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Journal articles on the topic 'Mixed hardening'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 December 2023

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1

Wu, Ze Yu, Xin Li Bai, and Bing Ma. "3-D Elastic-Plastic Constitutive Relationship of Mixed Hardening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 249-250 (December 2012): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.249-250.927.

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In finite element calculation of plastic mechanics, isotropic hardening model, kinematic hardening model and mixed hardening model have their advantages and disadvantages as well as applicability area. In this paper, by use of the tensor analysis method and mixed hardening theory in plastic mechanics, the constitutive relation of 3-D mixed hardening problem is derived in detail based on the plane mixed hardening. Numerical results show that, the proposed 3-D mixed hardening constitutive relation agrees well with the test results in existing references, and can be used in the 3-D elastic-plastic finite element analysis.

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2

Rentmeester, Rikard, and Larsgunnar Nilsson. "On mixed isotropic-distortional hardening." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 92 (March 2015): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2014.09.013.

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3

Cai, Xing Zhou, Lin Feng Wang, Shi Yan Zhao, Bao Feng Guo, and Yu Xin Zhu. "Research on the Reverse Loading Hardening Model of the X80 Pipeline Steel." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.370.

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Based on the reverse uniaxial loading test, the influences of the plastic deformation on the strength properties are studied. The softening of the X80 pipeline steel is observed which reveals the hardening type is mixed hardening. The expression of mixed hardening factor M and the material parameters of the nonlinear mixed hardening model under different M can be obtained. The results show that, if the pre-strain increases and ranges from 0.55% to 2.5%, the mixed hardening characteristics of the X80 pipeline steel will be more obvious and its M will also increase.

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4

Rezaiee‐Pajand, Mohammad, Cyrus Nasirai, and Mehrzad Sharifian. "Integration of nonlinear mixed hardening models." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 7, no. 3 (September 27, 2011): 266–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/1536-540911178252.

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5

Abduljauwad, Sahel N., Isa M. Al‐Buraim, and Hamdan N. Al‐Ghamedy. "Mixed Hardening, Three‐Invariants Dependent Cap Model." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 118, no. 3 (March 1992): 620–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1992)118:3(620).

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6

Bathe, Klaus-Jürgen, and Francisco Javier Montáns. "On modeling mixed hardening in computational plasticity." Computers & Structures 82, no. 6 (March 2004): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2003.08.010.

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7

Chen, Guang, Changcai Zhao, Haiwei Shi, Qingxing Zhu, Guoyi Shen, Zheng Liu, Chenyang Wang, and Duan Chen. "Research on the 2A11 Aluminum Alloy Sheet Cyclic Tension–Compression Test and Its Application in a Mixed Hardening Model." Metals 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13020229.

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The increasing application of aluminum alloy, in combination with the growth in the complexity of components, provides new challenges for the numerical modeling of sheet materials. The material elastic–plasticity constitutive model is the most important factor affecting the accuracy of finite element simulation. The mixed hardening constitutive model can more accurately represent the real hardening characteristics of the material plastic deformation process, and the accuracy of the material property-related parameters in the constitutive model directly affects the accuracy of finite element simulation. Based on the Hill48 anisotropic yield criterion, combined with the Voce isotropic hardening model and the Armstrong–Frederic nonlinear kinematic hardening model, a mixed hardening constitutive model that considers material anisotropy and the Bauschinger effect was established. Analysis of the tension–compression experiment on the sheet using finite element method. Using the finite element model, the optimum geometry of the tension–compression experiment sample was determined. The cyclic deformation stress–strain curve of the 2A11 aluminum alloy sheet was obtained by a cyclic tensile–compression test, and the material characteristic parameters in the mixed hardening model were accurately determined. The reliability and accuracy of the established constitutive model of anisotropic mixed hardening materials were verified by the finite element simulation and by testing the cyclic tensile–compression problem, the springback problem, and the sheet in bending, unloading, and reverse bending problems. The tensile–compression experiment is an effective method to directly and accurately obtain the characteristic parameters of constitutive model materials.

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8

Muránsky, Ondrej, Cory J. Hamelin, Mike C. Smith, Phillip J. Bendeich, and Lyndon Edwards. "The Role of Plasticity Theory on the Predicted Residual Stress Field of Weld Structures." Materials Science Forum 772 (November 2013): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.65.

