Academic literature on the topic 'Miscibility generation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Miscibility generation"
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Poulopoulou, Nikki, Nejib Kasmi, Maria Siampani, Zoi Terzopoulou, Dimitrios Bikiaris, Dimitris Achilias, Dimitrios Papageorgiou, and George Papageorgiou. "Exploring Next-Generation Engineering Bioplastics: Poly(alkylene furanoate)/Poly(alkylene terephthalate) (PAF/PAT) Blends." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030556.
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Polymers from renewable resources and especially strong engineering partially aromatic biobased polyesters are of special importance for the evolution of bioeconomy. The fabrication of polymer blends is a creative method for the production of tailor-made materials for advanced applications that are able to combine functionalities from both components. In this study, poly(alkylene furanoate)/poly(alkylene terephthalate) blends with different compositions were prepared by solution blending in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and chloroform. Three different types of blends were initially prepared, namely, poly(ethylene furanoate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PEF/PET), poly(propylene furanoate)/poly(propylene terephthalate) (PPF/PPT), and poly(1,4-cyclohenedimethylene furanoate)/poly(1,4-cycloxehane terephthalate) (PCHDMF/PCHDMT). These blends’ miscibility characteristics were evaluated by examining the glass transition temperature of each blend. Moreover, reactive blending was utilized for the enhancement of miscibility and dynamic homogeneity and the formation of copolymers through transesterification reactions at high temperatures. PEF–PET and PPF–PPT blends formed a copolymer at relatively low reactive blending times. Finally, poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene furanoate) (PETF) random copolymers were successfully introduced as compatibilizers for the PEF/PET immiscible blends, which resulted in enhanced miscibility.
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Asakawa, Tsuyoshi, Tadahiro Ozawa, and Akio Ohta. "Generation of Fluorocarbon and Hydrocarbon Hybrid Gemini Surfactants Controlled by Micellar Miscibility." Journal of Oleo Science 62, no. 1 (2013): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.62.17.
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Singh, Pradeep, B. R. Venugopal, and Radha Kamalakaran. "Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy for Polymer Blends." Journal of Modern Materials 4, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.4.1.31-36.
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Physical properties of the polymer can be altered by mixing one or more polymers together also known as polymer blending. The miscibility of polymers is a key parameter in determining the properties of polymer blend. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) plays a critical role in determining the miscibility and morphology of the polymers in blend system. One of the most difficult part in polymer microscopy is the staining by heavy metals to generate contrast in CTEM. RuO4 and OsO4 are commonly used to stain the polymer materials for CTEM imaging. CTEM imaging is difficult to interpret for blends due to lack of clear distinction in contrast. Apart from having difficulty in contrast generation, staining procedures are extremely dangerous as improper handling could severely damage skin, eyes, lungs etc. We have used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to image polymer blends without any staining processes. In current work, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)/Methacrylate Butadiene Styrene (MBS) and Styrene Acrylonitrile (SAN) along with filler additive were dispersed on Polycarbonate (PC) matrix and studied by STEM/HAADF (high angle annular dark field). By using HAADF, contrast was generated through molecular density difference to differentiate components in the blend.
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Mahesh, B., D. Kathyayani, G. S. Nanjundaswamy, D. Channe Gowda, and R. Sridhar. "Miscibility studies of plastic-mimetic polypeptide with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose blends and generation of non-woven fabrics." Carbohydrate Polymers 212 (May 2019): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.042.
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Zhang, Zhuo, Hong Jun Guo, Wei He, and Wen Xion Zhang. "In Situ Composites: Effect of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds on Polyamide 66/TLCP Blends." Materials Science Forum 546-549 (May 2007): 1515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.546-549.1515.
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The thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyamide (TLCPa) was synthesized and the in situ composites for TLCPa/Polyamides 66 (PA66) were prepared by melting extrusion. As revealed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), depression of the melting point and the crystallinity of PA66 indicated that the miscibility was enhanced via intermolecular H-bonds. Characteristic absorption shifts of C=O groups of TLCPa/PA66 in Fourier transform infra-red spectra (FTIR) confirmed the existence of H-bonds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that the shape of TLCPa phase change in matrix with increasing TLCPa content. Mechanical properties of blends were significantly improved by good interface adhesion and TLCPa fibrils generation.
