Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Miscarriage'
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1
Elfer, A. F. "Support following miscarriage." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1575469/.
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One in four pregnancies ends in miscarriage; it is the most common type of pregnancy loss. It can be a devastating and traumatic experience, yet often it goes unrecognised and unspoken about. This thesis, presented in three parts, looks at formal and informal sources of support for women in the aftermath of miscarriage. Part I is a literature review of the effectiveness of psychological interventions for women following miscarriage. Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria. Interventions evaluated included CBT, IPT, nurse/midwife led sessions, and psychological debriefing. Nine of the studies found improvement in symptoms following intervention. There was no evidence of differential effectiveness for interventions of different theoretical underpinnings. Part II presents the findings of a qualitative study of women’s experiences of social support following miscarriage. Thirteen women took part in semi-structured interviews which were analysed using Braun and Clark’s (2006) method of thematic analysis, yielding 10 themes. Women encountered a number of barriers to talking about miscarriage e.g. its physical nature and being surrounded by other pregnant women. They experienced both unsupportive interactions (e.g. dismissive remarks, encouragement to move on) and supportive interactions (e.g. validation and permission to talk). The findings are discussed with reference to the literature on grief, trauma and social support. Part III is a critical appraisal of the process of conducting the research presented in Part II. It focuses on three main areas: personal reflexivity; epistemological reflexivity; and broader reflections on miscarriage as a taboo subject.
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Farrow, Alexandra. "Miscarriage and environmental factors." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295036.
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Nitsovych, I. R. "Miscarriage and retrochorial hematoma." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17617.
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Lok, Hung Ingrid. "Psychological morbidity after miscarriage." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3254570.
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Li, Wei. "Stress and recurrent miscarriage." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1189/.
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This thesis investigated the role of stress in RM using both psychometric and biochemical measures. The majority of previous studies on the impact of stress on RM only addressed the psychological aspect without concurrent biochemical stress measurements. In this thesis the stress status in women with RM was evaluated by using a validated questionnaire package and biochemical measurements of stress markers including cortisol, natural killer cells and prolactin. The first part of this thesis compared the psychological stress status in a cohort of women with unexplained RM with that of fertile health women. The results showed that women with RM had higher levels of psychological stress than fertile women. RM women with higher perceived stress and being less optimistic appeared to have an increased likelihood of live birth. Based on the findings in the present study we speculate that stress coping strategies adopted by individuals may have a prognostic value on subsequent pregnancy outcomes more than stress levels in women with RM. The next part of this thesis investigated the biochemical stress markers including natural killer cells, cortisol and prolactin in the same cohort of women with unexplained RM. The increases in pNK CDdim cells were found to be associated with a higher risk of a subsequent miscarriage in women with RM, suggesting a prognostic value of measuring pNK subset of CDdim cells in RM. In addition, no correlation between the measurements of pNK cells and those of uNK cells was found in women with RM, suggesting that pNK measurements do not reflect uNK measurements in RM. Next, we conducted a study to investigate the relationship between prolactin and RM. We found that within normal physiological range low plasma prolactin concentrations were associated with an increased risk of a subsequent miscarriage in women with RM. No significant difference in the measurements of endometrial prolactin receptor was found between women with RM and fertile women. There was also no association between the expression of endometrial prolactin receptor and subsequent pregnancy outcomes in women with RM. The following part of this thesis examined the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress in women with RM with cortisol measurements. No non-suppression of cortisol following Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) was found in women with RM. There was also no association between cortisol measurements and pregnancy outcomes in women with RM. Based on the findings in this study we speculate that chronic stress of RM has no effect on feedback dysregulation of the HPA axis. The final part of this thesis correlated the results of various stress measurements. High levels of fertility stress were associated with a decrease in the numbers of pNK CDbright cells. High basal salivary cortisol concentrations were associated with an increase in uNK cell measurements. The results of serum cortisol suppression following DST had an inverse correlation with the values of pNK CDdim cells whereas the results of salivary cortisol suppression following DST had a positive association with uNK cell measurements. The exact physiological mechanism of this observation is not known. In summary, the studies presented in this thesis showed that stress was associated with RM. There was some evidence that stress affected subsequent pregnancy outcomes in women with RM.
6
Shehata, Kamal I. "Conservative management of spontaneous miscarriage." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29361.
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The work in this thesis is mainly focused on the role of conservative management of women with retained products of conception following a spontaneous miscarriage in the first trimester in comparison to the ‘gold standard’ surgical evacuation of the uterine cavity under general anaesthesia. A self-administered questionnaire based study was conducted to investigate the impact of seeing and handling the products of conception on the incidence of psychological adverse reactions in women managed conservatively as compared to the control group (women managed by surgical uterine evacuation). Women managed conservatively seemed to recover psychologically quicker than women managed by surgical evacuation. The impact of conservative management on the reproductive potential of women with retained products of conception was assessed in the fourth chapter. The first part of the fourth chapter studied the return of ovulation in a subgroup of women (n = 30) randomised to conservative management as compared to women (n = 30) randomised to surgical evacuation. The return of normal ovulation was examined by assessing the daily urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), pregnanediol (P4) and total urinary oestrogen (E2), follicular and endometrial development using transvaginal ultrasound. The second part of this chapter concentrated on following up women who desired to become pregnant from the two management groups. Conservative management had similar outcomes to surgical evacuation in relation to the reproductive performance. Finally, a systematic assessment of the cost-effective of conservative management was carried out in comparison with surgical evacuation in the last chapter of the thesis, which revealed a potential for substantial cost savings in NHS resources with the widespread use of conservative management.
7
Rai, Rajendra Singh. "Antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent miscarriage." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392475.
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Lisova, K. M. "Ultrasound aspects of pregnancy miscarriage." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18718.
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Jivraj, Shehnaaz. "Genetic thrombophilic mutations and recurrent miscarriage." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486914.
