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1
Flavelle, Alix J. "A traditional agroforestry landscape of Ferguson Island, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29837.
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A study of a traditional land use system was conducted at Nade, Fergusson Island, in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea. An ethnobotanical inventory of useful and culturally significant plants, and a series of transects and vegetation profiles were used to identify, and map the distribution of, 15 different plant communities in the Nade landscape. Interviews were conducted with local gardeners about land use decision-making, land tenure, and ecological knowledge.
The land use strategy practiced at Nade can be characterized as a polyphase agroforestry system. A spectrum of management techniques are used in the different phases, including the selecting, ignoring, transplanting and/or planting of wild, semi-domesticated, and domesticated tree species. A variety of subsistence products are available throughout the year, from the range of vegetation types.
The distribution of successional phases in the landscape was found to depend on topography and soil conditions which vary within the subsistence territory of Nade. Overlying the environmentally determined pattern of the shifting mosaic are the social factors; land use decision-making based on the traditional system of susu land and plant tenure, labour-saving strategies, and agricultural tradition.
The study provides baseline data for monitoring changes in the culturally modified landscapes of Fergusson Island. This in turn can be used to facilitate a land-use planning process with local people.Forestry, Faculty of
Graduate
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Faiteli, Alfred Eliesa. "Migration and fertility in Papua New Guinea : stories from a Massim Island." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439500.
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McInnes, Brent I. A. "A glimpse of ephemeral subduction zone processes from Simberi Island, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7827.
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Simberi Island is an eroded Pliocene alkaline volcano, the oldest in the Pliocene to Holocene Tabar-Lihir-Tanga-Feni (TLTF) island arc. These islands are derived from partial melting of subduction-modified mantle at $>$60 km depth along extensional, pull-apart structures. Explosive volcanism has brought samples of the mantle wedge to the surface. Within these samples are sulphate-, carbonate-, hydrous-, alkali-rich aluminosilicate glasses which represent quenched slab-derived magmas (SCHARM). SCHARM reacts with mantle peridotite to create a vertically zoned mantle wedge consisting of phlogopite-clinopyroxenite at P $>$ 30 kbar and amphibole-clinopyroxenite at 21 to 30 kbar at 930-1080$\sp\circ$C. Metasomatism of the mantle wedge by SCHARM controls the mineralogical, chemical and isotopic composition of TLTF arc volcanics. The presence of sulphate within SCHARM indicates a high intrinsic oxygen fugacity of FMQ + 4. Oxidative metasomatism of the mantle wedge by SCHARM is responsible for high $\rm Fe\sb2O\sb3$/FeO ratios in the lavas, the early appearance of magnetite on the liquidus and the crystallization of a sulphate-bearing feldspathoidal mineral (ha uyne) in the TLTF lavas. Titanium depletion in the rocks of the TLTF arc is accounted for by the low initial solubility of Ti in SCHARM, coupled with the strong partitioning of Ti into phlogopite at high fo$\sb2.$ Enhanced solubility of sulphur in high fO$\sb2$ melts, caused destabilization of mantle sulfides and concomitant enrichment of chalcophile Au and Cu in volatile-rich, mantle-derived melts, and may be a significant factor in the development of volcanic-hosted Au-Cu deposits in the arc. Enrichments of large ion lithophile elements and rare-earth element in basanites and alkali basalts are also due to SCHARM contamination. Negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies in Simberi basalts are produced by partial melting of feldspathic minerals in subducted, seawater altered mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), at the basalt-eclogite transition zone in the mantle. Eutectic melting constraints indicate that SCHARM could be derived during the melting of scapolite, produced by prograde metamorphic reactions between MORB plagioclase and low temperature secondary minerals (calcite, gypsum) in the subducting slab. Metasomatic replacement of forsteritic olivine $\rm(\delta\sp O=5\perthous)$ by high $\rm\delta\sp O$ SCHARM produces $\sp $O-enriched sodian diopside and magnetite $\rm(\delta\sp O$ = 6.3-6.8$\perthous)$ in Simberi basanites. Isotopic disequilibrium exists because of the short 6 Ma) residence time of SCHARM in the mantle.
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Pichler, Thomas. "Hydrothermal activity in a coral reef ecosystem, Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0022/NQ36791.pdf.
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Kennedy, Allen Ken. "The geochemistry of undersaturated arc lavas from the Tabar-Feni island groups, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54329.
