Journal articles: 'Minimum temperature difference'

1

Karim, Mohammad A. "Minimum resolvable temperature difference model: a critical evaluation." Optical Engineering 30, no. 11 (1991): 1788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.55997.

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Kolobrodov, Valentin G., and Mykola M. Lutsjuk. "Minimum Temperature Difference Perceived for Undersampled Medical Thermal Imager." Research Bulletin of the National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Politechnic Institute", no. 5 (October 31, 2017): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1810-0546.2017.5.100137.

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Heggs, P. J. "Minimum temperature difference approach concept in heat exchanger networks." Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 9, no. 4 (January 1989): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(89)90089-6.

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Chrzanowski, Krzysztof. "A minimum-resolvable-temperature difference model for simplified analysis." Infrared Physics 31, no. 4 (January 1991): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-0891(91)90001-v.

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5

Groot, Arthur, and Derek W. Carlson. "Influence of shelter on night temperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-172.

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Measurements of frost damage and bud-break phenology were made during the spring of 1993 and 1994 on planted white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings and on trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) suckers in combination with measurements of minimum air temperature and long-wave radiation in forest openings of different sizes and configurations (1.5-ha clearcut, 9 and 18 m wide strips, 9 and 18 m diameter circular openings and intact forest) near Chapleau, Ontario. The average minimum air temperature during early summer (May–June) decreased linearly as the sky view factor of the forest openings increased. The average difference in minimum air temperature between the forest and clearcut opening was nearly 3 °C for the period, and during clear night sky conditions, this temperature difference approached 6 °C. The difference in minimum temperature between the forest and clearcut during cloudy night sky conditions was slightly greater than 1 °C. Differences in minimum air temperature between the forest and each of the openings increased with decreasing incoming long-wave radiation. The largest differences occurred between the forest and the clearcut with low incoming long-wave radiation (cloudless nights). Minimum air temperatures in the 9-m strip and 9-m circle differed little from minimums in the forest under all long-wave radiation regimes. Moderation of air temperature on clear nights would be best achieved with sky view factors of less than 0.3, implying a maximum strip width of 0.6 tree heights and a maximum patch diameter of 2.2 tree heights. Damage to white spruce seedlings after a frost in the spring of 1993 increased with increasing sky view factor. Nearly 75% of the seedlings in the clear-cut had medium or heavy frost damage, while only 2% of the seedlings in the 9-m circle and forest were frost damaged. Opening size and configuration had little influence on the timing of bud break in either the white spruce seedlings or the trembling aspen suckers.

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Vieira Junior, Nilson Aparecido, Paulo Henrique Caramori, Marcelo Augusto de Aguiar e. Silva, and Pablo Ricardo Nitsche. "Diferenças de temperatura mínima entre o abrigo meteorológico e a relva em noites com geadas." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 39, no. 6 (November 30, 2018): 2337. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2018v39n6p2337.

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A phenomenon called thermal inversion, in which there is the accumulation of colder and denser air in the layers closer to the soil, occurs in radiative frost nights, resulting in a temperature gradient with differences between the meteorological screen and grass, which vary depending on cooling conditions. Knowing this temperature difference assists in taking preventive measures against radiative frosts, as well as in estimating the probability of their occurrences. In this context, this study aimed to verify the adjustment of different probability distributions to determine the differences between the minimum temperature measured in the meteorological screen and grass temperature below 0 °C for eight regions of the Paraná State, as well as the probability of occurring these differences and adjust estimation equations of grass temperature from minimum air temperature. Temperature differences between the screen and grass were calculated and probability distributions of their occurrences were adjusted in order to determine risks per intervals of temperature differences. Estimation equations of grass temperature were adjusted from minimum screen temperatures. Average gradients of minimum temperature were observed between the screen and grass ranging from 4.2 to 6.3 °C in the analyzed regions. The average temperature difference measured in the meteorological screen and grass for the Paraná State was 5 °C. The probabilistic model of normal distribution is the most suitable for determining the probability of occurring the differences between the screen and grass temperatures for the Paraná State. Regional relief and climate conditions influence the magnitude of the minimum temperature gradient measured in the meteorological screen and grass. Estimation equations can be useful to determine the grass temperature based on the minimum air temperature for periods in which there is no such data and thus provide a subsidy for studies of risk analysis of frosts. The results of this analysis are empirical and the equations should be used in regions in which they were adjusted aiming at a higher accuracy.

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Bijl, Piet. "Triangle orientation discrimination: the alternative to minimum resolvable temperature difference and minimum resolvable contrast." Optical Engineering 37, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.601904.

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Blankert, Bastiaan, Johannes S. Vrouwenvelder, Geert-Jan Witkamp, and Noreddine Ghaffour. "Minimum Net Driving Temperature Concept for Membrane Distillation." Membranes 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10050100.

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In this study, we analyzed the heat requirement of membrane distillation (MD) to investigate the trade-off between the evaporation efficiency and driving force efficiency in a single effect MD system. We found that there exists a non-zero net driving temperature difference that maximizes efficiency. This is the minimum net driving temperature difference necessary for a rational operational strategy because below the minimum net driving temperature, both the productivity and efficiency can be increased by increasing the temperature difference. The minimum net driving temperature has a similar magnitude to the boiling point elevation (~0.5 °C for seawater), and depends on the properties of the membrane and the heat exchanger. The minimum net driving temperature difference concept can be used to understand the occurrence of optimal values of other parameters, such as flux, membrane thickness, and membrane length, if these parameters are varied in a way that consequently varies the net driving temperature difference.