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Recurrent miscarriage (RM) affects 1% of the population. Some cases have a thrombotic aetiology. While it is known that the allele frequency of factor V Leiden (FVL), a thrombophilic gene mutation, is similar between women with and without RM, the miscarriage rate of a subsequent untreated pregnancy is significantly higher in RM women carrying FVL. The studies in the thesis explore the hypothesis that (a) women with FVL and RM, who went on to miscarry again may have an additional thrombophilia that increased their risk of miscarriage (b) thrombophilia genotype inherited by the fetus may determine pregnancy outcome. The first study in the thesis demonstrates that the allele frequencies of FVL, Prothrombin G20210A (pTG) and MTHFR C677T (MTHFR) gene mutations and the prevalence of multiple thrombophilia are similar in couples with RM (n=357), late pregnancy loss (n=69) and a race matched control population (n=68). The second study describes a prospective study which shows that in couples with RM, the miscarriage rate in a subsequent untreated pregnancy was significantly higher if the male or the female partner carried multiple thrombophilic defects than if neither carried a thrombophilic defect (83% vs 44%, RR 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8). This study suggested that the paternal thrombophilia genotype, and by inference the fetal thrombophilia genotype contributes to determining pregnancy outcome. The third study explores this hypothesis by analysing the allele frequencies of FVL, PTG and MTHFR in miscarried products of conception from first trimester miscarriages (n=31) and umbilical cord blood from live-births (n=89). The allele frequency of PTG was higher in products of conception from first trimester miscarriages than live births (4.8% vs 1.1%, OR 4.47; 95% CI 0.49-54.36). The prevalence of multiple thrombophilic defects was also higher in products of conception from first trimester miscarriages than live births (6.4% vs 2.2% OR 3.00; 95% CI 0.2-42.6) This research suggests that the paternal thrombophilia genotype influences pregnancy outcome. This is a new concept in our understanding of the aetiology of RM and highlights the importance of investigating the male partner with RM. If further studies and larger datasets confirm our findings, the concept of paternal thrombophilia genotype and by inference fetal thrombophilia genotype could lead to a whole new paradigm in the way couples with RM are investigated.
10
Hanna, Courtney Wood. "Recurrent miscarriage : unraveling the complex etiology." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44347.
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Recurrent miscarriage (RM), defined as 3 or more consecutive spontaneous losses of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation, affects 1-2% of couples and has a complex etiology. Half of miscarriages from RM cases are caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo and while there are several associated maternal factors, underlying causes and clinically relevant biomarkers have been elusive. I hypothesized that genetic and/or epigenetic factors associated with maternal meiotic non-disjunction, reproductive aging and endocrinological profile, or placental functioning will contribute to the etiology of RM. In these case-control studies, I investigated the association between RM and 1) maternal mutations in synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3), 2) maternal telomere lengths, 3) maternal polymorphisms in genes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and 4) placental DNA methylation patterns. The findings suggest that maternal mutations in SYCP3 and polymorphisms in HPO axis genes may not contribute significantly to risk for RM. No mutations in SYCP3 were identified in women with RM with at least one trisomic conception. While associations between polymorphisms within the estrogen receptor β, activin receptor 1, prolactin receptor and glucocorticoid receptor genes and RM were identified, these were not significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Aspects of chromosomal biology may be important factors in the etiology of RM. Women with RM had significantly shorter telomeres compared to controls, suggesting altered rates of biological aging. In the placental villi of RM samples, there were few differences in DNA methylation at targeted sites when compared to isolated miscarriages and elective terminations. However, gene ontology analysis showed that imprinted genes and immune response pathways were overrepresented among those sites differentially methylated between RM and elective termination placentas. The RM group additionally had an increase in the number of outlier cases at a select number of imprinted loci. Furthermore, several placental samples from both cases and controls showed aberrant DNA methylation profiles at many loci investigated, suggesting these samples may have global dysregulation of DNA methylation and/or differences in placental composition/functioning. These studies have improved our understanding of mechanisms involved in RM and will contribute to the direction of future research.
11
Pant, Meagan. "Framing Celebrity Miscarriage: A Textual Analysis." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton161608093175056.
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Nel, Johan. "Die pastorale versorging van die gesin wat 'n miskraam beleef het 'n prakties-teologiese perspektief /." Access to E-Thesis, 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03232006-104129/.
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Adolfsson, Ann-Sofie. "Miscarriage : Women’s Experience and its Cumulative Incidence." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Genus och medicin, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6204.
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Many women experience miscarriage every year. Every fourth woman who has given birth reports that she has previous experience of miscarriage. In a study of all women in the Swedish Medical Birth Register 1983-2003, we found that the number of cases of self reported miscarriage had increased in Sweden during this 21 year period. This increase can be explained by the introduction of sensitive pregnancy tests around 1990, as well as an increase in the mean age of the mothers, by approximately 3 years, during the observation period. The risk of miscarriage is 13% with the first child. With subsequent pregnancies, the risk of miscarriage is 8%, 6% and 4% with the second, third and fourth child, respectively. Thirteen of these women who had suffered a recent miscarriage were interviewed four months later, and their feelings of guilt and emptiness were explored. Their experience was that they wanted their questions to be answered, and that they wanted others to treat them as the mothers to be that they felt themselves to be. They also experienced the need for time to grieve their loss. Measurement of grief by means of the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) is used in research but has also been proposed for clinical use. We have translated this psychological instrument to Swedish, back-translated and tested it in a small pilot study. In a randomized controlled study, women with early miscarriage were allocated, either to a structured visit (study group) or a regular visit (control group) to a midwife. The structured visit was conducted according to the Swanson caring theory. We could conclude that the structured visit had no significant effect on grief compared to the regular visit, as measured using the PGS. However, women with the sub-diagnosis missed abortion have significantly more grief four months after early miscarriage, regardless of visit type. We also performed a content analysis of the tape-recorded structured follow-up visit. The code-key used was Bonanno and Kaltman’s general grief categorization. Women’s expression of grief after miscarriage was found to be very similar to the grief experienced following the death of a relative. Furthermore, the grief was found to be independent of number of children, women’s age, or earlier experience of miscarriage. Conclusions: Every fourth woman who gives birth reports that she has also experienced early miscarriage. The experience of these women is that they have suffered a substantial loss and their reaction is grief similar to that experienced following the death of a relative.On the day of the public defence of the doctoral thesis the status of article III was In Press and article IV was In Press.
14
Shurack, Ettel Leah Zissel. "Pregnancy loss : women's experiences coping with miscarriage." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54155.
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This research documents the personal stories of women who have gone through pregnancy loss and seeks to better understand their experiences coping with miscarriage. Through in-depth one to one interviews, I examine the positive and negative aspects of the participants’ experiences, what impacted and influenced their coping, and how they were able to deal with and overcome their loss. This qualitative study uses a narrative approach to analyze seven in-depth interviews. A combination of holistic and categorical analysis is used in analyzing the study's themes and findings. My findings show that women benefit from having support during and after their miscarriage, particularly from their spouse, family, friends, and health care providers. Participants noted that they experienced silence and stigma surrounding miscarriage, and that a considerable aspect of their coping involved talking openly about their experiences. Given the widespread nature of miscarriage, this study is important to the field of social work because of the significance of better understanding the emotional effects, responses, and coping strategies that women find to be of comfort.Arts, Faculty of
Social Work, School of
Graduate
15
Nordqvist, Anna. "Endometrial gene expression related to recurrent miscarriage." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227603.
