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1
Cobb, Charles R., and Brian M. Butler. "The Vacant Quarter Revisited: Late Mississippian Abandonment of the Lower Ohio Valley." American Antiquity 67, no. 4 (October 2002): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1593795.
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The idea that a substantial portion of the North American midcontinent centered on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers confluence was largely depopulated around A.D. 1450–1550—Stephen Williams's “Vacant Quarter” hypothesis—has been generally accepted by archaeologists. There has been, however, some disagreement over the timing and extent of the abandonment. Our long-term research along the Ohio River in southern Illinois's interior hill country has yielded a substantial corpus of late Mississippian period radiocarbon dates, indicating that depopulation of the lower Ohio Valley occurred at the early end of Williams's estimate. Furthermore, the abandonment was a widespread phenomenon that involved Mississippian groups living in remote settings, as well as along major drainages. Although causes for the Vacant Quarter are still debated, evidence from other regions indicates that regional abandonment by agricultural groups was not a unique event in the Eastern Woodlands.
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Boszhardt, Robert F., and James B. Stoltman. "Petrographic Analysis of Late Woodland and Middle Mississippian Ceramics at the Iva Site (47Lc42), Onalaska, Wisconsin." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 41, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 93–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26599932.
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Abstract The Iva site contained a rare effigy mound and Middle Mississippian (Ramey horizon) component within the Late Woodland Lewis phase territory of the Upper Mississippi River valley. Salvage excavations in 2002–2003 recovered fragments of numerous Angelo Punctated, Powell Plain, and Ramey Incised vessels, including examples of Angelo and Ramey in direct association. Petrographic analysis was conducted on seven grit-tempered and six shell-tempered vessels, eight of which are stylistically Mississippian. The results indicate that four of eight Mississippian vessels were likely manufactured in the American Bottom, with the other half being local imitations of Mississippian styles. These data are compared to contemporaneous Ramey horizon components in the Driftless Area of Cahokia’s northern hinterland.
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Phelps, Quinton E., Gregory W. Whitledge, Sara J. Tripp, Kurt T. Smith, James E. Garvey, David P. Herzog, David E. Ostendorf, et al. "Identifying river of origin for age-0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeons in the Missouri and Mississippi rivers using fin ray microchemistry." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 69, no. 5 (May 2012): 930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2012-038.
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Understanding linkages between natal and nursery habitats is critical for conservation of riverine fishes. Scaphirhynchus sturgeons inhabiting the middle Mississippi River may originate from the Missouri or Mississippi rivers, although relative importance of these recruitment sources is unknown. We characterized the relationship between water and sturgeon fin ray Sr:Ca, verified shifts in water Sr:Ca are recorded in age-0 sturgeon fin rays, and determined whether age-0 sturgeons from the Mississippi and Missouri rivers exhibited distinct fin ray Sr:Ca signatures. Fin ray Sr:Ca of laboratory-reared fish reflected transfer from water with elevated Sr:Ca to ambient water 1 day posthatch, indicating that short-term residency in environments can be detected. Nine of 30 age-0 fish captured in the middle Mississippi River were Missouri River emigrants. Four of these emigrants originated in the upper portion of the lower Missouri River (≥589 km upstream from its mouth), where water Sr:Ca is higher compared with the lowermost section of the Missouri River and the Mississippi River. Twenty-five of 30 fish collected from the lowermost section of the Missouri River originated within this river segment; the remainder originated upriver. Fin ray Sr:Ca enables identification of natal river segment for age-0 sturgeons and contributions of river segments to sturgeon recruitment.
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Jackson, Colin R., Justin J. Millar, Jason T. Payne, and Clifford A. Ochs. "Free-Living and Particle-Associated Bacterioplankton in Large Rivers of the Mississippi River Basin Demonstrate Biogeographic Patterns." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 23 (September 12, 2014): 7186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01844-14.
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ABSTRACTThe different drainage basins of large rivers such as the Mississippi River represent interesting systems in which to study patterns in freshwater microbial biogeography. Spatial variability in bacterioplankton communities in six major rivers (the Upper Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, Tennessee, and Arkansas) of the Mississippi River Basin was characterized using Ion Torrent 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. When all systems were combined, particle-associated (>3 μm) bacterial assemblages were found to be different from free-living bacterioplankton in terms of overall community structure, partly because of differences in the proportional abundance of sequences affiliated with major bacterial lineages (Alphaproteobacteria,Cyanobacteria, andPlanctomycetes). Both particle-associated and free-living communities ordinated by river system, a pattern that was apparent even after rare sequences or those affiliated withCyanobacteriawere removed from the analyses. Ordination of samples by river system correlated with environmental characteristics of each river, such as nutrient status and turbidity. Communities in the Upper Mississippi and the Missouri and in the Ohio and the Tennessee, pairs of rivers that join each other, contained similar taxa in terms of presence-absence data but differed in the proportional abundance of major lineages. The most common sequence types detected in particle-associated communities were picocyanobacteria in theSynechococcus/Prochlorococcus/Cyanobium(Syn/Pro) clade, while free-living communities also contained a high proportion of LD12 (SAR11/Pelagibacter)-likeAlphaproteobacteria. This research shows that while different tributaries of large river systems such as the Mississippi River harbor distinct bacterioplankton communities, there is also microhabitat variation such as that between free-living and particle-associated assemblages.
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Zeisler-Vralsted, Dorothy. "African Americans and the Mississippi River: Race, history and the environment." Thesis Eleven 150, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513618822010.
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Long touted in literary and historical works, the Mississippi River remains an iconic presence in the American landscape. Whether referred to as ‘Old Man River’ or the ‘Big Muddy,’ the Mississippi River represents imageries ranging from pastoral and Acadian to turbulent and unpredictable. But these imageries – revealed through the cultural production of artists, writers and even filmmakers – did not adequately reflect the experiences of everyone living and working along the river. The African-American community and its relationship to the Mississippi River down the ages is occluded by these discourses. In focusing on this alternate history, namely the African-American experience with the Mississippi River, the overarching framework of this paper will consist of three lenses on the river as: refuge, labor, and cultural icon. From the moment of their arrival, the intersection of their lives with the Mississippi River reveals a history where the river offers freedom, oppression, escape, sustenance, renewal, disease and displacement. From this largely unexplored perspective, distinctions of race and class are exposed and reinforced. Although rivers have long been included in the historical record, whether through a geographical, spiritual, aesthetic or recreational perspective, the juncture where human lives intersect with rivers, constructing memory and identity, remains overlooked despite a plethora of cultural artifacts such as song, prose and poetry that distinguish experiences. These cultural artifacts, in turn, differentiate reciprocal relationships with the river based on race and class. For the African-American community, the Mississippi River alternated between liberator and oppressor, informing the social construct of an identity that was at times lamented, celebrated, demeaned and feared. But how did these linkages with the river not only influence a distinct collective memory but also nurture a culture with certain understandings and perspectives about the river? And if so, what have been their ramifications? Through an examination of folklore, song and first-person accounts, these questions will be addressed as multiple narratives persist, offering a history that makes more explicit the distinctive experiences of the African-American communities in their engagement with the Mississippi River.
