Journal articles on the topic 'MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR HOUSING'
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Andersson, Matts, Svante Mandell, Helena Braun Thörn, and Ylva Gomér. "The effect of minimum parking requirements on the housing stock." Transport Policy 49 (July 2016): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.05.005.
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McDonnell, Simon, Josiah Madar, and Vicki Been. "Minimum parking requirements and housing affordability in New York City." Housing Policy Debate 21, no. 1 (January 2011): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2011.534386.
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Appolloni, Letizia, and Daniela D’Alessandro. "Housing Spaces in Nine European Countries: A Comparison of Dimensional Requirements." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 4278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084278.
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Modern housing units must meet new needs and requirements; housing dimensions and functional characteristics are relevant issues, mainly considering population ageing and disability. The housing standards of nine European countries were compared to analyze their ability to satisfy new population need, in terms of size. The regulations were downloaded from the websites of the official channels of each country. A wide variability in room size was observed (e.g., single room: from 9 m2 in Italy to 7 m2 in France, to the absence of any limit in England and Wales, Germany-Hesse, and Denmark). Italian and French legislations define housing dimension considering the room destination and the number of people. The Swedish regulation provides performance requirements and functional indications but does not specify the minimum dimensions of habitable rooms. The rooms’ minimum heights vary between 2.70 m in Italy and Portugal and 2.60 m in the Netherlands, but no limits are established in England and Wales. A diverse approach among European countries regulations is observed: from a market-oriented logic one (e.g., England and Wales) in which room minimum dimensions are not defined to a prescriptive one (Italy) and one that is functionality-oriented (the Netherlands). However, considering the health, social, environmental, and economic trends, many of these standards should be revised.
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Brown, Anne, Vinit Mukhija, and Donald Shoup. "Converting Garages into Housing." Journal of Planning Education and Research 40, no. 1 (December 14, 2017): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x17741965.
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Cities have a large supply of garages that could be converted into affordable housing in single-family neighborhoods, but minimum parking requirements prevent converting most of these garages into apartments. We examine how cities can relax off-street parking requirements for houses with converted garages. In Residential Parking Permit Districts, cities can limit the number of on-street parking permits allowed at any address with a second unit. This policy can remove on-street parking congestion as a reason for neighbors to oppose garage conversions, double the potential number of housing units in single-family neighborhoods, and increase the supply of safe, affordable housing.
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Horback, Kristina. "284 Prop 12 and Its Implications for Future On-farm Animal Welfare in the United States." Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab054.013.
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Abstract California’s Proposition 12, also known as the Farm Animal Confinement Initiative, will go into full effect starting in January 2022. This measure changes the minimum space requirement for egg-laying hens, calves raised for veal, and breeding sows within the state of California. These changes include housing that provides 1 to 1.5 square feet of floor space per hen within a cage-free system, 43 square feet of floor space per veal calf, and 24 square feet of floor space per sow. In addition, Proposition 12 would require producers to move the sows from gestation pens into farrowing crates for a maximum of 5 days before they are due to farrow. This measure also prohibits producers outside of California from importing their eggs, veal, or pork into the state unless they meet these minimum housing requirements. The goal of these requirements is to ensure that they animal can lie down, stand up, turn around, and fully extend their limbs without touching the sides of their stalls or another animal. While the intent of this new housing requirement may allow for a greater freedom of movement, animal welfare concerns are still prominent for group housing. For breeding sow, such concerns include injuries caused by social aggression, and, abnormal or harmful behaviors related to feed restriction. These welfare concerns can be addressed when considerations are given to the group composition (e.g., age and size of sows), pen mixing practices (e.g., pre or post breeding), feeding schedule [e.g., collective (trough, floor fed) or individual (electronic sow feeding, free access stalls)], and, pen structural quality (e.g., flooring, enrichment). Given that California represents approximately 15 percent of the American pork market, this measure will have considerable economic and ethical implications related to barn renovations, animal care staff training, and husbandry practices for the entire U.S. pork industry.
