Academic literature on the topic 'Misinformation beliefs'
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Journal articles on the topic "Misinformation beliefs"
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Porter, Ethan, and Thomas J. Wood. "The global effectiveness of fact-checking: Evidence from simultaneous experiments in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 37 (September 10, 2021): e2104235118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2104235118.
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The spread of misinformation is a global phenomenon, with implications for elections, state-sanctioned violence, and health outcomes. Yet, even though scholars have investigated the capacity of fact-checking to reduce belief in misinformation, little evidence exists on the global effectiveness of this approach. We describe fact-checking experiments conducted simultaneously in Argentina, Nigeria, South Africa, and the United Kingdom, in which we studied whether fact-checking can durably reduce belief in misinformation. In total, we evaluated 22 fact-checks, including two that were tested in all four countries. Fact-checking reduced belief in misinformation, with most effects still apparent more than 2 wk later. A meta-analytic procedure indicates that fact-checks reduced belief in misinformation by at least 0.59 points on a 5-point scale. Exposure to misinformation, however, only increased false beliefs by less than 0.07 points on the same scale. Across continents, fact-checks reduce belief in misinformation, often durably so.
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Jerit, Jennifer, and Yangzi Zhao. "Political Misinformation." Annual Review of Political Science 23, no. 1 (May 11, 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032814.
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Misinformation occurs when people hold incorrect factual beliefs and do so confidently. The problem, first conceptualized by Kuklinski and colleagues in 2000, plagues political systems and is exceedingly difficult to correct. In this review, we assess the empirical literature on political misinformation in the United States and consider what scholars have learned since the publication of that early study. We conclude that research on this topic has developed unevenly. Over time, scholars have elaborated on the psychological origins of political misinformation, and this work has cumulated in a productive way. By contrast, although there is an extensive body of research on how to correct misinformation, this literature is less coherent in its recommendations. Finally, a nascent line of research asks whether people's reports of their factual beliefs are genuine or are instead a form of partisan cheerleading. Overall, scholarly research on political misinformation illustrates the many challenges inherent in representative democracy.
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Wahlheim, Christopher N., Timothy R. Alexander, and Carson D. Peske. "Reminders of Everyday Misinformation Statements Can Enhance Memory for and Beliefs in Corrections of Those Statements in the Short Term." Psychological Science 31, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 1325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620952797.
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Fake-news exposure can cause misinformation to be mistakenly remembered and believed. In two experiments ( Ns = 96), we examined whether reminders of misinformation could improve memory for and beliefs in corrections. Subjects read factual statements and misinformation statements taken from news websites and then read statements that corrected the misinformation. Misinformation reminders appeared before some corrections but not others. Subjects then attempted to recall facts, indicated their belief in those recalls, and indicated whether they remembered corrections and misinformation. In Experiment 1, we did not constrain subjects’ report criteria. But in Experiment 2, we encouraged conservative reporting by instructing subjects to report only information they believed to be true. Reminders increased recall and belief accuracy. These benefits were greater both when misinformation was recollected and when subjects remembered that corrections had occurred. These findings demonstrate one situation in which misinformation reminders can diminish the negative effects of fake-news exposure in the short term.
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Enders, Adam M., Joseph Uscinski, Casey Klofstad, and Justin Stoler. "On the relationship between conspiracy theory beliefs, misinformation, and vaccine hesitancy." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): e0276082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276082.
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At the time of writing, nearly one hundred published studies demonstrate that beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and misinformation are negatively associated with COVID-19 preventive behaviors. These correlational findings are often interpreted as evidence that beliefs in conspiracy theories and misinformation are exogenous factors that shape human behavior, such as forgoing vaccination. This interpretation has motivated researchers to develop methods for “prebunking,” “debunking,” or otherwise limiting the spread of conspiracy theories and misinformation online. However, the robust literatures on conspiracy theory beliefs, health behaviors, and media effects lead us to question whether beliefs in conspiracy theories and misinformation should be treated as exogenous to vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Employing U.S. survey data (n = 2,065) from July 2021, we show that beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and misinformation are not only related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and refusal, but also strongly associated with the same psychological, social, and political motivations theorized to drive COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and refusal. These findings suggest that beliefs in conspiracy theories and misinformation might not always be an exogenous cause, but rather a manifestation of the same factors that lead to vaccine hesitancy and refusal. We conclude by encouraging researchers to carefully consider modeling choices and imploring practitioners to refocus on the worldviews, personality traits, and political orientations that underlie both health-related behaviors and beliefs in conspiracy theories and misinformation.