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Mortsiefer, Bernd. "The history of the Evangelical Church of Manus : a developmental approach /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.
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Engel, Brienne E. "Effects of a Shallow-Water Hydrothermal Vent Gradient on Benthic Calcifiers, Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3553.
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Ocean acidification is occurring in response to rapidly increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Shallow-water hydrothermal vent systems have been proposed as natural laboratories for studying the effects of elevated pCO2 on benthic communities. Hydrothermal vents occur at depths of approximately 10m in Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea; these vents are surrounded by a typical-appearing fringing coral-reef community. Groups of live specimens of seven species of reef-dwelling, larger benthic foraminifers, along with segments of calcareous green algae broken from live thalli, were collected from a reef location, placed in small mesh bags, and deployed for five days at six different sites along a gradient of temperature (29.6oC-59.3oC) and pH (5.9-8.1) with distance from a large hydrothermal vent in Tutum Bay. Foraminiferal taxa used in the experiment included Amphisorus hemprichii, a species with Mg-calcite porcelaneous shells, three species of Amphistegina that produce hyaline calcite shells, and three species with hyaline Mg-calcite shells (Heterostegina depressa and two Calcarina spp.). Several specimens of four of the seven foraminiferal species examined survived exposure to elevated temperatures of 59.3oC and low pH of 6.2 for five days, while at least one specimen of each of the seven species survived exposure to 39.9oC and pH 5.9. Examination of shells at 600-1000x magnification using scanning electron microscopy revealed fine-scale dissolution in specimens up to 30m from the vent. Results of this experiment, as well as previously reported observations from the study site, indicate that the calcifying reef-dwelling organisms examined can survive pH extremes that result in dissolution of their shells following death.
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Mitchell, Peter Ashley. "Geology, hydrothermal alteration and geochemistry of the Iamalele (D'Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea) and Wairakei (North Island, New Zealand) geothermal areas." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5561.
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The geothermal system at Iamalele is hosted by a series of late Quaternary high-silica dacite to rhyolite ignimbrite, air-fall tuff and related volcaniclastic rocks. The ignimbrite flows are intercalated with calc-alkalic andesite and low-silica dacite lavas, some of which are high-Mg varieties. The Iamalele Volcanics may be related to caldera collapse and post-caldera volcanism. Geothermal activity occurs over 30 km2 of the Iamalele area. Chemical analyses of water from hot springs indicate that the near-surface reservoir is dominated by an acid-sulphate fluid, and that the deeper reservoir fluid probably has a significant seawater component. Analyses of rock and soil samples within the limits of geothermal activity identified several areas of above background values in Au, Hg, As and Sb. A diamond drill hole was completed to a depth of ~200m in one of these areas. Hydrothermal alteration identified in the drill core indicates that the upper 200 m of the geothermal reservoir is well-zoned and contains a trace element signature characteristic of high-level, epithermal precious metal deposits. With increasing depth mineral assemblages indicative of advanced argillic, intermediate argillic and potassic alteration were observed in the recovered core.
The Wairakei geothermal system is hosted by a voluminous sequence of late Quaternary rhyolitic ignimbrite, air fall tuff and related volcaniclastic rocks intercalated with andesite to rhyolite lavas. The volcanic sequence was deposited during formation of the Maroa and Taupo caldera volcanoes, and geothermal activity is localized within a diffuse border zone between these two volcanic centres. The high-temperature reservoir at Wairakei is primarily restricted to porous pyroclastic rocks of the Waiora Formation. Geothermal activity is exposed over ~25 km2 of the Wairakei area. Chemical analyses of well discharge indicate that the fluid is a low salinity, low total sulphur, near-neutral pH chloride water with a local meteoric source. Temperature profiles for ~60% of the Wairakei wells were used to construct a c. 1950 view of the thermal zoning of the reservoir. When compared to the estimated preproduction isotherms, reconnaissance fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures indicated that the deeper portion of the reservoir had cooled by ~45ºC prior to production discharge. Hydrothermal rock alteration within the reservoir is systematically zoned and may be separated into four principal assemblages: propylitic, potassic, intermediate argillic and advanced argillic. Calcium zeolites, mainly wairakite, mordenite and laumontite, occur throughout the reservoir and, with the exception of laumontite, form an integral part of either the propylitic or potassic assemblage. Intermediate argillic alteration is widespread but is not strongly developed. The distribution of advanced argillic alteration is sporadic and restricted to depths less than 65 m. Below a depth of ~500 m potassic alteration commonly overprints propylitic alteration. The location of the "average" Wairakei fluid on several activity diagrams drawn for 100°, 200°, 250° and 300°C indicates that propylitic and potassic alteration probably formed in equilibrium with a hydrothermal fluid chemically equivalent to the modern reservoir fluid at temperatures between ~275° and ~210°C. Assays of drill samples indicate that trace amounts of gold (<0.04 g/t) and other metals permeate the reservoir. Samples of siliceous sinter collected from wellhead production equipment contain significant quantities of precious metals and also platinum group and base metals. Metal-rich scale from a back pressure plate (well 66) was analysed by optical microscopy and by electron microprobe analysis. The scale is composed of several discrete mineral phases which show a distinct paragenesis.
