Journal articles: 'Mirrors – Design'

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Zhang, Changhao, and Zongxuan Li. "A Review of Lightweight Design for Space Mirror Core Structure: Tradition and Future." Machines 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10111066.

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With the continuous improvement of the imaging quality requirement of the space optical system, the large-aperture mirror becomes the research focus. However, the increase of the aperture will increase the whole weight which results in high launch cost and degrades the mirror surface figure accuracy. Therefore, the lightweight design method of the mirror structure is of great importance. In recent years, many space telescope system schemes have demonstrated the progress of the structural lightweight design of mirrors, such as Spitzer, SOFIA, JWST, etc. This article reviews the main content and innovations of the research on the structural designs of mirrors including conventional machining designs and topology optimization structures. Meanwhile, some emerging designs (e.g., lattices and Voronoi structures) considering additive manufacturing (AM) are also introduced. Several key elements of different structural design approaches for lightweight mirrors are discussed and compared, such as material, lightweight ratio, design methods, surface figure, etc. Finally, future challenges, trends, and prospects of lightweight design for mirrors are discussed. This article provides a reference for further related research and engineering applications.

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Zhang, Kai, Hemeng Qu, Haijun Guan, Jizhen Zhang, Xin Zhang, Xiaolin Xie, Lei Yan, and Chao Wang. "Design and Fabrication Technology of Metal Mirrors Based on Additive Manufacturing: A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 10630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210630.

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In recent years, much progress has been made on the development of metal mirrors based on additive manufacturing (AM). The sandwich mirror is well known for its excellent mechanical properties and challenging machining. Now, AM can be used to fabricate this complex structure and reduce the processing time and cost. In addition, with the aid of some new design methods for additive manufacturing, such as lattice, topology optimization (TO), and Voronoi, the freedom of mirror structure design is enormously improved. The common materials of mirrors include ceramics (SiC), glasses (glass ceramics, fused silica), and metals (aluminum, beryllium). Among them, the AM technology of metals is the most mature and widely used. Researchers have recently extensively developed the new-generation metal mirror to improve performance and lightweight rate. This review focuses on the following topics: (1) AM technologies and powder materials for metal mirrors, (2) recent advances in optomechanical design methods for AM metal mirrors, (3) challenges faced by AM metal mirrors in fabricating, and (4) future trends in AM metal mirrors.

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Luo, Xianquan, and Junwei Lv. "A Prototype Design of Scanning Mirror Used in MEMS and Its Experimental Verification." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 6 (November 4, 2020): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096512666191019153222.

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Background: The MEMS scanning mirror prototype is a spatial scanning device, which has advantages such as light mass, low drive voltage, large scanning and high angular measurement accuracy. Methods: The MEMS scanning mirror prototype uses the piezoelectric driving principle to drive the micro-structure to realize two-axis scanning. The corner of the MEMS scanning mirror is measured by using a piezoelectric resistance sensor. In the paper, the damping properties of MEMS scanning mirrors have been studied, which deduce the damping force formula of MEMS scanning mirrors. Moreover, the influence of different sizes and structures of MEMS scanning mirrors on the damping force and the amplitude of scanning mirror angles are analyzed, and a structural optimization design method to reduce the driving voltage of MEMS scanning mirrors is proposed. Results: The theoretical analysis, design and testing of piezoelectric driven MEMS scanning microscopes have been carried out. Conclusion: Through related experiments, it is verified that the maximum scanning range and the precision index of angle measurement meet the requirements of the index.

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Alaruri, Sami D. "45.5X Infinity Corrected Schwarzschild Microscope Objective Lens Design." International Journal of Measurement Technologies and Instrumentation Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 2018): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmtie.2018010102.

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In this article, the design of a 45.5X (numerical aperture (NA) =0.5) infinity corrected, or infinite conjugate, Schwarzschild reflective microscope objective lens is discussed. Fast Fourier transform modulation transfer function (FFT MTF= 568.4 lines/mm at 50% contrast for the on-axis field-of-view), root-mean-square wavefront error (RMS WFE= 0.024 waves at 700 nm), point spread function (PSF, Strehl ratio= 0.972), encircled energy (0.88 µm spot radius at 80% fraction of enclosed energy), optical path difference (OPD=-0.644 waves) and Seidel coefficients calculated with Zemax® are provided to show that the design is diffraction-limited and aberration-free. Furthermore, formulas expressing the relationship between the parameters of the two spherical mirrors and the Schwarzschild objective lens focal length are given. In addition, tolerance and sensitivity analysis for the Schwarzschild objective lens, two spherical mirrors indicate that tilting the concave mirror (or secondary mirror) has a higher impact on the modulation transfer function values than tilts introduced by the convex mirror (or primary mirror). Finally, the performed tolerance and sensitivity analysis on the lens design suggests that decentering any of the mirrors by the same distance has the same effect on the modulation transfer function values.

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Ice, Gene E., Judy W. L. Pang, Chris Tulk, Jamie Molaison, Jae-Young Choi, Cody Vaughn, Lauren Lytle, et al. "Design challenges and performance of nested neutron mirrors for microfocusing on SNAP." Journal of Applied Crystallography 42, no. 6 (October 30, 2009): 1004–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809037595.

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Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) neutron supermirrors can efficiently focus polychromatic neutron beams to micrometre dimensions. The ultimate size is determined mainly by the perfection of the mirrors and by the size of the beam needed to have sufficient experimental signal. Nested or Montel KB mirrors can collect ∼2.6 times more beam than standard sequential KB optics, but require good figure perfection at the edge of one mirror. This paper describes the characterization of the figure errors over the important reflective portions of the two mirrors needed for a Montel focusing pair. The measurements are placed in context with theoretical predictions and are used to predict mirror focusing performance. Strategies to improve on the focusing of this class of optics are suggested and early results from these mirrors installed on the Spallation Neutrons at Pressure (SNAP) Beamline 3 at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge are presented.