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Tan, Hsin-Yuan, Wen Lo, Chiu-Mei Hsueh, Chia-Yi Wang, Sung-Jan Lin, Chen-Yuan Dong, and Tai-Horng Young. "CHARACTERIZING THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICROSTRUCTURE OF COLLAGEN/CHITOSAN SCAFFOLDS USING MULTIPHOTON MICROSCOPE." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 25, no. 03 (May 30, 2013): 1350038. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237213500385.
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In this work, we used multiphoton microscopic system for characterizing three-dimensional microstructure of collagen/chitosan polymeric scaffolds in a noninvasive fashion. Nonlinear optical signals including multiphoton autofluorescence (MAF) and second harmonic generation (SHG) derived from collagen/chitosan scaffolds were collected and analyzed. The three-dimensional porous microstructures of collagen/chitosan scaffolds were visualized by co-localized and evenly distributed MAF and SHG signals. The distribution of collagen and chitosan compositions within miscible collagen/chitosan blends cannot be either localized or differentiated simply using these nonlinear optical signals. However, the intensity of MAF signals in scaffolds was found to be markedly decreased in correlation to the supplementation of chitosan within blends, regardless of collagen/chitosan weight ratios. It therefore implied that the MAF-generating molecules within collagen being altered in miscible collagen/chitosan blends. And the SHG signals also decreased significantly in collagen/chitosan scaffolds with the supplementation of chitosan, regardless of different weight ratios. This finding supported the hypothesis regarding the miscibility of collagen/chitosan blends that triple helix structure of collagen, a proven SHG-generating microstructure, was altered in miscible collagen/chitosan blends. In conclusion, our work demonstrated that multiphoton imaging modality can be versatile for investigating three-dimensional microstructure of miscible polymeric scaffolds in a minimal invasive fashion, and may potentially be applicable in the field of tissue engineering.
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Zhou, Lu, Hongwei Yang, Zhen Zhang, Yue Liu, Jayantha Epaarachchi, Zhenggang Fang, Liang Fang, Chunhua Lu, and Zhongzi Xu. "Effects of Ligands in Rare Earth Complex on Properties, Functions, and Intelligent Behaviors of Polyurea–Urethane Composites." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 2098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102098.
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There is a need to create next-generation polymer composites having high property, unique function, and intelligent behaviors, such as shape memory effect (SME) and self-healing (SH) capability. Rare earth complexes can provide luminescence for polymers, and their dispersion is highly affected by ligand structures. Here, we created three different REOCs with different ligands before studying the effects of ligands on REOC dispersion in polyurea–urethane (PUU) with disulfide bonds in main chains. In addition, the effects of different REOCs on mechanical properties, luminescent functions, and intelligent behaviors of PUU composites were studied. The results showed that REOC I (Sm(TTA)3phen: TTA, thenoyltrifluoroacetone; phen, 1,10-phenanthroline) has incompatible ligands with the PUU matrix. REOC I and REOC III (Sm(BUBA)3phen: BUBA, 4-benzylurea-benzoic acid) with amine and urea groups facilitate their dispersion. It was REOC III that helped the maintenance of mechanical properties of PUU composites due to the good dispersion and the needle-like morphologies. Due to more organic ligands of REOC III, the fluorescence intensity of composite materials is reduced. The shape recovery ratio of the composite was not as good as that of pure PUU when a large amount of fillers was added. Besides, REOC I reduced the self-healing efficiency of PUU composites due to poor dispersion, and the other two REOCs increased the self-healing efficiency. The results showed that ligands in REOCs are important for their dispersion in the PUU matrix. The poor dispersion of REOC I is unbeneficial for mechanical properties and intelligent behavior. The high miscibility of REOC II (Sm(PABA)3phen: PABA, 4-aminobenzoic acid) decreases mechanical properties as well but ensures the good shape recovery ratio and self-healing efficiency. The mediate miscibility and needle-like morphology of REOC III are good for mechanical properties. The shape recovery ratio, however, was decreased.
