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1
Nowak, Manfred. "The Right of Self-Determination and Protection of Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe in light of the case-law of the Human Rights Committee." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 1, no. 1 (1993): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181193x00077.
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AbstractThe right of self-determination and protection of minorities in Central and Eastern Europe is discussed in the light of the case law of the Human Rights Committee, which shows that many traditional minorities in Central and Eastern Europe are to be qualified as minorities within the meaning of article 27 of the UN Covenant. The author concludes that the UN Covenant on Civil and Political Rights still remains the only international treaty guaranteeing protection to minorities and providing measures of international supervision. He argues for a common and internationally binding European agreement providing adequate protection against minority rights violations, be it in the framework of the CSCE, Council of Europe or an enlarged European Communities.
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Habermas, Jürgen. "Religious Tolerance—The Pacemaker for Cultural Rights." Philosophy 79, no. 1 (January 2004): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819104000026.
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Religious toleration first became legally enshrined in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. Religious toleration led to the practice of more general inter-subjective recognition of members of democratic states which took precedence over differences of conviction and practice. After considering the extent to which a democracy may defend itself against the enemies of democracy and to which it should be prepared to tolerate civil disobedience, the article analyses the contemporary dialectic between the notion of civil inclusion and multiculturalism. Religious toleration is seen as the pacemaker for modern multiculturalism, in which the claims of minorities to civic inclusion are recognized so long as members of all groups understand themselves to be citizens of one and the same political community.
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Barth, William. "Minority Rights, Multiculturalism and the Roma of Europe." Nordic Journal of International Law 76, no. 4 (2007): 363–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/090273507x249200.
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AbstractIn this article, I review legal initiativaes to improve conditions for the Roma peoples who live in the states of Europe. The question is timely given the accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007. Romania contains the largest concentration of the Roma population in Europe. My article uncovers a schism between political theory and international law on the question of minority rights. I distinguish how the conclusions of Will Kymlicka, one of the most prolific writers on the subject of multiculturalism in political theory, differ from the international jurisprudence that protects minority groups. In this essay, I analyse Kymlicka's claim that multicultural policies are contextually dependent, and an inappropriate subject for a common legal regime of international human rights treaties. To determine the implications of human rights jurisprudence for this normative claim, I also research court cases filed by the Roma under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of Minorities and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. I contrast the international treaties that protect minority groups from political theorist accounts of multiculturalism in three areas. First, my article discusses jurisdictional issues concerning whether the particular groups defined by minority rights, irrespective of their geographical location or contextual experience, are proper subjects for protection by a common rights regime. Next, I illustrate how cultural rights are distinguishable from traditional civil rights laws. Finally, I examine how the historic persecution of the Roma violates human rights standards that protect minorities. The Roma have a long and unique relationship with the European states, which serves to demonstrate whether or not a common regime of minority rights safeguards the cultural development of the Roma.
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Long, Doug. "Minority Rights." Canadian Journal of Political Science 40, no. 3 (September 2007): 776–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423907070886.
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Minority Rights, Jennifer Jackson Preece, Cambridge (UK) and Malden MA: Polity Press, 2005, pp. ix, 213.This book is not, as its title might be thought to suggest, an abstract conceptual analysis of a particular sub-set of rights. Although it builds on, and acknowledges, the work of Kymlicka, Raz, Taylor and Shklar (160), the narrative thread that gives it unity is historical. It deepens our understanding of the nature of the discourse of minority rights by contextualizing that discourse both temporally (through historical examples) and spatially (through adroitly selected comparative examples). With extraordinary succinctness and clarity the author guides us through a succession of political epochs: the time of the Christian and Islamic medieval universitae, the period of the dynastic re-organization of Europe, the modern era of popular sovereignty with its attendant notions of civic and ethnic nationalism, and especially the contradiction-laden time of European imperialism and its post-imperial and post-colonial reverberations. As this narrative unfolds we follow the vicissitudes of religious, racial, linguistic and ethnic minorities and observe the successive forms taken by the “problem of minorities.”
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Phillips, Alan. "The Fall of the Iron Curtain and Its Significance for the Establishment of Minority Rights Regimes in Eastern Europe." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 13, no. 1 (May 22, 2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01301002.
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This article examines the development of minority rights regimes in Europe following the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. It shows how the foundations for democracy were reinforced by the Helsinki Final Act in 1975 and the opportunities it created for dialogue. The major concerns of many states to prevent irredentism and violent inter-ethnic conflicts provided the opportunity to adopt international standards on the protection and promotion of minority rights. Civil society, including members of minorities, were in the vanguard, as they promoted democratic change in 1989 and played a leading role in influencing minority rights standards and their implementation. The Conclusions of the 1990 csce Copenhagen Human Dimension influenced the undm, formed the backbone of the fcnm, and became an invaluable set of standards used by the hcnm for conflict prevention. Twenty-five years later, it is evident the fall of the Iron Curtain was highly significant for minority rights regimes throughout Europe.
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Rikhof, Joseph. "Exclusion Law and International Law: Sui Generis or Overlap?" International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 20, no. 2 (2013): 199–232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02002004.
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There exists a strong synergy between the regulation at the international level of minority rights, asylum and criminal prosecutions of violations of human rights. The aspirations of minorities as a human right are recognised in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights while the violation of such a right can confer on a victim the status of refugee in a third country. As well, persons who are responsible for causing very serious disruptions to the rights of minorities and other groups can be brought to justice for the commission of genocide and crimes against humanity, particularly persecution. While in general there has been a clear distinction between the granting of asylum or refugee status to victims of persecution one hand and the prosecution of perpetrators of persecution on the other, these two notions have been brought together into the concept of exclusion in order to address the phenomenon of persons with a criminal background being part of the refugee stream arriving in a third country. Exclusion is an essential part of refugee law to ensure that persons who have committed criminal acts will not benefit from the benefits set out in the Refugee Convention. This article will discuss the parameters of exclusion as determined by the jurisprudence in six countries in North America and Europe where this issue has been at the forefront in the last decade.