Hydrothermal alteration and metallization identified within the reservoirs at Iamalele and Wairakei are similar to hydrothermal alteration and metallization identified within the epithermal precious metal deposits of Rawhide and Round Mountain (Nevada, U.S.A.). The major difference between these systems is the much greater abundance of gold and silver at Rawhide and Round Mountain. Conclusions drawn from these comparisons include: (1) within high-temperature active systems gold remains in solution or is dispersed at low grades; (2) boiling does not appear to be a viable means
of producing a gold ore deposit within deep (>500 m) hydrothermal reservoirs and (3) the formation of a major precious metal ore deposit may require the superposition of a structural event on a waning geothermal system to initiate an extended period of fluid mixing.
High-Mg lavas similar to ones identified at Iamalele occur elsewhere in the late Cenozoic arc-type volcanic associations of south-eastern Papua New Guinea. Detailed geochemical studies of these rocks have revealed the presence of relatively aphyric lavas which are high in MgO, Cr, and Ni and form an integral part of the arc-type association. The high concentrations of these elements relative to typical arc-related rocks are thought to reflect the chemical composition of the initial melt. High-Mg lavas occur in other volcanic arcs of Papua New Guinea as well as in several other circum-Pacific volcanic arcs, and it is likely that high-Mg lavas form a fundamental component of most, if not all, volcanic arcs.
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Price, Roy E. "Biogeochemical Cycling of Arsenic in the Marine Shallow-water Hydrothermal System of Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002437.
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Wallis, Joanne Elizabeth. "Laying strong foundations : does the level of public participation involved in constitution-making play a role in state-building? Case studies of Timor-Leste and Bougainville." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610442.
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Kenema, Simon. "Bougainville revisited : understanding the crisis and U-Vistract through an ethnography of everyday life in Nagovisi." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/10289.
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This thesis offers an ethnographic study of everyday life in Nagovisi of Southwest Bougainville. The study focuses on aspects of how the Nagovisi construe social relations with a specific focus on vernacular categories and ideologies. The thesis deals with ideas about land, perceptions about the fluid nature of Nagovisi sociality, movement, and U-Vistract. The study is primarily based on thirteen months of field research I conducted in the Nagovisi between September 2011 and November of 2012. Through the exploration of the various thematic issues in the individual chapters the thesis offers a comparative scope for a tangential re-evaluation of the mine related crisis on the island. The focus on Noah Musinku and the Kingdom of Papala further illustrates this comparative scope by drawing an analogy between Panguna and U-Vistract and the complex entanglements and interrelationships between ideas relating to land, history, myth, relatedness, social unpredictability, and notions about wealth. It deals with the question of how persons, land and knowledge are mutually constitutive, and how each can affect the other as a result of history, and movement in time and space. By focusing on Nagovisi notions of the unpredictability of talk, knowledge, and the implication this bears on the nature of how people relate to each other and different places the thesis deals with what has long been proven a recalcitrant problem in PNG anthropological literature in which local life worlds are characterised by a fluidity of social forms.
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James, Karl. "The final campaigns Bougainville 1944-1945 /." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060712.150556/index.html.
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Byford, Julia. "Dealing with death beginning with birth : women's health and childbirth on Misima Island, Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147467.
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Schokkin, Gerda Hendrike. "A grammar of Paluai: the language of Baluan Island, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, 2014. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/28026/1/28026-schokkin-2014-thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a reference grammar of Paluai, an Austronesian language belonging to the Admiralties subgroup of Oceanic. Paluai is spoken on Baluan Island in the Manus Province of Papua New Guinea. It is predominantly isolating, with comparatively little productive morphology. Bound morphology is of the agglutinating type: morpheme boundaries are clear. The language is predominantly head-marking. Basic constituent order is SV for intransitive clauses and AVO for transitive clauses. However, constituents such as Objects, Obliques and Possessors can be fronted to pre-subject position via a topicalisation operation.