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Cortina, Jeronimo, and Brandon Rottinghaus. "Conspiratorial thinking in the Latino community on the 2020 election." Research & Politics 9, no. 1 (January 2022): 205316802210835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20531680221083535.
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Political knowledge is the cornerstone of a functional representative democracy, but belief in conspiracy theories disrupts that connection and may be dangerous with consequences for democracy. Pundits and politicians have speculated about the cause and effect of misinformation and conspiracy theories, but no work has examined what causes beliefs in conspiracy theories or misinformation among Latinos specifically. In a unique survey of Texas Latinos prior to the 2020 election, we find belief in conspiracy theories is most related to support for Donald Trump and greater reliance on Spanish-language media and social media. The results highlight how conspiratorial thinking manifests in specific ethnic groups and the need to counter those beliefs in Spanish-language media.
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Lee, Jung Jae, Kyung-Ah Kang, Man Ping Wang, Sheng Zhi Zhao, Janet Yuen Ha Wong, Siobhan O'Connor, Sook Ching Yang, and Sunhwa Shin. "Associations Between COVID-19 Misinformation Exposure and Belief With COVID-19 Knowledge and Preventive Behaviors: Cross-Sectional Online Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): e22205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22205.
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Background Online misinformation proliferation during the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major public health concern. Objective We aimed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 misinformation exposure and beliefs, associated factors including psychological distress with misinformation exposure, and the associations between COVID-19 knowledge and number of preventive behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 1049 South Korean adults in April 2020. Respondents were asked about receiving COVID-19 misinformation using 12 items identified by the World Health Organization. Logistic regression was used to compute adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for the association of receiving misinformation with sociodemographic characteristics, source of information, COVID-19 misinformation belief, and psychological distress, as well as the associations of COVID-19 misinformation belief with COVID-19 knowledge and the number of COVID-19 preventive behaviors among those who received the misinformation. All data were weighted according to the Korea census data in 2018. Results Overall, 67.78% (n=711) of respondents reported exposure to at least one COVID-19 misinformation item. Misinformation exposure was associated with younger age, higher education levels, and lower income. Sources of information associated with misinformation exposure were social networking services (aOR 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.32) and instant messaging (aOR 1.79, 1.27-2.51). Misinformation exposure was also associated with psychological distress including anxiety (aOR 1.80, 1.24-2.61), depressive (aOR 1.47, 1.09-2.00), and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms (aOR 1.97, 1.42-2.73), as well as misinformation belief (aOR 7.33, 5.17-10.38). Misinformation belief was associated with poorer COVID-19 knowledge (high: aOR 0.62, 0.45-0.84) and fewer preventive behaviors (≥7 behaviors: aOR 0.54, 0.39-0.74). Conclusions COVID-19 misinformation exposure was associated with misinformation belief, while misinformation belief was associated with fewer preventive behaviors. Given the potential of misinformation to undermine global efforts in COVID-19 disease control, up-to-date public health strategies are required to counter the proliferation of misinformation.
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Saling, Lauren L., Devi Mallal, Falk Scholer, Russell Skelton, and Damiano Spina. "No one is immune to misinformation: An investigation of misinformation sharing by subscribers to a fact-checking newsletter." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e0255702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255702.
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Like other disease outbreaks, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid generation and dissemination of misinformation and fake news. We investigated whether subscribers to a fact checking newsletter (n = 1397) were willing to share possible misinformation, and whether predictors of possible misinformation sharing are the same as for general samples. We also investigated predictors of willingness to have a COVID-19 vaccine and found that although vaccine acceptance was high on average, it decreased as a function of lower belief in science and higher conspiracy mentality. We found that 24% of participants had shared possible misinformation and that this was predicted by a lower belief in science. Like general samples, our participants were typically motivated to share possible misinformation due to interest in the information, or to seek a second opinion about claim veracity. However, even if information is shared in good faith and not for the purpose of deceiving or misleading others, the spread of misinformation is nevertheless highly problematic. Exposure to misinformation engenders faulty beliefs in others and undermines efforts to curtail the spread of COVID-19 by reducing adherence to social distancing measures and increasing vaccine hesitancy.
