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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Misure nucleari

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Academic literature on the topic 'Misure nucleari'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Misure nucleari"

1

Mortilla, M., A. Federico, and N. De Stefano. "Uso della risonanza magnetica spettroscopica del protone nello studio delle malattie della sostanza bianca cerebrale." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1 (February 2000): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090001300113.

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La risonanza magnetica spettroscopica (MRS) è una tecnica non invasiva per la misura della concentrazione relativa di alcuni composti cerebrali. L'uso di questa tecnica nello studio delle malattie della materia bianca cerebrale ha apportato miglioramenti nella classificazione diagnostica e nelle misure relative all'andamento delle malattie. Un uso più estensivo delle tecniche di risonanza multimodale, comprendenti tomografia RM, spettroscopia ed altre modalità non convenzionali, dovrebbe quindi essere incoraggiato. Ciò permetterà una miglior comprensione della complessa dinamica dei cambiamenti patologici nelle malattie della sostanza bianca ed una più accurata valutazione della progressione e della risposta alla terapia della malattia stessa.

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Thorne, Simon. "The Misuse of Spreadsheets in the Nuclear Fuel Industry." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 25, no. 3 (July 2013): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2013070102.

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This paper considers the management, technological and human factor issues that led to the BNFL fuel rod spreadsheet data falsification incident in 1999. BNFL discovered in 1999 that some data supporting quality assurance and safety processes had been falsified by BNFL workers using spreadsheets. The implication of this finding was that some of the Mixed Oxide Fuel Pellets shipped to customers in Japan for use in nuclear reactors were of an unknown mass and quality. This meant that the use of the MOX pellets fuel produced by BNFL would introduce uncontrolled factors into the safe operation of nuclear reactors. This paper will examine the production of MOX pellets at the Sellafield site, the falsification of data and the report commissioned by HM Nuclear Inspectorate. The paper will then identify a number of managerial and technological failings that led BNFL to use spreadsheets for recording such data. Finally the paper analyses other cases of spreadsheet fraud and explores some strategies for reducing the likelihood and impact of spreadsheet errors and fraud.

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Wan, Wilfred. "Firewalling Nuclear Diffusion." International Studies Review 16, no. 2 (May 29, 2014): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misr.12133.

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Kuzminski, Samuel Joseph. "Misuse of the Term Nonspecific." Journal of the American College of Radiology 13, no. 4 (April 2016): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2015.12.027.

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Preble, Christopher A. "The Influence of History on Nuclear Weapons Policy." International Studies Review 16, no. 1 (March 2014): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misr.12107.

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Kroeger, Emily Alice, Alexander Rupp, and Joachim Gregor. "Misuse of a Medical Radioisotope." Health Physics 119, no. 1 (July 2020): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0000000000001245.

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Princ, Ivan. "Jaderné, radiologické a chemické zbraně, radiační a chemické havárie." Krízový manažment 21, no. 1 (2022): 60–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/krm.c.2022.1.60-62.

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In addition to the professional description of the history of development and use of nuclear, radiological weapons, chemical weapons and radiation and chemical accident cases, their destructive effects and principles of protection against them the e-book also contains original case studies on the consequences of nuclear accidents and incidents such as Jaslovské Bohunice (Slovakia, 1971), Tree Mile Island (USA, 1979), Chernobyl (Ukraine, 1986), Fukushima (Japan, 2011) and also oncerning hitherto known and potential scenarios of so-called CBRN terrorism using radioactive materials. In the field of nuclear and radiological weapons, the e-book also contains a historical excursion into past nuclear crises and the subsequent period of nuclear disarmament efforts in the world. In their e-book, the authors also address the secondary effects of depleted uranium munitions on both the population and soldiers at the sites of use of these munitions in the war in the states of the former ugoslavia in the 1990s. In the field of chemical weapons and chemical accidents, the e-book contains case studies of the misuse of neuroparalytic substances such as "Novičok" from the Russian military chemical project "Foliant".

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Michael, George. "Assessing the Link Between Civilian Nuclear Assistance and the Proliferation Risk." International Studies Review 15, no. 3 (August 4, 2013): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/misr.12050.

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Sullivan, Edith V. "Liability of Youthful Alcohol Misuse." Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 3, no. 7 (July 2018): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.04.011.

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Agati, R., R. D'Alessandro, L. Fiorani, A. Righini, and M. Leonardi. "Valutazione quantitativa dell'atrofia cerebrale in tomografia computerizzata." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 5, no. 2 (May 1992): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140099200500206.

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L'impiego in TC di misure oggettive del grado di dilatazione degli spazi subaracnoidei e ventricolari è stato sempre ricercato, ma raramente con successo, per la difficoltà di riprodurre le misure non solo fra diversi autori ma anche nell'esperienza del singolo. Scopo di questo lavoro è operare una revisione degli articoli pubblicati dal 1982 ad oggi per valutare se sia possibile proporre una metodica di ampia e semplice applicazione. Se l'indice dei corni frontali è diffusamente impiegato per valutare la dilatazione ventricolare e mostra una buona correlazione con l'atrofia cerebrale, non sembra esistere un indice altrettanto affidabile che possa essere utilizzato per la valutazione della dilatazione degli spazi subaracnoidei. Abbiamo pensato di proporre un indice di area basato sul rapporto fra superficie degli spazi subaracnoidei e superficie dell'area interna del cranio. L'indice descritto è attualmente in uso e ci riserviamo di riferire più avanti su una sua eventuale validazione statistica.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Misure nucleari"

1

La, Rovere Stefano <1976&gt. "Analisi di Sistemi a rete e applicazioni di Misure di Importanza." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2726/1/La_Rovere_Stefano_Tesi.pdf.

