Academic literature on the topic 'Ministerial responsibility – Spain'

Spain did not take part in the First World War (1914-1918), but its political consequences were reflected in the subsequent crisis that gripped the entire Spanish society. The post-war economic crisis led to an increase in social tension (emergence of inflationary processes, reduction in the supply of basic necessities, low wage growth) and to the strengthening of nationalism. The economic crisis further exacerbates social conflicts and disrupts the social structure of society. The problem in Morocco is also contributing to the country's financial deficit and exacerbating existing problems. Added to this was the political instability and ministerial crises of the period 1917-1923. The constitutional monarchy made efforts to maintain the status quo, but internal and external conflicts strongly affected the stability of the institution. General elections were held four times and eleven different governments were formed. It is the crisis of the parliamentary system that creates opportunities for changes in the Spanish political system. All this leads the country to a political impasse, which the military in the person of General Primo de Rivera takes advantage of. The intervention of the army in the political life of Spain is an attempt to resolve the conflicts among the rulers, but the crisis deepens not only in Parliament, but also in society. Constant contradictions give rise to hatred of politics. The army takes the responsibility (thus the king hides from the responsibility) of rearranging the political system or building a new one and meets the approval of the majority of the society, which is ready for political reorganization. The conditions in the country are ready for a coup, the main actors are needed who will go down in history and who will take advantage of the situation to take power. The man who takes a tougher stance, as well as the challenge of running the country after a series of failed governments, is General Primo de Rivera. He established a dictatorship and ruled Spain from 1923-1930. The coup was carried out on the 13th of September 1923. Then General Primo de Rivera issued a Manifesto, which was an address to the army and society and marked the main responsibilities and commitments that were undertaken for implementation. The civilian government of the dictatorship began an active economic and social policy. It was largely successful and coincided with the worldwide economic boom of the mid-1920s. Reforms were also undertaken in the social, educational and military systems. Changes are taking place in both political and ecclesiastical life. Attempts are being made to resolve the regional problem and the existing situation in Morocco. There are also innovations in relations with the republics of Latin America. In view of later historical developments, it is clear that this regime could not have lasted long, but in a sense it became the basis of the subsequent “new state” regime after 1939. The time frame of the two dictatorships is long enough and the parallels and the events are different, but some ideas, institutions and even politicians in power in 1939 inherited the dictatorial years of 1923-1930. This coincides with the transformations that occurred in many European countries after the end of the First World War. The administration of General Primo de Rivera left an imprint on the historical development of Spain and served as an example for many European countries, including the Balkans.

El Ministerio Fiscal español tiene ante todo un problema de identidad orgánica. Se desea que sea independiente del Gobierno, pero las normas confirman una cierta dependencia. El Ministerio Fiscal debe ser dependiente del Gobierno si se consuma la reforma hacia un modelo adversarial de enjuiciamiento criminal, porque ésa es la naturaleza que mejor cuadra con dicho sistema, en donde el acusado sabe que enfrente tiene a la Administración, que, cumpliendo con su deber público, le exige con todo su poder responsabilidad por sus actos. Hasta que se produzca el cambio, es mejor dejar las cosas como están. El Ministerio Fiscal no debe instruir el proceso penal ni dirigir la investigación del crimen mientras no tengamos el antedicho sistema adversarial vigente en España. Sería constitucional si lo hiciera, pero no está probado que esté preparado para hacerlo, y probablemente, a pesar de declaraciones oficiales, no desee asumir ahora esa responsabilidad. Con las normas y la práctica actual, correría el peligro de ser visualizado en los casos más importantes como un órgano no objetivo.The Spanish Public Prosecution Service has, foremost, a problem of organic identity. It is believed that it should be independent from the Government, but the laws confirm some degree of dependence. The Public Prosecution should depend on the Government if the reform toward an adversarial model of criminal procedure is pursued, because that is the nature that best fits a system in which the defendant knows he is facing an Administration that, fulfilling its public duty, is demanding with all its powers that he takes responsibility for his actions. Until the change is produced, it is better to leave things as they are. The Public Prosecution Service should not direct the criminal investigation while the foresaid adversarial system in not in force in Spain. If it did, it would be constitutional, but it has not been demonstrated that it is ready to do so and, probably, in spite of official declarations, the Public Prosecution does not want now to assume that responsibility. With the current laws and practices, the Prosecution Service would be in danger of being taken as a non-objective organ in the most important cases.

