Journal articles on the topic 'Miscibility generation'
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Poulopoulou, Nikki, Nejib Kasmi, Maria Siampani, Zoi Terzopoulou, Dimitrios Bikiaris, Dimitris Achilias, Dimitrios Papageorgiou, and George Papageorgiou. "Exploring Next-Generation Engineering Bioplastics: Poly(alkylene furanoate)/Poly(alkylene terephthalate) (PAF/PAT) Blends." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030556.
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Polymers from renewable resources and especially strong engineering partially aromatic biobased polyesters are of special importance for the evolution of bioeconomy. The fabrication of polymer blends is a creative method for the production of tailor-made materials for advanced applications that are able to combine functionalities from both components. In this study, poly(alkylene furanoate)/poly(alkylene terephthalate) blends with different compositions were prepared by solution blending in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and chloroform. Three different types of blends were initially prepared, namely, poly(ethylene furanoate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PEF/PET), poly(propylene furanoate)/poly(propylene terephthalate) (PPF/PPT), and poly(1,4-cyclohenedimethylene furanoate)/poly(1,4-cycloxehane terephthalate) (PCHDMF/PCHDMT). These blends’ miscibility characteristics were evaluated by examining the glass transition temperature of each blend. Moreover, reactive blending was utilized for the enhancement of miscibility and dynamic homogeneity and the formation of copolymers through transesterification reactions at high temperatures. PEF–PET and PPF–PPT blends formed a copolymer at relatively low reactive blending times. Finally, poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene furanoate) (PETF) random copolymers were successfully introduced as compatibilizers for the PEF/PET immiscible blends, which resulted in enhanced miscibility.
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Asakawa, Tsuyoshi, Tadahiro Ozawa, and Akio Ohta. "Generation of Fluorocarbon and Hydrocarbon Hybrid Gemini Surfactants Controlled by Micellar Miscibility." Journal of Oleo Science 62, no. 1 (2013): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.62.17.
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Singh, Pradeep, B. R. Venugopal, and Radha Kamalakaran. "Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy for Polymer Blends." Journal of Modern Materials 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.4.1.31-36.
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Physical properties of the polymer can be altered by mixing one or more polymers together also known as polymer blending. The miscibility of polymers is a key parameter in determining the properties of polymer blend. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) plays a critical role in determining the miscibility and morphology of the polymers in blend system. One of the most difficult part in polymer microscopy is the staining by heavy metals to generate contrast in CTEM. RuO4 and OsO4 are commonly used to stain the polymer materials for CTEM imaging. CTEM imaging is difficult to interpret for blends due to lack of clear distinction in contrast. Apart from having difficulty in contrast generation, staining procedures are extremely dangerous as improper handling could severely damage skin, eyes, lungs etc. We have used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to image polymer blends without any staining processes. In current work, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)/Methacrylate Butadiene Styrene (MBS) and Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) along with filler additive were dispersed on Polycarbonate (PC) matrix and studied by STEM/HAADF (high angle annular dark field). By using HAADF, contrast was generated through molecular density difference to differentiate components in the blend.
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Mahesh, B., D. Kathyayani, G. S. Nanjundaswamy, D. Channe Gowda, and R. Sridhar. "Miscibility studies of plastic-mimetic polypeptide with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blends and generation of non-woven fabrics." Carbohydrate Polymers 212 (May 2019): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.042.
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Zhang, Zhuo, Hong Jun Guo, Wei He, and Wen Xion Zhang. "In Situ Composites: Effect of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds on Polyamide 66/TLCP Blends." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1515.
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The thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyamide (TLCPa) was synthesized and the in situ composites for TLCPa/Polyamides 66 (PA66) were prepared by melting extrusion. As revealed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), depression of the melting point and the crystallinity of PA66 indicated that the miscibility was enhanced via intermolecular H-bonds. Characteristic absorption shifts of C=O groups of TLCPa/PA66 in Fourier transform infra-red spectra (FTIR) confirmed the existence of H-bonds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that the shape of TLCPa phase change in matrix with increasing TLCPa content. Mechanical properties of blends were significantly improved by good interface adhesion and TLCPa fibrils generation.
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Tan, Hsin-Yuan, Wen Lo, Chiu-Mei Hsueh, Chia-Yi Wang, Sung-Jan Lin, Chen-Yuan Dong, and Tai-Horng Young. "CHARACTERIZING THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICROSTRUCTURE OF COLLAGEN/CHITOSAN SCAFFOLDS USING MULTIPHOTON MICROSCOPE." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 03 (May 30, 2013): 1350038. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500385.
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In this work, we used multiphoton microscopic system for characterizing three-dimensional microstructure of collagen/chitosan polymeric scaffolds in a noninvasive fashion. Nonlinear optical signals including multiphoton autofluorescence (MAF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) derived from collagen/chitosan scaffolds were collected and analyzed. The three-dimensional porous microstructures of collagen/chitosan scaffolds were visualized by co-localized and evenly distributed MAF and SHG signals. The distribution of collagen and chitosan compositions within miscible collagen/chitosan blends cannot be either localized or differentiated simply using these nonlinear optical signals. However, the intensity of MAF signals in scaffolds was found to be markedly decreased in correlation to the supplementation of chitosan within blends, regardless of collagen/chitosan weight ratios. It therefore implied that the MAF-generating molecules within collagen being altered in miscible collagen/chitosan blends. And the SHG signals also decreased significantly in collagen/chitosan scaffolds with the supplementation of chitosan, regardless of different weight ratios. This finding supported the hypothesis regarding the miscibility of collagen/chitosan blends that triple helix structure of collagen, a proven SHG-generating microstructure, was altered in miscible collagen/chitosan blends. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that multiphoton imaging modality can be versatile for investigating three-dimensional microstructure of miscible polymeric scaffolds in a minimal invasive fashion, and may potentially be applicable in the field of tissue engineering.