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Rasmussen, C., R. E. Gallery, and J. S. Fehmi. "Passive soil heating using an inexpensive infrared mirror design – a proof of concept." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 1 (May 11, 2015): 427–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-427-2015.

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Abstract. There is need to understand the response of soil systems to predicted climate warming for modeling soil process response to climate warming. Current methods for soil warming include expensive and difficult to implement active and passive techniques. Here we test a simple, inexpensive in situ passive soil heating approach, based on easy to construct infrared mirrors that do not require automation or enclosures. The infrared mirrors consisted of 61 × 61 cm glass panels coated with infrared reflecting film. The mirrors as constructed are effective for soil heating in environments typified by open canopy and low canopy vegetation. Mirror tests were performed on several soils in a warm semiarid environment. Results indicated that the infrared mirrors yielded significant heating and drying of soil surface and shallow subsurface relative to un-warmed control treatments, and that warming and drying effects was soil specific with greater potential warming on soils with lower volumetric heat capacity. Atmospheric and soil moisture attenuated mirror induced soil warming. The results demonstrate proof-of-concept that the infrared mirrors may be used to passively heat the near soil surface, providing an inexpensive, low-maintenance alternative to other passive and active soil heating technologies.

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Rasmussen, C., R. E. Gallery, and J. S. Fehmi. "Passive soil heating using an inexpensive infrared mirror design – a proof of concept." SOIL 1, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 631–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-631-2015.

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Abstract. There is a need to understand the soil system response to warming in order to model the soil process response to predicted climate change. Current methods for soil warming include expensive and difficult to implement active and passive techniques. Here we test a simple, inexpensive in situ passive soil heating approach, based on easy to construct infrared mirrors that do not require automation or enclosures. The infrared mirrors consisted of 61 × 61 cm glass panels coated with infrared reflecting film. The mirrors as constructed are effective for soil heating in environments typified by an open vegetation canopy. Mirror tests were performed on three soils of varying texture, organic matter content, and heat capacity in a warm semi-arid environment. Results indicated that the infrared mirrors yielded significant heating and drying of soil surface and shallow subsurface relative to unwarmed control treatments, and that warming and drying effects were soil specific with greater potential warming on soils with lower volumetric heat capacity. Partial shading from the mirror frame did produce periods of relative cooling at specific times of the day but overall the mirrors yielded a net soil warming. The results demonstrate proof of concept that the infrared mirrors may be used to passively heat the near soil surface, providing an inexpensive, low-maintenance alternative to other passive and active soil heating technologies.

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Oh, Jae Sok, Chan Park, Kang-Min Kim, Moo-Young Chun, In-Soo Yuk, Heeyoung Oh, Ueejeong Jeong, Young Sam Yu, Hanshin Lee, and Sungho Lee. "IGRINS MIRROR MOUNT DESIGN FOR FIVE FLAT MIRRORS." Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society 30, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5303/pkas.2015.30.1.017.

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Watanabe, Takeo, Tsuneyuki Haga, Masahito Niibe, and Hiroo Kinoshita. "Design of beamline optics for EUVL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 1149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597017536.

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The design of front-end collimating optics for extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is reported. For EUVL, collimating optics consisting of a concave toroidal mirror and a convex toroidal mirror can achieve shorter optical path lengths than collimating optics consisting of two concave toroidal mirrors. Collimating optics consisting of a concave toroidal mirror and a convex toroidal mirror are discussed. The design of collimating optics for EUVL beamlines based on ray-tracing studies is described.

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Cheng, Ying, Feng Zhou Fang, Xiao Dong Zhang, and Xiao Tang Hu. "Design and Fabrication of Composite Solar Concentrator." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.366.

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The solar concentrator is the primary means of solving the contradiction between cost and photoelectric conversion efficiency. The design and fabrication of concentrator are the key techniques to accelerate the application of photovoltaic systems. A novel type of composite concentrator is designed, including two mirrors and one planar lens. The primary mirror focuses the sunlight on the secondary condenser, which is one multi-segmented cone mirror to produce homogenization on the solar cell. The selection strategy of structure parameters is analyzed by the numerical calculation methods. The concentration ratio and homogenization on the receiving surface are also obtained using the optical simulation method. The designed mirrors are fabricated by the ultra-precision turning method, and then assembled according to the location parameters designed. The proposed methods are proved to be satisfied with the solar application efficiently by the experiments.

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Hammod, Haider Y., Farah G. Khalid, Rashas S. Fayadh, and Noor L. Hussain. "Design of high reflectivity multilayers laser mirrors." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 9 (June 1, 2012): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2013/140.

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Spinelli, Sebastiano, Luigina Arcangeli, Ruben Mazzoleni, Massimiliano Rossi, Marco Terraneo, and Roman Windpassinger. "NOPT – New polishing techniques for scalable, light-weighted mirrors of different materials." EPJ Web of Conferences 215 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921503002.

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In the framework of an assessment of optical polishing techniques, ESA has signed a contract with Media Lario to deliver two 250 mm mirrors with a common optical design to be polished down to very tight surface requirements. NOPT mirrors are respectively made of Zerodur and AlSi alloy with electroless nickel and will they be polished by means of bonnet polishing. Mirrors are light-weighted up to 20kg/m2; the mechanical and optical design is proven to be scalable up to 1m CA surfaces. This paper reviews the mirrors opto-mechanical design, introduce the polishing and metrology strategy while highlighting the differences and the common point in fabricating such mirror in Zerodur and metal.

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Mahmoud Ahmed, Naser, M. Roslan Hashim, and Hassan Zainuriah. "Design of DBR Mirrors for GaN Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser." Materials Science Forum 517 (June 2006): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.517.25.