La sostenibilidad ambiental y la formación de los recursos humanos son dos factores estructurales de la competitividad de un destino turístico. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es conocer cómo los estudios superiores de máster y doctorado en España abordan los aspectos de sostenibilidad ambiental. La metodología utilizada para abordar este objetivo ha sido el análisis del contenido de los 55 programas académicos de máster (impartidos por 39 universidades) y los 7 de doctorado (impartidos por 18 universidades) a partir de los documentos publicados en el Registro de Universidades, Centros y Títulos del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España y en las páginas web de las universidades. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian la baja incidencia que, por el momento, tiene el concepto de sostenibilidad ambiental en los curricula de los másteres, en las líneas de investigación de los programas de doctorado y en las tesis doctorales presentadas en la última década. También se ha observado que su consideración se aborda de forma puntual y aislada en los programas sin insertarse en visiones integrales. Además de una cuestión de responsabilidad social y económica en relación con el uso de los recursos naturales, se considera que la sostenibilidad ambiental es el área que permite actualmente un mayor margen de mejora de la oferta de los destinos turísticos para incrementar su competitividad. Por tanto, es responsabilidad de las universidades formar a sus estudiantes en el desarrollo de técnicas y competencias que atiendan a estas necesidades del sector e inculcar una ética de los valores ambientales y el respeto por la naturaleza y el planeta. Environmental sustainability and human resources education are two structural factors in the competitiveness of a tourist destination. The main objective of the current work is to discover how higher education in master and doctoral studies in Spain address aspects of environmental sustainability. The methodology used to attain the objective was the content analysis of 55 academic master's programmes (taught by 39 universities) and 7 doctoral programmes (taught by 18 universities) based on the documents published in the Legal Register of Universities, Colleges and University Qualifications (Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities) and on the websites of the universities. The obtained results demonstrate that, for the moment, the concept of environmental sustainability has a low impact on the curricula of master's degrees, research lines of the doctoral programmes and on doctoral dissertations presented over the last decade. It has also been noted that environmental sustainability is addressed without being inserted into comprehensive visions. Beyond a question of social and economic responsibility in relation to the use of natural resources, environmental sustainability is a key area for improvement in the framework of the tourism offerin many destinations to increase their competitiveness. It is, therefore, the responsibility of universities to educate their students in the development of techniques and skills that meet these needs of the sector and to instil them with an ethic of environmental values and respect for nature and the planet.