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Zhou, Lu, Hongwei Yang, Zhen Zhang, Yue Liu, Jayantha Epaarachchi, Zhenggang Fang, Liang Fang, Chunhua Lu, and Zhongzi Xu. "Effects of Ligands in Rare Earth Complex on Properties, Functions, and Intelligent Behaviors of Polyurea–Urethane Composites." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102098.
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There is a need to create next-generation polymer composites having high property, unique function, and intelligent behaviors, such as shape memory effect (SME) and self-healing (SH) capability. Rare earth complexes can provide luminescence for polymers, and their dispersion is highly affected by ligand structures. Here, we created three different REOCs with different ligands before studying the effects of ligands on REOC dispersion in polyurea–urethane (PUU) with disulfide bonds in main chains. In addition, the effects of different REOCs on mechanical properties, luminescent functions, and intelligent behaviors of PUU composites were studied. The results showed that REOC I (Sm(TTA)3phen: TTA, thenoyltrifluoroacetone; phen, 1,10-phenanthroline) has incompatible ligands with the PUU matrix. REOC I and REOC III (Sm(BUBA)3phen: BUBA, 4-benzylurea-benzoic acid) with amine and urea groups facilitate their dispersion. It was REOC III that helped the maintenance of mechanical properties of PUU composites due to the good dispersion and the needle-like morphologies. Due to more organic ligands of REOC III, the fluorescence intensity of composite materials is reduced. The shape recovery ratio of the composite was not as good as that of pure PUU when a large amount of fillers was added. Besides, REOC I reduced the self-healing efficiency of PUU composites due to poor dispersion, and the other two REOCs increased the self-healing efficiency. The results showed that ligands in REOCs are important for their dispersion in the PUU matrix. The poor dispersion of REOC I is unbeneficial for mechanical properties and intelligent behavior. The high miscibility of REOC II (Sm(PABA)3phen: PABA, 4-aminobenzoic acid) decreases mechanical properties as well but ensures the good shape recovery ratio and self-healing efficiency. The mediate miscibility and needle-like morphology of REOC III are good for mechanical properties. The shape recovery ratio, however, was decreased.
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Rai, R. N. "Phase diagram, optical, nonlinear optical, and physicochemical studies of the organic monotectic system: Pentachloropyridine–succinonitrile." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 5 (May 2004): 1348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0181.
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The two immiscible liquid phases in equilibrium with a single liquid phase have been observed during the phase diagram study of an organic analog of a metal–nonmetal system involving pentachloropyridine (PCP)–succinonitrile (SCN). The phase equilibrium shows the formation of a monotectic and a eutectic, with large miscibility gap in the system, containing 0.0456 and 0.9658 mole fractions of SCN, respectively, and the consolute temperature being 99.0 °C above the monotectic horizontal line. The heat of mixing, entropy of fusion, roughness parameter, interfacial energy, and excess thermodynamic functions were calculated based on enthalpy of fusion data determined via the differential scanning calorimetry method. The effects of solid–liquid interfacial energy on morphology of monotectic structure as well as the variation of interfacial energies with temperature have been discussed. The microstructures of monotectic and eutectic show peculiar characteristic features. The material properties of PCP and PCP doped with SCN crystals, grown by the Bridgman–Stockbarger method, have been studied via studying second harmonic generation efficiency, transparency range, and mechanical hardness.
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Liu, Qiming, Wei Zhou, Xinmiao Lu, Ting Hu, and Xiujian Zhao. "Preparation and enhancement of second-order nonlinearity of hybrid PMMA/SiO2 glass with Sb2S3 nanocrystals." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 8 (August 2009): 2555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0312.
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Bulk hybrid polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/SiO2 glass with Sb2S3 nanocrystals was prepared by the sol-gel process. We tried to minimize the quantity of water as much as possible in tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) hydrolyzing, prepolymerized the organic monomers, mixed inorganic precursors, and prepolymerized organic monomers under a noncosolvent condition to reduce possible volume shrinkage. A silane coupling agent, which hydrolyzed simultaneously with TEOS, was introduced into the system to improve the miscibility of the organic and inorganic materials. The maximum dopant of Sb2S3 was 9 wt% in our experiments. The second-harmonic generation was observed in the hybrid PMMA/SiO2 glasses with electron-beam poling. Second-harmonic intensity increased with increase of accelerating voltage, current, and the content of Sb2S3 nanocrystals. The maximum χ2 in our study, as large as 1.64 p.m./V, was obtained under the optimized poling condition conducted at 25 kV, 20 nA, and 10 min. It was indicated from the thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements that the nonlinear layer was located in the thin 10-μm irradiated surface of the glass.
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Hallinan, Daniel T., Michael P. Blatt, Kyoungmin Kim, Nam Nguyen, Stephanie F. Marxsen, Sage Smith, Rufina G. Alamo, and Justin G. Kennemur. "Advancements in Polymer Blend Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Conduction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272566mtgabs.