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A woman’s uterus is a safe place for the baby to grow and get nourished which is not always the case since the endometrium can, due to some underlying causes repel the fertilised egg which in other words means that the woman undergoes miscarriage. Recurrent miscarriage is defined as three or more pregnancy losses before 22 weeks of gestation. Multiple etiologies is thought to cause recurrent miscarriage although still 50 % of these cases remains unknown. The aim of this study was to measure the gene expression of DKK1, STC1, TK1, IL8 and OLFM1 in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage compared to fertile women by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) with TaqMan probes and primers. Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin embedded endometrium tissue was performed with a primary antibody anti-IL8 for detection of the IL8-protein. No significant difference was seen in mRNA expression between the two groups, only the IL8 mRNA showed a tendency to significant difference between the groups, p=0,063. On protein level, the immunohistochemical staining of IL8 showed few stained cells in both groups. Interestingly, the number of cells was clearly more abundant in women with recurrent miscarriage than in fertile women, p=0,036. The main conclusion from this study is that the high number of IL8 produced cells in the endometrium may be a contributing factor to recurrent miscarriage and need to be investigated further.
16
Adolfsson, Annsofie. "Miscarriage : women's experience and its cumulative incidence /." Linköping : Univ, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6204.
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Adolfsson, Annsofie. "Miscarriage : women’s experience and its cumulative incidence." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : LiU-Tryck, Linköping, Sweden, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-36196.
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Many women experience miscarriage every year. Every fourth woman who has given birth reports that she has previous experience of miscarriage. In a study of all women in the Swedish Medical Birth Register 1983-2003, we found that the number of cases of self reported miscarriage had increased in Sweden during this 21 year period. This increase can be explained by the introduction of sensitive pregnancy tests around 1990, as well as an increase in the mean age of the mothers, by approximately 3 years, during the observation period. The risk of miscarriage is 13% with the first child. With subsequent pregnancies, the risk of miscarriage is 8%, 6% and 4% with the second, third and fourth child, respectively. Thirteen of these women who had suffered a recent miscarriage were interviewed four months later, and their feelings of guilt and emptiness were explored. Their experience was that they wanted their questions to be answered, and that they wanted others to treat them as the mothers to be that they felt themselves to be. They also experienced the need for time to grieve their loss. Measurement of grief by means of the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS) is used in research but has also been proposed for clinical use. We have translated this psychological instrument to Swedish, back-translated and tested it in a small pilot study. In a randomized controlled study, women with early miscarriage were allocated, either to a structured visit (study group) or a regular visit (control group) to a midwife. The structured visit was conducted according to the Swanson caring theory. We could conclude that the structured visit had no significant effect on grief compared to the regular visit, as measured using the PGS. However, women with the sub-diagnosis missed abortion have significantly more grief four months after early miscarriage, regardless of visit type. We also performed a content analysis of the tape-recorded structured follow-up visit. The code-key used was Bonanno and Kaltman’s general grief categorization. Women’s expression of grief after miscarriage was found to be very similar to the grief experienced following the death of a relative. Furthermore, the grief was found to be independent of number of children, women’s age, or earlier experience of miscarriage. Conclusions: Every fourth woman who gives birth reports that she has also experienced early miscarriage. The experience of these women is that they have suffered a substantial loss and their reaction is grief similar to that experienced following the death of a relative.
18
Risk, Janet Mary. "Immunogenetic studies in pregnancy and recurrent miscarriage." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317218.
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Frost, Julia. "Uncertain age : late motherhood and early miscarriage." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398781.
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Solovei, V. M. "Modern approaches to the treatment of miscarriage." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18721.
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Solovey, V. M. "Modern views on epidemiology of pregnancy miscarriage." Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17622.
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Cole, Alexandra Jane. "Predictors of grief following miscarriage : the role of self-efficacy /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PM/09pmc689.pdf.
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Wojnar, Danuta Maria. "Miscarriage experiences of lesbian birth and social mothers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7273.
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Serle, Elisabeth. "Endometrial factors in recurrent miscarriage : fact or fiction?" Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484285.
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The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether the peri-implantation endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage differed from that of women who had achieved a successful pregnancy. The finding of an 84% incidence of idiopathic repeated pregnancy loss, leads on to an in-depth study of a relatively unexplored area in the idiopathic group - the peri-implantation endometrial development. All endometrial biopsies are precisely timed using the luteinising hormone (LH) surge. A detailed endocrinological analysis of the study cycle in which the biopsy is performed is evaluated, with particular reference to the possible relationship with endometrial development in recurrent pregnancy loss. Women with recurrent miscarriage are found to have significantly higher serum concentrations of follicular follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and significantly lower luteal progesterone (P), than a control group of normal fertile women. Serum concentrations of LH, oestradiol (E2), and prolactin are similar between the groups. No correlation is found between endometrial development and follicular, or peak levels of LH. The endometrial study encompasses traditional histological evaluation together with morphometric analysis. A subgroup of patients then undergo an immunohistochemical and functional assessment of their peri-implantation endometrium, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, D9B1, 5D4, HMFG-1 and BC3, together with the secretory endometrial proteins PP14 and CA-125. All parts of the study are controlled using fertile volunteers as the control group. Sixty percent of the idiopathic recurrent miscarriage group are found to have abnormal endometrial development around the expected time of nidation. Defective production of D9B1, 5D4, HMFG-1, and BC3 epitopes, occurring in the presence of normal circulating hormones, provides immunohistochemical back up to the morphological study, and strengthens the hypothesis of intrinsic endometrial dysfunction in recurrent miscarriage.
25
Sullivan, Kelly. "Improving nursing care of women who suffer miscarriage." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1503.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Nursing
Nursing
26
Devlin, Rosemary. "Miscarriage, stillbirth and neonatal death : a midwifes perspective." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324953.
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Linjawi, Sabah Abdulaziz. "Cytokines in recurrent miscarriage : genetic and molecular studies." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2003. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19965/.