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Rawlings, Samantha, John Lo Verde, and Wayland Dong. "Application of acoustical control through building codes and regulatory requirements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010571.
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The International Building Code (IBC) establishes minimum acoustical performance requirements for permanent and transient housing facilities. The lab parameters for acoustical performance within the IBC are useful during the design and permitting process but fail to provide code officials, builders, designers, and residents a method for evaluating the success of a completed building. The latest update to the IBC in 2021 establishes standards and metrics for use in evaluating post-construction code compliance to mutually protect all stakeholders (builders, code officials, occupants, municipalities, etc.) in housing facilities and reduces historic ambiguity in the code. Historically, the nature of the metrics and their ability to evaluate success has been limited (“Field impact insulation testing: Inadequacy of existing normalization methods and proposal for new ratings analogous to those for airborne noise reduction,” LoVerde/Dong, JASA , 2005). There is some historic precedent regarding the application and measurement requirement for field metrics (“Coping with uncertainties in the design and evaluation ofacoustical assemblies,” LoVerde/Dong, ASA Hong Kong, 2012). This presentation expands this conversation to examine regulatory requirements and discusses application of field verification of acoustical performance metrics.
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Romeo-Gurruchaga, María, Jorge Otaegi, and Iñigo Rodríguez-Vidal. "New Temporary Public Housing Typology in the Basque Country: A Legislative and Design Response to the New Requirements of the 21st Century Society." Architecture 3, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture3010002.
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The Administration of the Basque Country has been responsible for public housing since 1981. Since then, more than 104,000 protected housing units have been built for 2,200,000 inhabitants, 34,000 of which have been directly promoted by the Basque Government. To better adapt its policies to the requirements of a new contemporary society, the Housing Department of the Basque Government has developed a new Habitability Decree in 2022. This Decree aims to update housing to the new ways of living in Basque society and to incorporate new social requirements regarding housing, such as universal accessibility, gender perspective, productive housing, and remote work, while trying to open new ways to improve flexibility of the housing stock. This article analyses some of the key aspects of the new Decree and one of the newly regulated typologies for temporary housing aimed at young and older populations. In addition to the critical selection of the most relevant aspects of the Decree, this article aims at contextualising its requirements in the European context and the broader reference framework of the housing crisis in the Basque Country. To that end, the most notable novelties of the Decree are presented alongside the analysis of 13 temporary housing projects developed by the Housing Department before the approval of the Decree, placing special emphasis on the issue of over-occupation. The analysis makes it possible to typologically characterise the temporary accommodation built to date and to compare the new minimum living space requirements per person with other international regulations. As a conclusion, a discussion is offered about the usefulness of the Decree for adapting new housing in the Basque country to the 21st century, and for preventing the issue of overcrowding.
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Zheng, Bin, Shengyan Fu, and Jilin Lei. "Topology Optimization and Multiobjective Optimization for Drive Axle Housing of a Rear Axle Drive Truck." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 5268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155268.