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Medda-Windischer, Roberta. "New Minorities, Old Instruments? A Common but Differentiated System of Minority Protection." International Community Law Review 13, no. 4 (2011): 361–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197311x599441.
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AbstractQuestions concerning whether and how the rights of minorities should be recognised in politics, and how to maintain and strengthen the bonds of community in ethnically diverse societies are among the most salient and vexing on the political agenda of many societies. All policies that seek to reconcile social cohesion, unity and diversity are confronted with a veritable mine-field of dilemmas. Whatever policy options, or mixes of policy options, one wants to choose, one has to face hard trade-offs and serious policy-problems that have been addressed, though in different ways, by moral and political philosophers, political theorists, social scientists, lawyers and by politicians and civil servants. The present paper contends that it is possible to address these issues by bridging two fields of research: minorities and migration. Studying the interaction and complementarities between old and new minority groups is a rather new task because so far these topics have been studied in isolation from each other. It is also an important task for future research in Europe where many states have established systems of old minority rights, but have not yet developed sound policies for the integration of new minority groups originating from migration.
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Metaj-Stojanova, Albana. "Religious Freedoms In Republic Of Macedonia." SEEU Review 11, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/seeur-2015-0019.
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Abstract With the independence of Republic of Macedonia and the adoption of the Constitution of Macedonia, the country went through a substantial socio-political transition. The concept of human rights and freedoms, such as religious freedoms in the Macedonian Constitution is based on liberal democratic values. The Macedonian Constitution connects the fundamental human rights and freedoms with the concept of the individual and citizen, but also with the collective rights of ethnic minorities, respecting the international standards and responsibilities taken under numerous international human rights conventions and treaties, of which the country is a party. Republic of Macedonia has ratified all the so called “core human right treaties” and now the real challenge lies in the implementation of the international standards. Some of these international conventions and treaties of the United Nations and of the Council of Europe are inherited by succession from the former Yugoslavian federation. Religious freedoms are guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of human rights (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the European Convention on Human Rights (1953), the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (1981) (all documents ratified by the Republic of Macedonia). According to the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia “The freedom of religious confession is guaranteed. The right to express one's faith freely and publicly, individually or with others, is guaranteed„. After the conflict of 2001 the Ohrid Framework Agreement secured group rights for ethnicities that are not in majority in the Republic of Macedonia. The present Law on the legal status of the church, religious communities and religious groups of 2007, repealed the Law on religion and religious groups of 1997.
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Przedańska, Justyna. "The faces of freedom in the concepts of a liberal and non-liberal state." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 155–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.1.10.
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The last decade has exposed the recession of freedom throughout the world. It arises from the latest Freedom in the World 2020 report that civil liberties and political rights have deteriorated in 64 countries, while only 37 have seen a slight improvement in these areas. The principles of liberal democracy (the rule of law, free elections, minority rights and freedom of expression) in Europe, historically the best-performing region in terms of freedom in the world, have come under serious pressure in recent years.
In the article, starting from an analysis of the categories of freedom presented in many aspects, followed by a discussion of the assumptions and concepts of liberalism, as well as the political project referred to as non-liberal democracy, which has grown out of their criticism, the author identifies the problem of instrumentalization and relativization of freedom, which leads to the restriction of freedom of speech, freedom of minorities, religious freedom and sexual freedom, replacing the individual freedoms of the citizens with the so-called collective freedom.
10
Gabor, Francis. "Reflections on NATO's New Mission: Conflict Prevention in the Struggles for Ethnic Self-Determination." Review of Central and East European Law 29, no. 2 (2004): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157303504774062439.
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AbstractDuring the Cold War, both NATO's role and purpose were clearly defined by the existence of the threat posed by the Soviet Union. The traditional confrontation between the NATO and the Warsaw Pact military organizations effectively has ceased to exist. The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact—combined with the emerging constitutional democracies in Central and Eastern Europe and the transformation of the Russian Federation—has essentially assured that the future threat of a confrontation between the major armies on the European continent is highly unlikely. However, it soon became obvious that several non-traditional, and quite unexpected, risks would give NATO a new mission and new challenges. One of the greatest challenges for post-Cold War Eastern Europe lies in the unresolved questions of ethnic self-determination. The unprecedented human tragedy of two world wars failed to resolve these questions. The concept of ethnic self-determination has been the central theme of the conflicts in the Yugoslav civil wars. NATO played a significant, if not central, role in the final resolution of the Yugoslav civil wars, particularly in the case of Kosovo. The Kosovo experience creates a real challenge for NATO and international legal scholars to create a more precisely defined body of international law to protect ethnic minorities and to build an effective institutional framework for the observation and implementation of so-called minority rights. which would have prevented the tragedy of the Yugoslavian civil war and can prevent future conflicts.
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Miroshnikov, S. N. "Adaptation of Eastern Europe to the EU’s <i>Acquis Communautaire</i>: Poland and Hungary in 2004–2021." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 24, no. 3 (June 15, 2022): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2022-24-3-320-325.
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This article features the special position that Poland and Hungary demonstrate towards the national government institutions and civil rights. The research objective was to describe the internal transformation and adaptation processes of Hungarian and Polish societies to the European concept of acquis communautaire, as well as the tensions between these two countries and the older EU members. This special position can be explained by the growing sentiments of national pride and identity. The social and economic achievements that happened aſter the 1990s allowed these states to increase the quality of life, and their citizens are not willing to give up on their identity to accommodate the demands of the European Union. For instance, people of Poland and Hungary saw a certain threat to their identity in the pressure from Brussels to welcome migrants from the Middle East, whom they could not accept on the mental and religious levels. Another threat was the Brussels’ pursuit to make Poland and Hungary accept sexual minorities in a very short timeframe, despite the fact that this process took Western Europe several centuries. Considering that the church had a very negative attitude to both issues, certain political parties managed to seize the power. They suppressed the freedom of speech, denied the independence of the judicial power, and challenged Brussels.