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Wang, Yuan. "Debunking Misinformation About Genetically Modified Food Safety on Social Media: Can Heuristic Cues Mitigate Biased Assimilation?" Science Communication 43, no. 4 (June 18, 2021): 460–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10755470211022024.
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Focusing on debunking misinformation about genetically modified (GM) food safety in a social media context, this study examines whether source cues and social endorsement cues interact with individuals’ preexisting beliefs about GM food safety in influencing misinformation correction effectiveness. Using an experimental design, this study finds that providing corrective messages can effectively counteract the influence of misinformation, especially when the message is from an expert source and receives high social endorsements. Participants evaluate misinformation and corrective messages in a biased way that confirms their preexisting beliefs about GM food safety. However, their initial misperceptions can be reduced when receiving corrective messages.
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Kim, Seoyong, and Sunhee Kim. "The Crisis of Public Health and Infodemic: Analyzing Belief Structure of Fake News about COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 9904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239904.
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False information about COVID-19 is being produced and disseminated on a large scale, impeding efforts to rapidly impose quarantines. Thus, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic itself, an infodemic related with it is leading to social crises. This study therefore investigates who believes the misinformation that is being produced in the context of COVID-19. We choose two main factors—risk perception factor, so called psychometric paradigm, and communication factor—as independent variables that can affect belief in misinformation related to COVID-19. The results show that, among psychometric variables, perceived risk and stigma positively impact belief in fake news, whereas perceived benefit and trust have negative effects. Among communication factors, source credibility and the quantity of information reduce belief in fake news, whereas the credibility of information sources increases these beliefs. Stigma has the greatest explanatory power among the variables, followed by health status, heuristic information processing, trust, and subjective social class.
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Bok, Stephen, Daniel E. Martin, Erik Acosta, Maria Lee, and James Shum. "Validation of the COVID-19 Transmission Misinformation Scale and Conditional Indirect Negative Effects on Wearing a Mask in Public." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 11319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111319.
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The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic devastated the world economy. Global infections and deaths altered the behaviors of generations. The Internet acted as an incredible vehicle for communication but was also a source of unfounded rumors. Unfortunately, this freedom of information sharing and fear of COVID-19 fostered unfounded claims about transmission (e.g., 5G networks spread the disease). With negligible enforcement to stop the spread of rumors and government officials spouting unfounded claims, falsities became ubiquitous. Organizations, public health officials, researchers, and businesses spent limited resources addressing rumors instead of implementing policies to overcome challenges (e.g., speaking to defiant mask wearers versus safe reopening actions). The researchers defined COVID-19 transmission misinformation as false beliefs about the spread and prevention of contracting the disease. Design and validation of the 12-item COVID-19 Transmission Misinformation Scale (CTMS) provides a measure to identify transmission misinformation believers. Indirect COVID-19 transmission misinformation beliefs with a fear of COVID-19 decreased wearing a mask in public intentions. Callousness exacerbated COVID-19 transmission misinformation beliefs as a moderator.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Misinformation beliefs"
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Weeks, Brian Edward. "Feeling is Believing? How emotions influence the effectiveness of political fact-checking messages." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1400581789.
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Na, Kilhoe. "How Emotions Shape Belief in Rumor: Testing Two Mechanisms of the Emotional Congruence Hypothesis." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1561629848508872.
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Rijo, Angela Cardoso Gamado Espinheira. "Towards a general model of (mis-)information belief and sharing." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23043.