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Increasing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries requires, among other advances, electrolytes that are compatible with lithium metal and next-generation cathodes. Polymer electrolytes play an important role in this regard, but overcoming slow ion transport is a major challenge. Hybrid electrolytes that combine fast ion transport of ceramic electrolytes and processability of polymer electrolytes are promising. To take advantage of transport in both phases, transference numbers should be comparable. Thus, single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes have received major focus in recent years. In addition to the benefit in hybrid electrolytes, single-ion conduction yields numerous transport and efficiency advantages in neat polymer electrolytes. Due to formulation simplicity and motivated by block copolymer advancements, our team has focused on polymer blend electrolytes. State of the art in these electrolytes will be reviewed including recent advancements from our team using precision polyanions with polyether solvating polymer. This presentation will cover miscibility, conductivity, and transference numbers as a function of composition and temperature. Distinct differences between blends containing the different anionic forms will be explained in the context of ion correlation. Important future directions for the subfield of polymer blend electrolytes will also be discussed.
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Garbacz, J. K., S. Biniak, and P. Cysewski. "An Attempt to Apply Analogs of the Dubinin-Radushkevich and Freundlich Equations for Describing Isotherms of Adsorption from Binary Liquid Solutions of Non-Electrolytes with Unlimited Miscibility." Adsorption Science & Technology 4, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617487004001-209.
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An extention of the Dabrowski and Jaroniec concept of describing adsorption from binary liquid solutions of non-electrolytes on solids in terms of the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) and Freundlich (F) equations is presented. A new solution has been advanced based on the definition of the chemical affinity of the process of generation of equilibrium bulk phase from the pure components of the solution. The real adsorption isotherm equation has been formulated in which particular cases are the quasi-DR equation and the quasi-F equation. Some adsorption systems are described.
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Buyukgoz, Guluzar Gorkem, Christopher Gordon Kossor, and Rajesh N. Davé. "Enhanced Supersaturation via Fusion-Assisted Amorphization during FDM 3D Printing of Crystalline Poorly Soluble Drug Loaded Filaments." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 1857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111857.
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Filaments loaded with griseofulvin (GF), a model poorly water-soluble drug, were prepared and used for 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM). GF was selected due to its high melting temperature, enabling lower temperature hot-melt extrusion (HME) keeping GF largely crystalline in the filaments, which could help mitigate the disadvantages of high HME processing temperatures such as filament quality, important for printability and the adverse effects of GF recrystallization on tablet properties. Novel aspects include single-step fusion-assisted ASDs generation during FDM 3D printing and examining the impact of tablet surface areas (SA) through printing multi-mini and square-pattern perforated tablets to further enhance drug supersaturation during dissolution. Kollicoat protect and hydroxypropyl cellulose were selected due to their low miscibility with GF, necessary to produce crystalline filaments. The drug solid-state was assessed via XRPD, DSC and FT-IR. At 165 °C HME processing temperature, the filaments containing ~80% crystalline GF were printable. Fusion-assisted 3D printing led to GF supersaturation of ~153% for cylindrical tablets and ~293% with the square-pattern perforated tablets, indicating strong monotonous impact of tablet SA. Dissolution kinetics of drug release profiles indicated Fickian transport for tablets with higher SA, demonstrating greater SA-induced drug supersaturation for well-designed 3D printed tablets.
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Mascetti, Yaakov A. "Tokens of Love." Common Knowledge 27, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 176–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0961754x-8906131.
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Abstract In the second installment of this contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium “Contextualism—the Next Generation,” Donne's religious poetry is set in dialogue not only with the “Great Controversy” of the 1560s over the nature of the eucharistic sign but also with pre-Christian semiotic discourses. From the perspective of contextualist scholarship, which recognizes in any temporal context a limited number of discourses available, Donne's religious poems of the period from about 1607 to 1620 register many contradictory conceptions, but contradictory only in the sense that no contextualist map of religious identities allows for their miscibility or even collocation. Notoriously resistant to psychological and phenomenological interests, contextualism has no place for an early seventeenth-century Christian writer whose concern is less to join a school of thought on the Real Presence in the Eucharist than to dismiss the issue as vexingly trivial in comparison with the question of whether God thinks that each or any of us adequately loves him. For the questions that concern Donne, there are no determinate answers available, and no standard vocabulary. But the poet's alternating acquiescence in and fretfulness about indeterminacy and incomprehensibility constitute an intellectual and affective identity as much as does the attachment to any one or other more recognizable set of arguments and ways of framing them.
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Kinoshita, Masanao, and Nobuaki Matsumori. "Inimitable Impacts of Ceramides on Lipid Rafts Formed in Artificial and Natural Cell Membranes." Membranes 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2022): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080727.
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Ceramide is the simplest precursor of sphingolipids and is involved in a variety of biological functions ranging from apoptosis to the immune responses. Although ceramide is a minor constituent of plasma membranes, it drastically increases upon cellular stimulation. However, the mechanistic link between ceramide generation and signal transduction remains unknown. To address this issue, the effect of ceramide on phospholipid membranes has been examined in numerous studies. One of the most remarkable findings of these studies is that ceramide induces the coalescence of membrane domains termed lipid rafts. Thus, it has been hypothesised that ceramide exerts its biological activity through the structural alteration of lipid rafts. In the present article, we first discuss the characteristic hydrogen bond functionality of ceramides. Then, we showed the impact of ceramide on the structures of artificial and cell membranes, including the coalescence of the pre-existing lipid raft into a large patch called a signal platform. Moreover, we proposed a possible structure of the signal platform, in which sphingomyelin/cholesterol-rich and sphingomyelin/ceramide-rich domains coexist. This structure is considered to be beneficial because membrane proteins and their inhibitors are separately compartmentalised in those domains. Considering the fact that ceramide/cholesterol content regulates the miscibility of those two domains in model membranes, the association and dissociation of membrane proteins and their inhibitors might be controlled by the contents of ceramide and cholesterol in the signal platform.