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Porreca, Anthony P., William D. Hintz, Gregory W. Whitledge, Neil P. Rude, Edward J. Heist, and James E. Garvey. "Establishing ecologically relevant management boundaries: linking movement ecology with the conservation ofScaphirhynchussturgeon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 6 (June 2016): 877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0352.
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We investigated the environmental life history of widely distributed threatened and endangered sturgeons in large rivers of the central United States that experience different regulatory regimes and management priorities. Using microchemistry techniques, our goal was to assess how to improve species conservation by dampening the incongruity that often occurs between management and species’ ecological requirements, particularly at large spatial scales. Pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus), shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus), and their hybrids were analyzed for88Sr and44Ca and related to a geographically relevant range of Sr:Ca values for the Missouri and Mississippi rivers to quantify large-scale environmental history. We found natal origin of 81% of all wild sturgeon collected was the lower Missouri River. Pallid and hybrid sturgeon used the middle and upper Mississippi rivers more frequently as they aged, whereas shovelnose sturgeon occupied the lower Missouri River more often throughout life. Our results highlight a mismatch between conservation boundaries and sturgeon river use. Managers should consider expanding current protections for pallid sturgeon to include the unprotected sections of the Mississippi River and that research and conservation actions consider the importance of Mississippi River habitats to Scaphirhynchus sturgeon throughout their life history. Our findings have implications for conserving wide-ranging riverine species at large spatial scales using the framework described here.
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Wasklewicz, Thad, Scott Franklin, and Jack Grubaugh. "Assessing the use of the Upper Mississippi River as a model for rehabilitation of the Lower Mississippi River." Large Rivers 15, no. 1-4 (December 19, 2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/15/2003/1.
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Zwiers, Maarten. "Plantationocene Geographies: Petro-Multinationals, Agribusiness, and the Racial Ecology of the Cold War Mississippi Delta." Global South 16, no. 2 (March 2023): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/gbs.2023.a908602.
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ABSTRACT: The Cold War Mississippi Delta figured prominently as a hotbed of massive resistance against racial integration and as a civil rights battleground, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s. It was also home to an agrochemical regime of plantation production that heavily impacted regional ecosystems. This essay addresses the interplay between white supremacist politics and environmentally destructive forms of large-scale farming, especially the connections between petrochemical manufacturing in Louisiana and plantation agriculture in Mississippi's Delta region. I discuss how a Jim Crow mindset manifested itself in these industries, with toxic repercussions for both society and nature. The petro-multinationals that settled along the Mississippi River were active in various parts of the planet, and the crops grown on Delta neoplantations were sold on world markets, making the activities of these companies distinctly global in character. This essay considers the factories in Louisiana and the largescale farms in the Mississippi Delta as part of a unified agrochemical entity that can be considered a Plantationocene geography: a globalized business conglomerate based on a racialized labor system and an extractive, for-profit logic that was detrimental to local communities and the environment. With the arrival of oil and gas plants in Louisiana and the rise of the neoplantation during the New Deal years, an industrialized and poisonous racial ecology began to develop in the southern Mississippi River Valley wherein water, land, and minerals served as resources for the enrichment of a select few.
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Zwiers, Maarten. "Plantationocene Geographies: Petro-Multinationals, Agribusiness, and the Racial Ecology of the Cold War Mississippi Delta." Global South 16, no. 2 (March 2023): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/globalsouth.16.2.04.
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ABSTRACT: The Cold War Mississippi Delta figured prominently as a hotbed of massive resistance against racial integration and as a civil rights battleground, particularly during the 1950s and 1960s. It was also home to an agrochemical regime of plantation production that heavily impacted regional ecosystems. This essay addresses the interplay between white supremacist politics and environmentally destructive forms of large-scale farming, especially the connections between petrochemical manufacturing in Louisiana and plantation agriculture in Mississippi's Delta region. I discuss how a Jim Crow mindset manifested itself in these industries, with toxic repercussions for both society and nature. The petro-multinationals that settled along the Mississippi River were active in various parts of the planet, and the crops grown on Delta neoplantations were sold on world markets, making the activities of these companies distinctly global in character. This essay considers the factories in Louisiana and the largescale farms in the Mississippi Delta as part of a unified agrochemical entity that can be considered a Plantationocene geography: a globalized business conglomerate based on a racialized labor system and an extractive, for-profit logic that was detrimental to local communities and the environment. With the arrival of oil and gas plants in Louisiana and the rise of the neoplantation during the New Deal years, an industrialized and poisonous racial ecology began to develop in the southern Mississippi River Valley wherein water, land, and minerals served as resources for the enrichment of a select few.
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Krug, E. C., and K. Merrifield. "Marine modification of terrestrial influences on Gulf hypoxia: Part II." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2007): 191–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-191-2007.
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Abstract. This study examines potential marine modification of two classes of terrestrial influence on Gulf hypoxia: (1) the flow of nutrient-rich water from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin and (2) the massive physical, hydrological, chemical and biological change associated with the Atchafalaya’s partial capture of the Mississippi River. The latter involves repartitioning of a total flow of about 20 000 m3 sec−1, equal to that of 13 Nile Rivers, and a sediment load of 210 million metric tonnes yr−1,nearly 20 times that delivered by all of the rivers of the East Coast of the USA. Also involved is the loss of hundreds-to-thousands of years of stored nutrients and organic matter to the Gulf from enormous coastal wetland loss. This study found that the oceanography of the Gulf minimises the impact of both classes of terrestrial influence from the Mississippi River and its nearby estuaries on Gulf hypoxia. Oceanographic conditions give events associated with the Atchafalaya River a disproportionately large influence on Gulf hypoxia. A truly holistic environmental approach which includes the full effects of this highly dynamic coastal area is recommended to better understand and control Gulf hypoxia.
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Peregrine, Peter. "A Graph-Theoretic Approach to the Evolution of Cahokia." American Antiquity 56, no. 1 (January 1991): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280973.
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Many researchers have linked the evolution of the prehistoric center Cahokia to its location near the confluence of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois rivers. It is possible to evaluate this idea mathematically through the graph-theoretic concept of centrality. The analysis suggests that Cahokia was located at the point of highest centrality in the Mississippi River drainage.