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The present research proposes and tests a causal model of how people believe
and share misinformative news, as opposed to informative news. In a within-subjects
experiment, we presented ten news publications with political content, extracted from
Facebook, to 259 Portuguese participants. We tested the impact of individuals' prior
political beliefs in judging the veracity and probability of sharing informative and
misinformative news publications, via perceived emotion (surprise and interest) and
credibility (trustworthiness, rigorosity, impartiality). The results showed that
participants' ability to distinguish truth from lies was quite limited. Misinformative and
informative news were processed in a similar way. Emotional and credibility cues did
not only depend on objective news content, but also on prior beliefs. Negative beliefs
about the political system increased emotionality in the processing of true and false
news. Moreover, greater emotionality increased perceptions of credibility, which in turn
increased perceived veracity and probability of sharing news (true or false). The most
distinct difference between the two types of news was that participants with more
negative beliefs about the political system were more willing to share objectively
misinformative news, and more surprised by news (informative or misinformative) they
considered to be false, with surprise increasing the probability of sharing such news
despite their perceived falsehood. We conclude that people seem to rely on emotional
cues, appraised with regard to prior beliefs, and on emotionally biased credibility
indicators to guess whether news are true or - independent on veracity - worth sharing.No presente estudo propomos e testamos um modelo causal de como as pessoas acreditam e partilham notícias desinformativas e informativas. Numa experiência intra sujeitos, apresentámos dez publicações do Facebook, de notícias com conteúdo político, a 259 participantes portugueses. Testámos o impacto das crenças políticas prévias dos indivíduos no julgamento de veracidade e probabilidade de partilhar publicações de notícias desinformativas e informativas, através da emoção percebida (surpresa e interesse) e da credibilidade (confiabilidade, rigor, imparcialidade). Os resultados demostraram que a capacidade dos participantes de distinguir a verdade da mentira é bastante limitada. Notícias desinformativas e informativas foram processadas de forma semelhante. As pistas emocionais e de credibilidade não dependem apenas do conteúdo objetivo das notícias, mas também de crenças anteriores. As crenças negativas sobre o sistema político aumentaram a emocionalidade no processamento de notícias verdadeiras e falsas. Enquanto uma maior emocionalidade aumentou as perceções de credibilidade, levando ao aumento da veracidade percebida e da probabilidade de partilhar notícias (verdadeiras ou falsas). A diferença mais distinta entre os dois tipos de notícias era que participantes com crenças mais negativas sobre o sistema político estavam mais dispostos a partilhar notícias objetivamente desinformativas e mais surpresos com as notícias (informativas ou desinformativas) que consideravam falsas; com o aumento da surpresa a aumentar a probabilidade de partilha, apesar da sua falsidade percebida. Concluímos que as pessoas confiam em pistas emocionais, avaliadas em relação a crenças anteriores, e em indicadores de credibilidade com enviesamentos emocionais, para adivinhar se as notícias são verdadeiras ou - independentemente da veracidade - partilháveis.
Books on the topic "Misinformation beliefs"
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Don't believe the hype: Fighting cultural misinformation about African-Americans. New York: Plume, 1995.
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Weatherall, James Owen, and Cailin O'Connor. Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. Yale University Press, 2019.
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Weatherall, James Owen, and Cailin O'Connor. Misinformation Age: How False Beliefs Spread. Yale University Press, 2020.
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author, Weatherall James Owen, ed. The misinformation age: How false beliefs spread. 2019.
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Chan, Man-pui Sally, Christopher Jones, and Dolores Albarracín. Countering False Beliefs. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.37.
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Although false beliefs about science are at the core of theory and practice in the field of scientific communication, correction and retraction of misinformation entail a complex and difficult process. This chapter first provides a review of trends in scientific retraction and correction notes failures in the fundamental communicative function of signaling that a published finding has been invalidated. It describes the recent practical communication developments that are increasing the transparency and visibility of retractions and corrections of fraudulent or incorrect scientific findings and examines the final barrier to correction of misbelief: the continued influence effect. The chapter reviews the results of a meta-analysis of the continued influence effect and present psychology-based recommendations in the form of decision trees to guide the work of scientists and practitioners and provides eight best practice recommendations for science communication scholars and practitioners as they continue their battle against misinformation.
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Reiki False Beliefs Exposed For All Misinformation Kept Secret By a Few Revealed. body and mind productions inc, 2006.
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Barrett, Sonia. Health an Inside Job an Outside Business: Our State of Health Is Mainly Governed by Marketing, Conditioned Beliefs and Misinformation. Timeline Publishing Inc, 2016.
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Chideya, Farai. Don't Believe the Hype: Fighting Cultural Misinformation. Bt Bound, 1999.
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Bode, Leticia, Emily K. Vraga, and Kjerstin Thorson. Fake News. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934163.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 tackles the challenges posed by misinformation campaigns and fake news, an issue of growing concern in America and around the world. Following the 2016 U.S. presidential elections, academics and pundits alike struggled to make sense of what happened, and many pointed to the role of fake news and misinformation more broadly in leading voters astray in their assessments of the two major candidates for president. This chapter draws on survey data to investigate how media use in general, and use of social media and partisan media more specifically, affected belief in six fake news stories directly following the 2016 election. The analysis assesses whether use of different types of media affected belief in misinformation—including messages congruent and incongruent with their own candidate preferences—providing insight into what was to blame for belief in fake news in the 2016 elections.