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As one of the important load-bearing components of a truck, the drive axle housing must meet the requirements of stiffness and strength. The traditional design method uses redundancy design to meet the performance requirements. The joint design between the three-dimensional mathematical model and finite element model is adopted, and the optimal design of the drive axle housing is realized based on topology optimization and multiobjective optimization. Firstly, the static analysis of the drive axle housing of a rear axle drive truck was carried out with four typical working conditions. It was concluded that the four working conditions all operate under the yield limit of the material, and it was found that the maximum equivalent stress of the four working conditions occurs at the step of the half-shaft casing. Among the four working conditions, the most critical one is the maximum vertical force working condition. Then, based on the maximum vertical force working condition, the fatigue life analysis is conducted, and the minimum fatigue life appears at the transition position of the half-shaft sleeve and the arc transition position of the main reducer chamber. The remaining parts can meet the design requirements. The overall safety factor of the drive axle housing is mainly between 1 and 5 when operating under this working condition. Then, through modal analysis, the first to sixth natural frequency and vibration modes of the drive axle housing are extracted. Based on the modal analysis, the dynamic characteristics of the drive axle housing are further studied by harmonic response analysis and random vibration analysis. Finally, two kinds of lightweight optimization schemes for the drive axle housing are given. Topology optimization reduces the mass of the drive axle housing by 17.4%, but the overall performance slightly decreases. Then, the five dimensional parameters of the drive axle housing are selected as design variables. The mass, maximum deformation, equivalent stress, service life, and the first-, second- and third-order natural frequencies are defined as objective functions. Through the optimal space-filling design method, the experimental designs are performed and the sample points are obtained. Based on the results of experiment design, the multiobjective genetic algorithm and response surface method are combined to optimize the objective functions. The analysis results show that the mass is reduced by 4.35%, the equivalent stress is reduced by 21.05%, the minimum life is increased by 72.28%, and the first-, second-, and third-order natural frequency are also increased to varying degrees. Two different optimization strategies are provided for the design of the drive axle housing.
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Sacht, H. M., J. A. Rossignolo, and C. Bueno. "Cast-in-place concrete walls: thermal comfort evaluation of one-storey housing in São Paulo State." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 4, no. 1 (March 2011): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952011000100003.
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This paper presents a proposal of thermal performance evaluation of a one-storey housing typology (TI24A) executed by CDHU - Companhia de Desenvolvimento Habitacional e Urbano do Estado de São Paulo, considering the use of cast-in-place monolithic panels of concrete, with different thicknesses panels (8, 10 and 12 cm) and density between 1600 and 2400 kg/m³. In this study, the specific purpose was discussing the influence of the characteristic of concrete walls on the housing thermal performance without slab. Was defined of first parameters of study (definition of the one-storey housing typology, survey about housing users behavior and cities choose) and executed computational simulation (winter and summer), for four São Paulo State cities (São Paulo, São Carlos, Santos e Presidente Prudente), with the software Arquitrop 3.0 in a one-storey housing. Was observed that in winter and summer the typologies analyzed, the panels thickness variation had more influence about results than different concrete densities. The minimum level of thermal performance (M) in winter has been granted for some cities, with exception of Santos. In summer one of São Paulo city’s typology was attended the minimum level of thermal performance in agreement with standard “NBR 15575 Residential buildings up to five storied - Performance, Part 1: General requirements”.
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Filonenko, O. I., O. I. Yurin, and O. A. Kodak. "ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 1, no. 50 (April 11, 2018): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2018.50.1075.
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The problem of the Ukrainian housing stock energy performance is under consideration. Analysis of the outer walling thermal protection condition has been performed for the basic building construction solutions through the example of Poltava. The housing stock is represented by brick, large-block and panel system buildings, erected in the 50–80-th of the last century. The actual values of heat transfer resistance of the outer walls, windows, covers and other building enclosure are 3–5-fold less than the permissible minimum dimension according to the present-day requirements. The article presents recommendations for thermal modernization of the outer walls in accordance with their construction design, attic and basement floors (over the unheated basement), as well as transparent outer structures according to the present-day standard requirements.
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TAŞCĂ, Radu. "Features of Execution and Financing Housing Construction in Romania." Anuarul Universitatii Petre Andrei din Iasi. Fascicula Drept, stiinte economice, stiinte politice 26 (2020): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/59.
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The execution of housing constructions is carried out on the basis of a preliminary, orderly thinking, on the concrete ways of realization, by concentrating the human and material forces, resorting in this sense to a multitude of technical solutions (Taşcă, 2012). All the activities, actions and natural process that take place for the organized, led and carried out transformation of people, of the objects of work with the help of means of labor after obtaining “some products specific to the construction activity: new constructions, current and capital repairs, consolidations, modernizations, construction services, etc. The minimum requirements for housing provide that it consists of rest area, space for food processing, bathroom, access to electricity and drinking water, controlled discharge of wastewater and household waste (Şerbănoiu, 2009).