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La, Rovere Stefano <1976&gt. "Analisi di Sistemi a rete e applicazioni di Misure di Importanza." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2726/.

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PELUSO, EMMANUELE. "Genetic programming for symbolic regression in nuclear fusion." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203359.

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Mariotti, Francesca <1976&gt. "Metrologia dei campi di radiazioni di bassa energia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/884/1/Tesi_Mariotti_Francesca.pdf.

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The conversion coefficients from air kerma to ICRU operational dose equivalent quantities for ENEA’s realization of the X-radiation qualities L10-L35 of the ISO “Low Air Kerma rate” series (L), N10-N40 of the ISO “Narrow spectrum” series (N) and H10-H60 of the ISO “High Air-kerma rate” (H) series and two beams at 5 kV and 7.5 kV were determined by utilising X-ray spectrum measurements. The pulse-height spectra were measured using a planar high-purity germanium spectrometer (HPGe) and unfolded to fluence spectra using a stripping procedure then validate with using Monte Carlo generated data of the spectrometer response. HPGe portable detector has a diameter of 8.5 mm and a thickness of 5 mm. The entrance window of the crystal is collimated by a 0.5 mm thick Aluminum ring to an open diameter of 6.5 mm. The crystal is mounted at a distance of 5 mm from the Berillium window (thickness 25.4 micron). The Monte Carlo method (MCNP-4C) was used to calculate the efficiency, escape and Compton curves of a planar high-purity germanium detector (HPGe) in the 5-60 keV energy. These curves were used for the determination of photon spectra produced by the X-ray machine SEIFERT ISOVOLT 160 kV in order to allow a precise characterization of photon beams in the low energy range, according to the ISO 4037. The detector was modelled with the MCNP computer code and validated with experimental data. To verify the measuring and the stripping procedure, the first and the second half-value layers and the air kerma rate were calculated from the counts spectra and compared with the values measured using an a free-air ionization chamber. For each radiation quality, the spectrum was characterized by the parameters given in ISO 4037-1. The conversion coefficients from the air kerma to the ICRU operational quantities Hp(10), Hp(0.07), H’(0.07) and H*(10) were calculated using monoenergetic conversion coefficients. The results are discussed with respect to ISO 4037-4, and compared with published results for low-energy X-ray spectra. The main motivation for this work was the lack of a treatment of the low photon energy region (from a few keV up to about 60 keV).

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Mariotti, Francesca <1976&gt. "Metrologia dei campi di radiazioni di bassa energia." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/884/.

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The conversion coefficients from air kerma to ICRU operational dose equivalent quantities for ENEA’s realization of the X-radiation qualities L10-L35 of the ISO “Low Air Kerma rate” series (L), N10-N40 of the ISO “Narrow spectrum” series (N) and H10-H60 of the ISO “High Air-kerma rate” (H) series and two beams at 5 kV and 7.5 kV were determined by utilising X-ray spectrum measurements. The pulse-height spectra were measured using a planar high-purity germanium spectrometer (HPGe) and unfolded to fluence spectra using a stripping procedure then validate with using Monte Carlo generated data of the spectrometer response. HPGe portable detector has a diameter of 8.5 mm and a thickness of 5 mm. The entrance window of the crystal is collimated by a 0.5 mm thick Aluminum ring to an open diameter of 6.5 mm. The crystal is mounted at a distance of 5 mm from the Berillium window (thickness 25.4 micron). The Monte Carlo method (MCNP-4C) was used to calculate the efficiency, escape and Compton curves of a planar high-purity germanium detector (HPGe) in the 5-60 keV energy. These curves were used for the determination of photon spectra produced by the X-ray machine SEIFERT ISOVOLT 160 kV in order to allow a precise characterization of photon beams in the low energy range, according to the ISO 4037. The detector was modelled with the MCNP computer code and validated with experimental data. To verify the measuring and the stripping procedure, the first and the second half-value layers and the air kerma rate were calculated from the counts spectra and compared with the values measured using an a free-air ionization chamber. For each radiation quality, the spectrum was characterized by the parameters given in ISO 4037-1. The conversion coefficients from the air kerma to the ICRU operational quantities Hp(10), Hp(0.07), H’(0.07) and H*(10) were calculated using monoenergetic conversion coefficients. The results are discussed with respect to ISO 4037-4, and compared with published results for low-energy X-ray spectra. The main motivation for this work was the lack of a treatment of the low photon energy region (from a few keV up to about 60 keV).

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SALOMONI, MATTEO. "Boosting scintillation based detection." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241285.