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Kolobrodov, V. G., N. I. Lykholit, and V. M. Tiagur. "Minimum resolvable temperature difference for thermal imager of space basing." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 20, no. 1(86) (January 30, 2014): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2014.01.023.

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10

Krapels, Keith, Ronald Driggers, Richard Vollmerhausen, and Carl Halford. "Minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRT): procedure improvements and dynamic MRT." Infrared Physics & Technology 43, no. 1 (February 2002): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4495(01)00115-3.

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11

Vortman, J. G., and A. Bar-Lev. "Improved Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference Model For Infrared Imaging Systems." Optical Engineering 26, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 266492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.7974104.

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12

Taubkin, Igor I., Michael A. Trishenkov, and Nikolai V. Vasilchenko. "Minimum temperature difference detected by the thermal radiation of objects." Infrared Physics & Technology 35, no. 5 (August 1994): 715–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4495(94)90064-7.

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13

Varbanov, Petar Sabev, Zsófia Fodor, and Jiří Jaromír Klemeš. "Total Site targeting with process specific minimum temperature difference (ΔTmin)." Energy 44, no. 1 (August 2012): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.12.025.

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KESETYANINGSIH, Tri Wulandari, Sri ANDARINI, Sudarto SUDARTO, and Henny PRAMOEDYO. "The Minimum-Maximum Weather Temperature Difference Effect on Dengue Incidence in Sleman Regency of Yogyakarta, Indonesia." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 15, no. 5 (January 28, 2018): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2018.2277.

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Dengue is a viral disease, transmitted by Aedes aegypti, and is still a big problem in tropical areas, including Indonesia, where the temperatures are relatively warm and suitable for vector mosquito life. In the dry season, the day and night temperature differences are quite sharp and, at that time, the number of dengue cases is low. In this study, the difference between day and night temperature is referred to as daily temperature fluctuation and represented by the maximum and minimum temperature difference in each month. The research was conducted in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, as an endemic area, and the data were collected from 4 endemic areas in Sleman; Gamping, Godean, Sleman, and Depok districts. The data collected were quantitative with serial data retrospective. Secondary data of monthly dengue incidence in the years 2008 - 2013 were obtained from the Regency Health Office and used as a dependent variable. Monthly minimum and maximum temperatures in the same periods were obtained from the Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics. The differences between the minimum and maximum temperatures were calculated, to be used as independent variable data, and represented the different day and night temperatures of the month. Data were analyzed by using linear regressions to determine the influence of fluctuating temperature on the incidence of dengue. Results show that fluctuating temperature affected dengue incidence in the districts of Godean (p = 0.000; R2 = 0.207) and Gamping (p = 0.006; R2 = 0.125), but did not affect it in Sleman (p = 0.164) or Depok (p = 0.075). The data suggests that fluctuating temperature affected dengue incidence with powers of 20.7 % in Godean and 12.5 % in Gamping.

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Lee, Jeong-Joo, Ji-San Kim, Hyuk-Kyun Chang, Dong-Chan Lee, and Chang-Wan Kim. "The Effect of Tab Attachment Positions and Cell Aspect Ratio on Temperature Difference in Large-Format LIBs Using Design of Experiments." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010116.

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Large-format lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) suffer from problems in terms of their product life and capacity due to large temperature differences in LIB cells. This study analyzes the effect of design factors on temperature distribution using a 3D electrochemical–thermal model. The design of experiments methodology is used to obtain the sampling points and analyze the effect of the cell aspect ratio, negative tab attachment position, and positive tab attachment position. These were considered as design factors for the maximum and minimum temperatures, as well as their difference, in large-format LIB cells. The results reveal that the cell aspect ratio, negative tab attachment position, and positive tab attachment position considerably influence temperature distribution. The cell aspect ratio has the most significant effect on the temperature distribution by changing the longest current pathway and the distance between tabs and the lowest temperature point in the LIB cell. A positive tab attachment position affects the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and the temperature difference due to the heat generation caused by the high resistance of aluminum, which the positive tab is made. Furthermore, a negative tab attachment position affects the minimum temperature due to low resistance.

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Lindström, Anders, and Erik Troeng. "Temperature variations in planting mounds during winter." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-057.

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Soil temperatures were measured at a depth of 8 cm in top, middle, and bottom positions of 30 cm high mineral and organic mounds and at 8 cm depth in scarified patches during winter and spring 1987–1988 and 1988–1989. At low air temperature, frozen mounds without snow cover showed much lower temperatures than snow-covered mounds, the maximum difference being 16 °C. During the coldest period of the two winters, when minimum air temperature was −26 °C, soil temperature in the top of a snowless mineral mound remained within −16 to −10 °C for 3.5 days and −8 to −5 °C in a snowless scarified patch. Minimum temperatures were lower, duration of low temperature freezing was longer, and temperature changes were more rapid in mineral than in organic mounds. Large temperature differences were found between the top and the bottom of mounds. In dry conditions during early spring, the upper part of the mineral mound thawed and froze repeatedly with daily maximum and minimum temperatures of 5 °C and −6 °C. Soil temperature patterns during the winter period are discussed in relation to root freezing tolerance of conifer seedlings. Mounding as a scarification method should be used with care as winter temperatures may injure seedling root systems.