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Benson, Larry V., Timothy R. Pauketat, and Edward R. Cook. "Cahokia$s Boom and Bust in the Context of Climate Change." American Antiquity 74, no. 3 (July 2009): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000273160004871x.
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During the early Mississippian Lohmann phase (A.D. 1050-1100), the American Bottom experienced a political and economic transformation. This transformation included the abrupt planned construction of central Cahokia, a large-scale influx of people to "downtown Cahokia," the abandonment of pre-Mississippian village settlements, the reorganization of farming in the Mississippi River floodplain, and the founding of the Richland farming complex in the Illinois uplands. New tree-ring-based records of climate change indicate that this rapid development occurred during one of the wettest 50-year periods during the last millennium. During the next 150 years, a series of persistent droughts occurred in the Cahokian area which may be related to the eventual abandonment of the American Bottom. By A.D. 1150, in the latter part of a severe 15-year drought, the Richland farming complex was mostly abandoned, eliminating an integral part of Cahokia$s agricultural base. At about the same time, a 20,000-log palisade was erected around Monks Mound and the Grand Plaza, indicating increased social unrest. During this time, people began exiting Cahokia and, by the end of the Stirling phase (A.D. 1200), Cahokia$s population had decreased by about 50 percent and by A.D. 1350, Cahokia and much of the central Mississippi valley had been abandoned.
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Xu, K., and S. L. Yang. "A comparative study of the flux and fate of the Mississippi and Yangtze river sediments." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-312-2015.
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Abstract. Large rivers play a key role in delivering water and sediment into the global oceans. Large-river deltas and associated coastlines are important interfaces for material fluxes that have a global impact on marine processes. In this study, we compare water and sediment discharge from Mississippi and Yangtze rivers by assessing: (1) temporal variation under varying climatic and anthropogenic impacts, (2) delta response of the declining sediment discharge, and (3) deltaic lobe switching and Holocene sediment dispersal patterns on the adjacent continental shelves. Dam constructions have decreased both rivers’ sediment discharge significantly, leading to shoreline retreat along the coast. The sediment dispersal of the river-dominated Mississippi Delta is localized but for the tide-dominated Yangtze Delta is more diffuse and influenced by longshore currents. Sediment declines and relative sea level rises have led to coastal erosion, endangering the coasts of both rivers.
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Bird, Broxton W., Jeremy J. Wilson, Jaime Escobar, George D. Kamenov, Harvie J. Pollard, and G. William Monaghn. "Pre-Columbian lead pollution from Native American galena processing and land use in the midcontinental United States." Geology 47, no. 12 (October 15, 2019): 1193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46673.1.
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Abstract The presence and sources of pre-Columbian (before 1492 CE) lead (Pb) pollution in the midcontinental United States were investigated using geochemical and Pb isotope analyses on sediment cores recovered from Avery Lake, a floodplain lake located directly adjacent to the Kincaid Mounds archaeological site on the lower Ohio River, Illinois. Geochemical results indicate the presence of Pb pollution during the Baumer (300 BCE to 300 CE) and Mississippian (1150–1450 CE) occupations, and since the 1800s. Pb isotope results link Mississippian Pb pollution to the processing and use of galena primarily from southeastern and/or central Missouri, and to a lesser extent the upper Mississippi River valley, with ∼1.5 t (metric tons) of galena-derived Pb deposited in Avery Lake during this time. Pb pollution during the Baumer phase, equating to ∼0.4 t of Pb, was not accompanied by a Pb isotope excursion and most likely originated from local biomass burning. These results provide new information about the environmental impacts associated with pre-Columbian Native Americans’ interaction with and utilization of their landscape and its resources.
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Stroulia, Anna, Michael Strezewski, Ryan M. Parish, and Melody K. Pope. "The Other Large Bifaces: Late Mississippian Woodworking Tools from Southwestern Indiana." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 47, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 277–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23274271.47.3.03.
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Abstract Mississippian cultures left behind two types of large utilitarian bifaces: hoes and so-called woodworking tools. The former have attracted considerable scholarly attention, while the latter have not. We attempt to address this bias by focusing on a substantial number of woodworking tools from three sites in southwestern Indiana. All belong to Caborn-Welborn, a late Mississippian culture that developed at the Ohio-Wabash confluence after the decline of the Angel polity and the establishment of the “Vacant Quarter” across a large portion of the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. In this article, we examine these specimens’ technomorphological characteristics and use-wear traces, as well as the sources of the cherts from which they were made. In addition, our study has two comparative components: First, we investigate similarities and differences between the Caborn-Welborn woodworking tools and those from both the Angel culture and other parts of the Mississippian world; second, we explore the woodworking tools in relation to hoes from both Caborn-Welborn and Angel phase sites.
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Dettmers, John M., Steve Gutreuter, David H. Wahl, and Daniel A. Soluk. "Patterns in abundance of fishes in main channels of the upper Mississippi River system." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-046.
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Abundance of fishes of the main channels of the upper Mississippi River system and of other large North American rivers is largely unknown because historic sampling methods have been inadequate. We used a bottom trawl to estimate spatial and temporal patterns in abundance in the navigation channels of Pool 26 of the Mississippi River and the lower Illinois River. Total biomass density averaged 21 and 29 kg·ha1 in the navigation channels of Pool 26 and the lower Illinois River, respectively. We identified spatial and temporal patterns in catches of key species using a generalized linear model based on the negative binomial distribution. Some species, including shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus), are persistent residents of the main channel. Multiple-season residents, including freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), rely heavily on the main channel during most of the year but leave it briefly, for example to seek thermal refugia in backwaters during winters. We suggest revision of the prevailing notion that main channels of large temperate rivers serve mainly as corridors for movement among other habitat types.
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Wesler, Kit W. "Ceramics, Chronology, and Horizon Markers at Wickliffe Mounds." American Antiquity 56, no. 2 (April 1991): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281419.
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The area around the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers has become a sharp focus of discussion about late Mississippian developments. The debate largely is based on the presence or absence of artifacts thought to be protohistoric or contact period horizon markers. Late deposits at Wickliffe Mounds (15BA4) have produced two such artifacts: astragalus dice and a head-effigy pot. Close study of the ceramic sequence and associated radiocarbon dates indicates that both “horizon markers” belong to the late prehistoric period of western Kentucky, and that neither can settle the debate about protohistoric occupation.
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WELSH, STUART A., and ROBERT M. WOOD. "Crystallaria cincotta, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage, West Virginia." Zootaxa 1680, no. 1 (January 14, 2008): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1680.1.5.