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Morvai, Peter, Miroslav Žitňák, and Jana Lendelová. "Design of Artificial Lighting in Broiler Housing." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2020-0030.
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AbstractThe work aim is to propose lighting system designs that would satisfy the broiler welfare in terms of intensity; wavelength; switching interval; and energy savings, and would help farmers to reduce the unit costs. BuildingDesign software with Wils 7.0.342 module was used to design suitable lighting, calculate and visualize it. By optimizing the required parameters and energy performance of system, four final designs were prepared with the appropriate evaluation with respect to the acquisition price and return on investment. The original lighting system included a combination of 68 pcs. of tungsten and fluorescent lamps with consumption of 2.17 kWh and a minimum illumination intensity of 7.02 lx. Measurements were conducted at 212 points of the control grid. Artificial lighting is the only light source in an environment of eco-friendly controlled farm. Based on the research analyses, there were proposed four lighting system alternatives with various light intensity; wavelength; switch-on interval; and energy savings. In terms of light intensity, all four designs meet the animal welfare requirements. The most advantageous alternative in the long term is design no. 4 with consumption of 0.734 kWh per one cycle (with energy savings of 66.17% in contrast to the original lighting), in which the intermittent switching mode showed a power savings of 56% and lighting intensity regulation of 40% while maintaining a minimum lighting intensity of 20 lx (total savings for switching and regulation reached up to 73.7%). By utilizing modern approaches, appropriate light colour and lighting quality suitable for broiler breeding were achieved.
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Slavin, Alexey, Sevada Grigoryan, Egor Popandopulo, and Aleksandra Balaeva. "Multi-storey wooden house building." E3S Web of Conferences 110 (2019): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911001035.
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The study solves the following tasks: analysis of construction technologies that prevent environmental pollution, the development of wooden housing construction objects, the wooden housing construction strategy and the term of its implementation, and a comparison of Russian and international experience in the development of wooden housing construction. According to the results of the study, the technology of construction of multi-storey wooden houses can be a very promising component for improving the quality of life of the population, moreover, a priority from an economic point of view and effective for the development of facilities that contribute to the improvement and compliance with environmental safety requirements. The most effective type of construction in this industry is the construction of LVL timber and CLT panels. Minimum construction time, environmental friendliness and availability of this technology will accordingly improve the living conditions of the population and thus the overall environmental condition.
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Ardiansyah and Samuel Layang. "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF XIV HIU PUTIH HOUSING, PALANGKA RAYA CITY BASED ON PERMENPERA No 22/PERMEN/M/2008." PARENTAS: Jurnal Mahasiswa Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/parentas.v7i1.2949.
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This study aims to assess the feasibility of housing type 36 which was built by PT. Toraa Graha Utama at the Perumahan Hiu Putih XIV Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan based on Permenpera Nomor 22/Permen/M/2008. The study refers to livable houses that apply a healthy and safe environment supported by public infrastructure, facilities and utilities regulated by technical guidelines for minimum service standards in the district/city housing sector. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method and uses analysis. The research instruments were in the form of questionnaires and interviews with informants. There are 30 house samples. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the Perumahan Hiu Putih XIV has implemented the provisions for livable houses, and meets the building safety requirements, minimum adequacy of building area and the health of its occupants, and has also implemented environmental criteria equipped with environmental infrastructure, and public facilities. The results of calculations from respondents' answers conducted at the time of the interview obtained 88% of the total achievement of livable houses and a healthy and safe environment supported by infrastructure, facilities and public utilities.
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Hurnik, J. F., and N. J. Lewis. "Use of body surface area to set minimum space allowances for confined pigs and cattle." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-068.