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Chideya, Farai. Don't Believe the Hype: Still Fighting Cultural Misinformation about African Americans. New Press, The, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Misinformation beliefs"
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Fields, Lindsay, and John Licato. "Combatting Conspiratorial Thinking with Controlled Argumentation Dialogue Environments." In The Pandemic of Argumentation, 291–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91017-4_15.
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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an explosion in misinformation, leading to increased interest in methods to combat the failures in critical thinking which make such misinformation so powerful. In combatting misinformation, simply throwing uncontrolled argumentation at the problem is often counter-productive, partially because the means by which people evaluate arguments are highly subject to cognitive biases. Such biases which promote jumping to unwarranted conclusions have been shown to correlate with conspiratorial belief. We consider the use of Controlled Argumentation Dialogue Environments (CADEs) as a means to mitigate cognitive biases which contribute to belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories. We will discuss Warrant Game (WG) and Warrant Game for Analogies (WG-A), CADEs in which two arguers are presented with a divisive issue and two competing positions on that issue. They then compete by iteratively improving warrants for their arguments and attacking those of their opponents. The warrant, when made explicit, makes it easier to determine key features typically associated with argument strength and may reveal hidden assumptions or fundamental reasoning incompatibilities. By presenting an issue and positions which relate to conspiratorial thinking, CADEs may operate as an educational tool for breaking conspiratorial belief into core values and building cognitive skills.
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Çalişir, Vahit. "Disinformation, Post-Truth, and Naive Realism in COVID-19." In Handbook of Research on Representing Health and Medicine in Modern Media, 200–215. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6825-5.ch014.
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Disinformation as an activity of disseminating misinformation finds its justification from the beliefs of individuals. These beliefs are like psychological barriers in minds to see the reality due to naive realism. The power and information relationship triggers authority seekers to produce their own truth. This truth mainly resembles what people want to believe. The post-truth era is proceeding to destroy the truth through making individuals skeptical to the truth. And their means to convey those misinformation is social media. In this chapter, the relationship among the post-truth era, naive realism, and disinformation is focused in terms of COVID-19.
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Leicester, Jonathan. "Complexity, Children, Dreams." In What Beliefs Are Made From, 131–35. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781681082639116010018.
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There are difficulties for forming sound beliefs about complex subjects. The evidence about them is often complex, and subject to misinformation, and the beliefs formed about them are often too simple and wishful. The beliefs of young children are fallible in all the usual ways. Some ideas come naturally to children and seem to be evolved adaptations. These may be the sources of the paranormal beliefs that are common among adults. Some parts of the brain are active during dreaming sleep and other functions are inactive. Disbelief is inactive, and the loss of its restraining effect on chains of association of ideas may be why absurdities arise and are accepted.
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J. Froehlich, Thomas. "A Disinformation-Misinformation Ecology: The Case of Trump." In Fake News Is Bad News - Hoaxes, Half-truths and the Nature of Today's Journalism [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95000.
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This paper lays out many of the factors that make disinformation or misinformation campaigns of Trump successful. By all rational standards, he is unfit for office, a compulsive liar, incompetent, arrogant, ignorant, mean, petty, and narcissistic. Yet his approval rating tends to remain at 40%. Why do rational assessments of his presidency fail to have any traction? This paper looks at the conflation of knowledge and beliefs in partisan minds, how beliefs lead to self-deception and social self-deception and how they reinforce one another. It then looks at psychological factors, conscious and unconscious, that predispose partisans to pursue partisan sources of information and reject non-partisan sources. It then explains how these factors sustain the variety and motivations of Trump supporters’ commitment to Trump. The role of cognitive authorities like Fox News and right-wing social media sites are examined to show how the power of these media sources escalates and reinforces partisan views and the rejection of other cognitive authorities. These cognitive authorities also use emotional triggers to inflame Trump supporters, keeping them addicted by feeding their anger, resentment, or self-righteousness. The paper concludes by discussing the dynamics of the Trump disinformation-misinformation ecology, creating an Age of Inflamed Grievances.
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Reedy, Justin, Chris Anderson, and Paola Conte. "Citizen Deliberation as a Correction." In The Politics of Truth in Polarized America, 384–97. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197578384.003.0017.