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Rai, R. N. "Phase diagram, optical, nonlinear optical, and physicochemical studies of the organic monotectic system: Pentachloropyridine–succinonitrile." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 5 (May 2004): 1348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0181.
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The two immiscible liquid phases in equilibrium with a single liquid phase have been observed during the phase diagram study of an organic analog of a metal–nonmetal system involving pentachloropyridine (PCP)–succinonitrile (SCN). The phase equilibrium shows the formation of a monotectic and a eutectic, with large miscibility gap in the system, containing 0.0456 and 0.9658 mole fractions of SCN, respectively, and the consolute temperature being 99.0 °C above the monotectic horizontal line. The heat of mixing, entropy of fusion, roughness parameter, interfacial energy, and excess thermodynamic functions were calculated based on enthalpy of fusion data determined via the differential scanning calorimetry method. The effects of solid–liquid interfacial energy on morphology of monotectic structure as well as the variation of interfacial energies with temperature have been discussed. The microstructures of monotectic and eutectic show peculiar characteristic features. The material properties of PCP and PCP doped with SCN crystals, grown by the Bridgman–Stockbarger method, have been studied via studying second harmonic generation efficiency, transparency range, and mechanical hardness.
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Liu, Qiming, Wei Zhou, Xinmiao Lu, Ting Hu, and Xiujian Zhao. "Preparation and enhancement of second-order nonlinearity of hybrid PMMA/SiO2 glass with Sb2S3 nanocrystals." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 8 (August 2009): 2555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0312.
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Bulk hybrid polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/SiO2 glass with Sb2S3 nanocrystals was prepared by the sol-gel process. We tried to minimize the quantity of water as much as possible in tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) hydrolyzing, prepolymerized the organic monomers, mixed inorganic precursors, and prepolymerized organic monomers under a noncosolvent condition to reduce possible volume shrinkage. A silane coupling agent, which hydrolyzed simultaneously with TEOS, was introduced into the system to improve the miscibility of the organic and inorganic materials. The maximum dopant of Sb2S3 was 9 wt% in our experiments. The second-harmonic generation was observed in the hybrid PMMA/SiO2 glasses with electron-beam poling. Second-harmonic intensity increased with increase of accelerating voltage, current, and the content of Sb2S3 nanocrystals. The maximum χ2 in our study, as large as 1.64 p.m./V, was obtained under the optimized poling condition conducted at 25 kV, 20 nA, and 10 min. It was indicated from the thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements that the nonlinear layer was located in the thin 10-μm irradiated surface of the glass.
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Hallinan, Daniel T., Michael P. Blatt, Kyoungmin Kim, Nam Nguyen, Stephanie F. Marxsen, Sage Smith, Rufina G. Alamo, and Justin G. Kennemur. "Advancements in Polymer Blend Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Conduction." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 7 (October 9, 2022): 2566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0272566mtgabs.
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Increasing the energy density of lithium-ion batteries requires, among other advances, electrolytes that are compatible with lithium metal and next-generation cathodes. Polymer electrolytes play an important role in this regard, but overcoming slow ion transport is a major challenge. Hybrid electrolytes that combine fast ion transport of ceramic electrolytes and processability of polymer electrolytes are promising. To take advantage of transport in both phases, transference numbers should be comparable. Thus, single-ion conducting polymer electrolytes have received major focus in recent years. In addition to the benefit in hybrid electrolytes, single-ion conduction yields numerous transport and efficiency advantages in neat polymer electrolytes. Due to formulation simplicity and motivated by block copolymer advancements, our team has focused on polymer blend electrolytes. State of the art in these electrolytes will be reviewed including recent advancements from our team using precision polyanions with polyether solvating polymer. This presentation will cover miscibility, conductivity, and transference numbers as a function of composition and temperature. Distinct differences between blends containing the different anionic forms will be explained in the context of ion correlation. Important future directions for the subfield of polymer blend electrolytes will also be discussed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Miscibility generation"
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Bollet-Quivogne, Fabrice Jean-Claude Raymond. "The role of miscibility gap in the conservation and generation of coherently strained pseudomorphic structures." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434326.
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Jadhawar, Prashant Sopanrao. "Co₂-assisted gravity drainage EOR: numerical simulation and scaling models study." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/74663.