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17

Bijl, Piet. "Bias-free procedure for the measurement of the minimum resolvable temperature difference and minimum resolvable contrast." Optical Engineering 38, no. 10 (October 1, 1999): 1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.602226.

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18

Abubakar, Abdulkareem. "Cost Reduction of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit in Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company using Pinch Technology." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 17, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v17i3.5.

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Pinch technology is one of the most powerful methodologies of process integration that allows industries to increase their profitability through reductions in energy, water and raw materials consumption. In this study, reduction in the total annual cost of heat exchanger network (HEN) of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit in Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), Kaduna was determined. With the help of pinch technology, the reduction was achieved by first determining optimum minimum temperature difference by trading off energy cost and capital cost targets as a function of minimum temperature difference. Thereafter, the total annual cost obtained at the optimum minimum temperature difference was compared with total annual cost of existing design. The results of the analysis showed that the optimum minimum temperature difference was 12℃, the total annual costs of the existing design and the optimum-minimum-temperature-difference based cost were $8.7 and $7.1 Million respectively. This amounted to percentage reduction in the total annual cost of 18.4% which means that about $1.6 Million would been saved annually using the optimum minimum temperature difference to design the HEN of the FCC unit. Keywords: Pinch technology, FCC unit, Cost targeting, Area targeting, Trade-off

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19

WANG, DAN, YU HAO, and JIANPEI WANG. "IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CHINA’S RICE PRODUCTION — AN EMPIRICAL ESTIMATION BASED ON PANEL DATA (1979–2011) FROM CHINA’S MAIN RICE-PRODUCING AREAS." Singapore Economic Review 63, no. 03 (June 2018): 535–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590817400240.

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Climate change is attracting increasing attention from the international community. To assess the impact of climate change on China’s rice production, this paper re-organizes the main rice-producing areas by adding up the annual production of the provincial level regions between 1979 and 2011, utilizes Cobb–Douglas function using daily weather data over the whole growing season. Our analysis of the panel data shows that minimum temperatures (Tmin), maximum temperatures (Tmax), temperature difference (TD) and precipitation (RP) are the four key climate determinants of rice production in China. Among these, temperature difference is surprisingly significant and all except maximum temperatures have positive effects. However, because the actual minimum temperatures and precipitation in China’s main rice-producing areas declined while the maximum temperatures and the temperature difference increased during our sample period, climate change has actually provided a negative contribution to the increase in China’s rice production.

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GRANT, R. F., R. C. IZAURRALDE, and D. S. CHANASYK. "SOIL TEMPERATURE UNDER CONVENTIONAL AND MINIMUM TILLAGE: SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-030.

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Residue management may affect soil temperature, and consequently soil biological processes, by influencing energy exchange fluxes at the soil surface. Simulation models in which these fluxes are estimated allow the investigation of hypotheses concerning the effect of residue management on soil thermal regimes. The simulation technique used here involves a finite difference approximation to the estimation of hourly water and heat fluxes through a one-dimensional, layered soil medium, with boundary conditions determined at the surface from surface energy exchange processes, and below the profile from source/sink dynamics. Crop and residue cover are considered as they influence radiative fluxes at the soil surface. Estimated soil temperatures were compared to recorded soil temperatures at 0.05- and 0.15-m depths in plots of barley grown under conventional (CT) and minimum (MT) tillage which left 90% and 30% of the soil surface exposed, respectively. Although diurnal trends in soil temperature were consistent with those recorded, the amplitude of diurnal variation was overstimated by the model under CT, and underestimated under MT. Standard differences between recorded and estimated hourly-averaged temperatures were about 2.5 °C at 0.05 m, and half as much at 0.15 m. The model failed to simulate the consistently lower soil temperatures recorded under MT during the early part of the growing season that may have been caused by longer term tillage effects, such as the persistence of ice lower in the soil profile. Examination of early season temperature effects will require longer term simulations in which the hydrologic and thermal implications of snow and ice are considered. Key words: Soil water flux, soil heat flux, surface energy exchange, soil temperature

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Tsai, Hui Ping, Geng-Gui Wang, and Zhong-Han Zhuang. "Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 21, 2021): 4707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224707.

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This study explored the long-term trends and breakpoints of vegetation, rainfall, and temperature in Taiwan from overall and regional perspectives in terms of vertical differences from 1982 to 2012. With time-series Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and Taiwan Climate Change Estimate and Information Platform (TCCIP) gridded monthly climatic data, their vertical dynamics were investigated by employing the Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) algorithm, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and the Durbin–Watson test. The vertical differences in NDVI values presented three breakpoints and a consistent trend from positive (1982 to 1989) to negative at varied rates, and then gradually increased after 2000. In addition, a positive rainfall trend was discovered. Average and maximum temperature had similar increasing trends, while minimum temperature showed variations, especially at higher altitudes. In terms of regional variations, the vegetation growth was stable in the north but worse in the central region. Higher elevations revealed larger variations in the NDVI and temperature datasets. NDVI, along with average and minimum temperature, showed their largest changes earlier in higher altitude areas. Specifically, the increasing minimum temperature direction was more prominent in the mid-to-high-altitude areas in the eastern and central regions. Seasonal variations were observed for each region. The difference between the dry and wet seasons is becoming larger, with the smallest difference in the northern region and the largest difference in the southern region. Taiwan’s NDVI and climatic factors have a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05), but the maximum and minimum temperatures have significant positive effects at low altitudes below 500 m. The northern and central regions reveal similar responses, while the south and east display different feedbacks. The results illuminate climate change evidence from assessment of the long-term dynamics of vegetation and climatic factors, providing valuable references for establishing correspondent climate-adaptive strategies in Taiwan.