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In the fabrication of nitride-based laser, the cavity plays a vital role in order to enhance the fundamental modes while suppressing the higher order modes. The critical problem faced between the designer and the grower is the idealistic approach in the design laboratory, which more often cannot be met in the fabrication lines. This is because the design does not take into account the limitation in the growth chamber in achieving the targeted mirror thickness and material composition. This paper discusses methods of designing DBR mirrors for vertical cavity surface emitting GaN based lasers. Our design considers variance in the thickness and material composition of the mirrors. The simulation results are given for the investigation of several properties of DBR mirror, as well as a comparison of same types of symmetric DBR mirror.

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Escobar, M., F. Lamy, A. E. Meyerovich, and V. V. Nesvizhevsky. "Rough Mirror as a Quantum State Selector: Analysis and Design." Advances in High Energy Physics 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/764182.

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We report analysis of rough mirrors used as the gravitational state selectors in neutron beam and similar experiments. The key to mirror properties is its roughness correlation function (CF) which is extracted from the precision optical scanning measurements of the surface profile. To identify CF in the presence of fluctuation-driven fat tails, we perform numerical experiments with computer-generated random surfaces with the known CF. These numerical experiments provide a reliable identification procedure which we apply to the actual rough mirror. The extracted CF allows us to make predictions for ongoing GRANIT experiments. We also propose a radically new design for rough mirrors based on Monte Carlo simulations for the 1D Ising model. The implementation of this design provides a controlled environment with predictable scattering properties.

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Rempfer, G. F., and M. S. Mauck. "An Experimental Study of the Hyperbolic Electron Mirror." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100145777.

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The spherical and chromatic aberrations of electron mirrors are of opposite sign from those of electron lenses. This important property makes it possible in principle to design mirrors for correcting aberrations in electron lens systems. The hyperbolic electron mirror is an ideal model for the study of electron mirrors since the trajectories can be determined analytically, and the results can be compared with experimental results for essentially the same mirror field. In an earlier paper we reported the results of a theoretical study of the hyperbolic mirror. In the present paper we report on the experimental aspects of this study.

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Zhang, Kai, Xiaolin Xie, Chao Wang, Ha Wang, Fang Xu, He Wang, Xin Zhang, Haijun Guan, Hemeng Qu, and Jizhen Zhang. "Optomechanical Performances of Advanced Lightweight Mirrors Based on Additive Manufacturing." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081334.

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Additive manufacturing (AM)—layer-by-layer printing—completely changes the conventional manufacturing method. The design freedom for mirrors is increased without the limits of the manufacturing process. Advanced lightweight mirrors (ALM), new-type mirrors designed using the generative method and lattice technologies, have emerged as the times require. Contrasting with conventional lightweight mirrors (CLM), the performances of ALM are drastically improved. This paper took the Voronoi mirrors as an ALM case study and introduced a design flow. In addition, a conventional honeycomb mirror was designed using the analytical method as the control. The optomechanical performances of the two were further compared through finite element analysis (FEA). Finally, ALM’s optomechanical performances outperformed CLM’s, including the area density, structural stiffness, surface stability, and quilting deflection.

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Liu, Chen, Kai Xu, Yongqi Zhang, Haifei Hu, Xiaoping Tao, Zhiyu Zhang, Weijie Deng, and Xuejun Zhang. "Design and Fabrication of Extremely Lightweight Truss-Structured Metal Mirrors." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 4562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134562.

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Three-dimensional printing, also called additive manufacturing (AM), offers a new vision for optical components in terms of weight reduction and strength improvement. A truss, which is a triangulated system of members that are structured and connected in such a way that they mainly bear axial force, is commonly used in steel structures to improve stiffness and reduce weight. Combining these two technologies, an extremely lightweight truss-structured mirror was proposed. First, the finite element analyses (FEA) on surface shape deviation and modal properties were carried out. Results showed that the mirrors had sufficient stiffness and a high weight reduction of up to 85%. In order to verify their performance, the truss-structured mirror blanks were fabricated with AM technology. After that, both the preprocessing and the postprocessing of the mirrors were carried out. The results show that without NiP coating, a surface shape deviation of 0.353λ (PV) and 0.028 λ (RMS) (λ = 632.8 nm) with a roughness of Ra 2.8 nm, could be achieved. Therefore, the truss-structured mirrors in this study have the characteristics of being extremely lightweight and having improved stiffness as well as strong temperature stability.

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Hu, Hai Li, Bao Jun Zuo, Fan Yang Dang, Min Da Xu, and Zhi Gang Fan. "Support Mechanism Design of Large Aperture Reflective Mirror for Large Temperature Variations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 3473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.3473.

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Cold-background multitarget compounding system provides infrared targets for hardware-in-the-loop simulation system, in which large aperture reflective mirrors are employed. In this paper, we proposed a combined belt-back structure and designed the flexible connection to solve support mechanism of large aperture mirrors for 100K temperature variations. By Finite Element Method analysis, root mean square (RMS) of optimized mirror was better than λ/40 under self-gravity and 100K temperature variations. By Zernike polynomial fitting, MTF of multitarget compounding system was over 0.5 and RMS spot diameter was less than 0.05mrad. Results demonstrated that the proposed support mechanism was effective and provided analytical data for 1m level mirror in large environment temperature variations.

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Yuan, Sheng, Matthew Church, Valeriy V. Yashchuk, Kenneth A. Goldberg, Richard S. Celestre, Wayne R. McKinney, Jonathan Kirschman, et al. "Elliptically Bent X-Ray Mirrors with Active Temperature Stabilization." X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2010 (August 19, 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/784732.

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We present details of design of elliptically bent Kirkpatrick-Baez mirrors developed and successfully used at the advanced light source for submicron focusing. A distinctive feature of the mirror design is an active temperature stabilization based on a Peltier element attached directly to the mirror body. The design and materials have been carefully optimized to provide high heat conductance between the mirror body and substrate. We describe the experimental procedures used when assembling and precisely shaping the mirrors, with special attention paid to laboratory testing of the mirror-temperature stabilization. For this purpose, the temperature dependence of the surface slope profile of a specially fabricated test mirror placed inside a temperature-controlled container was measured. We demonstrate that with active mirror-temperature stabilization, a change of the surrounding temperature by more than 3 K does not noticeably affect the mirror figure. Without temperature stabilization, the rms slope error is changed by approximately 1.5 μrad (primarily defocus) under the same conditions.