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Kashirkina, Anna A., and Andrey N. Morozov. "Expert examination of electoral legislation in the conclusions of the Venice Commission." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no. 4 (2021): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.419.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical approaches of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) to the assessment of electoral processes and elections in states. Since the Venice Commission is a subsidiary body of the Council of Europe, special attention is paid to the observance of Council of Europe standards in the field of human and civil rights in regard to elections. Through an empirical analysis of various documents of the Venice Commission (conclusions, recommendations, codes of practice, etc.), a conclusion is drawn about the existential approach of this body to assessing the electoral legislation of states. This approach is based on a wide array of sources perceived by experts of the Venice Commission, which, in addition to state legislation and official comments, may also include reports from the media, the Internet, the personal worldview of the expert and comments from other persons familiar with the situation. Based on this broad range of sources, the Venice Commission also objectifies its assessments into different acts, which may have a variety of names, but have the force of recommendations for states. Thus, the conclusions of the Venice Commission are acts of soft law and can be perceived by national legal systems using various channels of implementation. The analysis of the documents of the Venice Commission on elections and electoral processes shows that in the orbit of expertise of this body are such issues as: prevention of abuse of power and administrative resources of power in the organization and holding of elections; prevention of discrimination against opposition and various minorities, etc. The issues of gender equality in state authorities, protection of the rights of stateless persons, and voting using digital technologies are also considered.
13
Parvin, Phil. "Integration and Identity in an International Context: Problems and Ambiguities in the New Politics of Multiculturalism." Political Studies Review 7, no. 3 (September 2009): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9302.2009.00187.x.
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Debates about multiculturalism, minority rights, and identity dominated Anglo-American political theory during the majority of the 1990s, and continue to raise important questions concerning the nature of citizenship, community, and the responsibilities of liberal states. They were popular, too, among policy makers, politicians, and journalists: many academics and practitioners were, for a time, united in their support for multiculturalism. Just as the philosophical literature at that time became more ‘multiculturalist’, so many European states increasingly adopted multiculturalist policies as a way of including historically marginalised groups into mainstream liberal culture or, in some cases, as a way of protecting minority groups from unfair pressures from the majority culture. However, as time has gone on, the multiculturalist turn in liberal political theory, and among many European governments, has waned. In the wake of terrorist atrocities around the world, growing concerns about the erosion of civic and national identity, and fears that cultural recognition can permit illiberal practices, many academics and practitioners have sought to distance themselves from the idea that it is a role of the state to afford special treatment to cultural minorities, and have sought once again to emphasise those common bonds which unite citizens of liberal democratic states, rather than those cultural identities which may serve to divide them. This article evaluates some of the recent philosophical literature on multiculturalism against the changing political landscape in Britain and Europe and suggests that the multiculturalist position remains weakened by a number of crucial ambiguities.
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Severo, Denise Osório, and Paula Guerra. "Extrema-direita, xeno-populismo e colonialidade: discursos de ódio e colonização do imaginário no presente." Todas as Artes Revista Luso-Brasileira de Artes e Cultura 5, no. 1 (2022): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21843805/tav5n1a3.
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The expansion of far-right movements constitutes a global phenomenon that has translated into the emergence and strengthening of numerous organizations, parties, and especially into the conquest of power in many countries in Europe, North America, and Latin America. In this article we will try to account for this phenomenon, first by presenting and reflecting on the different theoretical conceptions that have been held about it, namely the different related concepts used by academia, such as populism, fascism, extreme right or authoritarian neoliberalism. On a second level, we will focus our attention on Poland and Portugal. In the case of Poland, for its admittedly populist conjunctural character, ruled since2015 by the Law and Justice Party. In the case of Portugal, for its opposite character, under the management of the Socialist Party, recently reelected with 60% of the votes, but which also experiences the strengthening of extreme right-wing movements. Respecting the sociocultural and historical particularities of each, in both countries these movements are expressed both in civil society and in political society. These experiences reveal counterfaces that, despite their differences, signal approximations with the xeno-populist perspective and can shed light on the understanding of these processes. In the Polish scenario, the adoption of institutional policies and legislation against migrants, LGBTQIA+ and other minorities are notable, as well as growing manifestations of far-right movements, both based on hate speech. On the other hand, the Portuguese context, although governed by an opposite political spectrum, also experiences recent processes of strengthening of the far right. In fact, the far-right "Chega" party won third place in a recent election marked by tensions involving hate speech, xenophobia and nationalist perspectives
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Kuhelj, Alenka. "Rise of xenophobic nationalism in Europe: A case of Slovenia." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 44, no. 4 (November 4, 2011): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2011.10.003.
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The article focuses on rise of nationalism and xenophobia in Slovenia. It starts by considering the issue of unrecognized minorities in Slovenia (former Yugoslavia nations) that have no minority rights, despite being large groups, as many international organizations for the protection of minorities have pointed out. A particular issue in this relation for Slovenia is the ‘Erased’ – the individuals who did not acquire Slovenian citizenship when Slovenia seceded from federal Yugoslavia – and despite the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) decision, the Slovenian state has still not recognized their rights, which were violated in the post-independence period. The article also examines two other minorities in Slovenia, the Jews and the Roma. The article finds Slovenia to be a closed, non-globalised society which, in spite of its constitutional declaration to protect the rights of minorities and other national communities, is seeking to retain a politically and culturally homogeneous nation state.
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Leuprecht, Peter. "Le Conseil de l'Europe et les droits des minorités." Les droits des minorités linguistiques 27, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042735ar.