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Constitutive plasticity theory is commonly applied to the numerical analysis of welds in one of three ways: using an isotropic hardening model, a kinematic hardening model, or a mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening model. The choice of model is not entirely dependent on its numerical accuracy, however, as a lack of empirical data will often necessitate the use of a specific approach. The present paper seeks to identify the accuracy of each formalism through direct comparison of the predicted and actual post-weld residual stress field developed in a three-pass 316LN stainless steel slot weldment. From these comparisons, it is clear that while the isotropic hardening model tends to noticeably over-predict and the kinematic hardening model slightly under-predict the residual post-weld stress field, the results using a mixed hardening model are quantitatively accurate. Even though the kinematic hardening model generally provides more accurate results when compared to an isotropic hardening formalism, the latter might be a more appealing choice to engineers requiring a conservative design regarding weld residual stress.

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9

Teng-xi, Liu, Huang Shi-qing, and Fu Yi-ming. "The constitutive equations for mixed hardening orthotropic material." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 24, no. 2 (February 2003): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02437628.

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10

Mo, Yafei, Rou Du, and Xiaoming Liu. "Effect of mixed plastic hardening on the cyclic contact between a sphere and a rigid flat." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2285, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2285/1/012018.

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Abstract This paper studies the effect of mixed plasticity mode (combined with isotropic and kinematic hardening law) on the cyclic contact between an elastic-plastic sphere and a rigid flat. Assuming power-law hardening with different levels of mixed plasticity for the sphere, we derived a semi-analytical expression of load versus interference during the first loading and unloading process. During cyclic loading, our results indicate that the isotropic plasticity model shows no variation of residual interference, while kinematic plasticity has the cyclic effect on the residual interference, and this effect is bigger for the material with a higher hardening exponent. In addition, we provided the semi-analytical expression for the evolution of residual interference, which is accurate for the strain hardening exponent from 0.1 to 0.5.

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11

Mohamad, Jasri, and Mohd Zaidi Sidek. "Springback Prediction Using Finite Element Simulation Incorporated With Hardening Data Acquired From Cyclic Loading Tool." International Journal of Materials Forming and Machining Processes 6, no. 1 (January 2019): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmfmp.2019010102.

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The aims of this article are to present the accuracy of springback prediction in U-bending sheet metal forming processes using finite element (FE) simulation incorporated with kinematics or mixed hardening parameters that are derived from cyclic data provided by the developed cyclic loading tool. The FE simulation results in the form of springback angles are compared with the experimental results for validation. It was found that the mixed hardening model provides better simulation results in predicting springback. This is due to the capability of the isotropic hardening part of this model to describe cyclic transient and the kinematic hardening part to improve description of the Bauschinger effect. Kinematic hardening however, on its own is capable of providing relatively good springback simulation illustrated by errors of less than 8 percent. Overall, the data provided by cyclic loading from the newly developed bending-unbending tool is considered valuable for simulating springback prediction.

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12

Liu, Chuan, Ying Luo, Min Yang, and Qiang Fu. "Effects of material hardening model and lumped-pass method on welding residual stress simulation of J-groove weld in nuclear RPV." Engineering Computations 33, no. 5 (July 4, 2016): 1435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-08-2015-0216.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify the effect of material hardening model and lump-pass method on the thermal-elastic-plastic (TEP) finite element (FE) simulation of residual stress induced by multi-pass welding of materials with cyclic plasticity. Design/methodology/approach – Nickel-base alloy and stainless steel, which are used in J-type weld for manufacturing the nuclear reactor pressure head, can easily harden during multi-pass welding. The J-weld welding experiment is carried out and the temperature cycle and residual stress are measured to validate the TEP simulation. Thermal-mechanical sequence coupling method is employed to get the welding residual stress. The lumped-pass model and pass-by-pass FE model are built and two materials hardening models, kinematic hardening model and mixed hardening model, are adopted during the simulations. The effects of material hardening models and lumped-pass method on the residual stress in J-weld are distinguished. Findings – Based on the kinematic hardening model, the stresses simulated with the lumped-pass FE model are almost consistent with those obtained by the pass-by-pass FE model; while with the mixed hardening material model, the lumped-pass method has great effect on the simulated stress. Practical implications – A computation with mixed isotropic-kinematic material seems not to be the appropriate solution when using the lumped-pass method to save the computation time. Originality/value – In the simulation of multi-pass welding residual stress involved in materials with cyclic plasticity, the material hardening model should be carefully considered. The kinematic hardening model with lump-pass FE model can be used to get better simulation results with less computation time. The results give a direction for welding residual stress simulation for the large structure such as the reactor pressure vessel.