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Ohkubo, Tomomasa, Ei-ichi Matsunaga, Junji Kawanaka, Takahisa Jitsuno, Shinji Motokoshi, and Kunio Yoshida. "Recurrent Neural Network for Predicting Dielectric Mirror Reflectivity." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 23, no. 6 (November 20, 2019): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2019.p1012.

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Optical devices often achieve their maximum effectiveness by using dielectric mirrors; however, their design techniques depend on expert knowledge in specifying the mirror properties. This expertise can also be achieved by machine learning, although it is not clear what kind of neural network would be effective for learning about dielectric mirrors. In this paper, we clarify that the recurrent neural network (RNN) is an effective approach to machine-learning for dielectric mirror properties. The relation between the thickness distribution of the mirror’s multiple film layers and the average reflectivity in the target wavelength region is used as the indicator in this study. Reflection from the dielectric multilayer film results from the sequence of interfering reflections from the boundaries between film layers. Therefore, the RNN, which is usually used for sequential data, is effective to learn the relationship between average reflectivity and the thickness of individual film layers in a dielectric mirror. We found that a RNN can predict its average reflectivity with a mean squared error (MSE) less than 10-4 from representative thickness distribution data (10 layers with alternating refractive indexes 2.3 and 1.4). Furthermore, we clarified that training data sets generated randomly lead to over-learning. It is necessary to generate training data sets from larger data sets so that the histogram of reflectivity becomes a flat distribution. In the future, we plan to apply this knowledge to design dielectric mirrors using neural network approaches such as generative adversarial networks, which do not require the know-how of experts.

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Yang, Ji Feng, and Ming Hong Lu. "Design of Intelligent Vehicle Rear Vision System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 863 (February 2017): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.863.246.

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Vehicle rear vision system formed by exterior mirrors and wide-angle lens plays a significant roll in the vehicle safety system. Existing vehicle rear view mirror system still has many problems unsolved, such as blind space during vehicle steering. This paper proposes a new design of intelligent vehicle rear vision system which can automatically adjust the angle of exterior vehicle mirrors in two dimensions in different driving conditions. The affecting factures includes vehicle steering angle, driving speed, and vehicle size parameters. The design uses an AT90C516RD + microcontroller as core control unit. The system adds a new automatic mode with existing manual functions remained. Upon theoretical simulation and model testing, the design has been proved to be fully functional and accepted by customer investigation with industrial potential.

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Kibii, James E., Andreas Dreher, Paul L. Wormser, and Hartmut Gimpel. "Design and Calibration of Plane Mirror Setups for Mobile Robots with a 2D-Lidar." Sensors 22, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 7830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207830.

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Lidar sensors are widely used for environmental perception on autonomous robot vehicles (ARV). The field of view (FOV) of Lidar sensors can be reshaped by positioning plane mirrors in their vicinity. Mirror setups can especially improve the FOV for ground detection of ARVs with 2D-Lidar sensors. This paper presents an overview of several geometric designs and their strengths for certain vehicle types. Additionally, a new and easy-to-implement calibration procedure for setups of 2D-Lidar sensors with mirrors is presented to determine precise mirror orientations and positions, using a single flat calibration object with a pre-aligned simple fiducial marker. Measurement data from a prototype vehicle with a 2D-Lidar with a 2 m range using this new calibration procedure are presented. We show that the calibrated mirror orientations are accurate to less than 0.6° in this short range, which is a significant improvement over the orientation angles taken directly from the CAD. The accuracy of the point cloud data improved, and no significant decrease in distance noise was introduced. We deduced general guidelines for successful calibration setups using our method. In conclusion, a 2D-Lidar sensor and two plane mirrors calibrated with this method are a cost-effective and accurate way for robot engineers to improve the environmental perception of ARVs.

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Borra, Ermanno F. "Liquid mirrors." Canadian Journal of Physics 73, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1995): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p95-017.

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The surface of a spinning liquid takes the shape of a paraboloid that can be used as a reflecting mirror. This very old and nearly forgotten concept has recently been revived and I review its present status. Extensive interferometric tests of liquid mirrors (the largest one having a diameter of 2.5 m) show excellent optical qualities. I discuss the factors that can limit the optical quality of liquid mirrors, how to minimize them as well as the basic technology. A handful of liquid mirrors have now been built that are used for scientific work. I show representative data obtained from 2.65 m diameter liquid mirror telescopes used for astronomy and the atmospheric sciences (LIDAR). Section 5, of particular interest to cosmologists or astronomers using surveys, examines the expected performance of 4 m liquid mirror telescopes (LMTs) dedicated to cosmological surveys. It is rather impressive, due to the fact that the instruments work full-time on 4 year surveys: Spectrophotometry reaches B = 24 for all objects within over 100 square degrees and wide-band photometry reaches about B = 28. I consider the future of liquid mirror telescopes: limits to their sizes, engineering issues, as well as speculations on lunar or space LMTs. I briefly mention the possibility of nonrotating GRIN (gradient index) liquid mirrors. Finally, I address the issues of the field accessible to LMTs equipped with novel optical correctors. Optical design work, and some exploratory laboratory work, indicate that a single LMT should be able to access, with excellent images, small regions anywhere inside fields as large as 45°.

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Pulido-Iparraguirre, Diego, Loreto Valenzuela, Jesús Fernández-Reche, José Galindo, and José Rodríguez. "Design, Manufacturing and Characterization of Linear Fresnel Reflector’s Facets." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2019): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142795.