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Recurrent miscarriage, is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 20 weeks of gestation. It affects 0.5-2% of pregnant women. A great variety of aetiologic factors has been identified, but a specific cause is still unknown in 50% of cases. It has been suggested that immune causes, including abnormalities in either cytokine production or immune cell populations may be the reason for some of these cases. It is also known that some women with recurrent miscarriage have an endometrial defect, which may lead to abnormal development of the feto-placental unit and subsequent miscarriage. Cytokines are known to be important in the control of embryo implantation and therefore it is possible that abnormalities in endometrial cytokine expression could provide an explanation for unexplained recurrent miscarriages. This study has therefore focused on the possible role of some pro-inflammatory cytokines and leptin in recurrent miscarriage. In the first part of the study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to establish the frequency of alleles of IL1RN, IL1beta and leptin receptor genes in the DNA extracted from peripheral blood from women who suffer recurrent miscarriage and compared to that seen in controls. The results for both IL1RN tandem repeat polymorphism and IL1beta-511 polymorphism showed that there was no significant difference between the genotype distribution or allele frequency in recurrent miscarriage women and the control population. For IL1beta-511 this was true whether the analysis was carried out on data obtained from the recurrent miscarriage group as a whole or when the women were divided according to the cause of the miscarriage. In the case of IL1RN polymorphism, an increased frequency of 2,2 genotype was seen in recurrent miscarriage women with PCOS, but the numbers in this group were very small. The GLN223ARG leptin receptor polymorphism investigated in this study results in the substitution of amino acids glutamine to arginine in the transmembrane section of the receptor. The results showed no significant difference between the distribution of GLN223ARG leptin receptor genotypes in the recurrent miscarriage women as a whole group compared to the control group.when divided according to the cause of recurrent miscarriage there was a significant increase in the AA genotype in women with secondary recurrent miscarriage and those whose aetiology is unknown. In the second part of the study, expression of IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha in endometrium of recurrent miscarriage and control women were compared using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. The results showed that IL-11 and IL-11 Ralpha mRNA and protein were expressed in the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle by both stromal and epithelial cells. IL-11 and IL-11 Ralpha protein expression was greater in epithelial cells than stromal cells. IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the late secretory phase compared to the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. The high levels of IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha mRNA and protein in the late secretory phase suggest that IL-11 may play a role in the functional differentiation that occurs during decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells. IL-11 and IL-11Ralpha were also expressed in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage. There was no significant difference in amounts of IL-11 Ralpha mRNA and protein in the endometrium obtained from normal fertile women or recurrent miscarriage women during the peri-implantation period. However, IL-11 protein expression was decreased in endometrial epithelial cells in the recurrent miscarriage women compared to that seen in normal fertile women. Taken together these results, show decrease endometrial IL-11 production by women with recurrent miscarriage. They also suggest that leptin may be important in preventing miscarriage in some groups of recurrent miscarriage. However, further studies on large groups of recurrent miscarriage women need to be carried out in order to define the importance of this polymorphism. Although, the IL-1RN tandem repeat and IL-1beta-511 polymorphisms appear not to be associated with recurrent miscarriage, this does not mean that the IL-1 system is not involved in causing recurrent miscarriage, as plasma levels of IL-1 did not appear to be different in women with different genotypes.
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Rennie, Anne Marie. "Psychological wellbeing following miscarriage from a salutogenic perspective." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2140.
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Previous research into the psychological impact of miscarriage has taken a pathogenic approach, with limited research examining the factors that relate to enhanced psychological wellbeing. As a result, it is difficult to understand what predicts lower anxiety, depression and higher wellbeing. In order to address such gaps this study employed mixed methods, using a salutogenic perspective to investigate the effects of miscarriage on women's psychological wellbeing and to identify factors related to enhanced psychological wellbeing over time.
29
Lisova, K. M. "New gestosis prevention methods in pregnant women with miscarriage." Thesis, БДМУ, 2022. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19734.
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Tang, Ai-Wei. "Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells and recurrent miscarriage : a pilot randomised controlled trial of prednisolone in women with high uNK cells and recurrent miscarriage." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/18633/.
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Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is stressful. One reason for this is because no causes can be found for the pregnancy loss in the majority of cases. Focus has been on the endometrium which undergoes decidualisation in preparation for implantation. Any problems in the finely organised interactions between the endometrium and invading trophoblast cells may contribute towards a miscarriage. Immunological mechanisms are thought to be one of the pathways involved as there is the need of maternal adaptation of her immune response to the semi-allogenic developing embryo. Uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are the most abundant in the endometrium during the window of implantation. They interact with trophoblast cells, and are involved in vascular remodelling, an important step in implantation. Hence, they have a biological plausibility of playing a major role in RM. Both peripheral NK (pNK) and uNK cells tests have been developed as assessments of immunological causes of RM. A systematic review performed showed inadequate evidence for both pNK and uNK cells tests as markers for adverse pregnancy outcomes. There were only twelve studies, with 446 patients reporting pregnancy outcomes. There was no accepted consensus of normality and methodology for analysing NK cells. The conclusion was the need for well-designed studies to assess the role of NK cell tests as a clinically useful marker for screening. This led to the conduct of the pilot phase of a RCT of prednisolone in early pregnancy in women with idiopathic RM and raised uNK cells density. The main aim of this trial was to assess feasibility of recruitment and tolerability of prednisolone. Secondary clinical outcomes included live birth, types of miscarriage, miscarriage karyotype, gestational age at delivery, birthweight and pregnancy complications (eg: pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, fetal abnormality, stillbirth, IUGR). 160 women were screened for uNK cells density and 40 were randomised, despite the majority (85%) desiring prednisolone if given a choice. There was a trend towards improved live birth rate with prednisolone treatment but this was not significant. There were equal numbers of biochemical, sac and fetal pregnancy losses in both groups. All completed treatment with main reported side effects in the prednisolone group of insomnia. There were no pregnancy complications. The analysis of uNK cells was found to be very time consuming. To accommodate potentially large numbers who will be screened in the definitive trial, an alternative, quicker and equally accurate method of analysing uNK cells was developed using the colour deconvolution and area measurement plug-ins of a public domain image analysis package, Image J. Women supported this trial. Randomisation was acceptable. The prednisolone was safe. UNK cell density is a valid biomarker of severe outcomes. There was a trend towards improvement in live birth rates. This trial paves the way for the development of an endometrial based test to screen for the subgroup of women with RM that could potentially benefit from individualised treatment.
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Karhukorpi, J. (Jari). "The search for links between immunogenetic factors and recurrent miscarriage." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514277449.
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Abstract
Successful pregnancy is characterized by a shift toward Th2 type immune response and suppression of adaptive immune responses to ensure acceptance of the semi-allogenic fetal graft. Also the innate immune system plays a major role during pregnancy. Recurrent miscarriage is defined as three or more consecutive pregnancy losses. About 1% of all women will suffer recurrent miscarriage. The causes of recurrent miscarriage remain unexplained in half (50%) of the cases. Susceptibility to recurrent miscarriage is probably mediated by Th1 type immune response with pronounced expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNFα and IFNγ) paralleled with decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10). Factors that regulate immune response during pregnancy include hormonal factors (e.g. hCG and progesterone). Immunogenetic factors also contribute to this regulation. Several functionally important polymorphisms in various immunomodulatory genes have been identified during recent years. Some of these polymorphisms may be important in regulating the Th1/Th2 balance during pregnancy. Putative immune dysregulation caused by these polymorphisms has been researched intensively. Conflicting results have been published about associations between several of these polymorphisms and recurrent miscarriage.