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22

Wittenstein, Wolfgang. "Minimum temperature difference perceived—a new approach to assess undersampled thermal imagers." Optical Engineering 38, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.602265.

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23

Karim, Mohammad A. "Device nonspecific minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD) for infrared imaging systems characterization." Optical Engineering 29, no. 8 (1990): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.55676.

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24

Kolobrodov, Valentin G., Mykola M. Lutsiuk, and Volodymyr M. Tiagur. "METHOD OF CALCULATING THE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE PERCEIVED OF UNDERSAMPLED THERMAL IMAGERS." KPI Science News, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/kpi-sn.2019.2.167793.

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A., Elfallal, Saad S., and Wakkaf Y. "EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS OF MINIMUM RESOLVABLE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE OF THERMOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS." International Conference on Electrical Engineering 2, no. 2 (November 1, 1999): 458–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iceeng.1999.62542.

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Trestman, M. M., and N. M. Kamasheva. "Measurement error of the minimum resolvable temperature difference of a thermal-vision channel." Journal of Optical Technology 74, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jot.74.000359.

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Singh, Manvendra, Sudhir Khare, and Brajesh Kumar Kaushik. "Objective evaluation method for advance thermal imagers based on minimum resolvable temperature difference." Journal of Optics 49, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12596-019-00584-4.

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Seager, Nicky G., Errol Hewett, and Ian J. Warrington. "EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON KIWIFRUIT MATURATION." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 668d—668. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.668d.

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In New Zealand, harvest maturity for kiwifruit is determined by the soluble solids concentration (SSC) of juice (minimum 6.2%). Commercial maturity differs in various regions of the country within each season and between years and may be due to differences in temperatures during growth. Mature `Hayward' kiwifruit vines were grown in controlled environment temperature treatments of 14/8, 18/8, 22/8, 26/8, 14/12 and 22/12C to determine whether the increase in SSC at low night temperatures recorded in a related study was a result of the mean temperature, the min. daily temperature, or the magnitude of the max./min. temperature difference. Measurement was made of fruit size, firmness, starch and total sugar concentrations in the fruit at 10 day intervals. SSC increased fastest with the coolest mean temperature irrespective of the min. temperature or max./min. difference. In the coolest treatment the concentration of starch decreased rapidly with a rise in total sugar, in the warmest treatment the change in the carbohydrate components was slower. Data will be used to predict harvest date at commercial orchard sites based on field temperature measurements.

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Rust, Henning W., Tim Kruschke, Andreas Dobler, Madlen Fischer, and Uwe Ulbrich. "Discontinuous Daily Temperatures in the WATCH Forcing Datasets." Journal of Hydrometeorology 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-14-0123.1.

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Abstract The Water and Global Change (WATCH) forcing datasets have been created to support the use of hydrological and land surface models for the assessment of the water cycle within climate change studies. They are based on 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) or ECMWF interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) with temperatures (among other variables) adjusted such that their monthly means match the monthly temperature dataset from the Climatic Research Unit. To this end, daily minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures within one calendar month have been subjected to a correction involving monthly means of the respective month. As these corrections can be largely different for adjacent months, this procedure potentially leads to implausible differences in daily temperatures across the boundaries of calendar months. We analyze day-to-day temperature fluctuations within and across months and find that across-months differences are significantly larger, mostly in the tropics and frigid zones. Average across-months differences in daily mean temperature are typically between 10% and 40% larger than their corresponding within-months average temperature differences. However, regions with differences up to 200% can be found in tropical Africa. Particularly in regions where snowmelt is a relevant player for hydrology, a few degrees Celsius difference can be decisive for triggering this process. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures are affected in the same regions, but in a less severe way.

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Kalburtji, K. L., J. A. Mosjidis, and A. P. Mamolos. "Effects of day-night temperature combinations under constant day length on emergence and early growth of sericea lespedeza genotypes." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-208.

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Establishment of sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don.] in southeastern USA is difficult. Seedling emergence may be related to the range of temperatures prevalent during establishment. A growth chamber study was undertaken to measure the effect of temperature on seedling emergence of 56 sericea lespedeza genotypes. Main treatments were: (1) plants grown at three day-night temperature combinations with maximum/minimum temperature difference of 14°C. The temperature combinations were 22/8°C, 27/13°C, and 32/18°C; (2) plants grown at three day-night temperature combinations with maximum/minimum temperature difference of 7°C. This was accomplished by lowering the day temperature and keeping the night temperature the same as above. Emergence was reduced by about 27% with reduction of 7°C in day-night temperature within the range of temperatures used. Plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and number of branches were very sensitive to temperature combinations. Increases in temperature caused increases in height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and number of branches of all genotypes. Further screening of sericea for emergence and growth under low temperature may lead to cultivars with more vigorous seedlings that can be better established early in the season. Key words: Plant growth, temperatures, seedling emergence, Sericea, southern USA

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Cooper, Gordon R. J., and Michael Q. W. Jones. "Optimized inversion of borehole temperature data." GEOPHYSICS 63, no. 2 (March 1998): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444332.

