Academic literature on the topic 'Minor and major bacterial pathogens'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Minor and major bacterial pathogens.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Minor and major bacterial pathogens"
1
WHITE, L. J., Y. H. SCHUKKEN, T. J. G. M. LAM, G. F. MEDLEY, and M. J. CHAPPELL. "A multispecies model for the transmission and control of mastitis in dairy cows." Epidemiology and Infection 127, no. 3 (December 2001): 567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006100.
Full textAbstract:
Mastitis in dairy cows is a significant economic and animal welfare issue in the dairy industry. The bacterial pathogens responsible for infection of the mammary gland may be split into two main categories: major and minor pathogens. Infection with major pathogens generally results in clinical illness or strong inflammatory responses and reduced milk yields, whereas minor pathogen infection is usually subclinical. Previous investigations have considered the transmission of these pathogens independently. Experimental evidence has shown cross-protection between species of pathogens. In this study a mathematical model for the coupled transmission of major and minor pathogens along with their interaction via the host was developed in order to consider various methods for controlling the incidence of major pathogen infection. A stability analysis of the model equilibria provides explanations for observed phenomena and previous decoupled modelling results. This multispecies model structure has provided a basis for quantifying the extent of cross-protection between species and assessing possible control strategies against the disease.
2
Miklas, Phillip N., Valerie Stone, Carlos A. Urrea, and James S. Beaver. "Specific Genomic Regions in Common Bean Condition Resistance to Multiple Pathogens." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 451E—451. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.451e.
Full textAbstract:
A genetic linkage map of 170 RAPD markers mapped across 79 recombinant inbred lines (Dorado and XAN-176) reveal genomic regions that condition multiple disease resistance to fungal (Ashy Stem Blight—Macrophomina phaseolina), viral (bean golden mosaic virus—BGMV), and bacterial (common bacterial blight—Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli) pathogens of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). A genomic site on linkage group US-1 had a major effect, explaining 18%, 34%, and 40% of the variation in phenotypic reaction to ashy stem blight, BGMV, and common bacterial blight disease, respectively. Adjacent to this region was a QTL conditioning 23% of the variation in reaction to another fungal pathogen, web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris). A second genomic site on linkage group US-1 had minor affect on multiple resistance expression to the same fungal (15%), viral (15%), and bacterial (10%) pathogens. It is unknown whether these specific genomic regions represent a series of linked QTL affecting resistance to each disease separately or an individual locus with pleiotropic effect against all three pathogens.
3
Bexiga, Ricardo, Mikko T. Koskinen, Jani Holopainen, Carla Carneiro, Helena Pereira, Kathryn A. Ellis, and Cristina L. Vilela. "Diagnosis of intramammary infection in samples yielding negative results or minor pathogens in conventional bacterial culturing." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 1 (December 7, 2010): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029910000725.
Full textAbstract:
Up to half of quarter milk samples submitted for mastitis diagnosis are culture-negative results or lead to identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci or Corynebacterium bovis in conventional culturing, the so-called minor pathogens. The interpretation and usefulness of these results in terms of udder and animal health management is limited, even though the amount of resources spent is relatively high. This work aimed to test two methods of analysis of milk samples with the goal of increasing detection of intramammary pathogens. In the first study, 783 milk samples were processed in duplicate: before and after freezing at −20°C for 24 h, using standard bacteriological techniques. There was a significant difference between the two methods with samples frozen for 24 h yielding significantly fewer Gram-positive catalase-positive cocci, Gram-negative bacilli, Gram-positive bacilli and significantly more samples leading to no growth, than samples before freezing. The number of samples yielding Gram-positive catalase-negative cocci was not significantly affected by freezing. In the second study, a real-time PCR-based test was performed on milk samples with an individual quarter somatic cell count above 500 000 cells/ml that were either negative (n=51 samples) or that led to the isolation of minor pathogens in culturing: Corynebacterium bovis (n=79 samples) or non-aureus staphylococci (NAS, n=32). A mastitis pathogen, beyond the result obtained with standard bacteriology, was detected on 47% of the no-growth samples, on 35% of the samples from which C. bovis had been isolated and on 25% of the samples from which NAS had been isolated. The most commonly detected major pathogen was Escherichia coli, followed by Streptococcus uberis, Arcanobacterium pyogenes/Peptoniphilus indolicus and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. These results suggest that simply freezing milk samples for 24 h does not increase the detection of intramammary bacteria in milk samples and therefore should not be recommended. However, use of the real-time PCR-based test may be useful in diagnosing intramammary infections when milk samples with high somatic cell counts are culture-negative or when culturing results in the detection of minor pathogens.