The two major word classes are noun and verb (with a major subclass of stative verbs), with adjectives and adverbs as minor classes distinguished from both noun and verb and each other. Verb to noun and verb to adjective derivations are very common, but not vice versa. Most predicates are headed by a verb complex, but nouns, adjectives, numerals and some prepositions can also function as predicate head. Only verbs, however, can take bound pronouns and be modified by TAM particles. The pronominal system distinguishes singular, dual, paucal and plural number. There is a distinction between direct and indirect nominal possession based on alienability.
The verb complex consists of a main verb and optional preverbal particles and postverbal coverbs to express aspect, modality, directionality and adverbial meanings. Reality status is expressed by a prefix to the verb complex. There is extensive verb serialisation with a variety of types, including cause-effect, valency-changing, adverbial and directional Serial Verb Constructions. S/A arguments are cross-referenced on the verb complex by a bound pronoun proclitic; O arguments are cross-referenced by an enclitic if they refer to animate beings and the full NP is elided. Oblique arguments are never cross-referenced on the verb, and the form of the marker depends on an animacy distinction. There is a causative prefix and an applicative suffix, but no passive operation.
The thesis consists of 12 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the socio-cultural background of the Paluai speakers, the language family and work on related languages, and assesses language vitality. Chapter 2 describes the phonology. Chapter 3 discusses open word classes, including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs with their subclasses, and derivational processes. Chapter 4 addresses closed word classes and grammatical systems such as pronouns, demonstratives, adpositions, numerals, quantifiers, question markers, conjunctions and interjections. Chapter 5 describes the structure of the noun phrase, and discusses nominal categories such as the distinction between direct and indirect possession. Chapter 6 is about the structure of verbal predicates, and discusses verbal categories including aspect, reality status and modality. Chapter 7 discusses nonverbal predicates, headed by a member of a word class other than verb. Chapter 8 addresses valency and grammatical relations, including alignment of core and peripheral arguments, transitivity classes and valency-changing operations. Chapter 9 discusses the various types of Serial Verb Constructions and their functions. Chapter 10 deals with speech act distinctions, including interrogative, imperative, and declarative sentences, and polarity, including negation of verbal and verbless clauses. Chapter 11 discusses clause types, including dependent clauses (relative, complement and adverbial clauses), and the semantics of clause linking. Chapter 12 addresses topics in pragmatics and discourse, including information structure, anaphors and cataphors, and topicalisation.
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Cooper, David Barton. "Laskona life : history, identity, and modernity on Lambom Island, Papua New Guinia." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151204.
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Fergie, Deane Joanne. "Being and becoming : ritual and reproduction in an island Melanesian society." 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf351.pdf.
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Kononenko, Nina. "Obsidian tool function and settlement pattern during the middle - late holocene on Garua Island, West New Britain, Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151339.
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Kuehling, Susanne. "The name of the gift : ethics of exchange on Dobu Island." Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144720.
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Sagir, Bill Francis. "The politics and transformations of chieftanship in Haku, Buka Island, Papua New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148789.
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Saovana-Spriggs, Ruth Vatoa. "Gender and peace : Bougainvillean women, matriliny, and the peace process." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110275.
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This thesis is a study of the role Bougainville women played in the peace process during
and after the period of the civil war in Bougainville. The civil war developed between
the Papua New Guinea Security Forces (PNG SF) and its ally, the Bougainville
Resistance Force (BRF), against the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) from late
1989 to 1998. The issues which led to the civil war were wide-ranging, including
economic and political problems between the people of Bougainville and the
Government of Papua New Guinea, most notably involving the Panguna landowners in
struggles over copper mining on their land in Central Bougainville.
Conflict resolution processes involved peacemakers, negotiators and mediators from
within Bougainville and Papua New Guinea, and from the international community
including Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Island countries, (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
and Fiji), the European Community and the United Nations Peace Observers Mission.
Assistance came from government and non-government organizations from all these
sources. But what was especially striking was Bougainvillean women's own
involvement in the peace process at the village community, regional, national and
international levels. This thesis explores how and why this happened.