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A comparison is made between the effectiveness of the inversion of borehole temperature data (for the purpose of climate reconstruction) by the least‐squares (L2) technique and the minimization of the absolute difference between the observed and calculated data (L1) technique. The L1 technique is found to require approximately half the number of iterations to reach the practically achievable minimum error compared to the L2 technique. The choice of which technique to use depends on the statistics of the difference between the observed and calculated data, and it can be advantageous to switch techniques during the inversion process. The inversion damping is also adjusted during the course of the inversion, based on the rate of change of the difference between the observed and calculated data. The aim is to get the best fit of the model to the data while minimising the model size, in the minimum number of iterations. A method of adjusting the damping to achieve this is suggested.

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Vo, Quoc Kien, Hiep Chi Le, Tuyen Van Nguyen, and Trinh Thi Minh Nguyen. "Theoretical study on the influence of sprayed water temperature and minimum temperature difference to the efficiency of a humidification – dehumidification desalination unit." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i2.645.

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The main content of the paper focuses on the theoretical study of the heat exchange between sprayed water and air in a humidification – dehumidification unit. The gained results [7] have been validated by using Hou data [1] and show that, in order to achieve the maximum GOR, the mass flow rate ratio between sprayed water and air depends on the sprayed water temperature and the minimum temperature difference ∆tmin. Particularly, the spayed water temperature should be from 70oC to 75oC when the minimum temperature difference ∆tmin= 5oC.

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Saint Girons, Hubert, Marie-Louise Célérier, and Guy Naulleau. "Le métabolisme aéroble de Vipera aspis et de Vipera berus (Reptilia: Viperidae) acclimatées à des conditions naturelles. Influence de la température et comparaison des deux espèces." Amphibia-Reptilia 6, no. 1 (1985): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853885x00209.

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AbstractA study of the acute oxygen consumption of 16 young vipers (8 Vipera aspis and 8 V. berus) at temperatures of 10-15-20-25-30°C shows a number of distinctive features common to both species, and also specific differences. The oxygen consumption obviously increases with temperature, more or less irregularly for the average consumption which partly depends on the activities of each animal, while it follows an exponential progression for the minimum consumption and a linear progression for the maximum consumption. In the total consumption the part caused by the rather limited exploratory activities of our animals (routine aerobic scope) decreases as the temperature rises and it even decreases in absolute value between 25 and 30°C. At all temperatures, the oxygen consumption of V. berus is greater than that of V. aspis, the difference being globally significant. However, these differences are important only for the minimum consumption at low temperatures. These specific differences are discussed according to the ecology and the geographical distribution of the two species.

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Mazhar, Nausheen, Dania Amjad, Kanwal Javid, Rumana Siddiqui, Muhammad Ameer Nawaz, and Zaynah Sohail Butt. "Mapping Fluctuations of Hispar Glacier, Karakoram, using Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) and Normalized Difference Principal Component Snow Index (NDSPCSI)." International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 11, no. 4 (March 11, 2021): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol11.iss4.2020.516.

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Investigation of the fluctuations in the snow-covered area of the major glaciers of the Karakoram range is essential for proper water resource management in Pakistan, since its glaciers are responding differently to the rising temperatures. The objective of this paper is to map snow covered area of Hispar glacier in Hunza river basin for the years 1990, 2010 and 2018. Two techniques, (NDPCSI) Normalized Difference Principal Component Snow Index and (NDSI) Normalized Difference Snow Index were used. Hispar glacier of the Hunza basin has lost 114 km2 of its ice cover area, during the last 28 years, with an alarming annual retreat rate of 1.67 km2 of glacier ice from 1990 to 2018. Hunza basin experienced a +1°C rise in both mean minimum and mean maximum temperature during 2007 to 2018.as a result, Karakorum ice reserves have been affected by rising temperature of the region. Due to temperature rise, retreat of snowcovered area of Hispar, Karakoram mountain range shows a shift in the cryospheric hazard zone.

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Shah, Ramesh K., and Teodor Skiepko. "Exchanger Performance Behavior Through Irreversibility Analysis for 1-2 TEMA G Heat Exchangers." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 12 (June 22, 2005): 1296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098827.

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The objective of this paper is to illustrate, discuss, and explain the interrelationship between the temperature difference irreversibility and heat exchanger effectiveness to clarify the performance trends of exchangers with some complex flow arrangements. This is because there is no physical explanation provided for the following results presented by Shah and Skiepko (ASME J. Heat Transfer, 126, pp. 994–1002, 2004): the heat exchanger effectiveness can be maximum, having an intermediate value or minimum at the maximum irreversibility operating point depending upon the flow arrangement of two fluids; similarly, the heat exchanger effectiveness can be minimum or maximum at the minimum irreversibility operating point. The analysis of such complex performance behavior is presented in this paper with an example of overall parallelflow and counterflow 1-2 TEMA G exchangers. This is accomplished by the decomposition of complex flow arrangements into simple subexchangers, and then the overall irreversibility trends for the exchangers are explained by irreversibilities produced due to temperature difference and fluid mixing in component subexchangers. It is shown for 1-2 TEMA G exchangers that the temperature difference irreversibility for a pure parallelflow subexchanger passes through a maximum at finite value of NTU1, and then approaches 0 when NTU1→∞. On the contrary, the irreversibility for a pure counterflow subexchanger attains a minimum value at finite NTU1 and then increases with NTU1 and approaches maximum at NTU1→∞ for 1–2 TEMA G exchangers. This is because the temperatures at the inlet of the subexchangers are variable and dependent on the exit temperatures from the preceding subexchangers. Detailed exchanger effectivenesses and temperature ratios are presented as a function of NTU1 for the explanation.