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A new species of percid, Crystallaria cincotta, is described from the Cumberland, Elk, Green, and Muskingum river drainages of the Ohio River basin, USA. It differs from populations of Crystallaria asprella of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, middle Mississippi River, upper Mississippi River, and Wabash River drainages by having a reduced number of cheek scale rows restricted to the post-orbital region, a falcate margin on the pelvic fins, a preorbital blotch distinctly separate from the anterior orbital rim, and a wide mouth gape. The Elk River population is also divergent genetically from populations of the Gulf Coast, lower Mississippi River, and upper Mississippi River drainages. Crystallaria cincotta, discovered in the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage in 1980, is a rare species with the only extant population represented by 12 individuals collected from 1980–2005 from the lower 36 km section of the Elk River, West Virginia.
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Duan, Shuiwang, Thomas S. Bianchi, Peter H. Santschi, and Rainer M. W. Amon. "Effects of tributary inputs on nutrient export from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 9 (2010): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09235.
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In order to better understand the seasonal patterns of nutrient loadings from the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, nutrient mass balance analyses were performed for the Mississippi River system to separate the effects of primary tributary inputs from in-channel processes. Our results showed that seasonal changes in dissolved inorganic nutrients resulted from conservative mixing of primary tributaries. Maximal values of nitrate plus nitrite (NO3+2) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) fluxes during May through July were largely attributed to inputs from the upper Mississippi River (UMR), which was highest in NO3+2 and SRP levels and contributed more water during this period. Mass balances also showed net losses of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus (29% and 18%, respectively), with the highest values occurring during the falling stage. We speculate that one possible reason was retention of coarse suspended sediments that were mainly derived from the Missouri River. The loss of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus was also apparent (∼12% and 20%, respectively), and the largest loss occurred during summer. This study highlights the importance of divergent processes in controlling different forms of nutrients in large rivers.
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Steponaitis, Vincas P., M. James Blackman, and Hector Neff. "Large-Scale Patterns in the Chemical Composition of Mississippian Pottery." American Antiquity 61, no. 3 (July 1996): 555–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281840.
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Neutron activation analysis of Mississippian sherds from 21 regions across the Southeast has revealed the existence of distinctive chemical groups that are associated with four large geographical areas. One such group is associated with sites along the Mississippi River and its western tributaries, a second is associated with sites on the Appalachian Rim in Tennessee, a third is associated with sites on the Piedmont and associated drainages, and a fourth is associated with sites in Alabama. This pattern reflects the existence of several large, clay-mineral provinces in the Southeast that now can be recognized as sources in future studies of long-distance exchange.
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Hamel, Martin J., Mark A. Pegg, Reuben R. Goforth, Quinton E. Phelps, Kirk D. Steffensen, Jeremy J. Hammen, and Mathew L. Rugg. "Range-wide age and growth characteristics of shovelnose sturgeon from mark–recapture data: implications for conservation and management." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 1 (January 2015): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0238.
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We used mark–recapture data from shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) to describe range-wide growth characteristics and developed a model to estimate ages. Data were solicited throughout much of the current distribution of shovelnose sturgeon, specifically from the mainstem Missouri and Mississippi rivers and their tributaries. Shovelnose sturgeon exhibited variable growth among locations; however, adult fish exhibited almost no growth after they reached a particular size, presumably the size at sexual maturity. Shovelnose sturgeon from the Mississippi River basin attained greater maximum sizes and ages compared with the Missouri River basin. However, two populations from the Mississippi River that received high exploitation from commercial harvest had truncated age distributions with smaller asymptotic lengths. Lower Missouri River populations were characteristic of exploited populations (i.e., smaller fish and reduced longevity), presumably a result of anthropogenic effects. Wide discrepancies in maximum age and size suggest shovelnose sturgeon are capable of displaying phenotypic plasticity in response to exploitation or environmental influences. Determining metapopulation dynamics is a priority because it is unknown how population connectivity may influence dynamic rate functions and persistence of large-river fishes. Identifying potential source–sink connections in terms of population dynamics may provide a template for direction of future restoration and recovery efforts.
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Kim, John. "The fourth coast, revisited." Anthropocene Review 8, no. 3 (November 3, 2021): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20530196211044620.
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The author traveled for 2.5 months by canoe and other modes of transport down the entire length of the Mississippi River with the Mississippi. An Anthropocene River project. Reflecting on this journey, this essay revisits Catherine Brown and William Morrish’s 1991 essay, The Fourth Coast: An Expedition on the Mississippi River, in which Brown and Morrish document their research efforts to identify coherent anthropogenic structures and systems that could warrant the characterization of the Mississippi River as a Fourth Coast. To encourage a flourishing of overlapping multispecies life, the essay moves beyond their spatial reimagining by defining the “distributed nature of home” as a model for conceptualizing distributed spatialities and plural temporalities along the Mississippi River.
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Abu El-Ella, Ramadan. "Characteristics of moment measures derived from Mississippi River deltaic sediments." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1986, no. 1 (February 5, 1986): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1986/1986/1.
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Wissel, Björn, and Brian Fry. "Sources of Particulate Organic Matter in the Mississippi River, USA." Large Rivers 15, no. 1-4 (December 19, 2003): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/15/2003/105.
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Milner, George R. "Mississippian Period Population Density in a Segment of the Central Mississippi River Valley." American Antiquity 51, no. 2 (April 1986): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/279938.
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Recent archaeological investigations of Mississippian period (A.D. 1000–1400) sites permit the development of population estimates for an area immediately south of Cahokia, the largest prehistoric site in North America. Population estimates are derived from the number of structures at 11 sites, with the amount of prehistorically habitable land being incorporated as part of the estimating procedure. Population density increased somewhat during the earliest two of four Mississippian phases, reaching its peak during the Stirling phase. Thereafter, population decreased, reaching its lowest point during the Sand Prairie phase.
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Martinez, Osvaldo, Silas R. Bergen, and Jacob B. Gareis. "Comparison of Yamuna (India) and Mississippi River (United States of America) bacterial communities reveals greater diversity below the Yamunotri Glacier." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 5, 2024): e0304664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0304664.