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Moon, Jun-yeob, Dongok Kim, Lieven Bekaert, Munsoo Song, Jinkyu Chung, Danwon Lee, Annick Hubin, and Jongwoo Lim. "Non-Fluorinated Diluent Making Localized High-Concentration Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Anode Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012279mtgabs.
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Localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) has been adopted to derive resilient inorganic-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer for lithium-metal anodes (LMA) and increase the ionic conductivity of high-concentration electrolyte (HCE). While the ideal diluent molecules used in LHCE should be miscible in electrolyte system, it should not solvate lithium-ion effectively. To date, systematic investigation to reveal the design rule of diluent molecules remain poorly investigated. In addition, the choice of diluents is largely limited to fluorinated organic molecules which are expensive and environmentally hazardous and unstable at the reductive potential. Because of poor cathodic stability, fluorinated diluents (FDs) have failed to achieve cycle lives longer than 500 cycles in lithium metal half-cell. Herein, we establish the design rule of diluents for the ideal LHCE, which allows to derive three non-fluorinated diluents (NFDs) systematically. We present that two solvatochromic parameters, HBA basicity (β) and normalized electronic transition energy (ET N), unravel the generalization rule for the lithium-ion solvation capability and miscibility of diluents. Our design rule discovers three NFDs: anisole, ethoxybenzene, and furan. These NFDs have the unique resonance structures which effectively delocalize the oxygen lone pair electrons and thus enhance non-solvating characteristics, confirmed by the β value and the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies confirm that our NFDs remains stable and unreacted after long-term cycling. Finally, NFD-containing electrolytes achieve superior cyclability up to 1400 cycles, the record for LHCE to date. The results obtained in this study may pave the way for designing advanced electrolyte for next generation LMA.
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Alcorn, Zachary Paul, Sunniva B. Fredriksen, Mohan Sharma, Tore Føyen, Connie Wergeland, Martin A. Fernø, Arne Graue, and Geir Ersland. "Core-scale sensitivity study of CO2 foam injection strategies for mobility control, enhanced oil recovery, and CO2 storage." E3S Web of Conferences 146 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014602002.
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This paper presents experimental and numerical sensitivity studies to assist injection strategy design for an ongoing CO2 foam field pilot. The aim is to increase the success of in-situ CO2 foam generation and propagation into the reservoir for CO2 mobility control, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 storage. Un-steady state in-situ CO2 foam behavior, representative of the near wellbore region, and steady-state foam behavior was evaluated. Multi-cycle surfactant-alternating gas (SAG) provided the highest apparent viscosity foam of 120.2 cP, compared to co-injection (56.0 cP) and single-cycle SAG (18.2 cP) in 100% brine saturated porous media. CO2 foam EOR corefloods at first-contact miscible (FCM) conditions showed that multi-cycle SAG generated the highest apparent foam viscosity in the presence of refined oil (n-Decane). Multi-cycle SAG demonstrated high viscous displacement forces critical in field implementation where gravity effects and reservoir heterogeneities dominate. At multiple-contact miscible (MCM) conditions, no foam was generated with either injection strategy as a result of wettability alteration and foam destabilization in presence of crude oil. In both FCM and MCM corefloods, incremental oil recoveries were on average 30.6% OOIP regardless of injection strategy for CO2 foam and base cases (i.e. no surfactant). CO2 diffusion and miscibility dominated oil recovery at the core-scale resulting in high microscopic CO2 displacement. CO2 storage potential was 9.0% greater for multi-cycle SAGs compared to co-injections at MCM. A validated core-scale simulation model was used for a sensitivity analysis of grid resolution and foam quality. The model was robust in representing the observed foam behavior and will be extended to use in field scale simulations.
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Gupta, Murlidhar, Jacques Monnier, Eric Turriff, and Mark Boyd. "Partial deoxygenation of biomass derived pyrolysis liquids." E3S Web of Conferences 61 (2018): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186100018.
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Biomass pyrolysis liquids (also known as bio-oil), are derived from renewable lignocellulosic biomass residues by fast pyrolysis process. These second-generation oxygenated hydrocarbon resources have the potential to partially substitute for petroleum-derived feedstocks and thus enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of our natural resources. However, in contrast to petroleum fuels, biomass-derived pyrolysis liquids contain a large amount of oxygen, usually 40-50% wt% (wet basis). This undesirable high oxygen content in pyrolysis liquids is considered as the primary reason for its high polarity, high acidity, lower stability, lower energy density and very low miscibility with conventional crude refining feedstocks. There are two major pathways for upgrading the pyrolysis liquids. While hydrodeoxygenation route is one of the most explored options, it requires production and supply of large amounts of expensive hydrogen at high pressures, mandating large and centralized upgrading plants, and thus large capital investment. In this paper, we discuss an alternative method of pyrolysis liquid upgrading, using cheap and affordable hydrogen donor additives and catalysts to promote partial deoxygenation at near atmospheric pressure. This approach is preferably to be used as a pre-treatment and stabilizing method for pyrolysis liquids in the close vicinity of remote biomass pyrolysis plants. The pre-treated oil, then can be shipped for further hydrocracking process in a centralized co-processing facility. Preliminary results from the initial proof of concept experiments involving a 200 g/h gas-phase continuous fast catalytic cracking system with continuous coke removal to enhance deoxygenation performance are presented. These results indicate positive impact of catalyst bed on quality and yield of the upgraded bio-oil product in terms of pH, viscosity, degree of deoxygenation, oil yield and concentration of hydrogen in the off gases.