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13

Gong, Kaiwei, Zhao Liang, Xi Peng, and Hui Wang. "Research into Preparation and Performance of Fast-Hardening RPC Mixed with Straw." Materials 16, no. 15 (July 28, 2023): 5310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155310.

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Based on its characteristics of early strength, good toughness, and excellent mechanical and impact resistance, steel fiber-reinforced fast-hardening reactive powder concrete (RPC) is expected to become an alternative material used in the rapid repair of marine concrete structures. However, the steel fibers have also caused corrosion problems in coastal environments. To make doped fiber fast-hardening RPC more adaptable for use in ocean engineering, this study prepares fast-hardening RPC mixed with straw and studied the effects of straw content and curing age on its slump flow, setting time, and mechanical performance (flexural strength, compressive strength, and flexural toughness). The effects of straw addition on the compactness and hydration products of fast-hardening RPC were studied through macro- (ultrasonic analysis) and micro-scopic analysis (electron microscopy scanning and X-ray diffraction patterns). The straw content mentioned in this paper refers to the percentage of straw in relation to RPC volume. The results showed that straw reduced the fluidity of RPC slurry by 10.5–11.5% compared to concrete without straw, and it accelerated the initial setting of RPC slurry. When the straw content accounted for 1% of RPC volume, the setting rate was the fastest, with a increasing rate being 6–18%. Compared to concrete without straw, the flexural and compressive strength of fast-hardening RPC was enhanced by 3.7–30.5%. When the content was either 3% or 4%, the mechanical properties improved. Moreover, when the straw content accounted for 4% of RPC volume, the flexural toughness was the highest, with the increase rate being 21.4% compared to concrete without straw. Straw reduces the compactness of fast-hardening RPC.

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14

Yavinsky, A. V., and I. L. Chulkova. "Kinetics of mixed binder strength gain." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2023-20-1-158-166.

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Introduction. The storage of pond ash at ash dumps has a negative impact on the environmental situation in the nearby settlements, dumps constantly dust and pollute water sources. To solve this problem, it is proposed to use ash from pond ash as a component of mixed binder. Since the specific surface area of pond ash is different throughout the dump, it is necessary to study its influence on the strength set of mixed binder under different curing conditions.Materials and methods. The equipment on which the experiment was carried out is listed. To determine the specific surface ПСХ-12 device was used, ash drying was carried out in a desiccator. The samples were stored in a normal solidification chamber. The chemical composition of pond ash from TPP-5 of Omsk was presented.Results. Experimental data on the strength of samples of mixed binder at the age of 1,3,7,14,21,28,90 days of normal hardening and data on the strength of samples after heat and humidity treatment are presented. Durability of mixed binder composition with specific surface of hydraulic ash of 460-490 m2/kg under normal hardening conditions amounts to 42.57 MPa which corresponds to natural strength. The composition with the use of pond ash 460-490 m2/kg after water removal increased strength by 12% in comparison with the control composition. Compositions with specific surface of wet pond ash 220-250, 340-370, 650-700 m2/kg show durability results lower than the control ashless composition irrespective of hardening conditions.Discussion and conclusions. It is proved that the use of pond ash with a specific surface of 460-490 m2/kg is rational. Its strength under normal conditions of hardening is 42,57 MPa, which corresponds to the strength of the concrete. The composition with the use of wet pond ash 460-490 m2/kg after heat and moisture treatment has an increase in strength by 12% compared to the control composition. Increased strength of mixed binder compositions is associated with acceleration of pozzolanic reaction in them, the products of which have a positive effect on the strength of the products.

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15

Schenk, T., I. M. Richardson, G. Eßer, and M. Kraska. "Influence of the Hardening Model on the Predicted Welding Distortion of DP600 Lap Joints." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3710.

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The accurate prediction of welding distortion is an important requirement for the industry in order to allow the definition of robust process parameters without the need to perform expensive experiments. Many models have been developed in the past decades in order to improve prediction. Assumptions are made to make the models tractable; however, the consequences are rarely discussed. One example for such an assumption is the strain hardening model, which is often a choice between either kinematic or isotropic hardening. This paper presents the results of tensile tests for DP600 performed from room temperature up to one thousand degrees and for different strain-rates. In order to employ a mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening model, the fractions of each hardening contribution have been determined by means of bend testing. The welding distortion of a DP600 overlap joint has been simulated and it is shown that such a mixed-hardening model results in more accurate and reliable results.

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16

Rezaiee-Pajand, Mohammad, Ferdinando Auricchio, Mehrzad Sharifian, and Mehrdad Sharifian. "Computational plasticity of mixed hardening pressure-dependency constitutive equations." Acta Mechanica 225, no. 6 (November 12, 2013): 1699–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00707-013-0998-8.