Resumen. La situación de las mujeres, en relación con los periodos históricos, siempre ha sido la de supervivencia. Tras el inicio de la Guerra Civil, y la involución en derechos, las mujeres republicanas sufrieron una doble victimización, la pérdida de derechos y seres queri­dos, y represión sobre su honor, su intimidad, o su cuerpo siendo ultrajadas, violadas, encarce­ladas, vejadas, “paseadas”, rapadas, obligadas a ingerir aceite de ricino, asesinadas, e incluso, fusilamiento en grupo, como fue el caso de las 13 rosas. El trabajo esclavo sufrido por ellas, en ocasiones, en condiciones más duras que el de los hombres.Por el bando golpista, ellas eran deshumanizadas o asesinadas sin responsabilidad para el asesino, y por el lado republicano, terminaban sus días sin el reconocimiento merecido de los compañeros de lucha o resistencia. Su situación en la dictadura posterior, fue de reducción a minoría de edad, con la cooperación de la Iglesia católica.Con la llegada de la democracia, las conquistas de derechos sociales fueron muchas, no así, los avances en feminismo. Prueba de ello es que, no será hasta abril de 2004, cuando en España se conozca la paridad en el Consejo de Ministros.La metodología de la investigación, parte del análisis de las fuentes o literatura científica, dividida en seis grandes bloques: Ley de Memoria Histórica; documentación de las comandan­cias de la guardia civil, y archivo General del Ministerio del Interior; jurisprudencia de Juzgados y Tribunales nacionales y europeos; los libros “Valientes”, de la periodista de El País Natalia Jun­quera; “San Marcos. El campo de concentración desconocido”, de las periodistas López Alonso y Gallo Roncero; así como de una entrevista al presidente José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, para la tesis doctoral del autor de esta candidatura, “procesos legales en memoria histórica”.Las heroínas fueron ellas, porque sobrevivieron.Palabras clave: mujeres, republicanas, derechos, reconocimiento, represión, asesinadas.Abstract. The situation of women, in relation to historical periods, has always been that of survival. After the beginning of the Civil War, and the involution in rights, republican women suffered a double victimization, the loss of rights and loved ones, and repression of their ho­nor, their privacy, or their body being outraged, raped, imprisoned, vexed , “Strolled”, shaved, forced to ingest castor oil, murdered, and even, group shooting, as was the case of the 13 roses. Slave labor suffered by them, sometimes, in harder conditions than that of men.For the coup side, they were dehumanized or killed without responsibility for the mur­derer, and on the Republican side, they ended their days without the deserved recognition of the comrades in struggle or resistance. Its situation in the subsequent dictatorship was re­duced to a minority, with the cooperation of the Catholic Church.With the arrival of democracy, the conquests of social rights were many, not so, the ad­vances in feminism. Proof of this is that it will not be until April 2004, when parity in Spain is known in the Council of Ministers.The methodology of the investigation, part of the analysis of the sources or scientific literature, divided into six large blocks: Law of Historical Memory; documentation of the com­manders of the Civil Guard, and General Archive of the Ministry of the Interior; jurisprudence of national and European Courts and Tribunals; the “Valientes” books, by El País journalist Natalia Junquera; “San Marcos. The unknown concentration camp “, by journalists López Alonso and Gallo Roncero; as well as an interview with President José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, for the doc­toral thesis of the author of this candidacy, “legal processes in historical memory”.The heroines were them, because they survived.Keywords: republicans rights, recognition, repression, murdered.

Resumen: En el período de referencia no hay nuevas quejas “abiertas” o “en seguimiento” ante el Comité de Libertad Sindical que afecten al Estado español. Tampoco el Informe del Comité de Libertad Sindical núm. 387, adoptado en su 334.