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Thapa, A., A. Silwal, S. P. Gautam, C. K. Nepal, S. Bhattarai, and D. Timsina. "Surface air temperature trends in Kathmandu Valley for 2011-2017." BIBECHANA 18, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v18i2.29495.

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In this study, we reviewed the maximum and minimum temperature trends of the Kathmandu valley over the period of 2011-2017. In addition, the average monthly temperature trends were studied annually for the same period, with the data made available from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal. The annual temperature trended in the same direction, with winter temperatures being lower and summer temperatures being higher. The annual average minimum and maximum air temperature trends were found to be slightly rising at 0.097˚C/year and 0.04˚C/year, respectively. The mean air temperature in Kathmandu valley is increasing at a rate of 0.06 degrees Celsius per year, with 2016 being the warmest year and 2012 being the least warm, with annual mean temperatures of 19.82˚C and 19.32˚C, respectively. The temperature difference is much smaller in the summer (less than ~12˚C) than in the winter. BIBECHANA 18 (2) (2021) 95-104

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Kumar, Ravind, Mark Stephens, and Tony Weir. "Temperature trends in Fiji: a clear signal of climate change." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 31, no. 1 (2013): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp13002.

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This paper analyses trends in temperature in Fiji, using data from more stations (10) and longer periods (52-78 years) than previous studies. All the stations analysed show a statistically significant trend in both maximum and minimum temperature, with increases ranging from 0.08 to 0.23°C per decade. More recent temperatures show a higher rate of increase, particularly in maximum temperature (0.18 to 0.69°C per decade from 1989 to 2008). This clear signal of climate change is consistent with that found in previous studies of temperatures in Fiji and other Pacific Islands. Trends in extreme values show an even stronger signal of climate change than that for mean temperatures. Our preliminary analysis of daily maxima at 6 stations indicates that for 4 of them (Suva, Labasa, Vunisea and Rotuma) there has been a tripling in the number of days per year with temperature >32°C between 1970 and 2008. The correlations between annual mean maximum (minimum) temperature and year are mostly strong: for about half the stations the correlation coefficient exceeds 60% over 50+ years. Trends do not vary systematically with location of station. At all 7 stations for which both trends are available there is no statistically significant difference between the trends in maximum and minimum temperatures.

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Elliott, N. C., J. J. Jackson, and R. D. Gustin. "PREDICTING WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) EMERGENCE FROM THE SOIL USING SOIL OR AIR TEMPERATURE." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 6 (December 1990): 1079–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1221079-11.

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AbstractA temperature-dependent multiple cohort simulation model was used to predict emergence of western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, from the soil. Hourly 10-cm-depth soil temperatures were used as input to the model. Hourly soil temperatures were predicted from daily minimum and maximum 10-cm-depth soil temperatures using a half-sine-wave approximation, or from minimum and maximum daily 1-m-height air temperatures using a model for predicting soil temperature from air temperature. The mean difference in the number of days between predicted and observed 50% emergence was 0.22 days using soil temperatures and 0.00 days using air temperatures. Linear regressions of predicted versus observed Julian dates of 10, 50, and 90% cumulative beetle emergence from the soil indicated that model predictions were reasonably accurate and precise using both soil and air temperatures.

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Yi-Chin Fang and Bo-Wen Wu. "Prediction of the Thermal Imaging Minimum Resolvable (Circle) Temperature Difference with Neural Network Application." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 30, no. 12 (December 2008): 2218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2007.70839.

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Scott, Anna A., Ben Zaitchik, Darryn W. Waugh, and Katie O’Meara. "Intraurban Temperature Variability in Baltimore." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 1 (January 2017): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-16-0232.1.

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AbstractHow much does minimum daily air temperature vary within neighborhoods exhibiting high land surface temperature (LST), and does this variability affect agreement with the nearest weather station? To answer these questions, a low-cost sensor network of 135 “iButton” thermometers was deployed for summer 2015 in Baltimore, Maryland (a midsized American city with a temperate climate), focusing on an underserved area that exhibits high LST from satellite imagery. The sensors were evaluated against commercial and NOAA/NWS stations and showed good agreement for daily minimum temperatures. Variability within the study site was small: mean minimum daily temperatures have a spatial standard deviation of 0.9°C, much smaller than the same measure for satellite-derived LST. The sensor-measured temperatures agree well with the NWS weather station in downtown Baltimore, with a mean difference for all measurements in time and space of 0.00°C; this agreement with the station is not found to be correlated with any meteorological variables with the exception of radiation. Surface properties are found to be important in determining spatial variability: vegetated or green spaces are observed to be 0.5°C cooler than areas dominated by impervious surfaces, and the presence of green space is found to be a more significant predictor of temperature than surface properties such as elevation. Other surface properties—albedo, tree-canopy cover, and distance to the nearest park—are not found to correlate significantly with air temperatures.

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Lu, Hongliang, Yingchao Hu, Shuran Li, Wei Dang, and Yongpu Zhang. "Acclimatory responses of thermal physiological performances in hatchling yellow pond turtles (Mauremys mutica)." Animal Biology 70, no. 1 (2020): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-20191106.