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This survey deals with the problem of linguistic diversity in Europe. In what way does the Council of Europe react to what is commonly called there the « new minorities » composed of immigrants and refugees ? The Director for Human Rights at the Council of Europe first covers guarantees provided to members of minorities under the European Convention on Human Rights (article 14), then describes attempts made by the Council of Europe to protect minorities as such. As for the new minorities, the Council is taking action to favour intercultural education. Its policy aims a both preserving European languages in their diversity and encouraging multilingualism which is of such nature as to facilitate communication and understanding between different peoples
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Ulasiuk, Iryna. "Comparative Analysis of Legal Guarantees of Educational Rights of National Minorities and Migrants in Europe." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 21, no. 4 (October 18, 2014): 469–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02104002.
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A difference between a framework protecting national minorities established by the Versailles treaties and a framework protecting minorities originating from migration was blurred in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which adopted an all-inclusive approach to human rights. The present article is an attempt to research (a) what exactly the differences between the instruments protecting national minorities and the instruments protecting migrants are in one specific area, education, and (b) to what extent the general inclusiveness of human rights instruments has influenced or should influence the specific instruments pertaining to the protection of educational rights of migrants and national minorities.
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Nagy, Noémi. "Language Rights of European Minorities in the Administration of Justice, Public Administration and Public Services." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 18, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01801006.
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This article provides an overview of European minorities’ language rights in the administration of justice, public administration, and public services in 2019. Relevant legal developments are presented in the activities of the major international organizations, i.e. the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe. Since the most relevant treaties on the language rights of minorities in Europe are the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, special attention is paid to the implementation thereof. Whereas international monitoring mechanisms devoted to the effective protection of minorities are abundant, language rights of national minorities receive less attention, especially in the fields of official language use, that is, in public administration and justice. The regulation of these areas has been traditionally considered as almost exclusively belonging to the states’ competence, and international organizations are consequently reluctant to interfere. As a result, the official use of minority languages differs in the various countries of Europe, with both good practices (e.g. the Netherlands, Spain, Finland) and unbalanced situations (e.g. Estonia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan).
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Hong, Jane. "“A Cross-Fire between Minorities”." Pacific Historical Review 87, no. 4 (2018): 667–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2018.87.4.667.
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This article examines the Japanese American Citizens League’s (JACL) postwar campaign to secure U.S. citizenship eligibility for first-generation Japanese (Issei) as a civil rights effort that brought Japanese Americans into contention with African American and Afro-Caribbean community leaders during the height of the U.S. Cold War in East Asia. At the same time, JACL’s disagreements with Chinese Americans and Japanese American liberals precluded any coherent Japanese or Asian American position on postwar immigration policy. The resulting 1952 McCarran-Walter Act formally ended Asians’ exclusion from U.S. immigration and naturalization, even as a colonial quota in the law severely restricted black immigration from the Caribbean and galvanized black protest. This episode of black-Japanese tension complicates scholarly understandings of the liberalization of U.S. immigration and naturalization laws toward Asian peoples as analogous with or complementary to black civil rights gains in the postwar years. In so doing, it suggests the need to think more critically and historically about the cleavages between immigration and civil rights law, and between immigrant rights and civil rights.
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Donders, Yvonne. "The Protection of Cultural Rights in Europe: None of the EU's Business?" Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 10, no. 2 (June 2003): 117–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x0301000202.
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Over the last decade, cultural diversity and the promotion and protection of cultural human rights have become important issues in the European context. States are trying to protect their national cultural identity within the European integration process, while at the same time several communities within States, such as minorities, indigenous peoples and immigrant communities, demand the promotion and protection of their cultural identity. The Council of Europe has established a human rights mechanism including the protection of cultural rights and rights of minorities. Within the European Union, the promotion and protection of human rights has slowly become a part of the internal policies, the latest step being the proclamation of the Charter on Fundamental Rights. However, the promotion of cultural diversity and of cultural rights or rights of minorities hardly play a role in this respect. Bearing in mind the possible inter-State implications that these issues may have, Member States should co-operate more closely and develop policies at the EU level in relation to the promotion and protection of cultural diversity.
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Nagy, Noémi. "The Rights of European Minorities: Justice, Public Administration, Participation, Transfrontier Exchanges and Citizenship—International Developments in 2020." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 19, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 161–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_009.
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Abstract This article provides an overview of the implementation of the rights of European national, ethnic or linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples in 2020, in the fields of administration of justice, public administration, participation, citizenship and tranfrontier exchanges. Relevant legal developments are presented in the activities of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe. Special attention is paid to the application of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, which are the most important international treaties on the rights of minorities in Europe.
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Cahn, Claude. "Minorities, Citizenship and Statelessness in Europe." European Journal of Migration and Law 14, no. 3 (2012): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342009.
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Abstract Since 1989, questions of citizenship and statelessness in Europe are once again dynamic. On the one hand, exclusionary forces have become reinvigorated, including as a result of ethno-nationalism. In addition, new forms of status have been created, severely limiting participation and inclusion rights. Minorities have been particularly subject to exclusion, with Roma and Russians affected in particular. On the other hand, regional and international lawmaking has endeavoured to counteract these forces. This article attempts to summarize these developments, with a particular focus on EU and Council of Europe law.
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Helgesen, Jan E. "Protecting minorities in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) process." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 2, no. 1 (1994): 7–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181194x00076.
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AbstractThis article gives an analysis of the protection of minorities in the CSCE documents. It explains the historical evolution of the set of norms pertaining to the minority question in the CSCE Process. The author shows how this kind of questions, form the beginning, played a modest role in the crusade for the protection of human rights. Emphasis was on the protection of the individual, not on the group as such. Gradually, however, more importance has been given to the protection of minorities. The author is convinced that the CSCE is an interesting option for those wanting to enhance the international protection of the rights of minorities. He puts particular emphasis on the establishment of the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities.