4
Ulrich, Sebastian, and Frank Ebel. "Monoclonal Antibodies as Tools to Combat Fungal Infections." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6010022.
Full textAbstract:
Antibodies represent an important element in the adaptive immune response and a major tool to eliminate microbial pathogens. For many bacterial and viral infections, efficient vaccines exist, but not for fungal pathogens. For a long time, antibodies have been assumed to be of minor importance for a successful clearance of fungal infections; however this perception has been challenged by a large number of studies over the last three decades. In this review, we focus on the potential therapeutic and prophylactic use of monoclonal antibodies. Since systemic mycoses normally occur in severely immunocompromised patients, a passive immunization using monoclonal antibodies is a promising approach to directly attack the fungal pathogen and/or to activate and strengthen the residual antifungal immune response in these patients.
5
Moran Losada, Patricia, Philippe Chouvarine, Marie Dorda, Silke Hedtfeld, Samira Mielke, Angela Schulz, Lutz Wiehlmann, and Burkhard Tümmler. "The cystic fibrosis lower airways microbial metagenome." ERJ Open Research 2, no. 2 (April 2016): 00096–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00096-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Chronic airway infections determine most morbidity in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Herein, we present unbiased quantitative data about the frequency and abundance of DNA viruses, archaea, bacteria, moulds and fungi in CF lower airways.Induced sputa were collected on several occasions from children, adolescents and adults with CF. Deep sputum metagenome sequencing identified, on average, approximately 10 DNA viruses or fungi and several hundred bacterial taxa.The metagenome of a CF patient was typically found to be made up of an individual signature of multiple, lowly abundant species superimposed by few disease-associated pathogens, such asPseudomonas aeruginosaandStaphylococcus aureus, as major components. The host-associated signatures ranged from inconspicuous polymicrobial communities in healthy subjects to low-complexity microbiomes dominated by the typical CF pathogens in patients with advanced lung disease. The DNA virus community in CF lungs mainly consisted of phages and occasionally of human pathogens, such as adeno- and herpesviruses. TheS. aureusandP. aeruginosapopulations were composed of one major and numerous minor clone types.The rare clones constitute a low copy genetic resource that could rapidly expand as a response to habitat alterations, such as antimicrobial chemotherapy or invasion of novel microbes.
6
Sain, Bhawana, Vandana Sharma, Ashok Kumar Sharma, Rakesh Goyal, and Mukesh Sharma. "DALAFLOXACIN- ANTIBACTERIAL: A REVIEW." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i1.2018.1597.
Full textAbstract:
Antibiotics (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antiviotika), also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobials drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. Cellulitis is an infection that involves the outer layers of the skin. It is commonly caused by bacteria known as beta-hemolytic streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus. You may experience pain, swelling, tenderness, warmth, and redness in the infected area. Complicate skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common for both outpatient and hospitalized patients and traditionally include various clinical symptoms ranging from minor superficial infections to necrotizing fasciitis with high rates of mortality. Delafloxacin (DLX) is a new FQ pending approval, which has shown a good in vitro and in vivo activity against major pathogens associated with ABSSSIs and CA-RTIs. It also shows good activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including those resistant to other FQ, and stability against multiresistant strains.
7
Kielak, Anna M., Mariana Silvia Cretoiu, Alexander V. Semenov, Søren J. Sørensen, and Jan Dirk van Elsas. "Bacterial Chitinolytic Communities Respond to Chitin and pH Alteration in Soil." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 1 (October 26, 2012): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02546-12.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTChitin amendment is a promising soil management strategy that may enhance the suppressiveness of soil toward plant pathogens. However, we understand very little of the effects of added chitin, including the putative successions that take place in the degradative process. We performed an experiment in moderately acid soil in which the level of chitin, next to the pH, was altered. Examination of chitinase activities revealed fast responses to the added crude chitin, with peaks of enzymatic activity occurring on day 7. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based analyses of 16S rRNA andchiAgenes showed structural changes of the phylogenetically and functionally based bacterial communities following chitin addition and pH alteration. Pyrosequencing analysis indicated (i) that the diversity ofchiAgene types in soil is enormous and (i) that differentchiAgene types are selected by the addition of chitin at different prevailing soil pH values. Interestingly, a major role of Gram-negative bacteria versus a minor one ofActinobacteriain the immediate response to the added chitin (based on 16S rRNA gene abundance andchiAgene types) was indicated. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the response of the soil bacterial communities to chitin and are of use for both the understanding of soil suppressiveness and the possible mining of soil for novel enzymes.