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The Yamuna River in India and the Mississippi River in the United States hold significant commercial, cultural, and ecological importance. This preliminary survey compares the bacterial communities sampled in surface waters at 11 sites (Yamuna headwaters, Mississippi headwaters, Yamuna River Yamunotri Town, Mississippi River at Winona, Tons River, Yamuna River at Paonta Sahib, Yamuna River Delhi-1, Yamuna River Delhi-2, Yamuna River before Sangam, Sangam, Ganga River before Sangam). Bacterial 16S rDNA analyses demonstrate dominance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes phyla. Actinobacteria were also dominant at sites near Sangam in India and sites in Minnesota. A dominance of Epsilonbacteraeota were found in Delhi, India. Principal component analysis (PCA) using unique operational taxonomic units (OTUs) resulted in the identification of 3 groups that included the Yamuna River locations in Delhi (Delhi locations), Yamuna headwaters and Yamuna River at Yamunotri (Yamuna River locations below the Glacier) and Mississippi, Ganga, Tons, and other Yamuna River locations. Diversity indices were significantly higher at the Yamuna River locations below the Glacier (Simpson D = 0.986 and Shannon H = 5.06) as compared (p value <0.001) to the Delhi locations (D = 0.951 and H = 4.23) and as compared (p value < 0.001) to Mississippi, Ganga, Tons, and other Yamuna River locations (D = 0.943 and H = 3.96). To our knowledge, this is the first survey to compare Mississippi and Yamuna River bacterial communities. We demonstrate higher diversity in the bacterial communities below the Yamunotri glacier in India.
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Mason, Joseph A., Edward A. Nater, and Howard C. Hobbs. "Transport Direction of Wisconsinan Loess in Southeastern Minnesota." Quaternary Research 41, no. 1 (January 1994): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1994.1005.
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AbstractA study of Wisconsinan loess in part of southeastern Minnesota confirms earlier suggestions that much of the loess in this region was not derived flora the floodplain of the Mississippi River. Two Wisconsinan loess units, the Peoria Loess and Roxana Silt, occur in the study area. Peoria Loess, 1-8 m thick, fines systematically eastward from an abrupt western border toward the Mississippi. There are no apparent grain-size trends away from other adjacent rivers. Peoria Loess thickness generally decreases eastward, but is highly variable, probably because of differential erosion. Potential sources for this unit are pre-Wisconsinan sediments on the Iowan Erosion Surface immediately west of the border of thick loess and Wisconsinan glacial sources tens or hundreds of kilometers to the west. The underlying Roxana Silt, up to 1 m thick, occurs only near the Mississippi and fines away from that river. The Roxana Silt deposit could reflect aggradation of the Mississippi floodplain because of glacial activity upstream and does not have clear implications for upland vegetation near the study area. By contrast, transport of the Peoria Loess from distant glacial sources or wind erosion of upland surfaces closer to the loess deposit both imply extensive, very sparsely vegetated surfaces west of the study area when the Peoria Loess accumulated.
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Sparks, Richard E., and Ruth M. Sparks. "The Mississippi River." Ecological Restoration 10, no. 1 (1992): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.10.1.39.
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McCartha, Grace L., Caitlyn M. Sims, Brendan J. Kosnik, J. Richard Abbott, Mathew L. Jones, Ben E. Benton, Scott A. Mangan, and Travis D. Marsico. "Flora of six Lower Mississippi River islands (U.S.A.)." Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17, no. 1 (July 21, 2023): 281–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1297.
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Lower Mississippi River islands are part of the last remaining floodplain habitat of the river, and studying their biodiversity is important to understand the river ecosystem. We conducted a floristic survey of six Lower Mississippi River islands between river miles 668 and 526 in southern Arkansas and northern Mississippi. These islands contain a variety of habitats and span a range of sizes, from 106 to 697 vegetated hectares. We identified 491 taxa (485 species plus six infraspecific taxa) from 2,310 specimens collected from June 2020 to December 2021. These taxa are within 89 families and 282 genera, and 100 (20.6%) species are not native to the Mississippi River drainage basin. Nine taxa found on Arkansas islands are tracked by the Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission for conservation. Five taxa found in Mississippi are tracked by the Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. We found five taxa that had not previously been reported in Arkansas (Equisetum variegatum, Achyranthes japonica var. hachijoensis, Stellaria aquatica, Potentilla paradoxa, Cyperus diandrus) and seven previously unreported in Mississippi (Euploca convolvulacea, Sisymbrium loeselii, Chaiturus marrubiastrum, Mentha canadensis, Potentilla norvegica, P. paradoxa, Physalis mollis). Additionally, we collected 266 Arkansas county records, including 132 in Phillips, 64 in Desha, and 28 in Chicot counties, respectively, and 42 in Washington County, Mississippi. The high number of new encounters and tracked species found emphasizes the need for more botanical study on Lower Mississippi River islands. Of the 485 species in the flora, we found 110 species on all six islands (22.7%), 43 on five of the six islands, 47 on four islands, 75 on three islands, 72 on two islands, and 138 on only one island (28.5%). The number of unique species found on only one island illustrates how variable and dynamic these islands are in this riparian zone.
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Verma, Neeharika, Steven Lohrenz, Sumit Chakraborty, and Cédric G. Fichot. "Underway Hyperspectral Bio-Optical Assessments of Phytoplankton Size Classes in the River-Influenced Northern Gulf of Mexico." Remote Sensing 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13173346.
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High inflows of freshwater from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers into the northern Gulf of Mexico during spring contribute to strong physical and biogeochemical gradients which, in turn, influence phytoplankton community composition across the river plume–ocean mixing zone. Spectral features representative of bio-optical signatures of phytoplankton size classes (PSCs) were retrieved from underway, shipboard hyperspectral measurements of above-water remote sensing reflectance using the quasi-analytical algorithm (QAA_v6) and validated against in situ pigment data and spectrophotometric analyses of phytoplankton absorption. The results shed new light on sub-km scale variability in PSCs associated with dynamic and spatially heterogeneous environmental processes in river-influenced oceanic waters. Our findings highlight the existence of localized regions of dominant picophytoplankton communities associated with river plume fronts in both the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers in an area of the coastal margin that is otherwise characteristically dominated by larger microphytoplankton. This study demonstrates the applicability of underway hyperspectral observations for providing insights about small-scale physical-biological dynamics in optically complex coastal waters. Fine-scale observations of phytoplankton communities in surface waters as shown here and future satellite retrievals of hyperspectral data will provide a novel means of exploring relationships between physical processes of river plume–ocean mixing and frontal dynamics on phytoplankton community composition.
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Laurent, A., K. Fennel, J. Hu, and R. Hetland. "Simulating the effects of phosphorus limitation in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River plumes." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2012): 5625–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-5625-2012.
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Abstract. The continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico receives high dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers. The nutrient load results in high primary production in the river plumes and contributes to the development of hypoxia on the Texas-Louisiana shelf in summer. While phytoplankton growth is considered to be typically nitrogen-limited, phosphorus limitation has been observed in this region during periods of peak river discharge in spring and early summer. Here we investigate the presence, spatio-temporal distribution and implications of phosphorus limitation in the plume region using a circulation model of the northern Gulf of Mexico coupled to a multi-nutrient ecosystem model. Results from a 7 yr simulation (2001–2007) compare well with available observations and suggest that phosphorus limitation develops every year between the Mississippi and Atchafalaya deltas. Model simulations show that phosphorus limitation results in a delay and westward shift of a fraction of river-stimulated primary production. The consequence is a reduced flux of particulate organic matter to the sediment near the Mississippi delta, but enhanced fluxes westward in the Atchafalaya and far-field regions. Two discharge scenarios with altered river phosphate concentrations (&pm;50 %) reveal a significant variation (&pm;40 % in July) in the spatial extent of phosphorus limitation with changes in phosphate load.