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BIEBER, FLORIAN. "LESS DIVERSITY - MORE INTEGRATION: INTERETHNIC RELATIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY BALKANS 1." Southeastern Europe 32, no. 1 (2007): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187633307x00039.
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Abstract Summary: This article surveys the state of diversity in Southeastern Europe by examining the nature of interethnic relations and diversity, minority rights protection and political participation of minorities. During the past decade, state repression and hostility towards minorities have largely made way to including minorities in government and introducing comprehensive minority rights protection laws. These improvements at the level of policy are often not matched in terms of general interethnic relations. Majority-minority relations remain burdened by the 1990s and Southeastern Europe is considerably more homogenous than it was in 1989. As a consequence, legal and policy changes are often the consequence of international and in particular EU pressure rather than domestic processes.
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Nagy, Noemi. "Observing Minority Rights in the Administration of Justice and Public Administration: European Developments in 2016." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 15, no. 01 (February 10, 2018): 113–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01501006.
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This article overviews the 2016 developments concerning the status and rights of European minorities with respect to administrative and judicial proceedings, with special focus on language rights. The longest section of the article is devoted to the activities of the Council of Europe, including the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and the implementation of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, as well as the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. Furthermore, the relevant legal developments in the activities of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the European Union are presented.
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Udrea, Andreea. "National Minorities and the Crisis of National Minorities and the Crisis of." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 12, no. 1 (November 24, 2015): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004306134_003.
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This article discusses the retreat from multiculturalism in Europe. It questions whether the crisis of multiculturalism has had any impact on the accommodation of national minorities and/or ethnic groups. It opens with an interview with the former OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, Knut Vollebaek, which is followed by commentaries of four leading scholars: Will Kymlicka, Keith Banting, Tariq Modood and Jennifer Jackson-Preece. Ambassador Vollebaek argues that the crisis of multiculturalism only affects immigrants, and although the rights of national minorities are well protected, it may eventually undermine these rights. In their commentary, Kymlicka and Banting disagree with the view that the backlash against immigration threatens the rights of national minorities. Ambassador Vollebaek also supports the view that more inclusive policies targeting the members of minority groups are necessary. Modood and Jackson-Preece agree, and in their responses discuss how current arrangements could be modified or expanded to become more inclusive.
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Kuzub, Halyna. "National minorities political rights in the context of decentralization of power in the Eastern European countries." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 33-34 (August 25, 2017): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2016.33-34.250-256.
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The question of political minorities rights is always crucial for European countries because of mutual history and border changes. Almost each of these countries are characterized by small groups of ethnic minorities who are living in boarding areas. Some representatives of these ethnic groups have separatistic points of view during the years. In some European countries situation becomes even more complicated because of assimilation policy which was provided by the former Soviet Union.
Decentralization is transferring of authorities to the local levels what is other serious accelerator of the questions of political minorities rights. The question of our research work is if the impact of decentralization process matches political minorities rights in Eastern Europe? In the present study we analyze the results of administrative and territorial reforms in Poland, the Czech Republic , Slovakia and we also took into consideration the impact of ethnic factor within new administrative and territorial division.
In conclusions author emphasizes that in Eastern Europe new division process mostly happened without taking into account historical areas where small groups of political minorities lived. Author also draws our attention to the possible separatism, which can be the reason of articulation of national minorities will, who live near the borders to other countries as to unite in some areas.
Keywords: Decentralization of authority, administrative-territorial reform, post-socialist transformation, minorities, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia
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Arslan, Muhammad, Sarfraz Nawaz, and Ghulam Mustafa. "THE MINORITIES RIGHTS PROTECTION: A CASE STUDY OF SIKH MINORITY OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN." Journal of Social Research Development 3, no. 02 (December 25, 2022): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53664/jsrd/03-02-2022-07-212-228.
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Pakistan is signatory of the various human rights treaties proposed by United Nations and other international and regional organizations. These human rights treaties focus on human rights protection in democratic society where every individual have their rights. These treaties also give the framework for rights of all types of the minorities living in state. Minorities’ rights protection means that people from different ethnicities, nationalities and religion enjoy fundamental rights like freedom, nondiscrimination, political and civil rights. But sometimes in states like Pakistan, social norms, slow process of decision making and policy execution interrupt minorities to enjoy their basic rights. The study aimed to elucidate minorities’ rights protection in Punjab, specially focused on Sikh minority in Punjab. Sikhs are facing lot of issues like other minorities are facing. Primary data has been collected from Sikh community residing in Punjab. 120 Sikhs have been selected for survey and among 120, (112 males & 08 female) through questionnaire. There is a dire need to focus upon the minorities so that they can live freely in Pakistan according to their own faith.
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Reci, Senada, and Luljeta Zefi. "On International Protection Of Minorities; Aspects Of Minorities Protection By Albanian Legislation." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 8 (March 30, 2016): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n8p258.
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Minorities are part of the people living in a country and being not part of the majority of the population, always have problems relating to the implementation of the rights and fundamental freedoms to them. Filling this vacuum is internationally seen the Framework Convention for the protection of minorities, which sets targets to be achieved by States and its implementation is provided primarily by the measures taken on the national law and secondarily by bilateral agreements since its provisions are not directly applicable. There are also some other international acts of the Council of Europe that sanction rights for minorities. But this paper devotes attention to Albanian legislation and its commitments to enforce the rights and protection of minorities, especially in the context of the integration process in the EU, where the approach of the standards of the acquis for minorities is the focus of monitoring alongside the fundamental human rights and freedoms from the European Commission. EC has introduced the issue of minorities in the Albanian legislation with problems and situation outside the framework of legal protection because of the vacuum of a legal act for minorities, and this paper aims to present some aspects of the problem reflected in its analysis.