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Durante il mio dottorato di ricerca ho studiato in modo approfondito I cristalli scintillanti, trovando diversi limiti legati all’emissione di luce, proprietà ottiche e stabilità chimica. Sono stati sviluppati diversi banchi di lavoro specifici per le caratterizzazioni presentate nella tesi e molto lavoro è stato dedicato alla finalizzazione dei programmi di simulazione necessari alla descrizione del sistema scintillatore-photorivelatore. Uno studio della maggior parte degli Approcci classici, sul tema dell’ottimizzazione degli scintillatori, ha portato a confermare come si sia arrivati ad un compromesso tra prestazioni e costi, mentre per migliorare il meccanismo di scintillazione viene proposto cambio di paradigma. Questa tesi di dottorato ha esplorato l’utilizzo di strutture diffrangenti e quantum dots per superare rispettivamenti i limiti legati alla presenza di un angolo critico e alla ricombinazione classica elettrone-lacuna. I cristalli fotonici utilizzati come reticoli di diffrazione depositati sulla superficie di lettura di scintillatori inorganici hanno mostrato risultati promettenti dal punto di vista di risoluzione energetica e temporale. I modi di diffrazione creati dalla nano-strutturazione periodica creano nuovi gradi di libertà per la luce incidente, entro I quali, con l’utilizzo di programmi di simulazione, si possono trovare soluzioni con un guadagno relativo alla configurazione classica. Un miglioramento è stato dimostrato sperimentalmente per scintillatori misurati in diverse configurazioni. Nanocristalli sono stati invece utilizzati per migliorare lo stato dell’arte per quanto riguarda le caratteristiche temporali della rivelazione, portando a tempi di decadimento dell’ordine dei picosecondi. L’utilizzo di quatum dots ha permesso di ottimizzare I processi di ricombinazione in scintillatori semiconduttori, portando all’inibizione di canali non radiativi e ad un incremento dell’emissione di dipolo.
During this Ph.D., state-of-the-art scintillating materials have been intensively studied with several constraints found regarding their light emission, optical properties, and chemical stability. Different characterization benches were developed specifically for the measurements presented in the thesis and extensive work has been dedicated to fine tune the simulations framework that describes scintillators and photo-detectors. Classical approaches were found to be already at a good trade-off between performances and costs while to really boost scintillation detection a shift in paradigm was needed, moving away from classical ray tracing concepts and scintillation mechanism. This Ph.D. work explored the use of diffraction and quantum dots to break the limit of critical angle and classical e-h recombination, respectively. \newline Photonic crystals were used as diffracting layer deposited on the read-out face of inorganic scintillators and showed promising results from the point of view the crystal's time and energy resolution. The additional modes provided by the periodical nano-structuration of the read-out face add several degrees of freedom where simulations could find new optimal solutions. An enhanced extraction of scintillation light was demonstrated in different crystal configurations.\newline Nanocrystals, on the other hand, pushed the state-of-the-art of scintillation timing properties down to the ps scale, bringing innovative ideas for future fast detectors. The use of quantum dots allowed to tune the recombination mechanism of scintillating semiconductors leading to inhibited non-radiative channels and enhance dipole emission from the emitting centers.

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Ferrucci, Barbara <1975&gt. "Costruzione di un Sistema Informativo Geografico Digitale per analisi ambientali." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1537/1/Ferrucci.Barbara.tesi.pdf.

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Questo lavoro ha come obiettivo l’utilizzo del Geographical Information System (GIS) per eﬀettuare analisi di sicurezza, monitoraggio e valutazioni di impatto ambientale. Oggi, la totalità delle operazioni GIS possono essere svolte con software open source e in questa sedi si è scelto di utilizzare il GIS GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) disponibile nei termini della GNU public license (GPL), mostrando l’usabilità e le notevoli potenzialità di tale software, nonché la qualità dei prodotti ottenibili, mai inferiori ai prodotti e agli strumenti messi a disposizione dai più radicati e diﬀusi programmi proprietari. Nel capitolo 4, vedremo l’applicazione all’analisi delle conseguenze di ipotetici incidenti, durante le operazioni di dismissione dell’impianto di processamento del combustibile nucleare, di Bosco Marengo (AL). Nel capitolo 5, vedremo applicazioni nel campo del monitoraggio della qualità dell’aria tramite analisi di immagini satellitari.

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Ferrucci, Barbara <1975&gt. "Costruzione di un Sistema Informativo Geografico Digitale per analisi ambientali." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1537/.

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Questo lavoro ha come obiettivo l’utilizzo del Geographical Information System (GIS) per eﬀettuare analisi di sicurezza, monitoraggio e valutazioni di impatto ambientale. Oggi, la totalità delle operazioni GIS possono essere svolte con software open source e in questa sedi si è scelto di utilizzare il GIS GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) disponibile nei termini della GNU public license (GPL), mostrando l’usabilità e le notevoli potenzialità di tale software, nonché la qualità dei prodotti ottenibili, mai inferiori ai prodotti e agli strumenti messi a disposizione dai più radicati e diﬀusi programmi proprietari. Nel capitolo 4, vedremo l’applicazione all’analisi delle conseguenze di ipotetici incidenti, durante le operazioni di dismissione dell’impianto di processamento del combustibile nucleare, di Bosco Marengo (AL). Nel capitolo 5, vedremo applicazioni nel campo del monitoraggio della qualità dell’aria tramite analisi di immagini satellitari.