In this study, HLA-G (exon 2 and 3), IL-10 (-1082A/G), IL-1RA (intron 2 VNTR) and CD14 (-159C/T) polymorphisms were studied in 38 Finnish women with RM. All of these polymorphisms have been associated with altered gene expression. Distribution of HLA-G*I, II, III and IV were 0.577, 0.375, 0 and 0.048 respectively in the studied Finnish population. According to the present classification the G*I allele group mostly consists of the allele 010101, while G*II covers the combination of 010102, 010401 and 0105N, as well as some other rare alleles. There were no associations between recurrent miscarriage and the HLA-G, IL-10 and CD14 polymorphisms. However, in IL-1RA polymorphism, the rare IL1RN*3 allele was increased in women with recurrent miscarriage. It is not known, if this particular allele is associated with differences in IL-1RA or IL-1 production.
Although the study population was small, it may be supposed that quantitative differences in the production of single immunomodulatory molecules due to normal genetic variation may not be grossly harmful to the fetal allograft. This indicates the robustness and flexibility of the reproduction system. For survival, it is essential that minor variations are tolerated. Thus, large-scale studies focusing on the effect of a pro-inflammatory genetic profile based on the presence of several pro/anti-inflammatory genetic markers are needed to discover if immunogenetic factors predispose women to recurrent miscarriage.
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Cork, Beverley Anne. "Cytokines and human endometrial function : abnormalities in recurrent miscarriage women." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2001. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19669/.
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The human endometrium is the site of embryo implantation and is therefore responsible for providing a suitable environment for an embryo to grow and develop. This is achieved by the endometrium undergoing cyclical changes, under the control of steroid hormones. However, it is clear that steroid hormones are not the final effectors, but rather initiate a downstream cascade of molecular events through local autocrine and paracrine factors, such as cytokines. The role of cytokines in the human endometrium still remains to be determined, but they are thought to play an important role in the implantation process. This study has therefore focused on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the human endometrium and effects of these cytokines on endometrial function. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine the expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in the human endometrium of normal fertile women throughout the menstrual cycle. The results showed that staining intensity for LIF and IL-6 increased in epithelial cells at the time of implantation. IL-1alpha and IL-1beta remained relatively constant throughout the cycle, with a slight increase in epithelial IL-1B at the time of implantation. The expression of TNFalpha could not be determined. Staining for LIF, IL-6, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta was then repeated on endometrial sections from biopsies obtained from women who suffer recurrent miscarriage at the time of implantation and compared to the staining obtained in biopsies from normal fertile women. For all four cytokines, there were some biopsies from women who suffer recurrent miscarriage, where staining was significantly weaker than that seen in normal fertile women at the same time in the menstrual cycle. These results suggest that LIF, IL-6, IL-1alpha and IL-1beta may therefore be important for successful implantation and subsequently successful pregnancy outcome. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are postulated to be involved in the implantation process, as they are capable of digesting the components of the extracellular matrix. Recent studies have shown that cytokines may be involved in the regulation of MMPs in both the endometrium and the invading trophoblast cells. The effects of LIF, IL-6, IL-1beta and TNFalpha on endometrial MMP production in vitro were thereforeinvestigated. MMP-2 was produced by both cultured epithelial and stromal cells, MMP-9 was produced mainly by epithelial cells and MMP-7 was only produced by epithelial cells. Although LIF and IL-6 had no significant effect on endometrial MMP production, IL-1alpha and TNFalpha did alter MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-7 production from both epithelial and stromal cells. More recent studies have suggested the possible role of interleukin-11 (IL-11) in endometrial function, particularly decidualisation. Therefore the expression of both IL-11 and its receptor, IL-11R, was investigated in endometrial biopsies obtained from normal fertile women throughout the menstrual cycle. The results showed that both IL-11 and IL-11R were expressed throughout the menstrual cycle, predominantly by epithelial cells, however, stromal expression did increase slightly towards the end of the cycle. The effects of cytokines on IL-11 production by cultured endometrial cells were also investigated. IL-1alpha, TNFalpha and TGFbeta caused a significant increase in IL-11 production from both stromal and epithelial cells. Finally the effects of IL-11 on MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-7, IL-1beta and TNFalpha produced by cultured endometrial cells were studied. No effect of IL-11 on MMP production was seen by either stromal or epithelial cells, but IL-11 did cause a concentration dependent decrease in TNFalpha production from cultured epithelial cells. The results have increased our knowledge on the expression and function of endometrial pro-inflammatory cytokines and suggested that although endometrial LIF and IL-6 expression is greatest at the time of implantation and is decreased in women who suffer recurrent miscarriage, IL-1 and TNFalpha have a greater effect on endometrial function. IL-11 is also expressed by the endometrium and is affected by other cytokines. Its positioning within the cytokine networks, which could control endometrial function, requires further study.
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Clower, Christen E. "Pregnancy Loss: Disenfranchised Grief and Other Psychological Reactions." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4340/.
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It is widely acknowledged in the literature that grief is most intense when it is experienced by parents whose children have died. However, as recently as 20 years ago, mothers whose children died at birth or before the pregnancy had reached full term were often dismissed as merely medical patients, and their psychological reactions were not considered or acknowledged by professionals, their friends, or their families. More recently fields such as psychology have recognized that women who have experienced pregnancy loss have complex psychological reactions to their loss. The present study examined the patterns of grief of women who have had a pregnancy end in spontaneous abortion or stillbirth and the ways in which these women gave meaning to their experiences. Participants were asked to complete several measures including the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS), the Hogan Grief reaction Checklist (HGRC), the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSS), and the Inventory of Social Support (ISS). The participants also wrote a narrative account of their loss experience. These narratives were content analyzed to delineate common themes. The findings indicated several important factors which may be useful in understanding and assisting in post-loss adjustment.
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Johnson, Martin Paul. "Men's involvement in pregnancy and its role in grief intensity following miscarriage : comparing pregnancy outcomes : a longitudinal study acknowledging men's loss and experience following miscarriage." Thesis, Teesside University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410846.
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O'Driscoll, Stephen James, and n/a. "Conduct of counsel causing or contributing to a miscarriage of justice." University of Otago. Faculty of Law, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090506.091357.