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This paper presents a procedure for making facetted mirrors to use in linear Fresnel reflectors, considering the design of the transversal geometry, materials, and structure configuration. Four different assemblies of the structure that supports and shapes the mirror are documented and evaluated. An assembly that implies a curved, pleated aluminum rectangular plate with a thin silvered-glass mirror vacuum glued to the plate is defined as the optimal. The geometrical quality of the chosen mirror facet’s configuration is accomplished by photogrammetry.

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Camacho de la Rosa, Angela, David Becerril, María Guadalupe Gómez-Farfán, and Raúl Esquivel-Sirvent. "Bragg Mirrors for Thermal Waves." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2021): 7452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227452.

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We present a numerical calculation of the heat transport in a Bragg mirror configuration made of materials that do not obey Fourier’s law of heat conduction. The Bragg mirror is made of materials that are described by the Cattaneo-Vernotte equation. By analyzing the Cattaneo-Vernotte equation’s solutions, we define the thermal wave surface impedance to design highly reflective thermal Bragg mirrors. Even for mirrors with a few layers, very high reflectance is achieved (>90%). The Bragg mirror configuration is also a system that makes evident the wave-like nature of the solution of the Cattaneo-Vernotte equation by showing frequency pass-bands that are absent if the materials obey the usual Fourier’s law.

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Lv, Jin Guang, Jing Qiu Liang, Zhong Zhu Liang, Yu Xin Qin, Chao Tian, and Wei Biao Wang. "Design and Manufacture of Micro Interference System in Spatial Modulation Fourier Transform Spectrometer." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.973.

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Spatial modulation Fourier transform spectrometer(FTS) based on micro step mirror arrays with high optical path difference sampling precision was a new high-tech measuring instrument. To depress the interferogram aliasing resulted from the chromatic dispersion of beam splitter, considering interferogram contrast reversal as the criterion of image degradation, the thickness difference between beam splitter and compensating plate was determined smaller than 0.2μm. So as to restrain the ghost images induced by secondary reflection on the surface of beam splitter, the transmittance of anti-reflection film should be more than 98% and the transmittance of beam splitter film should be controlled within (50±5) %. Since the restriction of processing method and machining accuracy to micro step mirrors, the thickness deviation and angle deviation existed between various sub-mirrors. After the error synthesis to sub-mirror errors using Monte Carlo method, the tolerance of the thickness deviation and angle deviation was controlled in 1μm and 2×10-5rad. Meanwhile, the step height deviation of micro step mirrors may induce non uniform sampling to interference signal. Thus a spectrum method by least-squares cosines progression arithmetic was advanced and the validity of which was demonstrated well.

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Fan, Yanchao, Deyi Dong, Chao Li, Yuxin Sun, Zhiyu Zhang, Fanlu Wu, Liwei Yang, Quhao Li, and Yingjun Guan. "Research and Experimental Verification on Topology-Optimization Design Method of Space Mirror Based on Additive-Manufacturing Technology." Machines 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines9120354.

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As one of the most-critical components in space optical cameras, the performance of space mirrors directly affects the imaging quality of space optical cameras, and the lightweight form of mirror blanks is a key factor affecting the structural quality and the surface-shape accuracy of mirrors. For the design requirements of lightweight and high surface-shape accuracy with space mirrors, this study proposes a design and manufacturing method that integrates topology-optimization with additive-manufacturing technology. This article firstly introduced the basic process and key technologies of space-mirror design and analyzed the superiority of combining a topology-optimized configuration design and additive-manufacturing technology; secondly, the topology-optimized design method of a back-open-structure mirror was used to complete the scheme design of a Φ260 mm aperture mirror; finally, the laser selective-melting manufacturing technology was used to complete the Φ260 mm aperture mirror blank. The mirror and its support structure were assembled and tested in a modal mode; the resonant frequencies of the mirror assembly were all over 600 Hz; and the deviation from the analytical results was within 2%. The optical surface of the mirror was turned by the single-point diamond-turning (SPDT) technique. The accuracy of the optical surface was checked by a Zygo interferometer. The RMS accuracy of the mirror surface was 0.041λ (λ is the wavelength; λ = 632 nm). In the test of the influence of gravity on the surface-shape accuracy, the mirror was turned over, which was equivalent to twice the gravity, and the RMS of the mirror surface-shape accuracy was 0.043λ, which met the requirement. The verification results show that the mirror designed and fabricated by the additive-manufacturing-based mirror-topology-optimization method can be prepared by the existing process, and the machinability and mechanical properties can meet the requirements, which provides an effective development method for improving the structural design and optimizing the manufacturing of space reflectors.

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Thesiya, Dignesh, A. R. Srinivas, and Piyush Shukla. "A Novel Lateral Deployment Mechanism for Segmented Mirror/Solar Panel of Space Telescope." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 04, no. 03n04 (December 2015): 1550006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171715500063.

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Space telescopes require large aperture primary mirrors to capture High Definition (HD) ground image while orbiting around the Earth. Fairing Volume of launch vehicles is limited and thus the size of monolithic mirror is limited to fairing size and solar panels are arranged within a petal formation in order to provide a greater power to volume ratio. This generates need for deployable mirrors for space use. This brings out a method for designing new deployment mechanism for segmented mirror. Details of mechanism folding strategy, design of components, FE simulations, realization and Lab model validation results are discussed in order to demonstrate the design using prototype.

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Bracha, Gilad, and David Ungar. "Mirrors." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 39, no. 10 (October 2004): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1035292.1029004.

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Tan, Shuanglong, Xin Zhang, Lingjie Wang, Hongbo Wu, Qiang Fu, Lei Yan, and Mingyu Hu. "Equivalent Modeling and Verification of a High-Steepness and Lightweight Elliptical Aluminum Mirror." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 9, 2022): 9091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189091.