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Abstract Public discourse on political issues is often rife with factual misinformation and misperceptions. One avenue for helping correct and protect against false empirical beliefs is the use of deliberative mini-publics, which provide some of the benefits of a vibrant process of deliberation both to its immediate participants and to the wider public. We analyze one such mini-public discussing a risk-related ballot measure, the 2016 Arizona Citizens’ Initiative Review on a proposed recreational marijuana measure, to determine how a deliberative intervention may help address factual misperceptions. The taboo nature of marijuana use in the United States contributes to widespread misinformation about marijuana consumption, creating fertile ground for our analysis. We examine how the output of deliberative mini-publics, such as a group’s statement of its key findings, can affect voters’ misperceptions and reduce misinformation in the electorate.
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Gurevych, Iryna. "Detect – Debunk – Communicate: Combating Misinformation with More Realistic NLP." In Computational Models of Argument. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia220135.
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Dealing with misinformation is a grand challenge of the information society directed at equipping computer users with effective tools for identifying and debunking misinformation. Current Natural Language Processing (NLP) including fact-checking research fails to meet the requirements of real-life scenarios. In this talk, we show why previous work on fact-checking has not yet led to truly useful tools for managing misinformation, and discuss our ongoing work on more realistic solutions. NLP systems are expensive in terms of financial cost, computation, and manpower needed to create data for the learning process. With that in mind, we are pursuing research on detection of emerging misinformation topics to focus human attention on the most harmful, novel examples. We further compare the capabilities of automatic, NLP-based approaches to what human fact checkers actually do, uncovering critical research directions for the future. To edify false beliefs, we are collaborating with cognitive scientists and psychologists to automatically detect and respond to attitudes of vaccine hesitancy, encouraging anti-vaxxers to change their minds with effective communication strategies.
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Liberto, Hallie. "A Limited-Scope Analysis of Misinformation, Deception, and Permissive Consent." In Green Light Ethics, 177—C7.P130. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846464.003.0007.
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Abstract Chapter 7 describes a variety of existing views about the effects of misinformation and deception on permissive consent. Most of these explanations appeal to the mismatch generated between one person’s actions—which are only permissible if undertaken with a right-holder’s consent—and the intended scope of the right-holder’s consent. It explains that much of the disagreement in this literature has to do with what intentions and beliefs play a role in shaping the scope of consent. The chapter investigates two broad categories of consent under misinformation: (i) the active deception of a prospective consent-giver in cases wherein the consent-recipient is morally responsible for that deception; (ii) misinformation or missing information suffered by a prospective consent-giver for which the consent-recipient is not morally responsible. The analysis is tied directly to the processes required to prevent a Divergence Strike and a Standing Strike, as they are described in Chapter 4.
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Weeks, Brian E., and R. Kelly Garrett. "Emotional Characteristics of Social Media and Political Misperceptions." In Journalism and Truth in an Age of Social Media, 236–50. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190900250.003.0016.
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Society’s turn to social media as a primary source of news and political information means that journalists’ goal of accurately informing the public is now challenged by user-created and shared content that is misleading, inaccurate, or blatantly false. In this chapter it is argued that emotions exacerbate the problem and make it more likely that people are exposed to false information, share it, and believe it. The chapter begins by reviewing the relevant conceptualizations of emotion before turning to a discussion of emotions’ influence at various stages in this process. First, the chapter illustrates how emotions bias what news and information people seek and are exposed to in social media, including misinformation. Second, the chapter describes the various ways in which emotions affect how people engage news in social media, including sharing, and its consequences for false beliefs. The chapter ends by demonstrating how the emotional character of social media can lead to inaccurate political beliefs.
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Olivares, Sofia M., and Sahiti Myneni. "Unpacking Misinfodemic During a Global Health Crisis: A Qualitative Inquiry of Psychosocial Characteristics in Social Media Interactions." In MEDINFO 2021: One World, One Health – Global Partnership for Digital Innovation. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220223.
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The pervasiveness of health information in social media has led to a modern misinformation crisis, also known as a misinfodemic. Misinfodemics have upended public health activities as clearly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this study is to characterize social media content and information sources using theory-driven health behavior and psychology constructs to better understand the motifs of misinformation and their role in the dissemination of health (mis)information in Twitter posts. We analyzed 1,400 randomly selected tweets related to COVID-19 to ascertain four important variables, what is the tweet about (content), how is it structured (linguistic features), who is tweeting (source), and what is the reach of the tweet (dissemination). Results showed there was a significant difference between themes expressed, health beliefs manifested, and observed linguistic patterns in true and false information. Implications for informatics-driven digital health utilities, such as theory-informed knowledge models and context-aware risk communications, are discussed.