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Samsudin, Sani A., Catherine A. Kelly, Stephen N. Kukureka, and Mike J. Jenkins. "Development of partial miscibility in polycarbonate/polypropylene blends via annealing." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 7 (August 28, 2017): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0254.
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Abstract The morphology, dynamic mechanical properties and infrared spectra of polycarbonate (PC)/polypropylene (PP) blends were investigated. As expected, PC and PP were immiscible when blended together; however partial miscibility developed following annealing. The miscibility of one polymer in the other was examined using the modified Fox equation and the values of the Flory-Huggins polymer-polymer interaction parameter (χ12) were also calculated following the Kim and Burns approach. Moreover, the possible causes for partial miscibility in the annealed PC/PP blends were explored by infrared spectroscopy. It was concluded that annealing caused degradation of PP, leading to the formation of polar groups which were then able to interact with PC generating regions of partial miscibility.
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Monger, T. G. "The Impact of Oil Aromaticity on CO2, Flooding." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 06 (December 1, 1985): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/12708-pa.
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Abstract This paper investigates the role of oil aromaticity in miscability development and in the deposition of heavy hydrocarbons during CO2, flooding. The results of phase equilibrium measurements, compositional studies, sandpack displacements, and consolidated corefloods are presented. Reservoir oil from the Brookhaven field and presented. Reservoir oil from the Brookhaven field and synthetic oils that model natural oil phase behavior are examined. Phase compositional analyses Of CO2/synthetic-oil mixtures in static PVT tests demonstrate that increased oil aromaticity correlates with improved hydrocarbon extraction into a CO2-rich phase. The results of tertiary corefloods performed with the synthetic oils show that CO2-flood oil displacement efficiency is also improved for the oil with higher aromatic content. These oil aromaticity influences are favorable. Reservoir oil experiments show that a significant deposition of aromatic hydrocarbon material occurs when CO2, contacts highly asphaltic crude. Solid-phase formation was observed in phase equilibrium and displacement studies and led to severe plugging during linear flow through Berea cores. It is unclear how this solid phase will affect oil recovery on a reservoir scale. Introduction Several reports suggest that oil aromaticity affects the CO2, displacement process of reservoir oil. Henry and Metcalfe noted the absence of multiple-liquid phase generation in displacement tests performed with a crude oil of low aromatic content. Holm and Josendal showed that when a highly paraffinic oil was enriched with aromatics, the slim-tube minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) decreased and oil recovery improved. Qualitative differences in the phase behavior of two crudes with contrasting aromatic contents prompted the suggestion by Monger and Khakoo that increased oil aromaticity correlates with improved hydrocarbon extraction into a CO2-rich phase. Clementz discussed how the adsorption of petroleum heavy ends, like the condensed aromatic ring structures found in asphaltenes, can alter rock properties. Laboratory studies have shown that improved oil properties. Laboratory studies have shown that improved oil recoveries in tertiary CO2 displacements benefited from changes in wetting behavior apparently, induced by asphaltene adsorption. Tuttle noted that CO2, appears to reduce asphaltene solubility and can cause rigid film formation. In these respects, oil aromaticity may also account for phase-behavior/oil-recovery synergism. Asphaltene deposition, though not a problem during primary and secondary recovery operations, was primary and secondary recovery operations, was reported in the Little Creek CO2 -injection pilot in Mississippi. Wettability alteration from asphaltene precipitation appears to have explained the results of low residual oil at high water-alternating-gas ratios in the Little Knife CO2, flood minitest in North Dakota. This paper provides detailed laboratory data from phase equilibrium measurements, compositional studies. sandpack displacements, and consolidated corefloods that illuminate the role of aromatics in miscibility development and in solid-phase formation during CO2 - flooding. The results for synthetic oils that model crude-oil behavior suggest that CO2-flood performance will benefit from increased oil aromaticity. The interpretation of reservoir oil results is more difficult. The precipitation of highly aromatic hydrocarbon material is observed when CO2, contacts Brookhaven crude. One purpose of this paper is to examine the variables that influence asphaltene precipitation. Near the wellbore, solid-phase formation might precipitation. Near the wellbore, solid-phase formation might reduce injectivity or impair production rates. Perhaps in other regions of the reservoir, altered permeability and/or wettability caused by solid-phase deposition might improve the ability of CO2, to contact oil. Additional work is needed to determine which potential benefits of oil aromaticity are significant on the reservoir scale. Advances in computer-implemented equations of state are making the prediction of CO2,/hydrocarbon phase behavior easier and more reliable. When an equation of state with CO2/reservoir-oil mixtures is used, an important consideration is the characterization of the heavy hydrocarbon components. One characterization method that appears to match the experimental data accurately in the critical point region for rich-gas/reservoir-oil mixtures is based on assigning separate paraffinic, aromatic, and naphthenic cuts. An additional aim of this study is to provide experimental data in assisting similar modeling provide experimental data in assisting similar modeling efforts for CO2/reservoir-oil mixtures. Experimental phase equilibrium data for mixtures containing CO2, and phase equilibrium data for mixtures containing CO2, and heavy hydrocarbons, particularly aromatics, are scarce. The behavior of multicomponent CO2,/hydrocarbon systems is not readily deduced from the phase equilibria of binary or ternary systems. Materials and Methods Phase Equilibrium Studies. A schematic diagram of the Phase Equilibrium Studies. A schematic diagram of the apparatus used in the phase-behavior experiments appears in Fig. 1. A detailed description of the equipment, procedures, chemicals, and analytical methods used is given procedures, chemicals, and analytical methods used is given in Ref. 10. SPEJ P. 865
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Liu, Wei Feng, Jin Ping Qu, Shi Kui Jia, and Yong Qing Zhao. "Study on Mechanical Properties and Phase Morphology of Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Polypropylene Blends Prepared with Vane Extruder." Advanced Materials Research 600 (November 2012): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.600.256.