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The Crimes Act 1961 and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 provide that a person accused of a criminal offence in New Zealand has the right to be represented at trial by counsel. The purpose of representation by counsel is to protect the accused�s interests; ensure that the accused is able to present their defence to the Court; ensure that the accused receives a fair trial; and ensure that the accused is not the subject of a miscarriage of justice.
It is implicit that criminal defence counsel must be competent if they are to be effective advocates on behalf of their clients. If counsel is not competent, there is a risk that counsel�s acts or omissions may cause or contribute to a miscarriage of justice.
The Crimes Act 1961 allows an accused to appeal against their conviction on the basis that they have been the subject of a miscarriage of justice through the conduct of their counsel. The thesis analyses the Supreme Court decision of R v Sungsuwan that sets out the test that an appellate court must consider when deciding to allow an appeal based on the conduct of counsel.
The thesis examines 239 Court of Appeal decisions between 1996 and 2007 that have considered appeals from jury trials where at least one of the grounds of appeal was that defence counsel caused or contributed to a miscarriage of justice. The thesis notes the increasing trend to use "conduct of counsel" as a ground of appeal. In 1996 there were 4 appeals; in 2006 there were 43 such appeals and in 2007 there were 29 appeals.
During the period under review the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and specifically held that counsel�s conduct, either alone or in combination with other grounds, caused or contributed to a miscarriage of justice in 41 cases. The thesis analyses the common complaints made by an accused against trial counsel and the common areas where the Court of Appeal upheld complaints against counsel.
The thesis takes into account the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act 2006 and the Lawyers and Conveyancers (Lawyer: Conduct and Client Care) Rules 2008 that came into existence on 1 August 2008. The new legislation places particular emphasis on the obligations of counsel to uphold the rule of law and to facilitate the administration of justice in New Zealand. Counsel also has an obligation to protect the interests of their clients.
The thesis concludes that the plethora of cases coming before the Court of Appeal, and the number of appeals allowed by the Court, demonstrate defence counsel do not always protect the interests of their clients and can cause or contribute to a miscarriage of justice.
The thesis makes a number of recommendations that may reduce the risk of both an accused appealing on the basis on the conduct of counsel and an appeal being allowed on the basis of the conduct of counsel. In particular, it is suggested that there should be greater degree of co-operation between the New Zealand Law Society and the Legal Services Agency to ensure the maintenance of high standards among criminal defence lawyers.
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McGee, Jennifer. "Women's perceptions of nursing care and management after first trimester miscarriage." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/876.
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Spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, is an event that affects approximately one in four women during their reproductive years. Despite the psychological and physiological trauma associated with the loss of pregnancy, few evidence-based practice recommendations exist to guide nursing care of women experiencing first trimester miscarriage. The purpose of this integrative review of literature was to examine research related to women's health care experiences of first trimester miscarriage and discuss common themes relating to nursing care. Inclusion criteria consisted of peer review research articles published after 2001 and available in the English language and women that experienced miscarriage during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Current literature was collected from Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), MEDLINE- EBSCOhost and PsycINFO databases using combinations of various key words. Six qualitative studies and one quasi-experimental study met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The results indicated that nursing care of women experiencing miscarriage should include therapeutic communication, psychological support, and provision of information and follow-up care. While there is little research reviewing nursing interventions related to first trimester miscarriage, these themes may help guide the development of further research reviewing the efficacy and effectiveness of specific nursing interventions.B.S.N.
Bachelors
Nursing
Nursing
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Smith, Aaron X. "A Brother's Loss: The Impact of Miscarriage on African American Men." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/102848.
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African American StudiesM.A.
Grand Tour Question Ø What are the impacts of miscarriage on African American men? Pettie Tour Question Ø What are African American malesʼ most effective means of dealing with and healing after experiencing a miscarriage? Purpose of the Study Ø To investigate the effects and perceptions of miscarriages in the African American community from the male perspective. Ø In 2008, my wife and I lost our first child that we were expecting. This experience revealed the degree to which social stigma and gender specific traditions inhibit disclosure, healthy discourse and closure concerning reproductive loss. I plan to utilize historical, social, spiritual and scientific tools to construct a relevant and helpful resource for Black men coping with such a profound loss. Data Collection Ø I utilized the extensive resources available in the Social Science Data Library and Paley Library of Temple University. Implications for Future Study Ø The research presented provides a platform to test the “Dual construction” method introduced. Testimonials can be compiled through interviews of African American men who have experienced reproductive loss. These recounts could be recorded for a possible documentary on the subject that could exponentially expand the discourse among African American men and the pain and pressures that they may share. An organization specifically geared towards the needs of African American men as revealed through the findings of this thesis. Conclusions Ø The therapeutic truth of candid communication is a much-needed component in the effort to advance the dialogue about miscarriage among African American men. The Dual Construction Method of learning more about the self in order to help rebuild it after traumatic events is a strategy conceived with the needs of African American men in mind. The intellectual, cultural and testimonial fortification that the Dual Construction Method can provide is a foundation that can expand the discourse about miscarriage exponentially. The lost seeds of human procreation must be watered with waves of relevant empowering information as old as the Nile River in order to properly grow and/or be grieved.
Temple University--Theses
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Hasan, Reem Baird Donna Day. "Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy patterns, predictors, and association with miscarriage /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2452.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 3, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Epidemiology." Discipline: Epidemiology; Department/School: Public Health.
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Johns, Jemma. "The pathophysiology of threatened miscarriage and its effect on pregnancy outcome." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446281/.
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The presented thesis is an investigation of the incidence and pathophysiology of first trimester threatened miscarriage and its outcomes. First trimester threatened miscarriage is the commonest complication of pregnancy, affecting 10-20% of women with clinically recognised pregnancies, and the incidence and mechanisms for long term adverse outcomes are poorly understood. Early placental development requires a delicate balance between the entry of oxygenated maternal blood and the capacity of the villous trophoblast to metabolise oxygen and eliminate its metabolites (free radicals). There is a rapid increase in placental markers of oxidative stress as the maternal circulation is established, which may serve a physiological role in stimulating placental differentiation, but which equally may result in free radical damage if antioxidant defences are depleted. In normal early pregnancy, the rapid increase in oxygen tension is paralleled by a rise in the expression of placental antioxidant enzymes. Bleeding in early pregnancy could change the delicate equilibrium of placental production of reactive oxygen species and its natural antioxidant defences, leading to disruption of normal development of the early placenta and placental membranes. This disruption results in a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, from miscarriage in the first trimester, to pre-term pre-labour rupture of the membranes, pre-term labour, fetal growth restriction and pre eclampsia in the third. This study examines in detail the incidence and possible mechanisms of adverse outcome in women with threatened miscarriage and the role of placental function, in terms of placental hormone production and markers of oxidative stress, in both the causation of threatened miscarriage and the subsequent outcome of the pregnancy. It confirms an association between threatened miscarriage and adverse outcome, and provides potential markers of placental damage or stress to add to a growing body of research elucidating the role of oxidative stress in the developing placenta and later pregnancy complications.