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Increasing demand of the oil and gas have given rise to surge in drilling and exploration activities to recover oil from other unexplored oil-bearing formations (such as offshore) as well as in the efforts to improve and/or modify the existing methods of the enhanced oil recovery to recover the residual oil left-behind by the applied EOR method. Nearly one-third volume of the original oil in place (OOIP) is left-behind by the current EOR technologies. Estimated 2 trillion barrels of this volume is lucrative to cater the energy needs of the respective countries. Gas injection EOR method is a major contending process in exploitation of this resource, and its application is on the rise since last decade. Continuous gas injection (CGI) and water-alternating gas (WAG) injection are the most notable and commonly field-implemented horizontal displacement type gas injection EOR processes. The limitations of CGI are the severe gravity segregation and poor sweep efficiencies. Although the reservoir sweep efficiencies are improved with the WAG, review of 59 field projects suggest that they yield only maximum of 10% incremental oil recoveries due to the detrimental effects of increased water saturation to diminish gas injectivity, reducing oil mobility, decreased oil relative permeability and oil bypassing due to gravity segregation. Conversely, vertical downward oil-displacement gas driven gravity drainage EOR methods uses the gravity forces to its advantage for enhancing the oil recovery. Gravity drainage EOR methods have been applied to dipping and reef type reservoirs in the field projects and reported to yield high incremental oil recoveries. In this study, the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage EOR method is investigated in the non-dipping reservoir through the 3D reservoir simulations and scaling and the sensitivity analysis. Both the compositional and pseudomiscible black-oil numerical reservoir simulations are conducted in the 50 and 35 °API gravity oil-reservoirs respectively. Main objectives of this research are to (i) develop a better production strategy for the oil recovery optimization (ii) investigate the options to optimize oil recovery in the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage EOR process (numerical simulation studies) (iii) to develop a set of scaled models sufficient to completely scale the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage EOR process through the scaling and sensitivity studies. Original contributions of this research are (i) First comprehensive demonstration of the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage EOR method application in 50 °API gravity oil-reservoir, (ii) Development and verification of a new hypothesis of the horizontal gas floodfront in the top-down CO₂-assisted gravity drainage EOR process, (iii) Development of a general process selection map for the preliminary choice between the immiscible and miscible process, (iv) Grid size effect studies: Changes in both the x and y grid-dimensions has no impact on the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage oil recovery, (v) Grid thickness effect studies: Thin layers, even in the upper layers, facilitates the optimum CO₂-assisted gravity drainage oil recovery (vi) Heterogeneity in permeability effect: Presence of heterogeneity in permeability (kv / kv = 0.001) improves the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage oil recovery performance (95.5% incremental oil recovery) thereby reducing the number of pore volumes and the operational time. It has been found that recovery further improves when the molecular diffusion effects are taken into account, (vii) Heterogeneity in porosity: Porosity values increasing downwards, such as in the overturned faults, promotes the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage mechanism to yield better oil recovery performance, (viii) Clear identification of the overall mechanisms and the supporting micro-mechanisms through the parametric analysis of the reservoir simulation results, (ix) Development of a new correlation (combination number, NJadhawar and Sarma) that encompasses the traditional process affecting multiphase operational parameters in the form of the dimensionless groups. It is further validated using the field projects including the data from the Oseberg field, Norway. Excellent logarithmic correlation match is obtained between the new combination
number, NJadhawar and Sarma, and the oil recoveries from both the immiscible and miscible reservoir simulations as well as the field projects. New combination number, NJadhawar and Sarma, is a useful tool to predict CO₂-assisted gravity drainage oil recoveries, and (x) Development of a set of the additional scaled models sufficient to completely scale the CO₂-assisted gravity drainage EOR process are proposed and validated.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Australian School of Petroleum, 2010
Book chapters on the topic "Miscibility generation"
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Maroa, Semakula, and Freddie Inambao. "Effects of Biodiesel Blends Varied by Cetane Numbers and Oxygen Contents on Stationary Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions." In Numerical and Experimental Studies on Combustion Engines and Vehicles. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92569.