First, women initiated peace activities at the village community level during the period
of intense fighting between the warring factions in the early 1990s. Then, following the
development of the formal peace process, as agreements were signed and implemented
by Bougainvillean and Papua New Guinean Government leaders and officials, women
gradually made their way into the regional, official level of the peace process. While
some men used arguments about "culture" and "tradition" to attempt to marginalize
women's participation in the peace process, women, on the other hand, used it to
promote their peace efforts. Rejecting the argument that tradition relegated women to
domesticity, as wives and mothers, women celebrated their powerful roles as "mothers
of the land" and in particular their status in matrilineal traditions. In such traditions,
some women (like men) had chiefly status and women in general were seen as mothers
of the matrilineage, its land, valuables, ceremonies, knowledge and history. Land is
intimately linked to women and their capacity to regenerate people. Men are identified
as fathers of such cultural wealth and can publicly represent their matrilineage but their
roles depend on women's agreement and prior authority. Women saw their role in
peacemaking as one of both reviving their matrilineal status and making matriliny newly
relevant in the modern context of Bougainville society. The connection and interaction
between their matrilineal and modern roles, within Christianity, education and the
professions were consciously and consummately blended together, so that women
became powerful agents for making peace in Bougainville.
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Boettger, Juliane. "Topics in the grammar of Lele: a language of Manus Island, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, 2015. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/41204/1/41204-boettger-2015-thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examines topics in the grammar of the Lele language, Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. Lele is spoken by ca. 4,500 people on mainland Manus Island and belongs to the little known Admiralties languages, a higher order subgroup of the Oceanic (Austronesian) language family. The methodology of language description followed the principles of the Basic Linguistic Theory (Dixon 2009a, b, 2012). The material that served as the basis of description was collected during long field stays particularly to Sapon village, from 2012 to 2014. The field research is based on the principle of immersion fieldwork, seeking a deeper understanding of both target language as well as culture through living with the language community and sharing everyday life. The thesis covers the open word classes in Lele, nouns and verbs, adjectives and adverbs, as well as closed word classes. Further topics in syntax and phrasal structure are examined. Finally, the comprehensive text collection and the dictionary attached as appendices to the thesis represent considerable contributions to the maintenance of the Lele language. These materials enhance the linguistic database available to the academic community and to native speakers.
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Fergie, Deane J. "Being and becoming : ritual and reproduction in an island Melanesian society / Deane Joanne Fergie." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18959.
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Bibliography: leaves 359-381xi, 381 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1985
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Fergie, Deane J. "Being and becoming : ritual and reproduction in an island Melanesian society / Deane Joanne Fergie." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18959.
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Batten, Aaron. "Aid effectiveness in the small island developing states of the South Pacific." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148450.
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Sawaki, Yusuf Willem. "A grammar of Wooi: An Austronesian language of Yapen Island, Western New Guinea." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/136851.
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This thesis is a description of Wooi, an Austronesian language of
the South Halmahera-West New Guinea group, spoken on Yapen
Island, Western New Guinea. The language is spoken by
approximately 3,000 people in three main villages: Wooi, Woinap
and Yenuari, and others scattered around cities in West Papua.
The areas of grammar covered in this thesis are phonology
(chapter 2), word classes (chapter 3), noun phrases (chapter 4),
possession and possessive constructions (chapter 5), verbal
morphology (chapter 6), the clause (chapter 7), grammatical
relations (chapter 8), valence, valency changing derivations, and
related constructions (chapter 9), serial verb constructions
(chapter 10), complex clauses (chapter 11), topic and focus
constructions (chapter 12), and deictics and spatial orientation
(chapter 13).
Wooi has five basic vowels, thirteen diphthongs and sixteen
consonants. Consonant clusters are restricted and occur across
syllables. Stress is not phonemic. Morpho-phonological processes
include metathesis, vowel deletion, palatalization, vowel merger,
vowel retention, fortition, lenition, nasal assimilation and
consonant insertion.
The language is a left-headed language in which most of the
modifiers are post-nominal and the head noun is to the right of
the NPs, except the possessive modifier. The basic clause
structure is SVO-OBL, in which the order is fixed. Insertion is
not allowed within the basic clause structure. Object alternation
is not allowed. Peripheral elements such as locative and temporal
adjuncts occur outside the basic clause structure, following the
oblique argument.
The morphology of the verb is simple, consisting of the
obligatory prefixed-subject marker and the applicative marker.
The object clitic is syntactically determined. Morphological
realization of the subject marker varies depending on the
phonological shapes of verb stems, vowel-initial or
consonant-initial verb stems. The realization can be as a prefix
or infix. The verb types include action verbs, derived verbs, and
verbs with possessive morphology.