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Laurent, A., K. Fennel, J. Hu, and R. Hetland. "Simulating the effects of phosphorus limitation in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River plumes." Biogeosciences 9, no. 11 (November 22, 2012): 4707–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4707-2012.
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Abstract. The continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico receives high dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers. The nutrient load results in high primary production in the river plumes and contributes to the development of hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf in summer. While phytoplankton growth is considered to be typically nitrogen-limited in marine waters, phosphorus limitation has been observed in this region during periods of peak river discharge in spring and early summer. Here we investigate the presence, spatio-temporal distribution and implications of phosphorus limitation in the plume region using a circulation model of the northern Gulf of Mexico coupled to a multi-nutrient ecosystem model. Results from a 7-yr simulation (2001–2007) compare well with several sources of observations and suggest that phosphorus limitation develops every year between the Mississippi and Atchafalaya deltas. Model simulations show that phosphorus limitation results in a delay and westward shift of a fraction of river-stimulated primary production. The consequence is a reduced flux of particulate organic matter to the sediment near the Mississippi delta, but slightly enhanced fluxes west of Atchafalaya Bay. Simulations with altered river phosphate concentrations (±50%) show that significant variation in the spatial extent of phosphorus limitation (±40% in July) results from changes in phosphate load.
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Meulemans, Matthew J., Christopher S. Jones, Keith E. Schilling, Nathan C. Young, and Larry J. Weber. "Assessment of Spatial Nitrate Patterns in An Eastern Iowa Watershed Using Boat-Deployed Sensors." Water 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010146.
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Water quality sensors deployed on boats, buoys, and fixed monitoring stations along rivers allow high frequency monitoring at dense spatial and temporal resolutions. Research characterizing nitrate (NO3–N) delivery along extended reaches of navigable rivers, however, is sparse. Since land use and stream biogeochemistry can vary within agricultural watersheds, identifying detailed spatial patterns of stream NO3–N can help identify source area contributions that can be used to develop strategies for water quality improvement. Identifying spatial patterns is especially critical in agricultural watersheds that span multiple landscapes and have dynamic hydrological regimes. We developed and tested a new method that quantifies NO3–N delivery to streams at a high spatial resolution by continuously measuring stream NO3–N using a boat-deployed sensor. Traveling up the Iowa and Cedar Rivers (located within agricultural Upper Mississippi River Basin) and their major tributaries with the system, we automatically measured NO3–N concentrations every 15 s during four excursions spanning the months of May to August, 2018, and characterized stream NO3–N both laterally and longitudinally in river flow. Iowa River NO3–N concentrations were highest nearest the headwaters and gradually declined as the river flowed toward the Mississippi River. Conversely, Cedar River NO3–N concentrations increased from the headwaters toward the mid-watershed areas due to elevated NO3–N delivery from tributaries of the Middle Cedar River; NO3–N concentrations declined in the lower reaches. Our results confirm that NO3–N mitigation efforts should focus on level and intensely-farmed subwatersheds. Data collected with our sensor system compliments permanently deployed sensors and provides an option to support NO3–N removal efforts.
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Shell, Ryan, and Nicholas Gardner. "Movement of the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) in the upper Mississippi River Basin, North America." Marine and Fishery Sciences (MAFIS) 34, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47193/mafis.3422021010607.
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Rare appearances of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in river systems and other freshwater ecosystems have been reported from five continents. The wide geographic range of this phenomenon, the physiological adaptations of this species to allow for movement into rivers, and a fossil record in the Miocene Epoch, all imply that this behavior has a long history. In the Mississippi River basin, however, only two specimens were captured in the river’s upper portion during the entire 20th century. Further historical, archeological, and paleontological records of these animals appearing farther than 500 km upstream from the Mississippi delta is almost nonexistent. Bull shark movements in the upper portions of this river are likely sufficiently rare or cryptic to avoid detection using historical, archaeological, paleontological, and modern fisheries conservation techniques. Deeper research into these sharks, and their historical biogeography is needed to better understand the relationship these large predators have to the freshwater ecosystems of the American mid-continent.
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Holle, Chas G. "SEDIMENTATION AT THE MOUTH OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v2.10.
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Sedimentation it the mouth of the Mississippi River is a phenomenon that has been under study by the Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, during the past 120 years. The primary objective in these investigations has been the determination of the most economical method of maintaining required navigation depths through the Mississippi River Passes for oceangoing vessels that serve the Ports of New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and indirectly the vast Mississippi Valley river traffic.
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Blum, Mike. "Organization and reorganization of drainage and sediment routing through time: the Mississippi River system." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 488, no. 1 (2019): 15–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp488-2018-166.
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AbstractIt has been said that large rivers are the bloodlines of continents, and the Mississippi River system is the most prominent bloodline in North America. The Mississippi drainage stretches from the Rocky Mountains in the western USA to the Appalachian Cordillera in the east, and sediment from this vast area is then routed to the alluvial–deltaic plain of south Louisiana and the basin-floor fan in the deep Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Origins of the Mississippi system can be traced to the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleocene reorganization of North American drainage. However, integration of a continental-scale Mississippi drainage is a Late Neogene phenomenon, and sediment routing to the GoM has changed significantly over multiple timescales in response to a variety of large-scale natural forcing mechanisms and to human activities. This paper reviews large-scale change in drainage, sediment routing and sediment storage for the Mississippi system over timescales of 150 myr, where tectonic and geodynamic processes dominate, the last 150 kyr, where Milankovitch climate and sea-level changes dominate, and the 150 year period of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries when human activities have fundamentally altered the sediment routing and dispersal system.
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Smith, M., and S. J. Bentley. "Sediment capture in flood plains of the Mississippi River: A case study in Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 367 (March 3, 2015): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-367-442-2015.