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Fink, Carole. "Minority Rights as an International Question." Contemporary European History 9, no. 3 (November 2000): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003052.
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In response to the atrocities committed during and after the First World War and the need to create a stable east European settlement, the diplomats in Paris constructed the world's first system of international protection for minorities. The League of Nations, charged with the enforcement of the Minority Treaties, set up a cautious ‘political’ system, which failed either to shield minorities or pacify their governments. No international system was revived after the Second World War, but since the fall of communism, Europe – looking forward to the future as well as back to the past – has organised new supranational institutions to protect endangered religious and national groups.
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Nagy, Noémi. "Language Rights of Minorities in the Areas of Education, the Administration of Justice and Public Administration: European Developments in 2017." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 63–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01601004.
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This section overviews the 2017 situation of the language rights of European minorities in the fields of education, the administration of justice and public administration. The author presents the relevant legal developments in the activities of the major international organizations, i.e. the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the European Union, and the Council of Europe including the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and the implementation of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages as well as the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. In the concluding remarks, tendencies and common patterns are emphasized.
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Tănăsescu, Tudor. "CONSECRATION AND IDENTITY OF NATIONAL MINORITIES RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE CONFERENCE FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE - CSCE (ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE - OSCE IN DECEMBER 1994)." Agora International Journal of Juridical Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 4, 2014): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/aijjs.v8i1.935.
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Promotion and protection of European identity rights of persons belonging to nationalminorities are part of human rights protection system developed universally under the UnitedNations and, respectively, in the Regional Council of Europe, Organization for Security andCooperation in Europe and other European institutions. International instruments adopted bythe OSCE human dimension that is circumscribed, and are political in nature (so there are nottreated) contributed to a great extent, the development of catalog rights identity for peoplewho belong to national minorities, the evidence of evolution ordination mechanisms andregulations and safeguarding the rights of the category listed and, last but not least, to outlinea programmatic directions and certain standards in this field. Documents to be examined, aswell as other regulatory and industry (universal or regional) that aim at protecting minorities"does not authorize any activity that is contrary to fundamental principles of internationallaw, or other obligations under international law or provisions of the Helsinki Final Act, inparticular the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity of states".
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Berry, Stephanie E. "The Siren’s Call? Exploring the Implications of an Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights on National Minorities." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 23, no. 1 (January 30, 2016): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02301002.
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Calls for the adoption of an Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (echr) on National Minorities have persisted within the Council of Europe despite the adoption of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (fcnm). This article explores the potential implications of the adoption of an Additional Protocol on National Minorities to the echr for the fcnm. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) already has several tools that would allow it to extend protection to persons belonging to national minorities. However, as the ECtHR tends to allow States a wide margin of appreciation in cases concerning persons belonging to minorities, it is argued that the adoption of an Additional Protocol on National Minorities may not be desirable, as it has the potential to undermine the progress made by the Framework Convention Advisory Committee.
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Grozev, Yonko, and Dia Anagnostou. "Human Rights Litigation and Restrictive State Implementation of Strasbourg Court Judgments: The Case of Ethnic Minorities from Southeast Europe." European Public Law 16, Issue 3 (September 1, 2010): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2010028.
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Legal action by members from ethnic minorities in Strasbourg has often been an alternative route or mobilization strategy aiming to redress broader problems beyond the individual grievances concerned and to pressure national governments to change the way they treat minorities. It is premised on a widespread, but also highly disputed, expectation that judicial rulings can vindicate minorities and exert pressure upon governments to change their relevant laws and practices. Focusing specifically on four countries of Southeast Europe (Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Romania), this article explores the domestic implementation of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) judgments addressing minority claims, as well as its impact (or lack of it) on the ways in which national authorities deal with minorities. Do national authorities implement Strasbourg Court judgments related to ethnic minorities, to what extent and under what conditions are they likely to do so? Does their implementation promote progressive reforms in state laws and policies towards historical minorities? What is the nature of European judicial and human rights influence – if any – at the national level?
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Markusse, Jan D. "Are National Minorities in the EU Progressing towards the Acquisition of Universal Rights?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 7 (July 2007): 1601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38201.
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This paper aims to acquire insights into processes and mechanisms behind the development of policies on universal citizenship rights at higher political scales. It considers politics on national minority rights at different scales in the context of thoughts on postnationalisation and denationalisation of citizenship, which are mainly based on globalisation theories, and in the context of thoughts on shifts in the scales of state activity from a regulation theoretical perspective. The development of common rules on the rights of minorities at the global and European scales is examined and confronted with policies of the individual states. From a systematic analysis of all national minorities in the European Union it appears that common rules at higher scales still allow for considerable diversity. The differences can be attributed to different characteristics of the minorities themselves as well as of the states concerned. Both reflect the vital legacy of strongly different historical paths of nation-state formation in different parts of Europe. The outcomes are better fitting in a regulation theoretical perspective than in a globalisation theoretical perspective on the development of common rules on minority rights in Europe.
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Johns, Michael. "“Do as I Say, Not as I Do”: The European Union, Eastern Europe and Minority Rights." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 17, no. 4 (November 2003): 682–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325403258291.
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This article tests the assumption that the European Union has forced the potential new members from Eastern Europe to adhere to standards regarding the treatment of national minorities current member states do not meet. The article examines the treatment of the Russian minorities in Latvia and Estonia and the Roma population in Slovakia compared to the treatment of the Turks in Germany and the Roma in Italy. Using EU accession reports, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) recommendations, and the Minorities at Risk data set, a double standard becomes apparent. The newly democratized states of Eastern Europe are being forced to choose between the economic advantages of membership in the EU and legislation designed to protect the language and culture of the majority group. The article concludes with an examination of the histories of Estonia and Latvia to illustrate why being forced into altering laws concerning culture and citizenship is so difficult.