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Bolsover, Denise. "Information and emotional support post-miscarriage assessing the needs of women and their partners /." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=26461.
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Clauss, Danielle Kerns Geller Pamela A. "Psychological distress following miscarriage and stillbirth : an examination of grief, depression and anxiety in relation to gestational length, women's attributions, perception of care and provision of information /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3070.
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McCall, Marsha Joan. "Perceived causal attributions and their relationship to grief intensity in early miscarriage." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27720.
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Grief and causal attribution are two of the most commonly observed reactions to early miscarriage, yet little is known about these reactions or whether a relationship exists between them. This exploratory and descriptive correlational study examined the maternal grief intensities, the causal attributions, and the relationship between them in a convenience sample of 15 women who spontaneously aborted at 16 weeks' or less gestation. Women responded to both a written questionnaire and a semi-structured Interview at 6 to 10 weeks post-miscarriage. Their responses Indicated both current and retrospective reactions to their miscarriages. Responses were analysed using nonparametric statistics and content analysis.
Maternal grief Intensities were found to vary widely at the time of the miscarriage, but all decreased significantly 6 to 10 weeks later. All women reacted to their miscarriage with attribution-seeking behaviors. The explanations most women formed were comprised of more than one causal attribution. Attributions were observed to have four distinct characteristics. Causal attributions were found to be either philosophical or physically oriented; to be organic, non-specific or maternal/self-blaming In origin; to be either dominant or non-dominant, and/or to refer to causalities immediate or prior to the physical event.
At the time of the miscarriage a positive correlation between grief Intensity and maternal/self-blaming attributions and between grief Intensity and philosophical attributions was found. These relationships were not observed 6 to 10 weeks later. A positive correlation was found between grief intensity and attributions to maternal emotions at both the time of the miscarriage and 6 to 10 weeks later.Applied Science, Faculty of
Nursing, School of
Graduate
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Jenkins, Siôn David Charles. "From victimisation to mobilisation : the dynamics of campaigning against miscarriage of justice." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2011. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/from-victimisation-to-mobilisation(76bd0d1c-79db-4f37-bedb-93cc38c66b49).html.
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Justice campaigns and pressure groups against miscarriages of justice represent an important counter discourse against justice in error and can further support reform to the criminal justice system. Some campaigns have succeeded in contributing to change in criminal justice legislation and in raising public awareness of miscarriage of justice in England and Wales. As a response to wrongful conviction a frequent decision taken by appellants and their families is to set up a campaign against miscarriage of justice in order to engage in extra-judicial activities that dispute the conviction and sentence. The core aim of this study is to examine the personal, interpersonal, social and organisational dynamics of participants campaigning against miscarriage of justice. The issues covered include the early experiences of campaigners and the strategies and tactics of resistance used during campaigns. The study will further examine pressure group politics and examine political dimensions including issues of democracy and decision-making within groups. The study draws on miscarriage of justice, victimology, pressure group and media discourses and has employed a multi-method approach to data collection including participant observation, semi-structured interviews and the analysis of documentary evidence. The study identifies a complex interplay of factors contributing to campaigns against miscarriage of justice. Campaigns provide primary and secondary victims of miscarriage of justice with the support to sustain the appellant’s fight against wrongful conviction. Additionally, campaigns can stimulate the activism of campaigners and contribute to extending their protest against other areas of perceived injustice. In short this study examines the intimate relationship between victimisation and mobilisation.
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David, Lisa. "Wrongful convictions : a review and assessment of miscarriage of justice in Canada." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27949.
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Despite the checks and balances of our criminal justice system many cases of wrongful convictions have occurred. In Canada, the government has responded to wrongful convictions by creating a legislative process whereby someone claiming they have been wrongfully convicted can apply to the Federal Minister of Justice based on a miscarriage of justice. The postconviction review process allows the Minister of Justice to refer cases back to courts if, he or she is satisfied that a new trial or hearing should be directed.
The Department of Justice initiated internal changes to the postconviction review process in 1994 after serious criticism about the process. The changes created were not significant enough to curb more criticism and the need arose to rectify the problems again. Possible reform options included; the creation of a separate agency for reviewing criminal convictions, the elimination of s.690 altogether with a broadening of the scope of appellate review, or amending the s.690 process. In 2002 the Government decided to amend the existing process and ss.696.1 to 696.6 of the Criminal Code and the applicable regulations are Canada’s current legislative postconviction review process. It has been eight years since these legislative changes were made and this thesis is going to assess whether the changes were an effective response to the criticisms that plagued the previous process.
A look at the legislative changes along with an in-depth statistical analysis is conducted to determine if the process addressed the criticisms of not being independent, open, effective, and accessible. The years have shown, that there has been little real improvement in the function of the system. The changes made were not substantial enough to check the existing problems.
The need to reassess the situation is still paramount. After canvassing the options for reform I conclude that the only viable option is to create an independent criminal convictions review body. I hope that the carefully considered and consolidated research for this thesis will allow the government to take notice of the genuine need of those struggling to gain access to a system that should run and effectively and efficiently.
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Oliver-Williams, Clare. "Miscarriage and risk of coronary heart disease : potential confounders and common determinants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709286.
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Quagliata, Emanuela. "A psychoanalytic study of recurrent miscarriage : brief psychotherapeutic work with pregnant women." Thesis, University of East London, 2008. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3782/.