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Abstract Temperature is a crucial environmental factor that can strongly impact animal physiology. Here, we acclimated hatchling of Asian yellow pond turtles (Mauremys mutica) to one of two different temperatures (25 or 30°C) for four weeks to determine temperature acclimation effects on their physiology. All four measured physiological variables (righting time, resting metabolic rate, critical thermal minimum and critical thermal maximum) were significantly affected by temperature acclimation. Turtles acclimated to 25°C righted themselves more slowly and had a lower mean metabolic rate than 30°C-acclimated turtles. Turtles acclimated to 25°C were more resistant to low temperatures, but less resistant to high temperatures than 30°C-acclimated turtles, as measured by critical thermal limits. The thermal resistance range (i.e., the difference between critical thermal minimum and maximum) did not differ between the two acclimation groups. Compared with other semi-aquatic turtles, M. mutica had relatively higher acclimation response ratios for its critical thermal minimum and critical thermal maximum. Our results indicate that acclimation to relatively moderate temperatures could also produce significant responses in the thermal physiology of turtles.

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Litschmann, Tomáš, and Tomáš Středa. "Surface temperature of plant tissues. Which method of air temperature measurement fits best?" Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/congeo-2019-0002.

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Abstract Climate change is contributing to an increased risk of flower damage by late spring frosts. Monitoring flower temperature is critical for the timely start of frost protection systems. However, there are many weak points that complicate the use of this method. The aims of this study were to: i) find the method of air temperature measurement with the best relationship to the surface temperature of plant tissues and ii) quantify the differences between plant tissues surface temperature and ambient temperature during different weather situations. The surface temperature of plant tissues (budding leaves of grapevine, apricot flower, and unripe pear fruit), air temperature and humidity in the radiation shield, wet bulb temperature and air temperature with an unsheltered thermometer were measured at ten-minute intervals in the spring months. The average temperatures obtained by the individual methods as well as the lowest temperatures were determined from each measurement. Differences between air temperatures and plant surface temperatures, including variation ranges, were also determined. An unsheltered thermometer, in which the energy balance corresponds approximately to that of the evaluated plant surfaces, provided the best relationship with plant tissue temperature. The air temperature measured by the standard method (in a Stevenson screen or in the radiation shield) was almost always higher than the temperature of the plant tissue during periods of negative energy balance. The difference between the minimum temperatures was approximately 0.5 °C. Temperatures more than 1.5 °C higher than the actual temperature of plant tissues were measured in extreme cases.

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Renata, Duffková. "Difference in Canopy and Air Temperature as an Indicator of Grassland Water Stress." Soil and Water Research 1, No. 4 (January 7, 2013): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6514-swr.

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In 2003–2005 in conditions of the moderately warm region of the Třeboň Basin (Czech Republic) the difference between canopy temperature (Tc) and air temperature at 2 m (Ta) was tested as an indicator of grassland water stress. To evaluate water stress ten-minute averages of temperature difference Tc–Ta were chosen recorded on days without rainfall with intensive solar radiation from 11.00 to 14.00 CET. Water stress in the zone of the major portion of root biomass (0–0.2 m) in the peak growing season (minimum presence of dead plant residues) documented by a sudden increase in temperature difference, its value 5–12°C and unfavourable canopy temperatures due to overheating (> 30°C) was indicated after high values of suction pressure approaching the wilting point (1300 kPa) were reached. High variability of temperature difference in the conditions of sufficient supply of water to plants was explained by the amount of dead plant residues in canopy, value of vapour pressure deficit (VPD), actual evapotranspiration rate (ETA) and soil moisture content. At the beginning of the growing season (presence of dead plant residues and voids) we proved moderately strong negative linear correlations of Tc–Ta with VPD and Tc–Ta with ETA rate and moderately strong positive linear correlations of ETA rate with VPD. In the period of intensive growth (the coverage of dead plant residues and voids lower than 10%) moderately strong linear correlations of Tc–Ta with VPD and multiple linear correlations of Tc–Ta with VPD and soil moisture content at a depth of 0.10–0.40 m were demonstrated.

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Chichko, A. N., S. G. Likhousov, O. A. Sachek, O. I. Chichko, and T. V. Matyushinets. "MODELING OF THE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION DENSITY FUNCTION IN A DETAIL AT A CONSTANT HEATING TEMPERATURE." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 2 (July 7, 2018): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2018-2-57-64.

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The functions of the temperature distribution density of the detail on the basis of the results of numerical simulation of the heating process are calculated. Characteristics of the temperature distribution function of the detail for analysis of the level of formation of thermal stresses are proposed. It was shown that the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures of the detail varies nonlinearly with the time of heating the detail in the furnace. The method for formalizing numerical simulation data for selecting the best thermal modes for heating details is proposed.

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Chen, Tien-Hsi, and Kuang-Yang Lue. "Thermal preference of the yellow-margined box turtle (Cuora flavomarginata) (Testudines: Geoemydidae) inhabiting a mesic lowland forest, northern Taiwan." Amphibia-Reptilia 29, no. 4 (2008): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853808786230451.

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AbstractThermal preference of free-living yellow-margined box turtle, Cuora flavomarginata, was studied in a mesic forested habitat using a combination of radiotransmitters and temperature dataloggers attached to individual turtles. Patterns of mean weekly shell surface temperature variation of selected individuals were highly related to seasonal change of environmental temperature, with a peak temperature of 24.5-25.1°C in males and 26.0-27.0°C in females during June and July. Minimum shell surface temperature occurred in late January (4.5-7.6°C). Despite a small sample size, there were significantly intersexual differences in mean weekly shell surface temperature during nesting season. Individual females of C. flavomarginata tended to maintain higher shell surface temperature during nesting season (May-July). This difference was mostly pronounced during the day. There were no obviously intersexual differences prior to and after nesting season. Our results do not support the previous predictions that gravid C. flavomarginata may select higher environmental temperatures prior to nesting season.