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This work investigated waste plastic pyrolysis oil (WPPO), 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN), and ethanol as sources of renewable energy, blending conventional diesel (CD), WPPO, and ethanol with EHN was to improve the combustion and performance characteristics of the WPPO blends. EHN has the potential to reduce emissions of CO, CO2, UHC, NOX, and PM. Ethanol improves viscosity, miscibility, and the oxygen content of WPPO. Mixing ratios were 50/WPPO25/E25, 60/WPPO20/E20, 70/WPPO15/E15, 80/WPPO10/E10, and 90/WPPO5/E5 for CD, waste plastic pyrolysis oil, and ethanol, respectively. The mixing ratio of EHN (0.01%) was based on the total quantity of blended fuel. Performance and emission characteristics of a stationary 4-cylinder water-cooled diesel Iveco power generator were evaluated with ASTM standards. At 1000 rpm, the BSFC was 0.043 kg/kWh compared to CD at 0.04 kg/kWh. Blend 90/WPPO5/E5 had the highest value of 14% for BTE, while the NOX emissions for 90/WPPO5/E5, 80/WPPO10/E10, and 70/WPPO15/E15 were 384, 395, and 414 ppm, respectively, compared to CD fuel at 424 ppm. This is due to their densities of 792 kg/m3, 825 kg/m3 which are close to CD fuel at 845 kg/m3 and the additive EHN. These results show blends of WPPO, ethanol and EHN reduce emissions, and improve engine performance, mimicking CD fuel.
Conference papers on the topic "Miscibility generation"
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Wu, Hong-Ming, Kuang-I. Lin, and Hao-Hsiung Lin. "Structure of GaAsN alloy within miscibility gap." In 2016 5th International Symposium on Next-Generation Electronics (ISNE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isne.2016.7543310.
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Kay, Brian. "Direct Contact Steam Generation Reduces Carbon Intensity." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209350-ms.
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Abstract Steam for enhanced oil recovery is typically generated using Once-Through-Steam-Generators (OTSG) produced at large central facilities with the steam then pipelined to each injection well. As much as 50% of the energy can be lost before it reaches the well bore with the combustion emissions vented to atmosphere. Direct Contact Steam Generation (DCSG) injects both steam and hot combustion flue gases into the reservoir. Oil production is increased by reducing oil viscosity through heat while repressuring the reservoir with flue gases and improving miscibility with the CO2 that remains in the reservoir. This combination greatly improves the Steam-Oil-Ratio (SOR) for increased oil recovery as well as delivering environmental benefits related to reduced water requirements and lower emissions resulting in a much lower carbon intensity. DCSG water requirements are 11% less than OTSG methods as water is created by the combustion process, this water is then injected into the reservoir rather than lost to the atmosphere. As most of the DCSG process emissions are indirect, emissions can be further reduced by as much as 30% with the use of low carbon intensity grid electricity for compression. Pilot results show that DCSG used less water, with 70% of the CO2 retained in the formation. Lower SOR and CO2 retained in the reservoir demonstrates lower carbon intensity relative to OTSG. DCSG offers heavy oil operators a novel, viable, method to economically extract currently uncoverable reservoirs at a lower carbon intensity than traditional methods.
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Kay, Brian, Thomas Hartley, Stella Zhang, and Lisa Doig. "Direct Contact Steam Generation Reduces Carbon Intensity." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209287-ms.
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Abstract Steam for enhanced oil recovery is typically generated using Once-Through-Steam-Generators (OTSG) produced at large central facilities with the steam then pipelined to each injection well. As much as 50% of the energy can be lost before it reaches the well bore with the combustion emissions vented to atmosphere. Direct Contact Steam Generation (DCSG) injects both steam and hot combustion flue gases into the reservoir. Oil production is increased by reducing oil viscosity through heat while repressuring the reservoir with flue gases and improving miscibility with the CO2 that remains in the reservoir. This combination greatly improves the Steam-Oil-Ratio (SOR) for increased oil recovery as well as delivering environmental benefits related to reduced water requirements and lower emissions resulting in a much lower carbon intensity. DCSG water requirements are 11% less than OTSG methods as water is created by the combustion process, this water is then injected into the reservoir rather than lost to the atmosphere. As most of the DCSG process emissions are indirect, emissions can be further reduced by as much as 30% with the use of low carbon intensity grid electricity for compression. Pilot results show that DCSG used less water, with 70% of the CO2 retained in the formation. Lower SOR and CO2 retained in the reservoir demonstrates lower carbon intensity relative to OTSG. DCSG offers heavy oil operators a novel, viable, method to economically extract currently uncoverable reservoirs at a lower carbon intensity than traditional methods.