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This thesis describes qualitative research using a post-kleinian, psychoanalytic clinical approach, into the emotional experience of pregnant women who have experienced previous miscarriages. Despite a growing interest in matters regarding pregnancy and infertility; the impact of a woman's emotional response to the traumatic event of her previous miscarriages during a current pregnancy has received little research attention, although a wider category of stillbirth has been the subject of many studies. The existing literature identified various emotional states associated with the interruption of pregnancy but seemed to lack a deeper understanding or a meaningful connection between these states. My interest was aimed principally at an investigation of the mental state and what is associated with the emotional experience connected to the loss and how the way in which the loss itself was confronted had an impact on the experience and on the new pregnancy. The pivotal basis for the research question aimed to examine what features characterise the state of mind of pregnant women with a history of miscarriage and what contribution can be made by a brief psychoanalytic intervention. The design of the research project was based on psychoanalytically-oriented, monthly sessions which took place at the hospital during the pregnancy, with one session after the birth and two other follow-up sessions. The research group included 8 mothers between the ages of 32 and 39 each of whom had a history of at least two miscarriages prior to their current pregnancy. A number of research methods were considered, and grounded theory was chosen as the most appropriate for the analysis of the data. Analysis of the material, using this approach, generated concepts and categories which proved useful in shedding light on the mass of complex material. What emerged from the research is that the experience of recurrent miscarriage had destabilised the sense of identity of these mothers and seriously undermined their trust in the creative process. In particular, in this group of women, it raised persecutory feelings in relation to internal figures who it was felt would not give permission to become a parent and made the women feel dominated by an inexorable destiny. The concepts developed here have significance not only for clinical work but also constitute a useful tool for any professional working with children and parents-to-be, helping them to understand the emotional reactions of these women in order to deal with the anxiety resulting from the risk of losing their baby once again. The study was carried out within a hospital environment within which, for various reasons, it was difficult to adhere to the original objectives and this imposed certain constraints which will be the subject of further reflection in the final chapter. Brief psychotherapeutic intervention for pregnant women with a history of miscarriage seems to be a justifiable course of action. This is supported not only by the fact that all the women in the study successfully brought their pregnancies to term but also by their responses to the questionnaire, by the follow-up sessions, and by my own assessment of the work undertaken together. Moreover, the preventive function of this intervention was particularly important: it activated in these mothers an ability to ask for help after our sessions had concluded and helped them to develop trust in someone who would be able to support and assist them in their relationship with the child. Additionally, the understanding reached through this study will inform preventive and consultation work while suggesting further research questions.
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Moe, Thomas. "Ministry to families bereaved by miscarriage, still birth, and neo-natal death." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1993. http://www.tren.com.
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Ballif, Kristin Leifson. "Oral Performances as Ritual: Animating the invisible in Mormon Women's Miscarriage Stories." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 1998. http://patriot.lib.byu.edu/u?/MTAF,15532.
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Xu, Wenjing, and 许文静. "The association between maternal formaldehyde internal exposure does and miscarriage in Guangzhou, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48426969.
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Background: Pregnancy is the fertilization and development of one or more offspring. It is a period of significant importance, during the time of which, health status of the mother could have profound impact on that of the fetus. Due to the one child policy in Mainland China, ensuring the baby’s health is of the utmost priority. In the past two years the incidence rate of miscarriage has been gradually increasing. It has an impact on mothers both physically and psychologically. Formaldehyde can be released for a long time from compound and furniture products in newly decorated houses and have become a chronic source of pollution. We are interested in whether there is any association between miscarriage and formaldehyde exposure. If the association exists, the evidence could be applied to support further research to identify the sources of formaldehyde and to support formulation of environmental public health policy to reduce formaldehyde exposure.
Objectives:
(1) To estimate whether the serum formaldehyde concentrations were different between miscarriage women and normal pregnant women at the same stage. (2) To investigate the normal serum formaldehyde concentration in pregnant women; and (3) to identify exposure factors in miscarriage patients.
Setting：Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Centre
Method: A case-control study was carried out to estimate the association between serum formaldehyde concentrations and miscarriage. 309 pregnant women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria participated in this study, 191 normal pregnant women at term delivery as the control group and 118 women who were diagnosed with miscarriage as the case group. The main outcome was miscarriage confirmed by ultrasound and physicians. The main exposure variable was serum formaldehyde concentration. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratios for a diagnosis of miscarriage for each independent variable. The odds ratio (OR) would be used to estimate the relative risk of the serum formaldehyde concentration in miscarriage women compared with those women who were not diagnosed miscarriage. We also categorized the values of formaldehyde into quartile, and put them into logistic regression as continuous variable to test the linear dose-response relationship. Then we tested whether there would be a significant linear trend that the increasing of serum formaldehyde concentration level leads to the increased risk of miscarriage. Chi-squared tests were performed to test the association between diagnosis of miscarriage and various independent variables. And Chi-squared tests for linear trend were also used for ordinal independent to study any dose-response relationship.
Results：The mean serum formaldehyde concentration was 0.0944 in the case group and 0.0239 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant. All characteristics between case group and control group were quite similar. After adjusting for age, occupation，education level, household income, home decoration situation, the following factors remained having independent impact on the miscarriage. They were formaldehyde and second-hand smoke (crude ORs=7.87 [95%CI: 4.96, 12.49]; 3.20[95%CI: 1.86, 5.52] respectively, adjusted ORs=8.06 [95%CI: 4.96, 13.09]; 3.60[95%CI: 1.58, 8.20] respectively). Exposure to formaldehyde and second-hand smoke were significantly associated with higher risk of miscarriage. The liner dose response association between formaldehyde level and miscarriage was presented with P value for trend less than 0.001.
Conclusions：Our study provided some evidence of the association between the serum formaldehyde level and miscarriage. A significant linear trend was found that the increasing of serum formaldehyde concentration level lead to the increase the risk of miscarriage. And we also found that second-hand smoking was contributive to miscarriage. This association did not confound by age, occupation, education level, household income, or home decoration situation.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Lee, Claire. "Emotional consequences following early miscarriage and the influence of psychological follow-up intervention." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1994. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1821/.
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This thesis consists of a literature review, a research report and a critical appraisal of the process of research. A fifth of pregnancies end in miscarriage, and anxiety and depression are observed for several months after the event. Workers have attempted to discover predictive factors of emotional adjustment, but have found conflicting results. Grief has been identified as a common feature following miscarriage, but the traumatic nature of the miscarriage experience has largely been ignored. Despite the recognised psychological impact, there is no routine follow-up care for women following early miscarriage. Anecdotal evidence suggests beneficial effects, but no controlled intervention studies have yet been carried out. Such a study, therefore, was conducted, and is described in the research report. Anxiety, depression, intrusion and avoidance levels were assessed at one week and four months post-miscarriage. Half the women also received a session of psychological debriefing at two weeks post-miscarriage, an intervention chosen to take account of the whole experience of miscarriage. Intrusion and avoidance scores were initially as high as those of post-trauma victims, but had significantly decreased by four months. Although depression was not detected, anxiety was significantly higher than community sample estimates at both time points, and psychological debriefing did not influence emotional adaptation. A variety of hypotheses to explain these results are discussed. Outcome scores at one week significantly predicted outcome at four months. Thus, early assessment would be important in determining which women should be offered intervention. Finally, in the critique section of the thesis, the origins of the project, timescale and progress, and aids and barriers to progress are discussed.