Wooi is a nominative-accusative language. S/A are identical, as
opposed to O/P. Oblique has its own marking. The grammatical
relations are determined by linear word order, categorical
expression, agreement marking and behavioural properties.
Wooi distinguishes direct and indirect possessive constructions.
In direct possessive constructions, the possessor attaches
directly to the possessed noun. In indirect possessive
constructions, the possessor attaches to the possessive marker,
not directly to the possessed noun. There are also two other
possessive types, namely, mixed type and N-N juxtaposition type,
but these are more restricted.
Serial verb constructions are distinguished based on their formal
and semantic properties. SVCs in Wooi are considered as a
monoclause consisting of two (or more) verbs in sequence. The two
types of SVCs in Wooi are true SVCs and pseudo SVCs. They are
mostly distinguished based on argument realisation and argument
sharing.
Topic and focus constructions are triggered by pragmatic
requirements. Topic can be marked by NPs, pronouns and person
marking/pronominal copy. Focus can be marked by NPs and focus
markers, especially in contrastive focus. There are different
markings for verbal focus and non-verbal focus.
Deictics and spatial orientation are very complex in Wooi. There
are three types of deictics in Wooi – deictic adverbs,
demonstrative modifiers and demonstrative pronouns. They
distinguish proximate, neutral, distal1 and distal2 orientation.
The deictics have basic locative orientation but they can also be
extended to temporal orientation. Spatial orientation consists of
the topological types; which have stative locative verbs, the
frame of reference types, which consist of intrinsic frame of
reference, relative and absolute frame of references; and the
motion types, which consist of motion verbs and directional
prepositions
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Kora, Peter-Gallah. "Land tenure and productivity in Papua New Guinea : a case study of oil palm at Hoskins, West New Britain Province." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149763.
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Itikarai, Ima. "The 3-D structure and earthquake locations at Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea." Master's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151199.
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McKenna, Kylie. "Interdependent engagement : corporate social responsibility in Bougainville and Papua." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156287.
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This thesis is the result of a journey through nine countries, documenting the lessons of over eighty diverse stakeholders, ranging from multinational resource company executives to local landowners, about how businesses can amend their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices to facilitate peaceful development. Drawing on the cases of Bougainville and Papua, it analyses the effectiveness of dominant mainstream models of CSR pursued by major resource companies to respond to threats to peace that arise from the issues of most concern to locals. A problem that this thesis reveals is that despite a commitment to CSR, Bougainville Copper Limited (BCL), PT Freeport Indonesia (Freeport) and BP (British Petroleum) failed to resolve local grievances related to their business practices in Bougainville and Papua. A framework of 'Interdependent Engagement' is designed in response to these failures. Interdependent Engagement addresses limitations of CSR to resolve the conflict flashpoints associated with the extraction of natural resources. Contrary to common expectations, the voluntary social and environmental initiatives pursued by the extractive industry do not automatically lead to improved conditions for local communities. In some cases, particularly where armed conflict arises, these initiatives may even produce more harm than good. Despite this potential danger, corporations continue to be encouraged to expand the scope of their existing CSR practices to encompass a role in peace building. Guided by a multi-site research design, the thesis connects the motivations, intentions and constraints of corporations operating in zones of conflict with local perspectives and expectations in the CSR context. The data confirm that dominant forms of CSR as used by the case study companies are limited in their capacity to assist resource extraction companies to avoid social conflict. This is due to the fact that CSR has historically tended to focus primarily on the distribution of material benefits, rather than on engagement with the deeper sources of injustice that resource companies often become entangled with. Drawing on the case studies of Bougainville and Papua, eight sites of interdependence between BCL, Freeport and BP and the grievances at the heart of the two conflicts are identified: 1. historical injustice; 2. the denial of customary land rights; 3. regional inequality & contests over resource wealth; 4. cultural, political and economic marginalisation; 5. human rights violations; 6. community disruption; 7. environmental damage, and 8. aspirations to define the future. The thesis finds that there are four important limitations of dominant models of CSR discourse that have constrained its ability to engage with these interdependencies. These are: the emphasis on pledges over institutional change, responsiveness to host states to the exclusion of local communities, failure to incorporate alternative visions of justice into the design of voluntary social and environmental initiatives, and the implementation of one-size-fits-all solutions to complex social and environmental problems. A significant outcome of this thesis is a new method for the design of CSR in areas affected by conflict - Interdependent Engagement. Based on the principles of mutuality, reflexivity, engagement and flexibility, Interdependent Engagement is presented as a model of CSR transformed. -- provided by Candidate.