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17

Schwer, Leonard E., and Yvonne D. Murray. "A three-invariant smooth cap model with mixed hardening." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 18, no. 10 (October 1994): 657–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.1610181002.

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18

Rajhi, W., K. Saanouni, and H. Sidhom. "Anisotropic ductile damage fully coupled with anisotropic plastic flow: Modeling, experimental validation, and application to metal forming simulation." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 23, no. 8 (February 24, 2014): 1211–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789514524076.

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The main goal of this paper is the modeling, numerical simulation, and experimental validation of the anisotropic ductile damage effects on initially anisotropic plastic flow with mixed (isotropic and kinematic) nonlinear hardening under large plastic strains for metal forming processes simulation. A symmetric second-rank damage tensor together with a symmetrized fourth-rank damage-effect tensor is used to describe the anisotropic ductile damage evolution and its effect on the large plastic flow with hardening. Following the concept of effective state variables in the framework of the total energy equivalence assumption, the “Murakami” fourth-rank damage-effect tensor is chosen to describe the anisotropic damage effect on the elastic-plastic behavior including the mixed hardening. The “Lemaitre” ductile anisotropic damage evolution relationships, where the principal directions of the damage rate tensor are governed by those of the plastic strain rate tensor, are used. As difference with the works cited above, the nonlinear mixed isotropic and kinematic hardening is taken into account considering the full and strong damage effects through the effective state variables deduced from the total energy equivalence assumption initially proposed by Saanouni et al. The non-associative plasticity theory is considered, and the “ Hill 1948 ” quadratic (equivalent) stress norm is used to describe the large plastic anisotropic flow accounting for mixed isotropic and kinematic hardening with anisotropic damage effects. The formulation is performed assuming finite plastic strains and small elastic strains through the so-called rotated frame formulation. The obtained model was implemented into ABAQUS/Explicit® FE software thanks to the user’s developed subroutine VUMAT. The numerical aspects related to the time discretization of the fully coupled anisotropic constitutive equations are carefully described. Finally and for the validation purpose, the model is identified using an appropriate experimental data base concerning the grade 316L stainless steel to simulate numerically some metal forming processes.

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19

Gao, Zhen Guo, Bing Wen Yao, Yu Fang Han, and Hui Li Qian. "The Research on Composition Design and Hardening Accelerating Effect of Na⁺ & K⁺ Ions-Free Concrete Hardening Accelerator." Key Engineering Materials 405-406 (January 2009): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.405-406.149.

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By means of orthogonal experimental design, the composition (including Calcium formate, Ferric sulfate and Crystal-embryo) of Na+ & K+-free concrete hardening accelerator is designed, and the hardening accelerative effect of the concrete hardening accelerator is studied. The experimental result indicate that there are the interactions between compositions each other, the optimal combination of the factors is 4:5:3 (Calcium formate: Crystal-embryo: Ferric sulfate).By this combination, the concrete hardening accelerator is prepared. The early strength of the concrete which mixed with the concrete hardening accelerator can be enhanced 43%(1-daystrength), 47% (3-day strength), 39%(7-day strength), and 31%(28-day strength) compared with the controlled concrete. By altering the strength grade and the breed of the cement, the adaptability of the concrete hardening accelerator is studied too.

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20

Kang, Hyeju, Sukpyo Kang, and Byoungky Lee. "Strength and Water-Repelling Properties of Cement Mortar Mixed with Water Repellents." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185407.

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In this study, the compressive strength and water contact angle of mortar specimens prepared by mixing two types of water repellent with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and rapid-hardening cement mortar were measured before and after surface abrasion. In addition, the hydration products and chemical bonding of cement mortar with the repellents were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to evaluate the performance of these cement mortar mixtures as repair materials. We found that the fast-hardening cement mortar mixture containing the oligomer water repellent showed the best performance with a high compressive strength and large water contact angle. With the oligomer water repellent, the rapid-hardening cement mortar mixture showed contact angles of 131° and 126° even after a 2 mm abrasion, thereby confirming that the water repellent secured hydrophobicity through strong bonding with the entire cement mortar as well as its surface. The compressive strengths were found to be 34.5 MPa at 3 h and 54.8 MPa at 28 days, confirming that hydration occurred well despite the addition of water repellent.

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21

Slota, Jan, Ivan Gajdos, Emil Spišák, and Marek Šiser. "Springback Prediction of Stretching Process using Finite Element Analysis for DP600 Steel Sheet." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2017-0001.