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9

Managlia, Maria Vittoria. "Decay of the excited 16O quasi-projectile in the 16O + 12C reaction at 130 MeV." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15776/.

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Questo lavoro di tesi è stato svolto all'interno del gruppo NUCL-EX dell'INFN. L'argomento della tesi è quello del decadimento di un nucleo eccitato 16O*, ottenuto come Quasi-Proiettile in una reazione semi-periferica 16O*+ 12C a 130 MeV di energia del fascio incidente. È stata effettuata una selezione dei dati che ha consentito di definire una reazione nella quale il nucleo incidente 16O, dopo aver interagito con il bersaglio 12C, si eccita ad energie nell'intervallo 17 - 22 MeV, mentre il bersaglio acquista energia cinetica rimanendo nello stato fondamentale oppure si eccita, ma sotto la soglia di energia utile per decadere in particelle. Sono quindi stati considerati i diversi possibili canali di decadimento dell'16O* e cioè tramite l'emissione simultanea di due 8Be nello stato fondamentale o tramite emissione di particelle alfa con formazione di un nucleo 12C eccitato. Nel secondo canale sono stati distinti i due casi in cui il 12C* è eccitato nello stato di Hoyle (7.65 MeV) o nello stato 3- a 9.64 MeV. Per questi canali sono stati considerati, sia separatamente che congiuntamente, i casi in cui il bersaglio rimanga nello stato fondamentale o nel primo stato eccitato gamma. Sono state calcolate le probabilità di decadimento nei diversi canali e le energie di eccitazione dell'16O*, che presenta un elevato numero di livelli. I valori ottenuti sono stati confrontati con quelli presenti nei database ufficiali, trovando numerose conferme. Tuttavia, alcuni picchi nell'energia di eccitazione non corrispondono a livelli noti. Ciò può essere dovuto alle indeterminazioni sperimentali, all'interferenza fra livelli diversi o a livelli non ancora determinati sperimentalmente. I dati ottenuti saranno confrontati con programmi di decadimento statistico per poter definire accordi e/o discrepanze per individuare eventuali effetti di clustering, cioè indicazioni di struttura di livelli del 16O* formati da insiemi di 4 particelle alfa.

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Alessi, Edoardo. "Measurement and transmission of electrical and magnetic quantities in magnetic confinement fusion devices." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426452.

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Books on the topic "Misure nucleari"

1

A, Hansen Keith, ed. Preventing catastrophe: The use and misuse of intelligence in efforts to halt the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2009.

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Bellosta-López, Pablo, Julia Blasco-Abadía, Javier Belsué Pastora, Morten S. Hoegh, Thorvaldur S. Palsson, Steffan Wittrup Mc Phee Christensen, Pedro L. Berjano, et al. Linee guida di buona pratica per la gestione del dolore e i disturbi muscolo-scheletrici nei lavoratori e nelle aziende. Universidad San Jorge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54391/123456789/753.

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Le azioni volte a migliorare la salute e la sicurezza sul lavoro sono nate dalla necessità di proteggere dagli incidenti i dipendenti che lavorano nelle industrie europee, come le centrali nucleari o le grandi industrie chimiche. Oggi, questo campo si è evoluto in molte direzioni, e la prevenzione e la gestione dei disturbi muscoloscheletrici (DMS) è una delle sue principali linee d'azione, dato che sono la ragione principale per cui i lavoratori si assentano dal lavoro. In particolare, la prevalenza dei DMS rappresenta più di 1,3 miliardi di persone e una perdita di più di 100 milioni di anni di vita a causa della disabilità; sono una causa comune di inabilità e di assenza per malattia. Storicamente, l'approccio ai DMS sul posto di lavoro si è concentrato sull'adozione di misure ergonomiche, che in alcuni casi sono state positive. Tuttavia, nonostante le misure ergonomiche e biomeccaniche siano ampiamente implementate sul posto di lavoro, la crescente prevalenza dei DMS su scala globale indica che non sono misure sufficienti da sole, quindi sono necessari nuovi approcci olistici che tengano conto degli aspetti biologici, psicologici e sociali per affrontarli. L'Alleanza europea Prevent4Work per la prevenzione dei DMS sul posto di lavoro ha sviluppato questo documento come guida basata sulle più recenti e rilevanti conoscenze scientifiche. Sia le aziende che i loro dipendenti possono beneficiare delle raccomandazioni di questa guida.

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Shrader-Frechette, Kristin. Environmental Ethics. Edited by Hugh LaFollette. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199284238.003.0009.

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Environmental ethics, as a field of philosophical study, began in the 1970s and 1980s, in part as a result of the environmental movement and largely in Anglo-American work. Its roots trace to the monumental technological discoveries of the twentieth century, such as nuclear power and chemical pesticides; their overuse or misuse; and recognition of the environmental degradation these technologies have caused. Two paradigm examples of how the misuse of technology has caused massive environmental damage and consequently raised new ethical questions are DDT and nuclear power. From the point of view of the relative importance of human interests, the new field of environmental ethics can be divided roughly into anthropocentric, non-anthropocentric, and mixed approaches.