8
Falade, Mofolusho O., and Benson Otarigho. "Characterization of potential drug targeting folate transporter proteins from Eukaryotic Pathogens." F1000Research 6 (July 13, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10561.2.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Medically important pathogens are responsible for the death of millions every year. For many of these pathogens, there are limited options for therapy and resistance to commonly used drugs is fast emerging. The availability of genome sequences of many eukaryotic microbes is providing critical biological information for understanding parasite biology and identifying new drug and vaccine targets. Methods: We developed automated search strategies in the Eukaryotic Pathogen Database Resources (EuPathDB) to construct a protein list and retrieve protein sequences of folate transporters encoded in the genomes of 200 eukaryotic microbes. The folate transporters were categorized according to features including mitochondrial localization, number of transmembrane helix, and protein sequence relatedness. Results: We identified 234 folate transporter proteins associated with 63 eukaryotic microbes including 48 protozoa, 13 fungi the others being algae and bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis placed 219 proteins into a major clade and 15 proteins into a minor clade. All the folate transporter sequences from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium, belonged to the major clade. The identified folate transporters include folate-binding protein YgfZ, folate/pteridine transporter, folate/biopterin transporter, reduced folate carrier family protein and folate/methotrexate transporter FT1. About 60% of the identified proteins are reported for the first time. Phylogeny computation shows the similarity of the proteins identified. Conclusion: These findings offer new possibilities for potential drug development targeting folate-salvage proteins in eukaryotic pathogens.
9
Stocks, Claudia J., Minh-Duy Phan, Maud E. S. Achard, Nguyen Thi Khanh Nhu, Nicholas D. Condon, Jayde A. Gawthorne, Alvin W. Lo, et al. "UropathogenicEscherichia coliemploys both evasion and resistance to subvert innate immune-mediated zinc toxicity for dissemination." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 13 (March 7, 2019): 6341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820870116.
Full textAbstract:
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-inducible zinc toxicity is a recently described macrophage antimicrobial response used against bacterial pathogens. Here we investigated deployment of this pathway against uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC), the major cause of urinary tract infections. Primary human macrophages subjected EC958, a representative strain of the globally disseminated multidrug-resistant UPEC ST131 clone, to zinc stress. We therefore used transposon-directed insertion site sequencing to identify the complete set of UPEC genes conferring protection against zinc toxicity. Surprisingly, zinc-susceptible EC958 mutants were not compromised for intramacrophage survival, whereas corresponding mutants in the nonpathogenicE. coliK-12 strain MG1655 displayed significantly reduced intracellular bacterial loads within human macrophages. To investigate whether the intramacrophage zinc stress response of EC958 reflected the response of only a subpopulation of bacteria, we generated and validated reporter systems as highly specific sensors of zinc stress. Using these tools we show that, in contrast to MG1655, the majority of intramacrophage EC958 evades the zinc toxicity response, enabling survival within these cells. In addition, EC958 has a higher tolerance to zinc than MG1655, with this likely being important for survival of the minor subset of UPEC cells exposed to innate immune-mediated zinc stress. Indeed, analysis of zinc stress reporter strains and zinc-sensitive mutants in an intraperitoneal challenge model in mice revealed that EC958 employs both evasion and resistance against zinc toxicity, enabling its dissemination to the liver and spleen. We thus demonstrate that a pathogen of global significance uses multiple mechanisms to effectively subvert innate immune-mediated zinc poisoning for systemic spread.
10
OLIVER, S. P., B. E. GILLESPIE, M. J. LEWIS, T. L. INGLE, and H. H. DOWLEN. "Evaluation of Chlorhexidine as a Premilking Teat Disinfectant for the Prevention of Intramammary Infections During Lactation." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.7.614.