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In order to realize the compact layout of aerospace payloads, the design and manufacture of high-steepness lightweight aluminum alloy mirrors is a key technology to be explored. For high-steepness mirrors, the traditional method is to establish the initial thickness that satisfies the bending stiffness through finite element optimization iteration, which cannot achieve fast modeling and performance estimation. In this paper, firstly, the equivalent modeling method of the mirror with high steepness is proposed to achieve the equivalent of the elliptic mirror with a diameter of 410 × 310 mm and F# less than 0.7. Based on the mathematical model, topology shape optimization was used to build a highly lightweight mirror structure that could be quickly assembled, and the equivalent area–mass density of the mirror is less than 34 kg/mm2. Next, the rationality of design feasibility was verified by simulation analysis. Finally, by using single point diamond turning combined with post polishing process, the high-precision manufacturing of conventional aluminum alloy mirror was realized. The results show that the mirror shape accuracy is 1/10 λ (λ = 632.8 nm), and the surface roughness Ra is 3.342 nm. This research provides strong theoretical support and application prospects for the low-cost and rapid manufacturing of high-steepness lightweight aluminum alloy mirrors.

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Wang, Xiao Yong, Chong Ling Guo, Yong Li Hu, and Hong Yan He. "Optimal Design for Front Body Structure of Space Camera." Applied Mechanics and Materials 290 (February 2013): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.290.53.

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The primary and secondary mirrors of on-axis three mirror anastigmatic (TMA) space camera are connected and supported by its front mirror-body structure, which affects both imaging performance and stability of the camera. In this paper, the carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) thin-walled cylinder and titanium alloy connecting rod have been used for the front mirror-body opto-mechanical structure of the long-focus on-axis and TMA space camera optical system. The front mirror-body component structure has then been optimized by finite element analysis (FEA) computing. Each performance of the front mirror-body structure has been tested by mechanics and vacuum experiments in order to verify the validity of such structure engineering design.

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Danisi, A., G. Vayakis, and M. Walsh. "Guidelines for optimal design of radio-frequency in-vacuum coaxial transmission line for mirror cleaning service in ITER diagnostics." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 02 (February 1, 2022): C02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/02/c02019.

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Abstract Several optical diagnostics in the ITER fusion reactor make use of big mirrors which are placed within the ITER vacuum vessel (VV), and therefore cannot have high accessibility. Plasma deposits developing on these mirrors may hinder the reflectivity of the mirror themselves, requiring a remote cleaning operation. The radio-frequency (RF) discharge mirror cleaning service operates a plasma discharge in the vicinity of the mirror, eroding the deposit layer and therefore cleaning the mirror remotely. In order to achieve this, RF power needs to be sent from outside the VV to the mirror, using a transmission line. Very stringent design requirements are applicable to the design of this RF line, such as vacuum compatibility, high power handling, low losses, overall matching, no cable over-heating, etc. This paper analytically addresses the design optimization of the RF mirror cleaning transmission line, taking into account ITER requirements, in order to give robust guidelines for the possible ad-hoc cable design adaptation that is to be undertaken case-by-case. The design guidelines are based on underlying transmission line theory, from which a set of design equations are drawn. The optimal design is achieved using design optimization considerations in the available design space. These guidelines are considered to be a useful design tool for optical diagnostics requiring mirror cleaning operation, and are aimed at harmonising the transmission line design procedures across the different cases.

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Leupold, H. A., and E. Potenziani II. "Design applications of magnetic mirrors." Journal of Applied Physics 63, no. 8 (April 15, 1988): 3987–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341130.

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Cui, Ying, Yadong Yan, Bingjing Wu, Qi Li, and Junhua He. "Design and Analysis of Hard X-Ray Microscope Employing Toroidal Mirrors Working at Grazing-Incidence." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 04 (August 30, 2019): 2055010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001420550101.

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A high resolution microscope is designed for plasma hard X-ray (10–20[Formula: see text]keV) imaging diagnosis. This system consists of two toroidal mirrors, which are nearly parallel, with an angle twice that of the grazing incidence angle and a plane mirror for spectral selection and correction of optical axis offset. The imaging characteristics of single toroidal mirror and double mirrors are analyzed in detail by the optical path function. The optical design, parameter optimization, image quality simulation and analysis of the microscope are carried out. The optimized hard X-ray microscope has a resolution better than 5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m at 1[Formula: see text]mm object field of view. The experimental data shows that the variation of the resolution is smaller in the direction of incident angle decrease than that in the increasing direction.

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Alpert, D. J., and R. M. Houser. "Evaluation of the Optical Perfomance of a Prototype Stretched-Membrane Mirror Module for Solar Central Receivers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 111, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268285.

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The United States Department of Energy’s solar thermal program is testing an innovative concept for the heliostats used in a solar central-receiver power plant: replacing the familiar glass mirrors with stretched-membrance reflectors. Because of their simplicity and lighter weight, heliostats using membrane reflectors have the potential to cost significantly less than glass-mirror heliostats. To assess the optical performance of these new heliostats, a 50m2 prototype mirror module, representative of a commercial scale design, was built and installed for testing at the Central Receiver Test Facility. The results of the testing program are presented, including the optical performance of the stretched-membrane mirror, the performance of the mirror’s focus control system in windy conditions, the performance of the defocus system, and the durability of the reflective film.

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Lin, Chien Hua, Ti Kuang Hou, and Dong Cherng Wen. "193 Excimer Laser Machined Electromagnetic Optical Scanning Mirror for a Laser Projection Display." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.601.

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Electromagnetic optical scanning mirrors for both horizontal and vertical scanning of a Laser Projection Display have been proposed. Electromagnetic actuation is selected because of the millimeter-sized mirror. For low cost reason, the glass and PMMA films are respectively used as the main structure of horizontal and vertical scanning mirrors. A mathematical model considering the operation frequency of the Laser Projection Display has been derived to fast design the geometry of the scanning mirror. In order to machine scanning mirrors with high quality geometry, the 193 nm excimer laser is used as the major machine tool. Different control circuits have been developed to control both horizontal and vertical scanning. The scanning frequencies, 4.15 kHz and 260 Hz respectively for horizontal and vertical scanning mirrors, have been measured by laser Doppler vibrometer. Comparing to other optical scanners, 193 nm excimer laser machined optical scanning mirrors have advantages in low cost and easy to fabricate. In this paper, a Laser Projection Display consisting of the horizontal and vertical scanning mirrors has also been built to show the application potential. A 2-D single color image with resolution of 46 × 32 pixels, 4.15 kHz of horizontal scanning frequency and 60Hz of regulated vertical scanning frequency has been demonstrated.