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Hansen, Keith A., and Thomas Graham Jr. Preventing Catastrophe: The Use and Misuse of Intelligence in Efforts to Halt the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Stanford University Press, 2009.

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Pemberton, Barry. Corporate Governance and the Nuclear Industry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Pemberton, Barry. Corporate Governance and the Nuclear Industry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Pemberton, Barry. Corporate Governance and the Nuclear Industry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Corporate Governance and the Nuclear Industry. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.

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Fay, Jennifer. Inhospitable World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696771.001.0001.

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Inhospitable World explores the connection between cinema and artificial weather, climates, and even planets in or on which hospitality and survival are at stake. Cinema’s dominant mode of aesthetic world-making is often at odds with the very real human world it is meant to simulate. The chapters in this book take the reader to a scene—the mise-en-scène—where human world-making is undone by the force of human activity, whether it is explicitly for the sake of making a film, or for practicing war and nuclear science, or for the purpose of addressing climate change in ways that exacerbate its already inhospitable effects. The episodes in this book emphasize our always unnatural and unwelcoming environment as a matter of production, a willed and wanted milieu, however harmful, that is inseparable from but also made perceivable through film. While no one film or set of films adds up to a totalizing explanation of climate change, cinema enables us to glimpse anthropogenic environments as both an accidental effect of human activity and a matter of design. Chapters on Buster Keaton, American atomic test films, film noir, the art of China’s Three Gorges Dam, and films of early Antarctic exploration trace parallel histories of film and location design that spell out the ambitions, sensations, and narratives of the Anthropocene, especially as it consolidates into the Great Acceleration starting in 1945.

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Book chapters on the topic "Misure nucleari"

1

Fantacci, Maria Evelina, and Alberto Del Guerra. "Principi, metodi e strumenti di misura della radioattività." In Fondamenti di medicina nucleare, 179–212. Milano: Springer Milan, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-1685-9_8.

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Kant, Horst. "Research and Use of Nuclear Energy—Its Ambivalence(s) in Historical Context." In Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 107–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91597-1_6.

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AbstractThe discovery of a scientific fact is initially not ambivalent; only in its possibilities of use does its ambivalence become apparent. But the socially evaluated positive uses and negative misuses of scientific knowledge cannot be clearly distinguished, and both can also appear ambivalent in turn. In this sense, consequently, scientists already bear responsibility for their discoveries. Moreover, in the case of experimental research, the question must be asked, to what extent its realization already interferes with what is happening and thus acquires an ambivalent character (which, however, must be distinguished from the ambivalence of its use). With those issues in mind, the article discusses the questions raised by the discovery and early use of nuclear energy.

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Paturej, Krzysztof, and Pang Guanglian. "Meeting Growing Threats of Misuse of Toxic Chemicals: Building a Global Chemical Safety and Security Architecture and Promoting International Cooperation." In Cyber and Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosives Challenges, 289–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62108-1_14.

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Keyes, Ralph. "Coiner’s Remorse." In The Hidden History of Coined Words, 231–43. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190466763.003.0019.

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Some who create new words later wish they hadn’t. They experience “coiner’s remorse.” Such penitents include Alan Greenspan (irrational exuberance), Trent Lott (nuclear option), Peter Drucker (profit center), and John Gyakum (bomb cyclone). Coinage regret is felt for a variety of reasons: coiners can develop reservations about their verbal offspring, terms they coined years earlier may no longer reflect their outlook, or the ways others use and misuse it is not to their liking. In that case coinage penitents don’t regret a term they created as much as its usage. As part of the process of semantic change, linguists assume that the meaning of coined words will diversify in ways never intended by their coiner. This is small consolation to those who introduced such terms, however. They’re far more likely to be perturbed than reassured by this inevitable process of definition diffusion.

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Kusljic, Snezana, Wendy Adams, and Maarten van den Buuse. "Serotonin Projections, the Dorsal and Median Raphe Nuclei, and Phencyclidine (Also Called Angel Dust or PCP)." In Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse, 714–22. Elsevier, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-800212-4.00066-2.

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Martina, Kunz, and Héigeartaigh Seán Ó. "Part II Predominant Security Challenges and International Law, Technological Security, Ch.34 Artificial Intelligence and Robotization." In The Oxford Handbook of the International Law of Global Security. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198827276.003.0035.

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This chapter provides an overview of international law governing the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics that affect global security, highlighting challenges arising from technological developments and how international regulators are responding to them. Much of the international law literature thus far has focused on the implications of increasingly autonomous weapons systems. The chapter seeks to cover a broader range of global security risks resulting from large-scale diffuse or concentrated, gradual or sudden, direct or indirect, intentional or unintentional, AI- or robotics-caused harm. Applications of these technologies permeate almost every domain of human activity and thus unsurprisingly have an equally wide range of risk profiles, from a discriminatory algorithmic decision causing financial distress to an AI-sparked nuclear war collapsing global civilization. Hence it is only natural that much of the international regulatory activity takes place in domain-specific fora. Many of these fora coordinate with each other, both within and beyond the United Nations system, spreading insights and best practices on how to deal with common concerns such as cybersecurity, monitoring, and reliability, so as to prevent accidents and misuse.