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Tuluș, Arthur. "The Condition of National Minorities in Eastern Europe in a Secret Cia Report From 1965." Eminak, no. 2(34) (July 1, 2021): 210–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2021.2(34).529.
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In the context of the Cold War, detailed knowledge of the opponent and espionage were fundamental elements in the security policies of the two antagonistic sides. The CIA, the United States’ foreign intelligence service, identified the condition of ethnic minorities as one of the possible vulnerabilities of the Eastern Camp, judging from the perspective of the restrictive policies that Communist states held regarding rights and freedoms. Our study is based on the analysis of a document prepared by the CIA in 1965, a memorandum that took data from the latest official censuses in Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, and recorded the effects of assimilation policies on national minorities within the Eastern Communist states. The document is all the more interesting as the issue of national minorities rights’ in the Communist world was taboo.
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Shankar Bharti, Mukesh. "The European Union and Cultural, Economic and Political Development of Minority in Central and Eastern Europe." Reality of Politics 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop2022102.
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This article aims to present the positions of minorities in Central and Eastern Europe since 1990. The analysis concentrates on relations between the various cultural and minorities group. The main outline is the concepts of minority rights and their multi-dimensional development of linguistic minorities and social development. There is a broad description of the social development of Roma in Central and Eastern Europe. Eastern European democracy promoters have made extensive use of their bilateral diplomatic channels to allow democratization laggards in the post-communist space a glimpse of what democracy looks like close to home and to give them encouragement and know-how to move forward with reforms.
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Medda-Windischer, Roberta. "Old and New Minorities: Diversity Governance and Social Cohesion from the Perspective of Minority Rights." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 11, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseur-2017-0002.
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AbstractMinority rights instruments have been traditionally applied to old minority groups. This paper examines to what extent these same instruments are conceptually meaningful to the integration of new minorities stemming from migration. The conviction that minority groups, irrespective of their being old or new minorities, have some basic common claims that can be subsumed under a common definition does not mean that all minority groups have all the same rights and legitimate claims: some have only minimum rights, while others have or should be granted more substantial rights; some can legitimately put forward certain claims – not enforceable rights – that need to be negotiated with the majority, while others should not. In order to devise a common but differentiated set of rights and obligations for old and new minority groups, it is essential to analyse the differences and similarities of both categories of minorities, their claims, needs, and priorities; in this way, it will be possible to delineate a catalogue of rights that can be demanded by and granted to different minority groups. Studying the interaction between traditional minorities and migrants or old and new minority groups is a rather new task because so far these topics have been studied in isolation from each other. It is also an important task for future research in Europe since many states have established systems for the rights of old minorities but have not as yet developed sound policies for the integration of new minority groups stemming from migration.
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Riekkinen, Mariya. "International Developments 2016: Economic, Social, and Cultural Life, Including Education and the Media, in the Context of European Minorities and from the Perspective of International Law." European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 15, no. 01 (February 10, 2018): 51–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01501004.
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From the perspective of the rights of minorities in Europe, this section overviews international developments concerning economic and socio-cultural entitlements, including those related to education and the media. It is thematically structured around two clusters related to the minority rights: (a) cultural activities and facilities, including the media; and (b) economic and social life, including education, which are covered by the provisions of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (ETS. No. 148). This review starts with an analysis of the 2016 developments at the UN level, and continues with an overview of advancements at the levels of the OSCE, the EU, and the Council of Europe. The adoption of the Thematic Commentary No. 4 “The Scope of Application of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities” by the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (ACFC) is among the most important highlights.
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Illés, Veronika. "Mniejszości narodowe i ich ochrona w prawie międzynarodowym w XX w. Kwestie definicyjne na przykładzie Polaków i Węgrów na Ukrainie." Doctrina. Studia społeczno-polityczne, no. 17 (March 15, 2021): 41–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/doc.2020.17.03.
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The issue of national minorities already has a rich historiography, but so far no uniform definition of the concept of minority has been formulated. It is no coincidence, because it depends on a number of factors which features of a particular social group the legislator wishes to protect or along which features it grants them additional rights. I attempt to analyze these factors in order to provide a comprehensive picture of who we mean by minorities, what minority protection means, and how their rights developed in the 20th century. Modern international minority protection law developed after the First World War. As a result of the border arrangements after the Great War, a number of new minorities were born, so it was inevitable to place their situation within the interna-tional framework. The experience of World War I changed attitudes towards mi-norities. However, after World War II, the emphasis shifted from collective rights to individual, human rights, and minority rights were relegated to the background. I would like to support this issue with examples from the situation in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Polish and Hungarian minorities living in Ukraine.
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Chapman, Chris. "The Promotion of Participation in Social, Economic and Cultural Life – NGO Strategies and Approaches." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 16, no. 4 (December 20, 2009): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115_016_04-06.
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The aim of this article is to describe some of the approaches used by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to promote the participation of minorities in cultural, economic and social life, based mainly on the work of Minority Rights Group International (MRG), and subsequently to lay out some more analytical reflections about the interaction between minorities, governments and development actors in the cultural, economic and social domain, and about an approach to this issue that is based on human rights and in particular, minority rights. It will draw on examples from both within and outside of the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) region.
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Rechel, Bernd. "What Has Limited the EU's Impact on Minority Rights in Accession Countries?" East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 22, no. 1 (February 2008): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325407311796.
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Using Bulgaria as a case study, this article investigates what has limited the impact of the European Union (EU) on minority rights in accession countries. It is possible to identify a number of factors. They include a lack of internal minority rights standards, an emphasis on the acquis communautaire, missing expertise on minority issues, the superficial monitoring of candidate states, a lack of concern for human rights, and a failure in addressing public attitudes towards minorities. The case of Bulgaria differed from that of its neighbors in lacking involvement of the High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
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Stryjkowska, Sylwia. "Cultural Identity in the Case-Law of the Human Rights Committee." Przegląd Prawniczy Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza 7 (December 15, 2017): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ppuam.2017.7.08.