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Abstract Springback phenomenon is well predicted for some mild steel materials, but not for steels with higher strength. One of the most used tools to stamping optimization is usage of finite element analysis. In order to accurate describe the real behaviour of the materials for stamping of vehicle panels, the application of proper hardening rule seems to be crucial. Due to higher accuracy of predicted results, high strength steel sheets are usually modelled by means of kinematic or mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening models. In this paper the springback prediction of advanced high strength steel DP600 by numerical simulation was investigated. Through cyclic tension-compression tests, the material characterization has been performed for DP600 steel sheet. Different hardening models (isotropic, kinematic and mixed isotropic-kinematic) used in the simulations were compared with expreriment. The Yoshida–Uemori model succesfully describe the kinematic behaviour of the material and provided more accurate results than others.

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22

K., WIRATKASEM, and HARNCHOOWONG S. "WRINKLING PREDICTION FOR MIXED-HARDENING METALS IN DEEP-DRAWING PROCESS." International Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 13 (May 1, 2008): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/amme.2008.39794.

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23

Huang, Bingxiang, Yuekun Xing, Feng Jin, and Long Zhao. "Mixed Hardening Characteristics of the Anisotropic Coal under Cyclic Loading." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 570 (November 12, 2020): 042033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/570/4/042033.

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24

OKIMOTO, Kunio, and Kazuhiro KOHJI. "Mold releasability of Magnetic Powders Mixed with Ultraviolet Hardening Resin." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2004.1 (2004): 581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2004.1.0_581.

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25

Wong, Kin-Weng, Chi-Sheng Chien, Yu-Cheng Hsiao, and Chi-Jen Shih. "Re-crystallization of bioactive glass mixed with various hardening agents." Ceramics International 43, no. 9 (June 2017): 7026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.02.130.

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26

Wang, HaiBo, and Min Wan. "Forming limit of sheet metals based on mixed hardening model." Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences 52, no. 5 (January 10, 2009): 1202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-008-0323-2.

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27

Llanas, B., and C. Moreno. "Analysis of a model of elastoplastic shells displaying mixed hardening." Nonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications 23, no. 12 (December 1994): 1569–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0362-546x(94)90206-2.

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28

Kauppila, J. S., L. W. Massengill, W. T. Holman, A. V. Kauppila, and S. Sanathanamurthy. "Single event Simulation methodology for analog/mixed signal design hardening." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 51, no. 6 (December 2004): 3603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2004.839162.

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29

Gao, Yuli, and Zhiwen Lou. "Mixed mode interface crack in a pure power-hardening bimaterial." International Journal of Fracture 43, no. 4 (June 1990): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00035085.

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30

Ding, J. L., and W. N. Findley. "Simultaneous and Mixed Stress Relaxation in Tension and Creep in Torsion of 2618 Aluminum." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171806.

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The time dependent behavior of 2618-T61 aluminum under mixed loads and constraints (tension relaxation and torsion creep) is investigated. Experiments include tensile relaxation; simultaneous tension relaxation with step changes in torsion creep and reversed torsion; and alternate creep and relaxation. Results were compared with theoretical models developed previously using as input creep and creep recovery data under constant stress states only. Experimental observations were generally well described by strain hardening flow rules. Some failures in describing the material behavior by the state variable approaches (kinematic hardening) are also discussed.

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31

Jiang, Yanyao, and Peter Kurath. "An Investigation of Cyclic Transient Behavior and Implications on Fatigue Life Estimates." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 119, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2805989.

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Current research focuses on proportional cyclic hardening and non-Massing behaviors. The interaction of these two hardenings can result in the traditionally observed overall softening, hardening or mixed behavior exhibited for fully reversed strain controlled fatigue tests. Proportional experiments were conducted with five materials, 304 stainless steel, normalized 1070 and 1045 steels, and 7075-T6 and 6061-T6 aluminum alloys. All the materials display similar trends, but the 304 stainless steel shows the most pronounced transient behavior and will be discussed in detail. Existing algorithms for this behavior are evaluated in light of the recent experiments, and refinements to the Armstrong-Frederick class of incremental plasticity models are proposed. Modifications implemented are more extensive than the traditional variation of yield stress, and a traditional strain based memory surface is utilized to track deformation history. Implications of the deformation characteristics with regard to fatigue life estimation, especially variable amplitude loading, will be examined. The high-low step loading is utilized to illustrate the effect of transient deformation on fatigue life estimation procedures, and their relationship to the observed and modeled deformation.