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Rocci, Luppicini. "Engineering and Environmental Technoethics." In Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics, 146–62. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-952-2.ch008.

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This chapter traces the development of Engineering Ethics, Computer Ethics, and Environmental Technoethics. It also covers the topic of military technoethics as an important new development that deserves special attention. The story begins in the late 19th century with the development of various engineering professional bodies to ensure that engineers were responsible for potentially harmful constructions. This in turn, gave rise to the creation of codes of engineering ethics to help guide professional conduct. As the public demand for engineering increased throughout the 20th century, so did the ethical implications and demand for codes of engineering ethics. In the 1950s and 1960s, the continued expansion of industrial growth lead also to a number of human caused environmental disasters ranging from oil spills to nuclear explosions to the release of toxic chemicals into the air and water supply. This brought on a public reaction among environmental organizations and increased public attention to ethical implications of technology and the environment. These developments helped nurture in studies in environmental technoethics and the ethical concern over human involvement in technology related environmental change. Also in the 1950s and 1960s, the public use of mainframe computers, promising outlook for computer networking, and scholarly interest in systems research raised additional interest concerning the ethical implications connected to computer innovation in society. This chapter provides a review of background developments, challenges, and current directions in each of these areas. It uses examples to illustrate the potency of technology in reference to key areas (i.e., access equity, software design, computer navigation systems, construction, mining, and other areas of technology use and misuse). It concludes with insider interviews from leading experts working in the field and recommendations on how to use technoethical inquiry to leverage the ethical use of science and technology in areas where technological innovation has created ethical challenges and dilemmas.

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Rocci, Luppicini. "Engineering and Environmental Technoethics." In Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics, 146–62. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-952-6.ch008.

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This chapter traces the development of Engineering Ethics, Computer Ethics, and Environmental Technoethics. It also covers the topic of military technoethics as an important new development that deserves special attention. The story begins in the late 19th century with the development of various engineering professional bodies to ensure that engineers were responsible for potentially harmful constructions. This in turn, gave rise to the creation of codes of engineering ethics to help guide professional conduct. As the public demand for engineering increased throughout the 20th century, so did the ethical implications and demand for codes of engineering ethics. In the 1950s and 1960s, the continued expansion of industrial growth lead also to a number of human caused environmental disasters ranging from oil spills to nuclear explosions to the release of toxic chemicals into the air and water supply. This brought on a public reaction among environmental organizations and increased public attention to ethical implications of technology and the environment. These developments helped nurture in studies in environmental technoethics and the ethical concern over human involvement in technology related environmental change. Also in the 1950s and 1960s, the public use of mainframe computers, promising outlook for computer networking, and scholarly interest in systems research raised additional interest concerning the ethical implications connected to computer innovation in society. This chapter provides a review of background developments, challenges, and current directions in each of these areas. It uses examples to illustrate the potency of technology in reference to key areas (i.e., access equity, software design, computer navigation systems, construction, mining, and other areas of technology use and misuse). It concludes with insider interviews from leading experts working in the field and recommendations on how to use technoethical inquiry to leverage the ethical use of science and technology in areas where technological innovation has created ethical challenges and dilemmas.

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Hendry, Robin Findlay. "The Existence of Elements, and the Elements of Existence." In What Is A Chemical Element?, 124–42. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190933784.003.0008.

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Philosophers sometimes discuss the “ontological status” of this or that kind of entity. They should be addressing one of the following questions, or the word ontological is being misused: 1. Does X exist? 2. Under what conditions can X exist? 3. Do we have good reasons to think that X exists? All three questions can be asked about elements, and have been asked. Aristotle criticized the atomist account of chemical combination, according to which elements survive in their compounds. Eighteenth-century chemists rejected the Aristotelian view, although tacitly; they simply assumed that an element lives on in its compounds. Nineteenth-century chemists gradually adopted (an adapted form of) atomism, according to which an element can exist wherever its characteristic atoms do. The periodic table also allowed them to ask, of its empty spaces, whether they correspond to real but unknown elements. Priority disputes forced them to consider when there is sufficient evidence for the discovery of new elements. In the 1920s, IUPAC proposed a very thin definition of an element, according to which an element exists wherever its characteristic nuclear charge does. But according to some scientists, it is now challenged by the fleeting existence of some superheavy elements; if a nucleus cannot survive long enough to acquire a stable electronic structure, then it cannot be said to have any chemical properties. How then can it be called a chemical element? In this paper I explore this latest ontological question, in the light of a sufficiently nuanced understanding of earlier ones. I then relate this discussion to a more general question about existence: the Special Composition Question.

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Griep, Mark A., and Marjorie L. Mikasen. "Isomorphs of Paranoia: Chemical Arsenals." In ReAction! Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195326925.003.0007.