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Abstract. To plan restoration of the Mississippi River Delta, it is imperative to know how much sediment the Mississippi River currently provides. Recent research has demonstrated that between Tarbert Landing and St Francisville on the Mississippi, as much as 67 million metric tons (Mt) per year is lost from river transport, of which ~16 Mt is muddy suspended sediment. So where does this sediment go? Two pathways for loss have been proposed: riverbed storage, and overbank deposition in regions that lack manmade levées. Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge, on the unleveed Mississippi River east bank near St Francisville, Louisiana, consists of undisturbed bottomland forest that is inundated most years by river flooding. To determine fluvial sediment accumulation rates (SAR) from flooding, pushcores 40–50 cm long were collected then dated by Pb-210 and Cs-137 geochronology. Preliminary data suggests that muddy sediment accumulation is 10–13% of muddy suspended sediment lost from river transport along this river reach.
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Duell, Rebecca S., and Matthew S. Van Den Broeke. "Climatology, Synoptic Conditions, and Misanalyses of Mississippi River Valley Drylines." Monthly Weather Review 144, no. 3 (February 16, 2016): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-15-0108.1.
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Abstract The dryline is an important focal point for convection initiation. Although drylines most commonly occur on the southern Great Plains, dryline passages and subsequent severe weather outbreaks have been documented in the Mississippi River valley. This study presents a 15-yr (1999–2013) climatology of these Mississippi River valley drylines and associated severe weather. Additionally, synoptic patterns are identified that may result in drylines moving atypically far eastward into the Mississippi River valley. In total, 39 Mississippi River valley drylines (hereafter referred to as MRV drylines) were identified from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) dataset through the study period. Mean and anomaly synoptic composites were created for these drylines. MRV dryline events typically occur under synoptically active conditions with an amplified upper-air pattern, a 500-hPa shortwave trough to the west or northwest of the dryline, and a strong surface cyclone to the north. These boundaries are often misanalyzed or inconsistently analyzed as cold fronts, stationary fronts, or trough axes on surface maps; of the 33 cases of identified MRV drylines for which the Weather Prediction Center archived analyses were available, only 6 were correctly analyzed as drylines. Drylines moving into the Mississippi River valley often result in severe weather outbreaks in the Mississippi River valley, the Midwest, and the southeastern United States.
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Chen, Ying, Jun Liu, Lu Ma, and Ning Sun. "Comparative Analysis of the Huaihe River Flood and the Mississippi River Flood and Treatment of the Huaihe Flood." Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (December 2014): 2937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2937.
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This paper analyzed and compared the genesis of the Huaihe River flood and the Mississippi River flood. Introducing the concept of Mississippi River treatment, the establishment of sea-entering channel, to govern the Huaihe River. In the site, considering the Huaihe River along geographic, cultural, economic and other factors to determine the location of sea-entering channel.
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Seeb, James E., Lisa W. Seeb, David W. Oates, and Fred M. Utter. "Genetic Variation and Postglacial Dispersal of Populations of Northern Pike (Esox lucius) in North America." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 556–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-068.
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We studied the genetic relationships and postglacial dispersal of northern pike (Esox lucius) populations in North America using allozyme data. Allelic products of up to 65 protein coding loci were examined in eight populations: five from drainages in western Canada, flowing into Hudson Bay and the Beaufort Sea; two from the Missouri River drainage, flowing into the Mississippi River; and one from the upper Mississippi River drainage, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico. Only two polymorphic loci were identified, Est-1 and Ck-1, and the average observed heterozygosity was only 0.001, much lower than that observed in most teleosts. All of the populations from the drainages in western Canada and the Missouri River were genetically identical. The Mississippi River population was unique, expressing Ck-1 (140), an allele nearly absent in all other populations, at a frequency of 0.99. Our data suggest that the Missouri River drainage, during the period when it was isolated from the Mississippi River, was the southern refugium from which northern pike radiated during deglaciation.
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Locci, Daniel. "Student Zone: Students utilize geophysics to investigate flooding on campus." Leading Edge 41, no. 3 (March 2022): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle41030214.1.
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Earthen levees provide protection for cities and agricultural land from Mississippi River floods in the Lower Mississippi River Valley. During high-water-level stages in the Mississippi River, the protected side of levees can experience sand boils and seeps created by hazardous groundwater pressure. These conditions present a hazard to the community as well as to public and private infrastructure. In particular, the School of Veterinary Medicine at Louisiana State University (LSU) experiences yearly basement flooding from seepage, despite attempts to improve groundwater flow pressure through the installation of five pressure-relief wells.
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Tansey, Bob, Zhao Yimin, Yang Bo, Yao Weizhi, Chen Daqing, and Lou Weili. "The Yangtze-Mississippi river EcoPartnership: Bringing together two great rivers." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 7, no. 4 (July 2015): 041513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4929596.
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Yodis, Elaine G., and Richard H. Kesel. "The effects and implications of base-level changes to Mississippi River Tributaries." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 37, no. 4 (December 27, 1993): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/37/1993/385.
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Clausen, Eric. "Use of Topographic Map Evidence to Locate a New Cenozoic Glacial History Paradigm’s Deep “Hole” Rim in Northeast New Mexico and Southern Colorado, USA." Journal of Geography and Geology 14, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v14n1p28.
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A recently proposed Cenozoic geology and glacial history paradigm requires a thick North American continental ice sheet to have been located within an ice sheet created and occupied deep “hole” and predicts large south-oriented meltwater floods flowed across the deep “hole’s” southern rim before rim uplift progressively diverted floodwaters toward the Mississippi River valley, which in time became the only deep “hole” southern exit (the accepted paradigm does not recognize such an ice sheet created deep “hole”). Possible locations for the new paradigm deep “hole” rim in Great Plains regions east of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains are considered with the one being the Purgatoire-Canadian River drainage divide in the Raton Mesas area along the Colorado-New Mexico border and a second being the Canadian-Pecos River (Arkansas River-Gulf of Mexico) drainage divide in San Miguel County (NM). Detailed topographic maps indicate streams of what could have been south-oriented melt water once crossed the two studied drainage divides with headward erosion of the northeast-oriented Purgatoire River drainage basin diverting south-oriented water toward the east-oriented Arkansas River (and Mississippi River valley) while headward erosion of east-oriented Canadian River tributary valleys beheaded south-oriented flow to the south-southeast oriented Pecos River (flowing to the Rio Grande River–which then flows to the Gulf of Mexico). While the Purgatoire-Canadian River drainage divide has some deep “hole” rim characteristics, those characteristics disappear in an eastward direction and the Canadian River, like the Purgatoire River, is an Arkansas River tributary. East-oriented Canadian River headwaters and tributary valley headward erosion diverted south-oriented flow from the Rio Grande River to the Mississippi River valley (via the Canadian and Arkansas Rivers), which means the new paradigm’s deep “hole” rim southern margin should be located along or near the Arkansas River-Gulf of Mexico drainage divide.