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Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/polypropylene (PP) blends with different weight ratios were prepared in a novel vane extruder generating global and dynamic elongational flow. The results indicated that the addition of TPU elastomer to PP significantly improved the mechanical properties of the blends. From the SEM micrographs it could be clearly observed dispersed TPU deformed to be fibers by the effect of elongational flow. Meanwhile the results observed from DSC curves revealed apparent partial miscibility of the blends and enhanced crystallization ability of PP due to the influence of elongational flow
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Tudorascu, Marius, Spiridon Oprea, Afrodita Doina Marculescu, and Stefania Tudorascu. "Enzymatic Iodination of Maleic and Fumaric Acids Diethyl Esters." Revista de Chimie 59, no. 12 (January 9, 2009): 1400–1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.08.12.2071.
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The mechanism of the enzymatic iodination process of diethylmaleate and diethylfumarate (which present no miscibility with water) in the presence of lactoperoxidase, both in diluted hydrogen peroxide solution and in a generating system of hydrogen peroxide using ammonium and calcium iodides as halide sources in disperse system (after an ultrasonic pretreatment) was studied. The obtained sole product (diethyl-2, 3-diiodosuccinate) after the enzymatic iodination process was directly hydrolyzed to a tartaric acid present in an optically inactive form. The mechanism of obtaining the intermediate and final products and respectively, the existence of both D, L-tartaric acid and meso-tartaric acids (as lithium bitartrates) were also investigated.
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Solihat, Nissa Nurfajrin, Fahriya Puspita Sari, Faizatul Falah, Maya Ismayati, Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis, Widya Fatriasari, Eko Budi Santoso, and Wasrin Syafii. "Lignin as an Active Biomaterial: A Review." Jurnal Sylva Lestari 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl191-22.
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Lignin is the second most naturally abundant biopolymer in the cell wall of lignocellulosic compound (15-35%) after cellulose.Lignin can be generated in massive amounts as by-products in biorefineries and pulp and paper industries through differing processes. Most lignin is utilized as generating energy and has always been treated as waste. Due to the high amount of phenolic compounds in lignin, it is considered as a potential material for various polymers, building blocks, and biomaterials production. Even though lignin can be utilized in the form of isolated lignin directly, the modification of lignin can increase the wide range of lignin applications. Lignin-based copolymers and modified lignin show better miscibility with another polymeric matrix, outstanding to the enhanced performance of such lignin-based polymer composites.This article summarizes the properly updated information of lignin’s potential applications, such as bio-surfactant, active packaging, antimicrobial agent, and supercapacitor.Keywords: active packaging, antimicrobial agent, bio-surfactant, lignin, supercapacitor
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Kaur, Gurleen, Zaquiyya Naaz, Kapil Kumar, and Deepak Teotia. "Development and Evaluation of Aceclofenac Liposomes." Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.8.
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This review gives concise information about the application of dendrimers as drug delivery carrier in the field of drug delivery. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical properties. Due to their terminal groups these show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity. Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry biology, drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self-assembly produces a faster means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their behaviour in vivo. Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug targeting, nanoscale carriers.
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Prajapati, Sunil Kumar, Vijay Kumar Tilak, Ram Chand Dhakar, Krishan Kumar Verma, Vikrant Saluja, R. Jayakumararaj, Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya, Manas Kumar Das, and Soumya Das. "Dendrimers as Drug Delivery Carriers in the Dentistry." Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 1, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.3.
Full textAbstract:
This review gives concise information about the application of dendrimers as drug delivery carrier in the field of drug delivery. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical properties. Due to their terminal groups these show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity. Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of chemistry biology, drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self-assembly produces a faster means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their behaviour in vivo. Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug targeting, nanoscale carriers.
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Sahimi, Muhammad, H. Ted Davis, and L. E. Scriven. "Thermodynamic Modeling of Phase and Tension Behavior of CO2/Hydrocarbon Systems." Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, no. 02 (April 1, 1985): 235–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/10268-pa.