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In the United States after the September 2001 attacks, citizens were advised to protect themselves from toxic dusts by covering their windows with plastic sheeting and duct tape that could be purchased from any hardware store. One hundred years ago, terrorists would not have had ready access to today’s common chemicals to create makeshift explosives, and citizens would not have had access to plastic sheeting or duct tape to protect themselves from aerosols or gases. Chemical weapons have engendered a cloud of fear since their introduction into warfare during World War I. Recently, the large-scale use of chemicals as lethal weapons has drifted from warfare to terrorism. Chemical weapons are often equated with poison gases (either asphyxiation or nerve agents), but as can be seen in the list of movies for this chapter, they are actually the most diverse type of weapon. Some of these weapons are discussed elsewhere in the book (psychedelic agents, chapter 5; explosives, chapter 9). The chemistry in nuclear weapons movies is discussed in the commentary sections for those movies that use them. The movies in this chapter are closely linked to spy movies, which lie at the nexus of the action and thriller genres. Spy movies are appealing in part because these charming, good-looking government employees live by their wits and gut reactions to make split-second decisions that are best for the spy and the government. But a spy is only as good as the villain; otherwise, it wouldn’t be challenging or fun. So, the final ingredient for the movie choices in this chapter is that many of them refer to actual chemical weapons, which grounds them in the real world. The audience knows these weapons are dangerous and can be misused by the wrong person. Only about 70 chemical compounds have been put to use during military conflicts over the past century, and they are classified based on their effects. Asphyxiating and blistering agents were created for WWI (1914–1918); nerve agents were developed for WWII (1940–1945) but never used in that war; napalm was also created for WWII but it generated public comment only when used in the Vietnam War; nonlethal psychedelics were tested extensively during the 1950s but haven’t been documented as having been used yet; herbicides and tear gas were used tactically during the Vietnam War.

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Conference papers on the topic "Misure nucleari"

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Chongzhi, Wu, Zhang Jindong, Wang Zongkui, Zhang Zengkui, and Fu Shenqing. "The Necessity of Reexamine Key Component Material With Spectrometry Analysis in the Nuclear Island." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66122.

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In order to avoid the misuse of metal material in nuclear projects, typical cases happened in AP1000 nuclear power projects in China are analyzed. The analysis finding indicates that some cases were caused by defective procedures or undemanding processes performance, and every case is relevant with human error. It is considered that procedural management cannot completely avoid the misuse of metal material when it is caused by human error, and spectrometry analysis is suggested to reexamine the material of key components.

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TSONIS, ANASTASIOS. "THE USE AND MISUSE OF SCIENCE—AN EXAMPLE." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 42nd Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814327503_0085.

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Thorne, Simon. "The Misuse of Spreadsheets in the Nuclear Fuel Industry: The Falsification of Safety Critical Nuclear Fuel Data Using Spreadsheets at British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL)." In 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2012.579.

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Caron-Charles, M., J. J. Quillico, and J. Brinster. "Steam Condensation Experiments by the MISTRA Facility for Field Containment Code Validation." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22661.

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The MISTRA facility is a large scale experiment, designed for the validation of thermal-hydraulics multi-D codes. A short description of the facility, the set up of the instrumentation and the test program are presented. Then, experimental results, studying axisymmetric flows of steam injected in the containment and condensed on temperature regulated walls are detailed. Experimental evaluation of the mass and heat transfer coefficients is proposed, then they are compared with the prediction of usual models for condensation, such as Tagami Uchida (0D codes) and the dimensionless correlations (multi-D codes).

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Debevc, Martin, and Ivo Kljenak. "Simulation of Natural Convection Experiment Performed in MISTRA Containment Experimental Facility." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-31098.

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An experiment on atmosphere mixing in a nuclear power plant containment experimental facility, which involved natural convection, was simulated with a CFD computer code. The experiment was performed in the MISTRA cylindrical vessel at CEA in Saclay (France). It involved gradual heating of structures near the vertical walls to induce buoyant flow and cause mixing of the atmosphere and breaking up of a previously established helium layer in the vessel upper region. The experiment was simulated with the CFD code ANSYS CFX. The simulation results are presented and discussed.

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Deri, Enrico, Matteo Bucci, Etienne Studer, and Daniele Abdo. "Analytical and Computational Analysis of Turbulent Bouyant Jets in the Containment Atmosphere." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48237.

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In case of severe accident, complex thermal-hydraulics phenomena are expected to occur in the containment atmosphere. To investigate and understand these phenomena, fundamental for nuclear safety and design, major efforts are being spent all over the world. A new OECD project, named SETH-2, is conceived to generate relevant experimental data, useful to improve the modeling capabilities of the computer codes aimed to predict post-accident containment thermal-hydraulic conditions. The Commissariat a` l’Energie Atomique (CEA) contributes to the project performing experiments within the large scale MISTRA facility. Tests are proposed to investigate mixing phenomena promoted in a stratified containment. In particular, one of these test series concerns the interaction of buoyant jets with a stratified atmosphere. The present work is aimed to develop and validate computational tools useful to support the design of this experimental campaign and to analyze the actual MISTRA tests. In this aim, two different models have been implemented for turbulent buoyant jets in a stratified atmosphere: an engineering analytical model for a fast characterization of flow structures and a finite elements computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that allows a detailed analysis of local phenomena. The models have been successfully validated for vertical buoyant jets in uniform atmosphere. Further experimental and numerical activities are illustrated, aimed to carry out the validation with stratified atmosphere and inclined injections.