Full textAbstract:
A study was conducted for 15 months to evaluate efficacy of a 0.35% chlorhexidine teat dip as a premilking teat disinfectant based on reduction of naturally occurring new intramammary infections. Predipping was compared with a negative control using a split-udder experimental design. All teats were dipped after milking with the same 0.35% chlorhexidine teat dip. Most new major pathogen intramammary infections were caused by Streptococcus species, primarily Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus equinus and gram-negative bacteria, primarily Escherichia coli. Percentage of quarters newly infected by major mastitis pathogens was 30.6% lower in mammary glands with teats predipped and postdipped in chlorhexidine than in mammary glands with teats postdipped only, and differences between treatment groups approached significance. New infections by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species were significantly lower in mammary glands with teats predipped and postdipped than in mammary glands with teats postdipped only. When all mastitis pathogens were combined, percentage of quarters newly infected by major and minor mastitis pathogens was significantly lower in the predipped and postdipped group than in the postdipped only group. No statistical differences in incidence of clinical mastitis between treatment groups were observed. No chapping or irritation of teats was observed and no adverse effects were detected using chlorhexidine as a premilking and postmilking teat disinfectant. Results of this study suggest that premilking teat disinfection with chlorhexidine in association with good udder preparation and postmilking teat disinfection can further reduce the occurrence of new intramammary infections during lactation.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Minor and major bacterial pathogens"
1
Hassan, K. J. "Application of artificial neural networks for understanding and diagnosing the state of mastitis in dairy cattle." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/633.
Full textAbstract:
Bovine mastitis adversely affects the dairy industry around the world. This disease is caused by a diverse range of bacteria, broadly categorised as minor and major pathogens. In-line tools that help identify these bacterial groupings in the early stages of the disease are advantageous as timely decisions could be made before the cow develops any clinical symptoms. The first objective of this research was to identify the most informative milk parameters for the detection of minor and major bacterial pathogens. The second objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of supervised and unsupervised neural network learning paradigms for the detection of minor infected and major infected quarters in the early stages of the disease. The third objective was to evaluate the effects of different proportions of infected to non-infected cases in the training data set on the correct classification rate of the supervised neural network models as there are proportionately more non-infected cases in a herd than infected cases. A database developed at Lincoln University was used to achieve the research objectives. Starting at calving, quarter milk samples were collected weekly from 112 cows for a period of fourteen weeks, resulting in 4852 samples with complete records for somatic cell count (SCC), electrical resistance, protein percentage, fat percentage, and bacteriological status. To account for the effects of the stage of lactation on milk parameters with respect to days in milking, data was divided into three days in milk ranges. In addition, cow variation was accounted for by the sire family from which the cow originated and the lactation number of each cow. Data was pre-processed before the application of advanced analytical techniques. Somatic cell score (SCS) and electrical resistance index were derived from somatic cell count and electrical resistance, respectively. After pre-processing, the data was divided into training and validation sets for the unsupervised neural network modelling experiment and, for the supervised neural network modelling experiments, the data was divided into training, calibration and validation sets. Prior to any modelling experiments, the data was analysed using statistical and multivariate visualisation techniques. Correlations (p<0.05) were found between the infection status of a quarter and its somatic cell score (SCS, 0.86), electrical resistance index (ERI, -0.59) and protein percentage (PP, 0.33). The multivariate parallel visualisation analysis validated the correlation analysis. Due to significant multicolinearity [Correlations: SCS and ERI (-0.65: p<0.05); SCS and PP (0.32: p<0.05); ERI and PP (-0.35: p<0.05)], the original variables were decorrelated using principle component analysis. SCS and ERI were found to be the most informative variables for discriminating between non-infected, minor infected and major infected cases. Unsupervised neural network (USNN) model was trained using the training data set which was extracted from the database, containing approximately equal number of randomly selected records for each bacteriological status [not infected (NI), infected with a major pathogen (MJI) and infected with a minor pathogen (MNI)]. The USNN model was validated with the remaining data using the four principle components, days in milk (DIM), lactation number (LN), sire number, and bacteriological status (BS). The specificity of the USNN model in correctly identifying non infected cases was 97%. Sensitivities for correctly detecting minor and major infections were 89% and 80%, respectively. The supervised neural network (SNN) models were trained, calibrated and validated with several sets of training, calibration and validation data, which were randomly extracted from the database in such a way that each set has a different proportion of infected to non-infected cases ranging from 1:1 to 1:10. The overall accuracy of these models based on validation data sets gradually increased with increase in the number of non-infected cases in the data sets (80% for the 1:1, 84% for 1:2, 86% for 1:4 and 93% for 1:10). Specificities of the best models for correctly recognising non-infected cases for the four data sets were 82% for 1:1, 91% for 1:2, 94% for 1:4 and 98% for 1:10. Sensitivities for correctly recognising minor infected cases for the four data sets were 86% for 1:1, 76% for 1:2, 71% for 1:4 and 44% for 1:10. Sensitivities for correctly recognising major infected cases for the four data sets were 20% for 1:1, 20% for 1:2, 30% for 1:4 and 40% for 1:10. Overall, sensitivity for the minor infected cases decreased while that of major infected cases increased with increase in the number non-infected cases in the training data set. Due to the very low prevalence of MJI category in this particular herd, results for this category may be inconclusive. This research suggests that somatic cell score and electrical resistance index of milk were the most effective variables for detecting the infection status of a quarter followed by milk protein and fat percentage. The neural network models were able to differentiate milk containing minor and major bacterial pathogens based on milk parameters associated with mastitis. It is concluded that the neural network models can be developed and incorporated into milking machines to provide an efficient and effective method for the diagnosis of mastitis.