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Sempere-Rubio, Nuria, Marta Aguilar-Rodríguez, Marta Inglés, Ruth Izquierdo-Alventosa, and Pilar Serra-Añó. "Thermal imaging ruled out as a supplementary assessment in patients with fibromyalgia: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): e0253281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253281.

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Background The diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) syndrome is often complicated and relies on diagnostic criteria based mostly on the symptoms reported by patients. Implementing objective complementary tests would be desirable to better characterize this population. Objective The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to compare the skin temperature at rest using thermography in women with FMS and healthy women. Methods Eighty-six women with FMS and 92 healthy controls volunteered to participate. The temperature of all participants was measured by infra-red thermography, registering the skin surface temperature (minimum, maximum and average) at rest in different areas: neck, upper and lower back, chest, knees and elbows. In order to analyze the differences in the skin temperature between groups, inferential analyses of the data were performed using Mann-Whitney U test. Results The results showed no significant difference in skin temperature between groups in the neck, upper back, chest and elbows (p>0.05). The lower back and knees areas showed significant differences between groups (p<0.05), although these differences did not reach a minimum of clinically detectable change. Conclusions Women with fibromyalgia presented no clinically meaningful reduction or difference in skin temperature at rest when compared with a group of healthy women. The infra-red thermography is not an effective supplementary assessment tool in women with fibromyalgia.

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Naranjo, Anastacio P., and Robert J. McNeil. "SKIRTING VERSUS UNSKIRTING CITRUS TREES FOR FROST CONTROL." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1116f—1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1116f.

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The purpose of this experiment was to measure the difference in temperatures influenced by skirted and unskirted cirrus trees under cold temperatures. Sixty citrus trees (oranges and lemons) planted on a hillside were skirted at 18 inches above ground level for this experiment. The experiment was conducted over 96 days, in which daily minimum temperature readings were taken. In addition to the thermometers, four thermographs were used to record constant temperate and duration of frosty nights.In 79 of the 96 days of the experiment, the skirted treatment showed an increase in the temperature compared with the unskirted treatment at an average increase of 0.25°F. Statistical differences between treatments ranging from 0.5°F to 0.7°F were found for three different days at temperatures in the 40's. No statistical differences between treatments were found at temperatures in the 30's. The thermograph readings showed no differences in the duration of cold temperatures between skirted and unskirted treatments.

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Kavolėlis, Bronius, and Rolandas Bleizgys. "NEAPŠILTINTOS KARVIDES OPTIMALUS TEMPERATŪRINIS‐DREGMES REŽIMAS." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2006): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2006.9636884.

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The objective of the work is to substantiate the optimum values of temperature‐humidity regime in cowsheds which are required in designing and exploiting a ventilation system. An equation, which connects relative air humidity of a room with difference between inside and outside air temperature, was developed. Another equation, which shows the greatest allowed difference of temperatures under which water vapour does not condensate on the internal surface of an external partition, was composed as well. By analytical and experimental investigation, it is substantiated that possible minimum relative air humidity in a cowshed is by about 5 % lower than relative outside air humidity. Optimal difference between inside and outside air temperature in the cold period of the year is about 4 °C.

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Yuan, Jiao, Jingwen Li, Suxian Ye, Xiaoqiang Han, and Yao Hu. "The Urban Heat Island Analysis of Changsha-zhuzhou-xiangtan Urban Agglomeration Aased on Modis Data." E3S Web of Conferences 53 (2018): 03045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185303045.

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Using a spatial resolution of MODIS land 1000m standard products, we can get the Land Surface Temperature.Researching for the Land Surface Temperature including spatial and temporal distribution characteristics influence factors.The results show that Spring,Summer and Autumn temperatures mainly concentrated in the central region,Winter temperature mainly concentrated in the South region.From 2001 to 2015,the maximum temperature difference is summer daytime and the difference is 17.58°C,the minimum temperature difference is autumn daytime and the difference is 11.3°C.According to the thermal field intensity distribution,compared 2005 with 2015,Urban Heat Island intensity gradually increased in 2015,the high temperature area increased and distributed more concentrated,and diffusion weakened from the city to the surrounding,the urban heat field is higher than the thermal field.That index by calculating the thermal landscape,account for a dominant position in the middle of heat distribution,and all types index in 2015 are higher than in 2005.

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CHHABRA, B. M., G. S. PRAKASA RAO, and U. R. JOSHI. "A comparative study of differences in the averages of temperatures and rainfall over the Indian stations during the periods 1931-60 and 1961-90." MAUSAM 48, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v48i1.3937.

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ABSTRACT. The differences in the averages of surface temperature and rainfall during the periods 1931-60 and 1961-90 are studied for 166 individual stations covering major parts of India. To test the significance of the difference, student’s ‘t’ test has been applied. The fall in air temperatures in the north Indian stations is mainly due to the significant fall in minimum temperatures and rise in air temperatures in the south Indian stations is due to the significant rise in maximum temperatures. No significant change is observed in rainfall. However, over hill stations the rainfall has decreased and over urban/industrialized cities the rainfall has increased.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Minimum temperature difference'

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