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Grazulis, Anna, and Ryan Rogers. "“Ridiculous and Untrue – FAKE NEWS!”." In Research Anthology on Fake News, Political Warfare, and Combatting the Spread of Misinformation, 25–38. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7291-7.ch002.
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Beyond the spread of fake news, the term “fake news” has been used by people on social media and by people in the Trump administration to discredit reporting and show disagreement with the content of a story. This study offers a series of defining traits of fake news and a corresponding experiment testing its impact. Overall, this study shows that fake news, or at least labeling fake news can impact the gratifications people derive from news. Further, this study provides evidence that the impact of fake news might, in some cases, rely on whether or not the fake news complies with preexisting beliefs.
Conference papers on the topic "Misinformation beliefs"
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Bergeron, Nyahne Q., Mona Strahan, Shaila Strayhorn, Anita Rong, Misael Villegas, Nancy Rayas, Stephanie Jara, et al. "Abstract PO-080: Do African American informal caregivers’ breast cancer fear and cultural beliefs predict the dissemination of breast cancer misinformation and lower mammogram uptake among their social networks?" In Abstracts: AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; October 2-4, 2020. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp20-po-080.
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"Ethos, Pathos and Logos: Rhetorical Fixes for an Old Problem: Fake News." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4154.
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Aim/Purpose: The proliferation of fake news through social media threatens to undercut the possibility of ascertaining facts and truth. This paper explores the use of ancient rhetorical tools to identify fake news generally and to see through the misinformation juggernaut of President Donald Trump. Background: The ancient rhetorical appeals described in Aristotle’s Rhetoric—ethos (character of the speaker), pathos (nature of the audience) and logos (message itself)—might be a simple, yet profound fix for the era of fake news. Also known as the rhetorical triangle and used as an aid for effective public speaking by the ancient Greeks, the three appeals can also be utilized for analyzing the main components of discourse. Methodology: Discourse analysis utilizes insights from rhetoric, linguistics, philosophy and anthropology in in order to interpret written and spoken texts. Contribution This paper analyzes Donald Trump’s effective use of Twitter and campaign rallies to create and sustain fake news. Findings: At the point of the writing of this paper, the Washington Post Trump Fact Checker has identified over 10,000 untruths uttered by the president in his first two years of office, for an average of eight untruths per day. In addition, analysis demonstrates that Trump leans heavily on ethos and pathos, almost to the exclusion of logos in his tweets and campaign rallies, making spectacular claims, which seem calculated to arouse emotions and move his base to action. Further, Trump relies heavily on epideictic rhetoric (praising and blaming), excluding forensic (legal) and deliberative rhetoric, which the ancients used for sustained arguments about the past or deliberations about the future of the state. In short, the analysis uncovers how and ostensibly why Trump creates and sustains fake news while claiming that other traditional news outlets, except for FOX news, are the actual purveyors of fake news. Recommendations for Practitioners: Information systems and communication practitioners need to be aware of the ways in which the systems they create and monitor are vulnerable to targeted attacks of the purveyors of fake news. Recommendation for Researchers: Further research on the identification and proliferation of fake news from a variety of disciplines is needed, in order to stem the flow of misinformation and untruths through social media. Impact on Society: The impact of fake news is largely unknown and needs to be better understood, especially during election cycles. Some researchers believe that social media constitute a fifth estate in the United States, challenging the authority of the three branches of government and the traditional press. Future Research: As noted above, further research on the identification and proliferation of fake news from a variety of disciplines is needed, in order to stem the flow of misinformation and untruths through social media.
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Ribas, Lucian Rossoni, Luiz Gomes-Jr, and Thiago H. Silva. "Rechat: Ferramenta para Estudo do Comportamento de Usuários em Sistemas de Bate-papo do Estilo WhatsApp." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2020.13067.