Books on the topic "Minor and major bacterial pathogens"
1
Zoysa, Aruni De. Other bacterial diseasesDiseases caused by corynebacteria and related organisms. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0019.
Full textAbstract:
The genus Corynebacterium contains the species Corynebacterium diphtheriae and the non-diphtherial corynebacteria. C. diphtheriae is the major human pathogen in this genus, but several species of nondiphtheria corynebacteria appear to be emerging as important pathogens.Zoonotic corynebacteria rarely cause disease in humans, but recent reports have indicated that the frequency and severity of infection associated with Corynebacterium ulcerans has increased in many countries. In the past most human C.ulcerans infections have occurred through close contact with farm animals or by consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. However, recently, there have been cases of human infection following close contact with household pets. Rhodococcus equi appears to be emerging as an important pathogen in immunocompromised patients, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Human infections caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is still a very rare occurrence.Antibiotics in combination with surgery and vaccination are the treatment of choice for human infection. Control of human infection is best achieved by raising awareness in those at risk (e.g. domestic pet owners, sheep shearers, the immunocompromised), clinicians involved in treating these groups and by vaccination. Reducing prevalence in the animal population could be achieved by improving hygiene in farms and husbandry practices, reducing minor injuries (e.g. cuts and abrasions) during routine procedures, and by vaccination.
2
Wilsey, Brian J. Biodiversity of Grasslands. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0002.
Full textAbstract:
Grasslands can be surprisingly diverse and contain many charismatic flora and fauna. Plant species are often combined into functional groups. Three major conceptual models: competitors-stress tolerants-ruderals (CSR); the leaf traits, plant height, seed mass (LHS); and R*, used to classify grassland species are described by the author. There are three distinct groups of mammalian herbivores based on the ways that herbivores harbor cellulose degrading microbes: hindgut fermentation, foregut fermentation, and foregut fermentation with rumination. Grasslands have a smaller number of bird species than forested systems, and the bird species that are endemic to grasslands tend to be specialized to open habitat (e.g., large flightless birds). Abundant insects can gathered into feeding groups. Single-celled organisms are important in grassland nutrient cycling and as mutualists and pathogens and are extremely abundant in soil. Soil pH is a strong predictor of bacterial diversity (as in plants), with diversity higher in neutral than in acidic soils.
3
Smith, Robert M., and Wendy J. Zochowski. Leptospirosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0027.
Full textAbstract:
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread and important zoonotic pathogens and is of global medical and veterinary importance. Clinical disease ranges from mild self-limiting influenza – like illness to fulminating repeats-several failure.It is caused by bacterial spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira, family Leptospiraceae. Pathogenic Leptospira interrogans strains, of which there are over 230 serovars in 24 serogroups, are morphologically identical in that they are thin, helical highly motile Gram-negative bacteria, hooked at one or both ends.Natural hosts of pathogenic strains, generally referred to as serovars, may cause infection in man and include wild animals (rodents), livestock (cattle and pigs) and pets (dogs). Most, if not all mammals may become long-term carriers (maintenance hosts). Leptospires become located in the renal tubules and excreted in the urine of infected reservoir animals, humans becoming infected through broken skin, mucous membranes and the conjunctivae.Leptospirosis is most commonly found in tropical or sub-tropical countries in both urban and rural settings. It causes major economic losses, to the highly intensive cattle and pig industries in developed countries, primarily through their effects on reproduction. It is still an important occupational disease risk for people working in agriculture or those living in unsanitary conditions. It is increasingly recognised as a recreational and travel-associated disease.