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The necessity to set minimum space allowances for confined animals has become more urgent as economic pressures have forced the use of increasingly intensive housing. This paper proposes that 50% of body surface area be adopted as a minimum space allowance for confined pigs and cattle. Body surface areas by weight classification have been provided in graph form. Key words: Space requirement, density, welfare, swine, cattle
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Thuat, Pham Trong. "Architectural design in accordance with fire requirements for condominiums in Vietnam." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 02017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825102017.
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Development of condominium is unavoidable by developing urban area, in order to utilize the infrastructure within a limited surface area, as an addition to the number of housing, targeting residents with average and below average income. Large cities in Vietnam such as Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Danang etc. have been able to develop similar condominium buildings in order to provide shelter to the residents mentioned above. Projects of condominium buildings have been able to solve the need of shelter for many urban, as well as authorized organization by the government would have more options of changing the appearance of the developing cities, heading towards the model of other developed cities in the world. In the last decade, in large and developing cities, a large number of condominium have been built with improving quality and design over time. However, the minimum requirements of general infrastructure in case of fire emergency are not met by some buildings. The number of fire incidents in buildings like these is increasing due to a various numbers of reasons, including lack of precautions in the designing phase of the buildings.
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Gunnarsson-Östling, Ulrika. "Housing Design and Mobility Convenience—The Case of Sweden." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 6, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020474.
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A parking space is the beginning and the end of every car journey. Policies aimed at parking spaces are, thus, an effective way of affecting car travel. Policies regarding parking typically mean setting minimum parking requirements to meet the peak demand for parking. However, in several Swedish cities, as well as around Europe, attempts are made to lower the number of parking places. One way is to build homes without parking places for cars and pilot projects with zero-parking have started to materialize. This paper looks into the academic literature in the field of design and architecture to see how parking issues are dealt with. It also looks into ongoing practice by studying three pilot projects in Sweden that challenge the dominant parking norm by planning and building for a new normal—mobility convenience and zero parking. Both the literature and the cases point to little knowledge in the field. However, high demands on “creative mobility solutions” are placed on housing projects without parking places for cars. Even if the effects of sustainability are still unknown, zero parking pilot projects can narrate the possibility of another future—a future with mobility convenience instead of parking convenience.
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Ferrari, Paolo, Alessandro Ulrici, and Matteo Barbari. "Analysis of Housing Risk Factors for the Welfare of Lean and Heavy Pigs in a Sample of European Fattening Farms." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113221.
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Pig welfare is affected by housing conditions, the minimum requirements of which are set up by EU legislation. Animal and non-animal-based measures are useful indicators to investigate housing risk factors for pig welfare. An observational study on 51 pig farms in seven EU countries, aimed at investigating housing risk factors for the welfare of finishing pigs, showed body weight and presence of bedded solid floored resting area (BED) identifying three clusters of farms. Farms with BED were featured by no or limited tail docking, larger availability of manipulable materials and lower number of pigs per farm and per annual work unit. In these farms, less skin and ear lesions were found, compared with lean pigs of farms without BED, which were characterized by lower pig space allowance, mortality rate and medication cost. In farms without BED, heavy pigs were featured by more space per pig, more pigs per drinker and higher mortality rate and medication cost per pig, compared to lean pigs. No statistical difference in tail lesions was found between the three farm clusters, although tail docking was performed in all farms without BED and not performed on most farms with BED.
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Khoiriah, Nasihatul, and Abdul Mutholib. "THE DESCRIPTION OF IRON LEVELS OF WATER AT INDUSTRIAL HOUSING IN BATURAJA, OGAN KOMERING ULU." Journal of Medical Laboratory and Science 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36086/medlabscience.v1i1.820.