ª reunión (Ginebra, 25 de octubre – 8 de noviembre de 2018) refieran alguna problemática en relación al Reino de España.Ocho sentencias del TEDH son objeto de comentario, seis que afectan directamente al estado Español, y otras dos, relativas a la influencia de la ética religiosa en el empleo y al devengo de las vacaciones no dis­frutadas por fallecimiento del trabajador que pueden iluminar algunos aspectos de la legislación nacional.La primera sentencia analizada del Tribunal de Justicia es la del 11 de julio de 2019 [asunto: C-60/17]. Somoza Hermo c. Esabe Vigilancia en un supuesto de subrogación contractual en transmisión de empresas por imperativo del convenio colectivo. Se trata comprobar si es posible que el convenio colectivo limite la responsabilidad solidaria característica de la normativa comunitaria en supuestos de transmisión de empresas. La STJUE de 25 de julio de 2018 [asunto: C-96/17]. Vernoza Ayovi c. Consorci Sanitari analiza el sistema singular del sistema de extinción de los contratos de trabajo de los trabajadores indefinidos no fijos y su acomodación a la normativa comunitaria.En la STJUE de 7 de agosto de 2018 [asunto: C-472/16]. Colino Sigüenza c. Ayuntamiento de Va­lladolid se aborda el problema de la si existe una transmisión de empresa cuando una empresa continua con una actividad tras el cese de la anterior empresa en una adjudicación pública (escuela municipal de música) si ha existido un tiempo sin actividad por parte de ninguna empresa.La STJUE de 11 de septiembre de 2018 [asunto: C-68/17]. IR c. JQ, en un asunto que no afecta a España, analiza si las actividades profesionales cuya ética se sustenta en la religión pueden discriminar a un trabajador por haberse vuelto a casar sin haber anulado el anterior matrimonio. De lo que se trata es de averiguar qué requisitos y bajo qué condiciones es legítimo imponer que determinados trabajadores profesen la ética de la entidad religiosa para la que trabajan.La STJUE de 19 de septiembre de 2018 [asunto: C-41/17]. González Casto c. Mutua Umivale, sí afecta al ordenamiento español. Se trata de determinar si la evaluación de riesgos en el trabajo nocturno debe ser predicable de trabajadores que efectúan trabajo a turnos en los que alguno de ellos, efectiva­mente puede ser en horario nocturno, especialmente en aquellos casos en los que la trabajadora ha soli­citado la prestación por riesgos durante la lactancia natura.En la muy interesante S TJUE de 6 de noviembre de 2018 [asuntos acumulados: C-569/16 y C-570/16]. Stadt Wuppertal y V.W c. M.B. se analiza, para el ordenamiento jurídico alemán, qué ocurre con el disfrute de las vacaciones anuales retribuidas de aquellos trabajadores que no pudieron disfrutar de ellas aunque ya había trabajado tiempo suficiente para devengar una parte sustancial de las mismas. Como resolución singular para nuestro ordenamiento debe citarse la S TJUE de 21 de noviembre de 2018 [asunto: C-619/17]. Ministerio de Defensa c. Diego Porras II, que versa sobre la indemnización que procede por terminación de un contrato de interinidad.La STJUE de 21 de noviembre de 2018 [asunto: C-245/17]. Viejobueno y Vara c. Consejería de Educación aborda una problemática muy específica, la finalización de la relación laboral del docente al acabar el curso académico, y la discriminación que sufrirían los trabajadores por no disfrutar las vaca­ciones anuales retribuídas.En el ámbito del TEDH se ha reseñado la sentencia de 6 de noviembre de 2018 en el Asunto: Vicent del Campco c. España (demanda núm.: 25527/13), sobre responsabilidad patrimonial de la ad­ministración y acoso en lugar de trabajo. En un procedimiento para la exención de la responsabilidad de la Administración (educativa, en este caso) por no haber evitado una situación de acoso laboral en el trabajo se condena a la Administración a satisfacer una determinada cantidad económica a una víctima de acoso. Pero el Tribunal identifica al acosador por su nombre y apellidos y relata de manera detallada las circunstancias del caso. El acosador no sólo no había sido parte en el procedimiento Contencioso-Administrativo, sino que tampoco tenido conocimiento de la tramitación de dicho procedimiento. Se entiende perjudicado y acude al TEDH solicitando la reparación de su derecho pues entiende que se han vulnerado su derecho a la vida privada y familiar (art. 8) y su derecho a un proceso justo (art. 6).Palabras clave: convenio colectivo, transmisión de empresas, trabajador indefinido no fijo, ad­judicación de servicio público a otra empresa, discriminación por motivos religiosos, trabajo a turnos, trabajo nocturno, prevención de riesgos laborales, riesgo durante la lactancia natural, vacaciones anuales retribuidas, fallecimiento del trabajador, contrato de interinidad, indemnización por finalización de con­trato, funcionarios docentes interinos, extinción objetiva del contrato de trabajo por falta de necesidades docentes, responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración, procedimiento Contencioso-Administrati­vo, acoso en lugar de trabajo.Abstract: In the reference period, there are no new “open” or “follow-up” complaints before the Committee on Freedom of Association that affect the Spanish State. Nor does the Report of the Commit­tee on Freedom of Association, No. 