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Filippov, A. S., S. Y. Grigoryev, O. V. Tarasov, and T. A. Iudina. "CFD Simulation of PANDA and MISTRA Cooler Tests of ERCOSAM-SAMARA Project." In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30557.

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The ERCOSAM and SAMARA projects (EURATOM (EU) and ROSATOM (Russia)) include a set of multi-stage experiments carried out at different thermal-hydraulics facilities (TOSQAN, MISTRA, PANDA, SPOT). The tests sequences are aimed at investigating hydrogen concentration build-up and stratification during a postulated severe accident and the effect of the activation of Severe Accident Management systems (SAMs), e.g. sprays, coolers and passive auto-catalytic recombiners. Each test includes four phases, of which the first three phases simulate the establishment of severe accident conditions in NPP containment (injection of steam and helium (simulator of hydrogen), stratification of the gas mixture). During the fourth phase of the experiment one of the SAMs simulators is activated. All experiments were simulated at Nuclear Safety Institute of the Russian Academy of Science (IBRAE RAN) with FLUENT and, partially, OpenFOAM codes. In this paper the tests with coolers carried out on PANDA and MISTRA facilities are considered. Their simulations required development of a set of models of volumetric and near-wall condensation phenomena. The models were validated vs. already known tests and vs. integrated experiments of ERCOSAM-SAMARA projects. A brief description of the models and the used CFD methods is provided. Then the results of simulations of the four phases of the tests are presented. Some peculiarities of gas motion and helium distribution obtained in the experiments as well as in their simulations are analyzed. These phenomena concern steam condensation and helium redistribution by convective flows due to the cooler activation in the installation. Local ‘pockets’ of helium are formed with a molar fraction larger than the maximum achieved at the first three phases of the experiments. The accounting of initial and boundary conditions along with calibration of the models provided as a whole a good agreement between calculations and experimental data on transient behavior of gas composition in the facility at the first three phases and at the final fourth phase.

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Povilaitis, Mantas, Egidijus Urbonavičius, and Sigitas Rimkevičius. "Parametric Study of MISTRA M5 Test Using Lumped Parameter COCOSYS Code." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-55201.

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Gas distribution in the containments of nuclear power plants in a case of severe accident currently is a high priority safety issue. One of the topics in this issue is a formation and break up of stratified conditions inside the containment. CEA (France) performed M5 test in their MISTRA test facility, to form a stratified atmosphere, which later was destroyed during MASP tests that followed. During M5 there was formed vertically stratified atmosphere using steam jet release. Application of lumped parameter codes for simulation of jet release is complicated due to limitations inherent in the lumped-parameter approach. However, measures exist which can be used to take these limitations into account when using lumped parameter approach. This paper presents simulations and parametric study of M5 test, i.e. only formation of the stratified atmosphere. Presented simulations of the experiment were performed using lumped parameter code COCOSYS. The aim of the work is to investigate the capability of the code to simulate correctly jet release and formation of the stratified atmosphere in the M5 experiment and the impact of several parameters to the simulation results.

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Fawcett, Pauline, David Spencer, Richard Jarvis, and George Linekar. "The Use of a Waste Conversion Index as a Long Term Performance Indicator for Civil Nuclear Laibilities." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4952.

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In November 2001 the UK Government issued a statement on the future management of public sector nuclear liabilities and in its white paper “Managing the nuclear legacy” proposed the establishment of a Liabilities Management Authority, or the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) as it is now called. With the advent of the NDA, whose aim will be to safely and cost effectively reduce nuclear liabilities, and existing Government Policy which requires systematic and progressive reduction in hazard, there is a need for some form of index to demonstrate progress. Although there are many indices in use, mainly within the chemical industry, none of these are considered suitable for this purpose. A Waste Conversion Index is currently being developed to satisfy these needs. The Waste Conversion Index will reflect an emphasis on passive safety rather than the more traditional safety analysis which focuses on risk. It is intended to be applicable across all UK civil nuclear sites and may act as one of a number of long-term performance indicators. This paper describes how the index is formulated, and the various factors used in the calculation together with its main uses including its use as a predictive tool to demonstrate progressive hazard reduction as nuclear liabilities are reduced. In addition the paper warns against the misuse of the index as a sole means of decision making in developing hazard reduction strategies, prioritising projects and allocating funding. Finally, some examples are given of its application to existing facilities.

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Xiao, Jianjun, and John R. Travis. "Numerical Simulations of MISTRA 2009 Campaign for ITER Hydrogen Explosion Mitigation Studies." In 2012 20th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering and the ASME 2012 Power Conference. ASME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone20-power2012-54650.

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Reports on the topic "Misure nucleari"

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Audin, L. Nuclear cask testing films misleading and misused. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161756.

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Audin, L. Nuclear cask testing films misleading and misused. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7067063.

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