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Abstract The gradient theory of in homogeneous fluid is used to predict phase splits and compositions, interfacial composition profiles, and interfacial tension (IFT) of liquid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and liquid-liquid-vapor equilibria in binary and ternary mixtures of CO2 with propane and decane. The theory's input are the equation of state (EOS) of homogeneous fluid and the influence parameters of inhomogeneous fluid. An efficient computational algorithm is presented for simultaneously generating phase behavior, critical points, interfacial composition profiles, and tension between the phases. Most calculations are made with the Peng-Robinson EOS and the geometric mixing rule for the influence parameters. Use of other EOS and alternative schemes for choosing the influence parameters is explored. Introduction CO2 is a promising agent for enhancing petroleum recovery. Laboratory and field studies have established that CO2 can be an efficient oil-displacing agent. The various mechanisms by which it can act includesolution gas drive,immiscible CO2 drive,hydrocarbon/CO2 miscible drive,hydrocarbon vaporization,direct miscible CO2 drive, andmulticontact dynamic miscible drive. Phase-equilibria a data for CO2-reservoir oils have been reported. The data suggest that two distinct types of equilibria are possible. In one, there are only two phases, liquid and vapor. In the other, there is a region of liquid-vapor equilibrium, but in the phase diagram it exists in conjunction with both liquid-liquid and liquid-liquid-vapor regions. Hutchinson and Braun have shown how a lean gas can develop miscibility with a relatively rich oil. Miscibility is achieved when the lean gas strips intermediates from the liquid until the gas composition is rich enough to be miscible with the original oil. This process is called the high-pressure or vaporizing gas drive. In CO2/crude-oil systems of only one liquid phase and one vapor phase, the miscibility development mechanism can be regarded as vaporization. If the temperature is relatively low, the mechanism is described more accurately as condensation (absorption) of CO2 into the oil phase. In CO2/crude-oil systems that display more than one liquid phase in conjunction with a vapor phase, the mechanism is one of condensation and can account for a phenomenon reported by Shelton and Yarborough, namely that two liquid phases card form either with or without vapor being present. The displacement then has the appearance of a liquid-liquid extraction process. In any case, the miscibility development mechanism is related directly to the phase equilibria of the CO2/reservoir-fluid system. All these mechanisms are characterized by high recoveries in the laboratory. Simon et al. suggested that IFT effects are responsible for high recoveries in a vaporizing situation and might be equally effective in a liquid-liquid extraction situation; consequently, it is desirable to study tension behavior along with the phase behavior of CO2/hydrocarbon systems, as we do here. We make use of a molecular theory, the gradient theory of inhomogeneous fluid, which unifies phase and tension behavior in a practicable way. Such an approach has not been followed before. The CO2/propane (C3) / decane (C1O) system was selected for this study because CO2-C3 and CO2-C1O binary phase equilibria data for wide ranges of temperature and pressure are available. Propane represents the light ends and decane the heavier components. Of course, CO2 and reservoir oils do not have exactly the same phase (and therefore tension) behavior as the simple binary and ternary systems discussed here, but as Hutchinson and Braun demonstrated, these systems can give at least a qualitative description of the phase behavior of CO2/crude-oil systems, although Rathmell et al. indicated that when large amounts of CO2 and methane (C1) are both present, a quaternary diagram is needed to account for the observed behavior. Phase Behavior Calculations The design of a CO2 flooding process requires accurate phase behavior predictions of the equilibrium between the oil in place and the injected CO2. In one approach, the experimental data and extrapolations or interpolations are used in the process simulator. This approach can be quite inaccurate unless a great deal of data are available. Alternatively, an EOS can be postulated and its adjustable parameters fit to a limited amount of data. This is clearly the best approach when a good EOS can be found. As shown in the next section, it is the only feasible approach when IFT are to be predicted along with phase behavior. SPEJ P. 235^
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Behrend, Jens, Shelin Chugh, and Robert Aaron McKishnie. "Development of the Strasshof Tief Sour-Gas Field Including Acid-Gas Injection Into Adjacent Producing Sour-Gas Reservoirs." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 10, no. 05 (October 1, 2007): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/100328-pa.
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Summary OMV operates two producing sour-gas reservoirs in lower Austria: the Reyersdorfer dolomite (shallow reservoir) and the Schoenkirchen Uebertief dolomite (deep reservoir). A new, separate reservoir called the Perchtoldsdorfer dolomite (Strasshof Tief field) has been discovered, and options for how its acid gas can be handled are being investigated. The two currently producing reservoirs deliver to a gas plant with a 30-tonne/d sulfur plant. The sulfur plant is too small to accommodate the additional production. OMV has evaluated acid-gas injection as an alternative to a new, larger sulfur plant. Acid gas could be injected into either the Reyersdorfer dolomite or the Schoenkirchen Uebertief dolomite. In either case, injection would be occurring concurrently with production. The intent of this project was to determine at a scoping level if sufficient injectivity and storativity are available in either the Reyersdorfer dolomite or the Schoenkirchen Uebertief dolomite. Compositional modeling and the prognosis of the breakthrough time at the producing wells were carried out to determine the contamination risk to existing production. The simulation work included generating compositional numerical-simulation forecasts of production-rate/composition forecasts under concurrent injection/production scenarios; modeling in-situ miscibility and gravity-separation effects of acid gas; and evaluating risk scenarios for existing production to determine the optimal solution. Introduction OMV's recent discovery of the Strasshof Tief reservoir prompted a review of whether acid-gas injection could be a viable alternative to a new or expanded sulfur plant. The issues were whether to inject into the Reyersdorfer or Schoenkirchen Uebertief reservoirs (Figs. 1a through 1c and Fig. 2), how injection would affect the existing recoveries, when breakthrough would occur, and whether there would be sufficient injectivity and storativity in both reservoirs. A complicating factor in the analysis is that the size of the Strasshof Tief is unknown at this time (testing was scheduled for 2006). The composition of the Strasshof gas is also unknown, but it was estimated on the basis of Modular Formation Dynamic Tester (MDT)* samples from the Perchtoldsdorfer dolomite and the known composition of the adjacent sour-gas reservoirs in the dolomite rock. Our review of the problem was broken into two phases. The initial phase was a brief analytical review to estimate the injectivity and storativity of each reservoir and to assess which reservoir was clearly more suitable. In the second phase, the selected reservoir was simulated to determine breakthrough times and whether there was an impact on recovery. Because of the accelerated schedule of this project, where initial simulation results were necessary to initiate discussions with regulatory agencies and obtain approvals so that 2006 development plans could proceed, it was agreed that geological models would be built for both reservoirs immediately so that the simulation could proceed when a decision was made after the initial review.