Book chapters on the topic "Minor and major bacterial pathogens"
1
Kerr, Ellen M., Greig Cahill, and Karen Fraser. "Detection of Four Major Bacterial Potato Pathogens." In Plant Pathology, 101–14. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-062-1_9.
Full text
2
Ranjana, K. C., Ugina Shrestha, Sanath Kumar, Indrika Ranaweera, Prathusha Kakarla, Mun Mun Mukherjee, Sharla R. Barr, et al. "Molecular Biology of Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps of the Major Facilitator Superfamily from Bacterial Food Pathogens." In Foodborne Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, 303–29. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119139188.ch13.
Full text
3
Jamrozik, Euzebiusz, and Michael J. Selgelid. "Surveillance and Control of Asymptomatic Carriers of Drug-Resistant Bacteria." In Ethics and Drug Resistance: Collective Responsibility for Global Public Health, 183–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_12.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Drug-resistant bacterial infections constitute a major threat to global public health. Several key bacteria that are becoming increasingly resistant are among those that are ubiquitously carried by human beings and usually cause no symptoms (i.e. individuals are asymptomatic carriers) until a precipitating event leads to symptomatic infection (and thus disease). Carriers of drug-resistant bacteria can also transmit resistant pathogens to others, thus putting the latter at risk of infections that may be difficult or impossible to treat with currently available antibiotics. Accumulating evidence suggests that such transmission occurs not only in hospital settings but also in the general community, although much more data are needed to assess the extent of this problem. Asymptomatic carriage of drug-resistant bacteria raises important ethical questions regarding the appropriate public health response, including the degree to which it would be justified to impose burdens and costs on asymptomatic carriers (and others) in order to prevent transmission. In this paper, we (i) summarize current evidence regarding the carriage of key drug-resistant bacteria, noting important knowledge gaps and (ii) explore the implications of existing public health ethics frameworks for decision- and policy-making regarding asymptomatic carriers. Inter alia, we argue that the relative burdens imposed by public health measures on healthy carriers (as opposed to sick individuals) warrant careful consideration and should be proportionate to the expected public health benefits in terms of risks averted. We conclude that more surveillance and research regarding community transmission (and the effectiveness of available interventions) will be needed in order to clarify relevant risks and design proportionate policies, although extensive community surveillance itself would also require careful ethical consideration.
4
Shoaib, Muhammad, Amjad Islam Aqib, Muhammad Aamir Naseer, Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta, Wanxia PU, Qaisar Tanveer, Iqra Muzammil, Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar, Muhammad Salman Younas, and Muhammad Hammad. "Etiology of Bovine Mastitis." In Mastitis [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98543.
Full textAbstract:
Mastitis in dairy animals is the primary concern of dairy farmers, which is the most common disease that causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. The economic losses due to mastitis are from a reduction in milk yield, condemnation of milk with antibiotic residues, veterinary treatment costs, and death. In addition, some mastitis pathogens also cause serious human diseases associated with the contamination of milk or milk products with bacteria or their toxins. Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by a wide range of environmental and contagious bacterial mastitis pathogens. Contagious pathogens are those whose main reservoir is the infected udder. Contagious pathogens mainly spread among animals during milking process whereas environmental pathogens spread from environment to udder at any time. The source of the environmental pathogens is the surrounding environment of an animal. The major contagious pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Mycoplasma spp. and the minor contagious pathogens include Corynebacterium bovis and others. Major environmental pathogens include coliform bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp.), environmental streptococci (Strep. dysgalactiae, Strep. uberis). This chapter covers detailed review of published data on contagious and environmental pathogens responsible for bovine mastitis.
5
Lamb, Chris. "Prospects for Engineering Enhanced Durable Disease Resistance in Crops." In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0020.