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Privat, Romain, Jean-Noël Jaubert, and Michel Molière. "Ethanol and Distillate Blends: A Thermodynamic Approach to Miscibility Issues: Part 3 — Generalization to Other Alcohols (Methanol, Isopropanol and 1-Butanol)." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68561.
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In the framework of a multistep program devoted to the ternary gasoil/alcohol/water system, the authors investigated the miscibility of anhydrous and hydrated ethanol qualities with four classes of industrial gasoil having different compositions and densities. To that end, they considered a pseudo binary system made by the various hydrocarbon species on one hand and the alcohol/water sub-system on another hand. Using the UNIQUAC thermodynamic theory and the Group Contribution approach, the team computed the Minimum Miscibility Temperature (“MMT”) for a series of the gasoil/ethanol/water system having water concentrations in ethanol comprised between 0 and 10%. The TMM is the temperature above which the various components of the system form a sole phase. This work is summarized in two papers already published (Part 1: GT 2010-22126; Part 2: GT2011-45896). In the continuity of this prior work and considering the potential interest of alternative alcohols as “gasoil extenders”, the team has generalized this approach to selected C1-C4 alcohols: methanol, isopropanol (or 2-propanol) and n-butanol (or 1-butanol). While methanol is an interesting “energy vector” of coal and biomass via the CTL and BTL processes, isopropanol is a widespread commodity produced by the classical petrochemistry and 1-butanol is a promising biofuel candidate of the second, “lingo-cellulosic” generation. This third part of the project shows that the introduction of these alternative alcohols and their respective interactions with water lead to considerable changes in the liquid-liquid equilibria and important shifts of the MMTs, trends that were difficult to anticipate beforehand.
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Bakhtiyarov, Sayavur I., Azizaga Kh Shakhverdiyev, Geilani M. Panakhov, and Eldar M. Abbasov. "Polymer/Surfactant Effects on Generated Volume and Pressure of CO2 in EOR Technology." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37100.
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Dense phase gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, light hydrocarbons, etc.) are used to develop miscibility with crude oil in enhanced oil recovery processes. Due to the certain reasons, carbon dioxide (CO2) flooding is considered the fastest-growing improved oil recovery method. However, due to the low viscosity of dense CO2, displacement front instabilities and a premature CO2 breakthrough is observed in many cases. An alternative scheme to the traditional methods of oil recovery by injection of carbon dioxide gas is the technology developed by the NMT, IGDFF and IMM, which proposes in-situ CO2 generation as a result of the thermochemical reaction between water solutions of the gas-forming (FG) and gas-yielding (GY) chemical agents injected to the productive horizons. This technique excludes CO2 injection from surface communication systems and does not require expensive delivery equipment. This process allows avoiding many negative consequences of CO2 injection technology. Based on the in-situ CO2 generation concept, several new technological schemes were developed in order to provide an integrative effect on the productive horizons. In this paper we present the results of the experimental studies on effect of polymer and surfactant additives on generated CO2 miscibility. The solutions of gas-yielding (GY) agent with different concentrations of surfactants and polymer additives were used as a reacting agent in these laboratory studies. Within the limits of the experimental conditions stochiometric reactions between gas-yielding (GY) and gas-forming (GF) water solutions were simulated. The tests were conducted on the experimental set up designed and built for these purposes. In the first series of experiments a polyacrylamide was added to the gas-yielding (GY) agent in the concentrations 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt.%. A dynamics of the pressure changes during stoichiometric reaction was recorded. It is shown that the pressure of the generated CO2 gas significantly depends on concentration of the polymer additive and, as a consequence, on viscosity of the water solution. It slightly depends on the concentration of the surfactant added to the GY reactant.