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Qopoto, Cromwell. "Comparative geochemistry of some volcanic suites of the Solomon Islands and Bougainville : implications for metallogenesis." Master's thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110247.
Full textAbstract:
The Solomon Islands arc a complex collage of crustal units or terranes (collectively called the Solomon Block) that have formed and accreted within an intra-oceanic environment during the Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods. The Solomon Block has recently being
subdivided into five terranes based on: basement lithology and geochemistry, age, and development (or lack) of younger, arc-dominated, basaltic basement sequences. A combination of terrane assessment coupled with the ongoing magmatic and tectonic
developments in the Solomon Islands has direct implications for understanding a number or metallogenctic processes.
The study of glass inclusions (or formerly melt inclusions; MIs) in phenocrysts provide
direct information about the chemical composition of the naturally-occurring. supra-subduction zone-derived melts within an overall transpressional environment. MIs have
been trapped in various phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, quartz. amphibole, irontitanium oxides, and sulfides. This study was directed primarily at documenting and comparing bulk rock, MIs, and matrix glass compositions for calc-alkaline volcanoes of the
islands of Bougainville, Fauro, Choiseul, and Guadalcanal.
The MIs occur a isolated blebs and sometimes in groups with preferred alignments, and range in individual size from <1μm to 250 μm in length. Variable rates of crystal growth
coupled with magmatic cooling are involved in the formation of such glass inclusions.
Overall, the compositions of the MIs for each island range from basaltic (<53 wt% SiO)
through intermediate Si01 (53-60 wt%) to highly silicic (>60 wt% SiO₂). For all MIs, the oxides of Al-Mg-Fe-Ti-Mn (and generally Ca) decrease while those of Na and K increase
as the content of Si0₂ increases. The Gold Ridge rocks in particular have very high K concentrations. For most or the sample suites, the light rare earth elements (REE) arc enriched relative to the heavy REE, similar to many medium- to high-K volcanic arc suites world-wide. The
fluid mobile elements (e.g., Sr, K , Rb. and Ba) are enriched relative to REE or similar melt-crystal incompatibilities, while the nominally fluid-immobile clement (e.g., Th, Ta. Nb, Zr, Hf, Ti, Y, and Yb) are similar in abundances to REE of equivalent incompatibility/compatibility. In the future, more refined targeting of potentially mineralised, volcanic rock-hosted ore occurrences will require knowledge or terrane (and
hence basement geological) history, coupled with current tectonomagmatic settings.
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Rotmann, Sandra. "Tissue thickness as a tool to monitor the stress response of massive porites corals to turbidity impact on Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, 2004. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/2095/1/01front.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
In massive Porites colonies, living tissue invests only a thin layer on the
outer perimeter of the skeleton, normally around 25-50% of an annual
growth increment in healthy colonies. The depth to which skeleton is
occupied by tissue is referred to as ‘tissue thickness’. Tissue thickness has
been argued to be a sensitive bioindicator that may be potentially used to
monitor changes in coral health prior to collapse and mortality. The primary
goal of this study was to assess the response of tissue thickness in massive
Porites colonies at Lihir Island (3005’S 152038’E) to an anthropogenically
increased turbidity regime associated with mining activities. In order to
achieve this goal it was also necessary to identify possible sources of
natural variability in tissue thickness, both spatial and temporal, and to
quantify their influence. Possible sources of tissue thickness variability
identified through both literature review and observation included: i)
changes in thickness through the lunar month as a function of skeletal
growth patterns; ii) change in thickness due to differences in local
environmental conditions; iii) change in tissue thickness with differences in
colony size and shape. Where possible, the influence of all of these factors
was examined in both shallow (<11 m) and deep (>14 m) habitats, across
sites around Lihir Island and between years (sampling took place in 2001,
2002, and 2003).