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Kisara, Katsuto, Kazuyuki Suzuki, Toichiro Ishikawa, Kazuhisa Fujita, and Hiroshi Masumoto. "Prototype Design and Evaluation of Lightweight Mirror and Wavelength Selective Filter for Space Solar Power Systems." Materials Science Forum 631-632 (October 2009): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.631-632.519.

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The large scale SSPS (Space Solar Power System) needs large reflection mirrors for sunlight concentration. To use film mirror in space, the mirror must have lightweight structures and resistive to harsh space environment. The wavelength selective filter to avoid heat is a dielectric multilayer film which has FGM structure. In this article, we will report the development of a lightweight wavelength selective mirror and wavelength selection on the solar light excitation laser.

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Hermann, Gyula. "Design of a Low-Cost Submicron Measuring Probe." Solid State Phenomena 164 (June 2010): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.164.195.

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The paper presents a new low-cost probe design. The moving element of the probe head consists of the stylus and a cross-form intermediate body with a small aluminium enhanced mirror at the two ends and at the center. The intermediate body is suspended on four springs made of beryllium-copper foils. The displacement of the probe tip is calculated from the displacement and the rotations of the mirrors measured by commercially available modified optical pick-ups.

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Liu, Xuan, Junhong Deng, King Fai Li, Mingke Jin, Yutao Tang, Xuecai Zhang, Xing Cheng, Hong Wang, Wei Liu, and Guixin Li. "Optical telescope with Cassegrain metasurfaces." Nanophotonics 9, no. 10 (April 10, 2020): 3263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0012.

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AbstractThe Cassegrain telescope, made of a concave primary mirror and a convex secondary mirror, is widely utilized for modern astronomical observation. However, the existence of curved mirrors inevitably results in bulky configurations. Here, we propose a new design of the miniaturized Cassegrain telescope by replacing the curved mirrors with planar reflective metasurfaces. The focusing and imaging properties of the Cassegrain metasurface telescopes are experimentally verified for circularly polarized incident light at near infrared wavelengths. The concept of the metasurface telescopes can be employed for applications in telescopes working at infrared, Terahertz, and microwave and even radio frequencies.

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Sze, Jyh-Rou, and An-Chi Wei. "Crossed Czerny–Turner Spectrometer with Extended Spectrum Using Movable Planar Mirrors." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817752486.

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This study reports a crossed Czerny–Turner spectrometer with multiple mirrors to extend the inspected spectrum. A design example with two movable mirrors and a stationary planar mirror is experimentally demonstrated to offer two additional spectral bands, thereby leading to thrice the spectral range of the original Czerny–Turner spectrometer. The results indicate that the configurations to measure the three bands have almost identical parameters. The moving direction of the planar mirror and the plane of incidence are orthogonal; thus, the influence of mirror movement on the repeatability of the spectrum is minimized. In addition to the merits of cost-effectiveness and rapid inspection, the reported mechanism of mirror movement is applied to general spectrometers to extend the spectral coverage without sacrificing the resolution.

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Yen, Jia-Yush, Chao-Si Jeng, and Kuang-Chau Fan. "Servo Design for a 3-D Laser-Tracking Measurement System." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2801170.

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This paper addresses the servo design for a real-time, laser-tracking, three-dimensional (3-D), position measurement system. The 3-D measurement system uses two sets of tracking mirrors to shine laser beams toward the measurement point. By examining the angles of these mirrors, one can calculate the position of this point. The servo loop in the measurement system corrects the mirror orientations by continuously checking and compensating the offset between the out going laser beam and the beam reflected from a retro-reflector attached to the measurement point. To achieve high speed and high accuracy measurement, the tracking servo system has to compensate for the highly nonlinear nature of the system and maintain the laser beams close to the measurement point. This paper derives the relationship between the tracking angle rotations and the measured beam offsets. By including this relationship in the system model, the linear H∞ optimization technique can be applied for controller synthesis. All the design specifications are then directly implemented.

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HOTTA, YOSHIFUMI, MINAJI FURUDATE, MASAKI YAMAMOTO, and MAKOTO WATANABE. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTILAYER MIRRORS FOR He-II RADIATION." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2002): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x0200266x.

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Design, fabrication, and reflectance evaluation of multilayer mirrors for He-II radiation are described. Based on the available complex refractive indices of materials at the wavelength of 30.4 nm, Mg, Al, Si, Cr, and C were selected as small absorption material to be paired. Mo/Si and Sc found in previous works were also included. In referring to optimum design for the highest reflectance, multilayers of Al/Mg, Au/Mg, C/Mg, Sc/Mg, C/Si, Al/C, and Mo/Si were fabricated by ion-beam sputtering. The highest reflectance of 27% was observed by a 15-period Mg/Sc mirror.

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Bagolini, Alvise, Anze Sitar, Luca Porcelli, Maurizio Boscardin, Simone Dell’Agnello, and Giovanni Delle Monache. "High Frequency MEMS Capacitive Mirror for Space Applications." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010158.

