine plantations or managing exclusively for hardwoods. Little consideration has been given to managing stands containing pine and hardwood mixtures, as these stands were considered inferior in terms of productivity and/or quality. Recent declines in small-diameter softwood markets and logging workforce have, however, begun to stress the traditional pine production model in some locations, raising interest in management alternatives. Here, we provide biological, economic, and sociocultural rationale for pine-hardwood mixtures as an alternative strategy for landowners with multiple management objectives. To support this idea, an illustration compares a mixed-species plantation to pine and hardwood monocultures under a variety of simulated scenarios to demonstrate growth potential and economic and biological resilience. Moreover, to identify scenarios where managing pine-hardwood mixtures would be most appropriate, and to help conceptualize landowner interest in mixed stands, we present a guide combining biological, economic, and sociocultural factors that we anticipate influencing the adoption of mixed-stand management. The aim of this conceptual paper is not to suggest that mixed-species stand management should become the dominant management paradigm; rather, we seek to encourage researchers and land managers to consider it as part of the broader silvicultural toolbox.