Tissue thickness in massive Porites changes over a lunar month as part of
skeletal growth processes. This study looked for ways in which allowance
could be made and procedures devised for sampling at different times of the lunar month. Tissue thickness decreased, on average, by 20% on the
day after the full moon. Tissue thickness increased, on average, by 0.3 m
per day during the lunar month. These patterns of variation were
consistently observed between study sites, at different depths, and in
different sampling years. The only exception appeared to be when tissue
thickness became critically thin (below 2.2 mm), which was only found at a
site heavily affected by turbidity. Hence, growth processes in massive
Porites were reduced or halted when limited energy reserves were available
under stressful conditions. Monthly tissue uplift in the same colonies was
resumed when an increase in tissue thickness above the minimum
threshold of 2.2 mm was achieved. The consistency of tissue variations
throughout the lunar month in all but these very few extremely stressed
individuals allowed measurements taken from individuals at different times
of the lunar month to be easily adjusted for comparison.
In the second study, changes in tissue thickness in response to increased
turbidity were examined by measuring tissue thickness in massive Porites
colonies along an anthropogenic turbidity gradient in 2001, 2002 and 2003.
Tissue thickness was significantly less where turbidity levels reached 15-
30mg l-1. This was the maximum turbidity encountered near coral reefs in
this study. Tissue thickness was not significantly reduced by lower turbidity
levels, but it was always less in colonies in deeper water than in colonies in
shallow water. Some variability of tissue thickness was also observed
between study sites and years. However, neither spatial nor temporal
variability masked the general pattern of decreasing tissue thickness with
increasing turbidity.
The final study examined differences in tissue thickness with colony size
and shape and looked at environmentally-induced changes in tissue
thickness in colonies with different morphologies. Massive Porites corals on
Lihir Island were found to occur in six distinct growth forms, namely
rounded, round-encrusting, pyramidical, pyramid-encrusting, encrusting
and vertical encrusting. Some of these shapes could be described
quantitatively by height/circumference ratios. However, the angle of
substrata slope was found to be a better indicator for changes in shapes
with study sites and water depth. Allowing for changes in tissue thickness
with depth, colony morphology did not affect tissue thickness. Hence,
colony morphology was not a significant factor in sampling for tissue
thickness. Similar-sized colonies were selected for sampling. The effects of
colony size on tissue thickness were tested and colony size could also be
excluded as a factor which significantly affected tissue thickness.
Patterns of change in tissue thickness in Porites colonies at Lihir Island
indicated that mining activities had affected, and were affecting, corals and
coral communities over a much more restricted area than predicted by the
mine’s environmental impact statement. Tissue thickness patterns
corresponded closely with indices of live coral cover and turbidity
measurements. Tissue thickness was found to be a simple and reliable
bioindicator for turbidity stress on corals on Lihir Island. Changes in tissue
thickness indicate when corals are being adversely affected by
anthropogenic activities. This gives tissue thickness a huge advantage over
other monitoring techniques, because these mostly detect change after it
has occurred - and not while it is occurring.
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Fitzgerald, Lucy. "What Happened to Nemo: Population Dynamics of the Orange Clownfish, Amphiprion percula Over an Eight-Year Time Gap on Kimbe Island, Papua New Guinea." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/662763.
Full textAbstract:
Long-term studies are important for understanding the intricacies of population dynamics over time. Self-recruitment and social hierarchy are valuable tools to quantify the rates at which populations change. In mutualistic symbiosis, where two species benefit from the relationship, different selective pressures and life histories can have unintended consequences on the population dynamics of both species. Anemonefish live in a sized-based hierarchy where individuals queue to be part of the breeding pair (ranks 1 and 2). They have a mutualistic association with their host anemone; the identity of the anemone can impact their growth and fecundity. However, there is limited knowledge on the anemone lifespan and its site persistence over time. Here, we investigate rank changes and self-recruitment in Amphiprion percula and persistence in a common host anemone, Stichodactyla gigantea, on the remote island of Kimbe Island in Papua New Guinea. The populations of A. percula (n = 1,530) and their local host anemones, S. gigantea (n = 290) and Heteractis magnifica (n = 174), were sampled exhaustively in 2011 and 2019. Using DNA profiling, I determined the fate of individuals between years. We found that 21% of the A. percula population survived over the eight-year time gap compared to the 69% survival of the associated S. gigantea population in a six-year time gap. Half of the surviving A. percula individuals increased in rank and exhibited faster growth rates living on S. gigantea compared to H. magnifica. Self-recruitment was high in both years, 47% in 2011 and 39% in 2019, with one individual returning to its natal anemone. Our findings provide rare insights into one of the most charismatic symbiotic relationships in the marine environment such as the first documentation of longevity in a host anemone.
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Manning, Allan. "The closure of Bougainville Copper Limited's mine : lessons from the mining industry." Thesis, 1994. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/33024/.
Full text