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Pham, Quynh C., and Lesley A. James. "Considering the CO2 Source and Capture Technique to Reduce Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) for Enriched Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-62643.
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Abstract CO2 is a well-known and commonly used solvent for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). CO2-rich natural gas fields have been the source of CO2 for onshore EOR for more than 50 years. Offshore, the story is different. Some jurisdictions like offshore Norway and Gulf of Mexico send their gas to market, pipelines from offshore to Europe and the United States exist, and CO2 must be stripped from the natural gas to meet pipeline specifications. Oil rig power generation has, for the most part, been electrified. Other jurisdictions like offshore Newfoundland, Canada, have stranded uneconomic, sweet natural gas. Power generation relies on diesel or natural gas combustion turbines producing post combustion CO2. Onshore, CO2 floods are common where most of the CO2 comes from natural gas sweetening. Post combustion CO2 has been used for EOR in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Canada and other onshore fields. The Hibernia EOR Research Group has been investigating the integrated capture and injection of CO2 from post combustion for the purposes of EOR. Challenges include the space and size of CO2 capture technologies for offshore oil production platforms, most certainly existing brownfield facilities. From an EOR perspective, a notable challenge is the constrained volume of CO2, which is insufficient for CO2 flooding. The CO2 volumes are however sufficient for carbonated water injection (CWI), individual block CO2 flood or WAG, or CO2 enriched natural gas WAG. Current carbon capture technologies are not 100% efficient, resulting in impurities in the CO2 stream, such as N2, CH4, O2, etc. The CO2 and impurity concentrations impact the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) and subsequent oil recovery. The relationship between different CO2 capture technologies and the resulting impurities, their respective concentrations, and the impact on MMP is deficient in the literature. Experimental techniques to estimate MMP were compared based on the literature, and it was determined that a slim tube test is the most reliable method. In this work, the CO2 concentration is varied from 0 to 100 mol%, which covers the missing range in literature. The Multiple Contact Miscibility (MCM) was first simulated, providing a good estimation of the MMP value. A slim tube simulation was completed using PVT-sim and validated with experimental values from literature. This simulation was then used to determine MMP when CO2 concentration is varied. The results indicate that MMP is reduced by increasing the concentration of CO2 in the natural gas. The amount of CO2 required in Gas Mixture to achieve MMP were deduced for each scenario. Furthermore, impurities can positively or negatively impact the MMP, even in small concentrations. This work investigates, by simulation, the effect on MMP of CO2 and natural gas mixtures, and impurities in the CO2 stream based on source and capture techniques. The study is critical to the design of an integrated CO2 capture and injection process to store CO2, reduce emissions, and enhance oil recovery.
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Glaude, Pierre A., Rene´ Fournet, Roda Bounaceur, and Michel Molie`re. "DME as a Potential Alternative Fuel for Gas Turbines: A Numerical Approach to Combustion and Oxidation Kinetics." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46238.
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Many investigations are currently carried out in order to reduce CO2 emissions in power generation. Among alternative fuels to natural gas and gasoil in gas turbine applications, dimethyl ether (DME; formula: CH3-O-CH3) represents a possible candidate in the next years. This chemical compound can be produced from natural gas or coal/biomass gasification. DME is a good substitute for gasoil in diesel engine. Its Lower Heating Value is close to that of ethanol but it offers some advantages compared to alcohols in terms of stability and miscibility with hydrocarbons. While numerous studies have been devoted to the combustion of DME in diesel engines, results are scarce as far as boilers and gas turbines are concerned. Some safety aspects must be addressed before feeding a combustion device with DME because of its low flash point (as low as −83°C), its low auto-ignition temperature and large domain of explosivity in air. As far as emissions are concerned, the existing literature shows that in non premixed flames, DME produces less NOx than ethane taken as parent molecular structure, based on an equivalent heat input to the burner. During a field test performed in a gas turbine, a change-over from methane to DME led to a higher fuel nozzle temperature but to a lower exhaust gas temperature. NOx emissions decreased over the whole range of heat input studied but a dramatic increase of CO emissions was observed. This work aims to study the combustion behavior of DME in gas turbine conditions with the help of a detailed kinetic modeling. Several important combustion parameters, such as the auto-ignition temperature (AIT), ignition delay times, laminar burning velocities of premixed flames, adiabatic flame temperatures, and the formation of pollutants like CO and NOx have been investigated. These data have been compared with those calculated in the case of methane combustion. The model was built starting from a well validated mechanism taken from the literature and already used to predict the behavior of other alternative fuels. In flame conditions, DME forms formaldehyde as the major intermediate, the consumption of which leads in few steps to CO then CO2. The lower amount of CH2 radicals in comparison with methane flames seems to decrease the possibility of prompt-NO formation. This paper covers the low temperature oxidation chemistry of DME which is necessary to properly predict ignition temperatures and auto-ignition delay times that are important parameters for safety.