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Free space optics laser communication using modulating retroreflectors (MR) is a challenging application for an active mirror, due to the high frequencies (>100 kHz) required to enable sufficient data transfer. Micro Electromechanical (MEMS) mirrors are a promising option for high-frequency applications, given the very small moving mass typical of such devices. Capacitive MEMS mirrors are presented here for free space communications, based on a novel fabrication sequence that introduces a single-layer thin film aluminum mirror structure with an underlying silicon oxide sacrificial layer. The use of aluminum instead of gold as a mirror layer diminishes the heating generated by the absorption of the sun’s radiation once the mirrors exit the earth’s atmosphere. Thanks to the novel fabrication sequence, the presented mirror devices have a full range actuation voltage of less than 40 V, and a high operational frequency with an eigenfrequency above 2 MHz. The devices were manufactured and characterized, and their main parameters were obtained from experimental data combined with finite element analysis, thus enabling future design optimization of the reported MEMS technology. By optical characterization of the far field diffraction pattern, good mirror performance was demonstrated.

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Kujala, Naresh, Shashidhara Marathe, Deming Shu, Bing Shi, Jun Qian, Evan Maxey, Lydia Finney, Albert Macrander, and Lahsen Assoufid. "Kirkpatrick–Baez mirrors to focus hard X-rays in two dimensions as fabricated, tested and installed at the Advanced Photon Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 21, no. 4 (May 9, 2014): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577514006493.

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The micro-focusing performance for hard X-rays of a fixed-geometry elliptical Kirkpatrick–Baez (K–B) mirrors assembly fabricated, tested and finally implemented at the micro-probe beamline 8-BM of the Advanced Photon Source is reported. Testing of the K–B mirror system was performed at the optics and detector test beamline 1-BM. K–B mirrors of length 80 mm and 60 mm were fabricated by profile coating with Pt metal to produce focal lengths of 250 mm and 155 mm for 3 mrad incident angle. For the critical angle of Pt, a broad bandwidth of energies up to 20 keV applies. The classical K–B sequential mirror geometry was used, and mirrors were mounted on micro-translation stages. The beam intensity profiles were measured by differentiating the curves of intensity data measured using a wire-scanning method. A beam size of 1.3 µm (V) and 1.2 µm (H) was measured with monochromatic X-rays of 18 keV at 1-BM. After installation at 8-BM the measured focus met the design requirements. In this paper the fabrication and metrology of the K–B mirrors are reported, as well as the focusing performances of the full mirrors-plus-mount set-up at both beamlines.

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Zhongfeng, Xu. "Evolution of the inscriptions on the Bronze Mirror of Han Dynasty in the Furnace Smoke." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 1008–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.18.

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The Chinese characters evolution fromseal script to clerical script in Han Dynasty underwent one a new process of development and stability from top-level design to folk application, where the most important relic, inscriptions of bronze mirror, together with the bamboo slips and stele inscriptions, constituted the basic calligraphy aestheticsat that time, forming historical legends in the smoke of casting. Among the mirrors of Han Dynasty, there are a lot of surviving inscription mirrors, the chirography on which has extremely rich subjective design, showing important aesthetic characteristics. Most of the previous writings have tended to study explanation and entry, and there are few studies based on the chirography. The classification and analysis of the considerable and complex inscriptions of bronze mirror based on archaeological typology indicate that at different stages and in different regions, the sources of popular materials are similar, with typical styles gradually appearing, different creative effects, as well as fresh and interesting cases. Comparing the inscription chirography with bamboo and wood slips and calligraphy on rubbings, it is possible to see the combination of “mirror caster” and “ Daobili (petty official drawing up indictments)”, new calligraphic patterns appear in the smoke of the fire. The calligraphy is applied to bronze mirrors, and is cut and transformed by the craftsmen to be suitable for deformation, so that the character shape is integrated with bronze and stone tablet casting, presenting a unique decorative taste and design meaning, carrying the open and inclusive spirit of Han Dynasty.

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Kim, Kwang-Ro, and Young Shin Lee. "Mount Design for High-Resolution Mirrors." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (February 5, 2014): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2014.17.1.142.

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Wang, Yan-zhi, Jian-da Shao, Jian-bin Huang, Yun-xia Jin, Hong-bo He, Kui Yi, and Zheng-xiu Fan. "Design of different bandwidth dispersive mirrors." Optik 122, no. 23 (December 2011): 2065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2010.09.025.

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Doskolovich, Leonid L., Egor V. Byzov, Albert A. Mingazov, Gor J. Karapetian, Vitalii I. Smorodin, Nikolay L. Kazanskiy, Dmitry A. Bykov, and Evgeni A. Bezus. "Supporting Quadric Method for Designing Freeform Mirrors That Generate Prescribed Near-Field Irradiance Distributions." Photonics 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9020118.

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We consider a version of the supporting quadric method for designing freeform mirrors that generate prescribed irradiance distributions in the near field. The method is derived for a general case of an incident beam with an arbitrary wavefront. As an example, for a practically important special case of a plane incident wavefront, we design a freeform mirror that generates a complex-shaped uniform irradiance distribution in the form of the abbreviation “IPSI” on a zero background. The designed mirror is fabricated and qualitatively investigated in a proof-of-concept optical experiment. The experimental results confirm the correctness of the proposed approach and demonstrate the manufacturability of the mirrors designed using the considered method.

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Lemared, Sabri, Marc Ferrari, Christian Du Jeu, Thibault Dufour, Nathalie Soulier, and Emmanuel Hugot. "Stress mirror polishing for future large lightweight mirrors: design using shape optimization." Optics Express 28, no. 9 (April 24, 2020): 14055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.390036.

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Liu, Xinyu, and Jun Zhu. "Design Method of Freeform Off-Axis Multi-Mirror Optical Systems." Photonics 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2022): 534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080534.

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A data point calculation method that does not require the use of Fermat′s principle and a simple and general design method of starting points of freeform off-axis multi-mirror optical systems are proposed in this paper, which aim to promote the realization of high-performance reflective systems containing freeform surfaces. Taking a planar system and the required parameters as the input, a good starting point for a freeform off-axis multi-mirror system can be automatically obtained using the proposed method. The design of a freeform off-axis five-mirror system with a low F-number is taken as an example to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. The method can also be used for the design of freeform reflective systems with other numbers of mirrors.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mirrors – Design'

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