Full textAbstract:
Plants have evolved a battery of defense mechanisms that in aggregate provide protection against a wide range of potential viral, bacterial, fungal, and other pathogens encountered throughout the plant life cycle. However, in the artificial setting of agriculture, disease, although the exception, can be costly and even devastating. Crop diseases have played significant roles in human history, exemplified by the widespread starvation and mass emigration triggered by the failure of European potato crops in the mid-nineteenth century as a result of late blight. Today, the use of pesticides, breeding for resistance, and integrated pest management provide important tools for reducing crop losses to pre-and postharvest diseases. However, agrichemicals are expensive, prohibitively so for many fanners in developing countries, and there are increasing concerns about environmental load from their intensive application. Likewise, major disease resistance (R) genes are in many cases not durable, resistance breaking down within one or two seasons as a result of selection pressure on the pathogen population, and most breeding efforts now rely on combinations of minor resistance genes, each giving partial protection. For a number of important diseases, such as take-all of wheat, there is no effective genetic resistance. Population growth, migration to cities, desertification, and climate change all now contribute to an urgent need to secure diversified food production against disease losses. In this chapter I discuss the prospects that genetic engineering of disease-resistance mechanisms can contribute to durable, broad protection and hence underpin enhanced crop productivity. Plants have a number of performed physical and chemical defensive mechanisms that help protect against the myriad potential pathogens to which plants arc exposed (Osbourn, 1996). However, superimposed upon this preexisting protective armory, plants respond to the perception of pathogen attack by activation of inducible defense mechanisms (Lamb et al., 1989; Staskawicz et al., 1995). Many of the most important crop diseases involve specialized interactions between pathogen and host. Interactions between specific plant cultivars and defined physiological races or strains of potential pathogens are described as compatible (host susceptible, pathogen virulent) or incompatible (host resistant, pathogen avirulent).
6
Barrow, Paul. "Major pathogens and pathogenesis." In Advancements and Technologies in Pig and Poultry Bacterial Disease Control, 53–78. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818030-3.00006-4.
Full text
7
Imran Qadir, Muhammad, and Momal Tariq. "Burn Infection: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Staphylococcus Aureus are the Major Pathogens." In Bacterial Diseases, 38–41. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789811473760120010010.
Full text
8
Kerro Dego, Oudessa. "Current Status of Antimicrobial Resistance and Prospect for New Vaccines against Major Bacterial Bovine Mastitis Pathogens." In Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94227.
Full textAbstract:
Economic losses due to bovine mastitis is estimated to be $2 billion in the United States alone. Antimicrobials are used extensively in dairy farms for prevention and treatment of mastitis and other diseases of dairy cattle. The use of antimicrobials for treatment and prevention of diseases of dairy cattle needs to be prudent to slow down the development, persistence, and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from dairy farms to humans, animals, and farm environments. Because of public health and food safety concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial residues in meat and milk, alternative approaches for disease control are required. These include vaccines, improvements in housing, management practices that reduce the likelihood and effect of infectious diseases, management systems and feed formulation, studies to gain a better understanding of animal behavior, and the development of more probiotics and competitive exclusion products. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from cases of mastitis and dairy farm environments is important for treatment decisions and proper design of antimicrobial-resistance mitigation measures. It also helps to determine emergence, persistence, and potential risk of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistome from these reservoirs in dairy farms to humans, animals, and farm environments.
9
Kollipara, Avinash, De’Ashia Lee, and Toni Darville. "Sexually Transmitted Infections and the Urgent Need for Vaccines: A Review of Four Major Bacterial STI Pathogens." In Mucosal Vaccines, 625–47. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00036-5.
Full text
10
Franklin, Alan B., Sarah N. Bevins, and Susan A. Shriner. "Pathogens from Wild Birds at the Wildlife–Agriculture Interface." In Infectious Disease Ecology of Wild Birds, 207–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746249.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Birds are known to carry pathogens affecting human and agricultural health. Conversely, agricultural operations can serve as sources of pathogens that affect wild bird populations. This chapter provides guidelines to identify focal avian species that frequently use agricultural operations. These guidelines are coupled with identifying host types, such as maintenance and bridge hosts, and potential direct and indirect pathways for pathogen contamination from wild birds to agricultural operations, including patterns of spillover and spillback. The chapter also identifies major bacterial and viral pathogens of concern that are prevalent in birds and that affect human and agricultural health. These pathogens are then used to illustrate disease ecology concepts important at the wildlife–agriculture interface. These microorganisms include food-borne bacteria, influenza A viruses, and Newcastle disease virus. The chapter introduces the concept of contamination potential for categorizing avian species in terms of the risk they pose to contamination of agricultural operations with pathogens of concern. Finally, the chapter examines long-distance movements of wild birds in relation to pathogen introduction and illustrates this with global movement of influenza A viruses by wild birds.