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Rubio, Erismar, Mohamed Yousef Alklih, Nagaraju Reddicharla, Abobaker Albelazi, Melike Dilsiz, Mohamed Ali Al-Attar, Rayner Davila, and Karem Khan. "Integrated Automation and Data-Driven Workflow for CO2 Project Management – Case Study from a Smart Oil Field in the Middle-East." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207422-ms.
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Abstract Automation and data-driven models have been proven to yield commercial success in several oil fields worldwide with reported technical advantages related to improved reservoir management. This paper demonstrates the implementation of an integrated workflow to enhance CO2 injection project performance in a giant onshore smart oil field in Abu Dhabi. Since commissioning, proactive evaluation of the reservoir management strategy is enabled via smart-exception-based surveillance routines that facilitate reservoir/pattern/well performance review and supporting the decision making process. Prolonging the production sustainability of each well is a key pillar of this work, which has been made more quantifiable using live-tracking of the produced CO2 content and corrosion indicators. The intensive computing technical tasks and data aggregation from different sources; such as well testing and real time production/injection measurements; are integrated in an automatic workflow in a single platform. Accordingly, real-time visualizations and dashboards are also generated automatically; to orchestrate information, models and multidisciplinary knowledge in a systematic and efficient manner; allowing engineers to focus on problematic wells and giving attention to opportunity generation in a timely manner. Complemented with numerical techniques and other decision support tools, the intelligent system data-driven model assist to obtain a reliable short-term forecast in a shorter time and help making quick decisions on day-to-day operational optimization aspects. These dashboards have allowed measuring the true well/pattern performance towards operational objectives and production targets. A complete set of KPI's has helped to identify well health-status, potential risks and thus mitigate them for short/long term recovery to obtain an optimum reservoir energy balance in daily bases. In case of unexpected well performance behaviors, the dashboards have provided data insights on the root causes of different well issues and thus remedial actions were proposed accordingly. Maintaining CO2 miscibility is also ensured by having the right pressure support around producers, taking proactive actions from continues evaluation of producer-injector connectivity/interdependency, improving injection/production schedule, validating/tuning streamline model based on surveillance insights, avoiding CO2 recycling, optimizing data acquisition plan with potential cost saving while taking preventive measures to minimize well/facility corrosion impact. In this work, best reservoir management practices have been implemented to create a value of 12% incremental oil recovery from the field. The applied methodology uses an integrated automation and data-driven modeling approach to tackle CO2 injection project management challenges in real-time.
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Agger, Christian, and Henrik Sørensen. "Modified Method of Characteristics for Generating EOR Oil Recovery Curves." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205918-ms.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The paper describes a fast and approximate 1D simulation algorithm for calculating the percent recovery that can be obtained from an oil reservoir if gas injection is carried out at a pressure lower than the minimum miscibility pressure. The algorithm is based on the Method of Characteristics. While a conventional 1D reservoir simulation of a gas injection scenario may take minutes or even hours, the proposed algorithm allows a full evaluation of the recovery to be completed within seconds. To make the method numerically robust, a number of approximations were needed. The result is an extremely fast algorithm that not only provides a good estimate of the recovery obtained by gas injection, but also gives a good visualization of how the gas displaces the oil.
Reports on the topic "Miscibility generation"
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Fondeur, F. F. Miscibility Evaluation Of The Next Generation Solvent With Polymers Currently Used At DWPF, MCU, And Saltstone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1076562.
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