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Chick, John H., Lori A. Soeken-Gittinger, Eric N. Ratcliff, Eric J. Gittinger, Benjamin J. Lubinski, and Rob E. Maher. "A decade of monitoring on Pool 26 of the upper Mississippi River System." Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 39, no. 1-6 (September 30, 2013): 323–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.inhs.v39.105.
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We present information gleaned from 10 years of data collected by the water quality component of the Upper Mississippi River Restoration Environmental Management Program’s Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) from Pool 26 of the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS). The Pool 26 reach of the UMRS includes the confluence with the Illinois River, and the confluence with the Missouri River just downstream of Mel Price Locks and Dam. The surrounding communities in both Illinois and Missouri benefit greatly from the natural resources provided by these rivers. We estimate that annual expenditures are 55 million for fishing and hunting, respectively, in the region surrounding Pool 26 based on license sales and state expenditure data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Additionally, there is a commercial fishery active in Pool 26, recreational boating, and the UMRS provides drinking water for many municipalities in this region. Finally, the Upper Mississippi River System is a major transportation system, and Pool 26 receives the greatest amount of barge traffic for any river reach in the UMRS. The LTRMP began collecting data in 1988, but the first years of the program were experimental. Currently followed monitoring protocols for water quality and fish monitoring were adopted in 1993; however, a major flood event in that year prevented full data collection for that year. Data from the LTRMP water quality component demonstrate that Pool 26 is a highly productive river reach. Long-term averages of chorophyll-a, total phosphorous, total nitrogen, and total inorganic solids are comparable to levels in eutrophic to highly eutrophic lakes. The average current velocity in the main channel of the Mississippi River in Pool 26 ranges from 0.364–0.414 m/sec. during the summer and fall. Even during the lowest discharge levels in a year, the reach has a residence time no longer than 2.7 days. Discharge was significantly related to many water quality parameters, including Secchi depth, turbidity, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, nitrate-nitrite, and total phosphorus. We observed a significant linear increase in mean water temperature in the main channel from 1994 to 2004. When these data were analyzed by season, positive linear trends were found during the spring (0.515°C per year) and fall (0.646°C per year). Continued monitoring is necessary to determine if these observations represent short term fluctuations or long-term trends and to detect any related effects on this river reach.
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Randolph, Ned. "River Activism, “Levees-Only” and the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927." Media and Communication 6, no. 1 (February 9, 2018): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i1.1179.
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This article investigates media coverage of 19th and early 20th century river activism and its effect on federal policy to control the Mississippi River. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ “levees-only” policy—which joined disparate navigation and flood control interests—is largely blamed for the Great Flood of 1927, called the largest peacetime disaster in American history. River activists organized annual conventions, and later, professional lobbies organized media campaigns up and down the Mississippi River to sway public opinion and pressure Congress to fund flood control and river navigation projects. Annual river conventions drew thousands of delegates such as plantation owners, shippers, bankers, chambers of commerce, governors, congressmen, mayors and cabinet members with interests on the Mississippi River. Public pressure on Congress successfully captured millions of federal dollars to protect property, drain swamps for development, subsidize local levee districts and influence river policy.
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Lynott, Mark J., Thomas W. Boutton, James E. Price, and Dwight E. Nelson. "Stable Carbon Isotopic Evidence for Maize Agriculture in Southeast Missouri and Northeast Arkansas." American Antiquity 51, no. 1 (January 1986): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/280393.
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Analysis of bone collagen extracted from human skeletal remains from archaeological sites dating from the Archaic period through Euro-American settlement provides evidence for the introduction of maize into regional subsistence patterns. Stable carbon isotope ratios of samples from both the eastern Ozarks and the Mississippi River alluvial valley indicate that human populations living prior to ca. A.D. 1000 consumed little or no C4 plant material. In populations dating after ca. A.D. 1000, stable carbon isotope ratios indicate that maize represented a significant part of the human diet throughout the region. The change in dietary patterns coincides with a shift in settlement patterns from dispersed hamlets and small villages to civic-ceremonial centers with associated villages, hamlets, and farmsteads. This isotopic evidence indicates that Emergent Mississippian diets did not include substantial quantities of maize or other C4 plant material.
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Anderson, Jeffrey E. "Mississippi River Valley Voodoo." Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions 26, no. 4 (May 1, 2023): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nr.2023.26.4.33.
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When visiting New Orleans, it is easy to assume that Voodoo, as practiced by the likes of the nineteenth-century “Voodoo Queen of New Orleans” Marie Laveau, is alive and well, as evidenced by the Voodoo-inspired tourist shops, merchandise, and art that are ubiquitous in the French Quarter. Such is not quite the case. Following more than a century of suppression, the religion that throve into the late nineteenth century was struggling to survive by the 1940s and may have ceased to exist as a living faith shortly thereafter. While some scholars have suggested that the African American Spiritual churches of New Orleans are modern manifestations of Voodoo, these congregations lack key features of the historical Voodoo religion and have but a tenuous connection with it. The city’s current practitioners of Voodoo, meanwhile, tend to be initiates of Haitian Vodou or West African Vodun. Ultimately, Lower Mississippi River Valley Voodoo, both in New Orleans and elsewhere, is best understood as a historical religion rather than a living tradition. Contemporary practitioners of “New Orleans Voodoo” are constructing an emerging religion from elements of African diasporic belief in a city deeply imbued with a legacy of Voodoo.
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Carey, Anne E., W. Berry Lyons, Jean-Claude Bonzongo, and John C. Lehrter. "Nitrogen budget in the Upper Mississippi River watershed." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 251–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.7.3.251.
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Abstract Nitrogen budget calculations performed for highflow and low-flow years in the major sub-basins of the Upper Mississippi River watershed show differences in nitrogen applications and discharges. Nitrogen budgets show that fertilizer is the most important input of nitrogen to the basins, but also show that atmospheric input and animal manures can be significant inputs of nitrogen to the basins. The transport of nitrogen from the land to rivers varies with the prevailing hydrologic conditions. The annual nitrogen budgets are not balanced. In years of high precipitation and river discharge, more nitrogen can be removed than had been applied that year, presumably from N stored in the soil or ground water. Storage of nitrogen in soils is a major unknown in the model, but calculations suggest that it is a significant reservoir of N.
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Krieg, Joann Peck. "The Transmogrification of Faerie Land Into Prairie Land." Journal of American Studies 19, no. 2 (August 1985): 199–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187580001207x.
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In the spring of 1827 the splendidly appointed steamship Albany slid for the first time into the waters of the Hudson River to begin what proved to be an eighteen-year career of commercial travel on that busy waterway. Two years earlier the opening of New York's Erie Canal linking Albany to its western sister city, Buffalo, had enhanced the already flourishing steamboat commerce on the Hudson, for that mighty river then became the principal access to the great westward water route that terminated with the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.