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The spread of misinformation, hate speech, or sexist discourse had become a significant problem, especially on chat platforms. This article describes a data collection and processing tool to support research on users’ behavior exposed to these contents. Our motivation is the recent need to study profiles that propagate this type of information and the need to understand these new dissemination mechanisms. This tool provides a web configuration panel and a mobile application for data collection. Using a chatbot mechanism, the panel allows researchers to perform personalized experiments to analyze specific issues. The application collects the user’s basic profile, allows interaction with the chatbots sent by the researcher, and runs on the volunteers’ devices, similar to a real messaging application such as WhatsApp or Telegram. The data generated regarding the user’s interactions with the application can be exported for analysis through the panel. Also, we describe the insertion of optional codes that can be executed in parallel to the conversations, helping in sophisticated personalizations. We believe that the proposed open-source tool will help researchers from different areas, even without computer programming skills, to understand fundamental mechanisms of user behavior in mobile chat systems.
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Terry, Julian, and Craig Standing. "The Value of User Participation in E-Commerce Systems Development." In 2003 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2639.
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The importance attached to user participation in contributing to the success of an information system has been a long held theoretical belief. Systems development techniques have been promoted that involve user participation such as prototyping, rapid application development and joint application design. Interestingly, the research literature on the topic has not been conclusive about the real value of user partic i-pation, although the perception of value has still existed. The importance of user participation could be seen as a myth in information systems. In e-commerce the pressure to develop Web based systems in Internet time and the propagation of the view that e-commerce is different and subject to different rules has led developers to question the value of customer participation in the development process. Indeed, the notion of the "user" has become confused. The IS/E-commerce discipline may be guilty of misinformation. This paper proposes and validates a model to examine the role of key users or stakeholders in e-commerce application development. This framework for analysing user participation and system success takes into account the different requirements of each distinct group. Despite the business need for remote, untrained users to quickly feel comfortable and satisfied in an e-commerce site encounter, it appears that many organisations are making little effort to engage users in e-commerce site developmental activities.
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Babii, Alexandra-Niculina. "HOW THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC DETERMINED THE AMPLITUDE OF CONSPIRACY THEORIES." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/07.
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In difficult situations as covid-19 crisis, people try to find explanations in order for their mind not to be in an alert state anymore. The new pandemic did not spread only the SARS-COV-2 virus, but also it spread a lot of misinformation and disinformation, a lot of fake news and plenty of conspiracy theories. Even if before covid-19 there were this kind of theories in which some people strongly believed, after the start of the pandemic, the covid-19 conspiracy theories increased and also they determined harmful actions in the society. This paper presents the most popular conspiracy theories and what are their common ground. Most of the theories are not new, they are just updated and created based on instant connections between new events. This study presents a literature revew on different explanations on why the covid-19 conspiracy theories are more popular. It takes into consideration lack of critical thinking together with the biased minds and presents cognitive dissonance as a posible cause. At the same time, the fear of the unknown at high intensity influenced the belief in these theories. The lockdown during the pandemic determined plenty of people to spend more time online which determined the rise of misleading information. It cannot be denied that the bad management of some authorities had some influence. In the end, some conspiracy believers have some mental models already formed that are fertile ground for these theories. What can be a solution for this phenomenon to decrease?
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Douglas, Garrath. "“I Know It When I See It”: Where to Look for Social License." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33599.
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It has become axiomatic that a social license is a critical success factor for Canadian pipelines. Regulators may permit a pipeline, but on-the-ground consent for a project is a function of communities. Social license is an intangible quality outside of formal regulation, occupying the gap between community expectations and existing laws. Increasingly, gaining social license is seen as an important aspect of managing environmental and social risks, and the presence or absence of social license affects project budgets, timelines, corporate reputation and even project outcomes. There are regulatory risks to not demonstrating social license; and even with regulatory approval social license may be the difference between legal challenges and none. Social license is not easy to find, is difficult to measure, and is capricious and dynamic in nature. It is an inherently vague and changeable standard that means different things to different people. Simply defining social license can be a futile enterprise: as with US Supreme Court Justice Stewart’s famous 1964 judgment, we can’t neatly define social license, but we know it when we see it. The emergence of social media has meant that communities are better engaged, informed, and networked than ever before. Gaining social license happens when trust is built, earned and maintained with communities: it can take a long time to build that trust, and today’s digital citizen expects engagement across many platforms in order for that trust to be maintained. Though there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to gaining social license, the approach of this paper is to lay out a case-study roadmap for navigating towards it by building relationships, countering misinformation, and mobilizing existing support. The paper will also recognize potential wrong turns such as inattention to social media, lack of transparency or a clear message, and the mistaken belief that regulatory approval is the only approval necessary.