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32

Pietukhov, Ruslan, Alexander Kireev, Dmytro Tregubov, and Serhii Hovalenkov. "Experimental Study of the Insulating Properties of a Lightweight Material Based on Fast-Hardening Highly Resistant Foams in Relation to Vapors of Toxic Organic Fluids." Materials Science Forum 1038 (July 13, 2021): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1038.374.

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To isolate the surface of toxic liquids, it is proposed to use fast-hardening highly resistant foams. To obtain fast-hardening, highly resistant foams, the process of gel and foaming is combined. For this, solutions of sodium polysilicate and gelation catalyst are mixed. To increase the stability of the foams, it is proposed to add water-soluble polymers to the gel-forming composition. It is shown that a fast-hardening foam of the composition Na2O·2.5SiO2 (9%)+NaHCO3 (9%)+6% foaming agent +0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose with thickness reduces the mass rate of benzene evaporation by more than 5 times. It retains its insulating properties for more than 5 days. It is concluded that it is advisable to use fast-hardening highly resistant foams for the elimination of emergencies with the spill of toxic liquids.

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33

Wisneski, M. L., J. M. Chaffin, R. R. Davison, J. A. Bullin, and C. J. Glover. "Use of Lime in Recycling Asphalt." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1535, no. 1 (January 1996): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500115.

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Two Strategic Highway Research Program asphalts were aged in a pressure oxygen vessel (POV) with and without admixture of CaO and Ca(OH)2 at several concentrations. These same asphalts were then aged by low-temperature air blowing, and the resulting materials were softened by mixing with three recycling agents obtained by supercritical extraction of asphalts. These rejuvenated asphalts were mixed with varying amounts of CaO and aged in the POV. Oxidation rates and hardening were measured at various temperatures, and the resulting kinetic parameters were used to estimate hardening at road conditions. The hardening rate was always reduced by lime addition. The oxidation rate was sometimes reduced. The recycling agents alone reduced the hardening rates relative to those of the original asphalts, but the effect was further enhanced by CaO additions.

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34

Khan, Shabina, Javed Mazher, and Pankaja Singh. "Ambient Zinc K-Edge Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure Studies on Solid Solution Hardening of the Ternary Alloys." ISRN Spectroscopy 2013 (January 10, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/623409.

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Solid solution hardening can be introduced in the zinc selenide by cationic substitution alloying. We are presenting our studies on gradual development of the hardening and the bond-length variations among the heavily Be-doped ternary alloys of . These compositionally vivid ternary systems are grown by the Bridgman technique, and a set of careful measurements of synchrotron-based Zn core X-ray absorption spectroscopy are performed on the mixed alloy, which is followed by extraction of useful oscillations of extended X-ray absorption fine structures. A detailed ab initio analysis is also carried out for the mixed alloy’s theoretical EXAFS simulations, and suitable data processing codes are used for the subsequent experimental spectra fittings. Various X-ray scattering single and multiple paths around the core atomic environ are simulated and compared with the spectroscopic results. With the aid of as-found parametric values, the hardening and crystalline disorders are discussed and explained in the midst of the multimodal bond-length behaviors and changes induced by the increased alloying amid as-found pseudocrystalline stabilities.

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35

Borges, M. F., F. V. Antunes, P. A. Prates, and R. Branco. "A Numerical Study of the Effect of Isotropic Hardening Parameters on Mode I Fatigue Crack Growth." Metals 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10020177.

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The consideration of plastic crack tip opening displacement (CTOD, δp), as a crack driving force has given us the opportunity to predict fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate numerically, and, therefore, to develop parametric studies focused on the effect of loading, geometrical, and material parameters. The objective here is to study the effect of the isotropic hardening parameters of the Voce law on FCG, which are the isotropic saturation stress, YSat, and the isotropic saturation rate, CY. The increase of these hardening parameters causes δp to decrease. However, this effect is much more pronounced for YSat than CY. The variation is non-linear, and the rate of variation decreases with the increase of isotropic parameters. The increase of YSat increases the crack closure phenomenon. Finally, the influence of the isotropic parameters is more relevant for pure isotropic hardening than for mixed hardening.

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36

ZHENG, Zhanguang. "A Mixed Hardening Model of Ultrafine-grained Materials and Numerical Simulation." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 50, no. 20 (2014): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2014.20.077.

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Loghin, Adrian, and Paul F. Joseph. "Mixed mode fracture in power law hardening materials near Mode I." International Journal of Fracture 123, no. 1/2 (September 2003): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:frac.0000005796.82181.07.