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Calvert, P. D., and B. D. Moyle. "Second Harmonic Generation by Polymer Composites." MRS Proceedings 109 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-109-357.
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ABSTRACTSecond harmonic generation was observed from composites consisting of 3-nitroaniline or 3-methyl-4-nitroaniline grown within a polymer matrix. In the amorphous polymers, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), the crystals formed as fine grains or needles. The intensity of the second harmonic, from Nd-YAG light at 1.06 μm, was measured as a function of the composition from 10–90 wt% of nitroaniline. The angular distribution of the light output was very dependent on the morphology of the precipitate, with a strong concentration of the output in the forward direction for samples containing locally aligned, needle-like crystals. The behaviour in SHG and in light scattering was compared.Composites with crystalline polymers were prepared as unoriented or oriented films. Nitroanilines and potassiun dihydrogen orthophosphate were crystallised from a number of polymers. The composite structure is governed particularly by the extent of liquid phase miscibility. The potential for optical applications of these materials are discussed.
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Huang, Q. R., David Mecerreyes, James L. Hedrick, Willi Volksen, Curtis W. Frank, and Robert D. Miller. "Pyrene Fluorescence as a Molecular Probe of Miscibility in Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposites Suitable for Microelectronic Applications." MRS Proceedings 726 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-726-q6.53.
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AbstractFluorescence spectroscopy has been used to study the miscibility of methyl silsesquioxane (MSSQ)/poly(methyl methacrylate-co-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) [P(MMA-co-DMAEMA)] hybrid nanocomposites, which are useful in fabricating the next generation of spin-on, ultra-low dielectric constant materials in the microelectronic industries. In this work, we have attached the pyrene group into the PMMA side chains. MSSQ with different amount of initial -SiOH (silanol) endgroups are used to study the effect of endgroup functionality on the phase separation behavior of the hybrid nanocomposites. Pyrene excimer fluorescence results reveal that MSSQ is miscible with P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) only up to 6 wt% P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) loading level, thus establishing an upper limit on local miscibility with MSSQ. As the P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) loading level increases, the excimer to monomer ratios also increase, suggesting that the MSSQ/P(MMA-co-DMAEMA) hybrid nanocomposites move toward greater immiscibility. This ratio approaches that of the neat polymer for domain sizes > 5 nm (SAXS, SANS). The fluorescence results also show that, the lower the amount of initial silanol groups in MSSQ, the greater the immiscibility of the MSSQ and porogen, which ultimately translates into larger pores upon porogen burnout.
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Mallakpour, Shadpour, and Mohammad Dinari. "Molten Salt as a Green Reaction Medium: Synthesis of Polyureas Containing 4-phenylurazole Moiety in the Main Chain in the Presence of Tetrabutylammonium bromide as an Ionic Liquid." e-Polymers 7, no. 1 (December 1, 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly.2007.7.1.426.
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AbstractIonic Liquids (IL)s have been generating increased interest over the last decade. ILs were initially introduced as an alternative green reaction media because of their unique chemical and physical properties of nonvolatility, nonflammability, thermal stability, and controlled miscibility. The step-growth polymerization reactions of 4-phenylurazole (PHU) with various diisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and toluylene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) were performed in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as a reaction medium with or without dibutyltin dilurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst. The polymerization reaction gave similar results in the presence or absence of DBTDL, indicating that, the catalyst is not needed in this process. The resulting polyureas showed high yields and moderate inherent viscosities in a range of 0.23-0.29 dL/g in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) at 25 °C and they are soluble in most polar aprotic organic solvents. This method was compared with the polymerization reaction in conventional solvent such as, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc). In the case of using TBAB, higher yields and inherent viscosities were obtained. All of the above polymers were characterized by FT-IR and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
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Agger, Christian, and Henrik Sorensen. "Modified Method of Characteristics for Generating Enhanced Oil Recovery Curves." SPE Journal, May 1, 2022, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205918-pa.
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Summary Gas injection is a frequently used technique for enhanced oil recovery. If the gas injection is carried out at a pressure at or above the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), it is possible to achieve a recovery that approaches 100%. However, it is not always possible to inject the gas at such a high pressure, which makes it interesting to also know what recoveries can be obtained at pressures below the MMP. The recovery as a function of pressure can be found experimentally by conducting a slimtube experiment or by simulating such an experiment. Jessen et al. (2001) has, as an alternative to a traditional 1D or cell-to-cell slimtube simulation techniques, proposed a very fast simulation method based on the method of characteristics (MoC). It constructs the composition zones developing in a slimtube during gas injection as well as providing gas and oil saturation profiles and compositions throughout the slimtube. From this information, the recovery can readily be calculated. The method in Jessen et al.(2001) relies on volumetric gas and oil saturations evaluated at the tie-line intersections which are molar-based. Molar vapor fractions at the tie-line intersections will be below 0 or above 1 and will therefore represent a fluid located outside the two-phase region. With negative molar fractions, the total volume may become negative or zero. When the total volume becomes zero, the volumetric saturations (volume fractions of each phase) cannot be calculated from the molar phase fractions due to zero-division, and the saturation profile calculation cannot be performed. This paper presents a modified MoC that does not have this weakness and will not encounter a zero-division caused by zero total volume. The paper further presents a scaling method that will ensure that the modified method gives results close to those obtained with the method in Jessen et al. (2001) when the latter does not stop due to a zero-division. The result is a fast, safe, and reliable method for calculating the recovery from an oil field with gas injection conducted at a pressure between the reservoir fluid saturation pressure and the MMP.