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The aim of the article is to present the jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee on Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights concerning the rights of persons belonging to ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities. Therefore, the study examines the underprivileged position of minorities within States and focuses on their will to survive as a distinct culture. Examination of the aforementioned caselaw provides an insight into the Committee’s understanding of the concept of cultural identity.
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Zaagman, Rob, and Konrad Huber. "Peace, Human Rights, and Minorities: Multilateral Responses and the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 2, no. 1 (1994): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181194x00094.
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AbstractThis article attempts to understand concurrent efforts by inter-governmental agencies in the areas of minority protection and ethnic conflict prevention. The analysis specifially aims (1) to assist in differentiating between the numerous inter-governmental organs, bodies, and mechanisms, including the CSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, with a role in addressing minority issues, and (2) to begin the process of identifying interrelationships, overlaps, and gaps in existing capacities. In addition to the High Commissioner, the minority-related activities of the UN, the Council of Europe, and the Council of Baltic Sea States are all reviewed. The essential view is that 'the effectiveness of international response to minority questions lies not in the efficacy of single institutions but in synergetic cooperaton among them'.
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Núñez, Gabriel González. "Translating to Communicate with Linguistic Minorities: State Obligations under International Law." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 20, no. 3 (2013): 405–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02003004.
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In the on-going debate about language rights, the role of translation remains somewhat of a blind spot. And yet, because there are very few truly monolingual societies in the world, any language policy implies a translation policy. Translation policies will vary from place to place, and they are often the result of ad hoc choices by policy makers at the local level. Even so, by looking at international law, we can find a sort of lowest common denominator for what is to be expected of translation policies. Sources of international law that can have an effect in shaping domestic policies include treaties/conventions and the judicial decisions of international tribunals. In Europe, in particular, a number of regional treaties from the Council of Europe weigh on translation as an instrument to guarantee the rights of minority speakers. The European Union – with its own treaties, regulations and directives – also helps set minimum standards for domestic translation policies. We will see that in Europe translation is usually cast as a means to secure other rights. Unfortunately, international law seems to set a rather low bar for this, with the most explicit protections afforded in the judicial realm but with relatively little elsewhere.
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Cobo, Marenglen. "The Juridical Position of Greek Minorities in Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 3 (May 19, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i3.p113-118.
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Greek minority played an important role in the life and formation of the Albanian State. This minority has been concentrated mainly in the south of the country, more specifically in the border areas between Albania and Greece. The role of this minority has been important not only in the cultural development but also in the affirmation of the Albanian State. The Greek minority has been known legally as a national minority in 1921 when Albania was accepted in the League of Nations as a sovereign state with full rights. The admission to this international organisation was conditional upon the signing of a document in which Albania committed to recognise and guarantee full rights to minorities living in its territory. This document entitled "declaration on the protection of minorities in Albania" would force the Albanian State to submit detailed reports to the League of Nations about the situation of the minorities in the country. All minorities within the country lost their status after the end of the Second World War, during the Communist regime of Enver Hoxha. After the collapse of communism and the advent of democracy, minority rights were affirmed not only in the Albanian jurisdiction but also by several international agreements, such as the Convention of the Council of Europe for Protection of National Minorities. The actual judicial system in Albania guarantees national minorities equal rights with the Albanian population and, simultaneously, allows the preservation of their national identity.
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Cobo, Marenglen. "The Juridical Position of Greek Minorities in Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 8, no. 1 (May 19, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v8i1.p113-118.
Full textAbstract:
Greek minority played an important role in the life and formation of the Albanian State. This minority has been concentrated mainly in the south of the country, more specifically in the border areas between Albania and Greece. The role of this minority has been important not only in the cultural development but also in the affirmation of the Albanian State. The Greek minority has been known legally as a national minority in 1921 when Albania was accepted in the League of Nations as a sovereign state with full rights. The admission to this international organisation was conditional upon the signing of a document in which Albania committed to recognise and guarantee full rights to minorities living in its territory. This document entitled "declaration on the protection of minorities in Albania" would force the Albanian State to submit detailed reports to the League of Nations about the situation of the minorities in the country. All minorities within the country lost their status after the end of the Second World War, during the Communist regime of Enver Hoxha. After the collapse of communism and the advent of democracy, minority rights were affirmed not only in the Albanian jurisdiction but also by several international agreements, such as the Convention of the Council of Europe for Protection of National Minorities. The actual judicial system in Albania guarantees national minorities equal rights with the Albanian population and, simultaneously, allows the preservation of their national identity.
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Robson, Laura. "Minorities Treaties and Mandatory Regimes." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 41, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-9407845.
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Abstract The post–World War I treaties of Versailles, Sèvres, and Lausanne collectively created two related frames for ongoing Allied control over unreliable territory: a system of “minority protection” in the new and fragile states of eastern Europe, and a neocolonial regime of externally monitored “mandates” in the Mashriq and elsewhere, with both systems falling under the jurisdiction of the newly constructed League of Nations based in Geneva. This article explores how the architects of the peace agreements developed the concepts of minority rights and mandatory responsibilities in conjunction, as a way of codifying, formalizing, and legitimizing restrictions on sovereignty along immovable racial lines.
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MCQUAID, KIM. "Race, Gender, and Space Exploration: A Chapter in the Social History of the Space Age." Journal of American Studies 41, no. 2 (July 5, 2007): 405–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875807003532.
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An era of space explorations and an era of expanded civil rights for racial minorities and women began simultaneously in the United States. But such important social changes are very rarely discussed in relation to each other. Four recent books on how the US astronaut program finally opened to women and minorities in 1978 address a key part of this connection, without discussing the struggles that compelled the ending of traditional race and gender exclusions. This essay examines the organizational and political dynamics of how civil rights in employment came to the US civilian space program in the decades after 1970.