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Loghin, Adrian, and Paul F. Joseph. "Mixed mode fracture in power law hardening materials for plane stress." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 139 (June 2020): 103890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2020.103890.

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Liu, Chein-Shan. "Symmetry groups and the pseudo-Riemann spacetimes for mixed-hardening elastoplasticity." International Journal of Solids and Structures 40, no. 2 (January 2003): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(02)00552-8.

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40

Haji Aghajanpour, Nader, Mehrdad Sharifian, and Mehrzad Sharifian. "An Efficient Method for Integrating von-Mises Plasticity with Mixed Hardening." Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Mechanical Engineering 44, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40997-018-0248-8.

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41

Hsu, Su-Yuen, and O. Hayden Griffin. "Algorithmic tangent matrix approach for mixed hardening model of endochronic plasticity." Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 133, no. 1-2 (June 1996): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7825(96)01022-5.

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42

Yu, HaiYan, and Si Ji Chen. "A mixed hardening model combined with the transformation-induced plasticity effect." Journal of Manufacturing Processes 28 (August 2017): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.12.012.

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43

Miryuk, Olga. "Effect of additives on hydration and hardening of magnesia compositions." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 01020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825101020.

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The article is devoted to the investigation of the influence of technological factors on the hydration and hardening of magnesia compositions. The objective – is investigation magnesia compositions with different additives. Factors which impact activity of magnesium oxide in compositions of different structure are investigated. Influence of liquid density on hardening of magnesium bindings is defined. Processes of hydration and hardening of magnesium bindings with participation of minerals – silicates are investigated. It is revealed that the addition of semi-aquatic calcium sulfate contributes to the hardening of magnesia binders. Defined effect of concentration calcium sulfate hemihydrate to the hardening of caustic magnesite. Here are proposed structures of sulphomagnesium compositions containing technogenic components. It revealed a beneficial effect on the hardening of ferrous component of the mixed magnesia binder. Composition of hydration products of magnesium binding with participation of ferriferous minerals is presented. Transformations of phases at hydration of magnesium binding are revealed. Influence of structure of bindings on transformations of hydrates is established. Results of research of magnesia bindings of long hardening are given. It is shown that the durability of stone of bindings is provided with dense structure of hydrates. In researches are used X – Ray and thermal methods, electronic microscopy.

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Feng, Zhongxue, Yuhua Zhang, Jun Tan, Yuming Chen, Yiming Chen, Jianbo Li, Xianhua Chen, Kaihong Zheng, and Fusheng Pan. "Large strain hardening of magnesium containing in situ nanoparticles." Nanotechnology Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1018–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2021-0074.

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Abstract In this work, in situ magnesium-based composite composed of nanoscale magnesium oxide (MgO), prepared by spark plasma sintering, shows significant plasticity and high strain hardening. During the strain-hardening stage, the incremental work-hardening exponent shows drastic fluctuations due to the pile-up and release of dislocations. The dislocation pile-up at the interface makes it possible to form dislocation cells. Mixed dislocations can be generated within the cells surrounding the MgO particles, which can interact with the stress field and effectively hinder the movement of dislocations, leading to an increase in dislocation density. What is more, grain boundaries have higher elastic modulus and hardness, which may lead to the appearance of microcracks and eventually intergranular fractures. Our results may shed some light on understanding the role of MgO particles in influencing the mechanical properties of Mg alloys and Mg-based composites, especially in work hardening.

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Chow, C. L., X. J. Yang, and E. Chu. "Prediction of Forming Limit Diagram Based on Damage Coupled Kinematic-Isotropic Hardening Model Under Nonproportional Loading." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 124, no. 2 (March 26, 2002): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1431908.

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Based on the theory of damage mechanics, an anisotropic damage coupled mixed isotropic-kinematic hardening plastic model for the prediction of forming limit diagram (FLD) is developed. The model includes the formulation of nonlinear anisotropic kinematic hardening. For the prediction of limit strains under nonproportional loading, a damage criterion for localized necking of sheet metals subjected to complex strain history is proposed. The model is employed to predict the FLDs of AL6111-T4 alloy. The predicted results agree well with those determined experimentally.

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Han, Seung Ju, and Hyun Do Yun. "Flexural Toughness of Sprayable Strain-Hardening Cement Composite (SHCC) for Seismic Retrofit of Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Frames." Advanced Materials Research 658 (January 2013): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.34.