387, adopted at its 334th meeting (Geneva, October 25 - November 8, 2018) refer to some problems in relation to the Kingdom of Spain.Eight judgments of the ECHR are subject to comment, six that directly affect the Spanish state, and two others, relating to the influence of religious ethics on employment and the accrual of holidays not enjoyed due to the death of the worker that can illuminate some aspects of the national legislation.The first judgment analyzed by the Court of Justice is that of July 11, 2019 [case: C-60/17]. So­moza Hermo c. Esabe Surveillance in a case of contractual subrogation in the transfer of companies by virtue of the collective agreement. The aim is to check whether it is possible for the collective agreement to limit the joint and several liability that is characteristic of Community legislation in cases of transfer of companies.The S TJUE of 25 July 2018 [case: C-96/17]. Vernoza Ayovi c. Consorci Sanitari analyzes the sin­gular system of the system of extinction of the work contracts of undefined non-fixed workers and their adaptation to the community regulations.In the SJJE dated 7 August 2018 [case: C-472/16]. Colin Sigüenza c. Valladolid City Council addresses the problem of whether there is a transfer of company when a company continues with an activity after the cessation of the previous company in a public award (municipal music school) if there has been a time without activity by any company.The SJJE of 11 September 2018 [case: C-68/17]. IR c. JQ, in a matter that does not affect Spain, analyzes whether professional activities whose ethics are based on religion can discriminate against a worker for having remarried without having annulled the previous marriage. What it is about is to find out what requirements and under what conditions it is legitimate to impose that certain workers profess the ethics of the religious entity for which they work.The S CJEU of 19 September 2018 [case: C-41/17]. González Casto c. Mutua Umivale, does affect the Spanish legal system. The aim is to determine if the assessment of risks in night work should be pre­dicable of workers who work shifts in which some of them can actually be at night, especially in those cases in which the worker has requested the benefit for risks during lactation natura.In the very interesting S TJUE of November 6, 2018 [cumulative matters: C-569/16 and C-570/16]. Stadt Wuppertal and V.W c. M.B. it is analyzed, for the German legal system, what happens with the enjoyment of paid annual holidays of those workers who could not enjoy them even though they had already worked enough time to earn a substantial part of them.As a singular resolution for our ordinance, the SJJEJ of November 21, 2018 [case: C-619/17] must be cited. Ministry of Defense c. Diego Porras II, which deals with the compensation that comes from the termination of an interim contract.The S TJUE of 21 November 2018 [case: C-245/17]. Viejobueno y Vara c. The Ministry of Education addresses a very specific problem, the termination of the teacher’s employment relationship at the end of the academic year, and the discrimination suffered by workers for not enjoying the annual paid vacation.In the field of the ECHR the sentence of November 6, 2018 in the Subject: Vicent del Campco c. Spain (demand no .: 25527/13), on property liability of the administration and harassment in place of work. In a procedure for the exemption of the responsibility of the Administration (educational, in this case) for not having avoided a situation of labor harassment at work, the Administration is condemned to satisfy a certain amount of money to a victim of harassment. But the Court identifies the harasser by his first and last name and tells in detail the circumstances of the case. The harasser not only had not been a party to the Contentious-Administrative proceedings, but also had no knowledge of the processing of said procedure. The injured party is considered to be in the ECHR requesting the reparation of his right, since he understands that his right to private and family life has been violated (Article 8) and his right to a fair trial (Article 6).Keywords: collective agreement,transmission of companies, indefinite worker not fixed, adju­dication of public service to another company, discrimination on religious grounds, night work, pre­vention of occupational hazards, risk during breastfeeding, paid annual holidays,death of the wor­ker, interim contract, compensation for termination of contract, temporary teaching staff,objective termination of the employment contract due to lack of teaching needs, management liability of the Administration,contentious-Administrative Procedure, harassment in the workplace.