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This experimental study investigates the flexural behavior and toughness of sprayable strain-hardening cement composite (SHCC) developed to retrofit seismically reinforced concrete structures with non-ductile reinforcement details. Three SHCC mixtures with specified compressive strength of 50 MPa are mixed and tested. All SHCC mixes with different dosage and combination of admixtures such as superplasticizer and powder admixture were reinforced with 2.2 % polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers at the volume fraction. This paper focuses on the flexural toughness based on the flexural test results for 100 x 100 x 400 mm prisms. The flexural toughness is evaluated in accordance with ASTM C 1018. The results indicated that less than 2.5 % dosage of hybrid superplasticizer and powder admixtures respectively provides excellent sprayability and flexural behavior of SHCC mixed in this study. A strong influence of hybrid superplasticizer and powder admixture on the flexural toughness of SHCC mixes was observed.

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Mohrbacher, Hardy, Linda Bacchi, Gloria Ischia, Stefano Gialanella, Michele Tedesco, Fabio D'Aiuto, and Renzo Valentini. "Characterization of Nanosized Carbide Precipitates in Multiple Microalloyed Press Hardening Steels." Metals 13, no. 5 (May 5, 2023): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13050894.

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Press hardening steel standardly relies on titanium microalloying for protecting boron from being tied up by residual nitrogen. This practice safeguards the hardenability effect of boron during die quenching. More recently, additional microalloying elements were added to press hardening steel to further improve properties and service performance. Niobium was found to induce microstructural refinement, leading to better toughness, bendability, and hydrogen embrittlement resistance. In that respect, niobium also extends the operating window of the press hardening process. Vanadium microalloying has been proposed to provide hydrogen trapping by its carbide precipitates. A recently developed press hardening steel employs all three microalloying elements in an attempt to further enhance performance. The current study analyses the microstructure of such multiple microalloyed press hardening steel, and compares it to the standard grade. Particularly, the effect of various heat treatments is investigated, indicating that the multiple microalloyed steel is more resistant against grain coarsening. TEM analysis is used to identify the various particle species formed in the steels, to track their formation, and to determine their size distributions. Nanosized microalloy carbide particles typically comprise a mixed composition involving niobium, titanium, and vanadium. Furthermore, these precipitates are incoherent to the matrix. Regarding tensile properties, it is found that the multiple microalloyed press hardening steel is superior to the standard grade.

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Li, Qiuhong, Yinlong Li, Yong Zhang, and Yongrui Han. "Application of Cement-Based Carbon Fiber Material in Construction of Building Durability." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022 (November 9, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3562209.

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In order to solve the problem of drying shrinkage of cement-based carbon fiber materials in the early stage of hardening, the author proposes the application of cement-based carbon fiber materials in the construction of building durability. The author uses a self-designed fast ring test method to test and study the drying shrinkage performance of cement-based carbon fiber materials in the early stage of hardening. The results showed that the addition of MP-I and MP-II fibers, which can significantly reduce shrinkage cracking in plastic concrete, has little effect on preventing the shrinkage and cracking of concrete in the early stage of hardening. Mixed with a certain amount of steel fiber, carbon fiber, MH-I, and MPH-I hardened anticrack fiber, all have a better effect on preventing early water loss and drying shrinkage of hardening. The MH-I and MPH-I hardening anticracking fibers have an economical and feasible dosage, and the early water loss shrinkage and crack reduction rates of concrete hardening are 71.2% and 79.0%, respectively. MH-I fibers have no anticracking effect in the plastic stage and are only suitable for shrinkage and crack prevention of concrete in the early stage of hardening, while MPH-I hardened anticrack fibers have a 100% crack-reducing effect in the plastic stage, it is an engineering fiber material that can simultaneously prevent the plasticity and early hardening of concrete from shrinkage and cracking. The application of MPH-I hardened anticrack fiber is of great significance to improve the quality of structural engineering.

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Zhou, Jian Mei. "Study on Application of Artificial Sand in Ready-Mixed Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 800 (September 2013): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.800.40.

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Artificial sand can be obtained by mixing washed sand formed from the the poor quality of natural sand with high clay content and stone powder formed from processing and screening production by appropriate ratio, Which be applied to C20~C35 ready-mixed concrete. By studying the effect the artificial sand on the properties of fresh concrete and concrete after hardening, the result showed that artificial sand substitute for natural sand as ready-mixed concrete fine aggregate is entirely feasible. Key words: Artificial sand, Ready-mixed concrete, Property

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Chatti, Sami, and Narjess Chtioui. "Sheet metal forming simulation using finite elastoplasticity with mixed isotropic/kinematic hardening." European Journal of Computational Mechanics 20, no. 7-8 (January 2011): 427–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ejcm.20.427-453.

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