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Background: In everyday life, humans are very dependent on water and the quality of health is also very much determined by the quality of water used for daily needs. The presence of chemicals substances or contaminants in water (for examples Fe) that exceed the acceptable levels of standard can risk human health. It can cause failure in metabolism (hemochromatosis). Based on the Ministry of Health dictire No.32 year 2017 maximum level of iron allowed in water is 1.0 mg/l. The aim of this descriptive research was to determine the level of Iron in industrial housing water in Baturaja, Ogan Komering Ulu. Methode: The total samples were 15 home water taken by sistematic random sampling. The iron content was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The results: showed all the samples were qualified with mean level 0.105227 mg/l, median 0,106000 mg/l, standar deviation 0,0175790 mg/l, the lowest level was 0.0789 mg /l and the highest level was 0.1345 mg/l. all watern samples (100%) met the requirements <1 mg/l and no samples did not meet the requirements >1 mg/l. 14 samples (93.3%) of iron levels in water based on acidity were not qualified <6.5 or> 9 and 1 sample (6.3%) of iron levels in water were qualified = 6.5-9. 15 samples (100%) of water content through distances that meet the requirements. The minimum level of iron is 0.0830 mg /l at a distance of 1- 50 meters and The maximum level of iron 0.1345 mg / l at a distance of 1-50 meters and 1-50 meters. Conclusion: The average level of Fe in Industrial Residential Water in Baturaja, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, meets the quality requirements of environmental health quality standards for water media for sanitation hygiene purposes.
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Sobol, Olga. "MORPHOMETRIC AND REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN SHEPHERD DOG BREED UNDER DIFFERENT HOUSING CONDITIONS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 123 (2020): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-123-166-175.
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The article reflects the results of the studies on the Central Asian Shepherd dog breed. The dog assessment data on the main measurements, body indices, and certain characteristics of reproduction in various housing systems are considered. The objects of the research were adult dogs of the Central Asian Shepherd breed born in 2012 - 2017, 51 heads were kept by amateurs in Kherson city. It was established that only 39.22 % of the total number was kept under apartment conditions, while the owners preferred males - their specific weight was from 58.06 % to 75 % of the total number. The vast majority (87.50 %) of the dogs, regardless of the conditions of housing, were never used in reproduction. The intensity of the use of the female dogs was associated with the conditions of housing – under of the aviary housing, at least once in their life they received offspring of 46.15 % of female dogs, under apartment housing – only 16.67 %. The average number of healthy puppies in the offspring was 8.29 heads. The speed of realization of the puppies was influenced by their gender. At the age of 4 to 8 weeks, 63.79 % of the young animals were sold, of which 73.33 % were males and only 53.57 % were females. Regardless of the system of dog housing, pronounced sexual dimorphism was observed by the measurements (3.98 - 8.78 cm). Relative to the minimum size, the female dogs had an advantage at the level of 11.86 %, males - at 10.46 %. Thus, the female dogs were relatively larger than the males. The apartment housing did not affect the size of the dogs negatively. For most measurements, the advantage of the apartment kept dogs ranged from 2.09 to 5.54 %. The live weight variability was greater than the measurements (variation coefficients ranged between 6.82 - 10.21 %), sexual dimorphism was quite pronounced – the males were 5.98 - 6.21 % heavier than the female dogs. As in the measurements, the female dogs had higher rates exceeding the minimum requirements for standard live weight than the males (31.75 % and 17.59 %). The apartment kept dogs had an advantage in live weight compared to the aviary kept dogs from 4.70 % to 5.73 %. All dogs under study had a moderately stretched format, the value of the format index ranged from 102.67 to 106.44 units with the severity of sexual dimorphism at the level of 1.58 - 1.91 %. The aviary kept dogs had a longer format, the excess was from 1.74 % (female dogs) to 2.08 % (males), they had a lower density index than the dogs of the apartment housing (difference of 3.09 - 3.39 %). According to the mass index, there were no significant differences between the dogs, which were kept by the compared systems.
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Wentzel, M. "Quantifying benefits of energy efficient house design through monitoring of specified air quality and household energy activity." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2006): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i2a3236.
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Energy efficient building design aims to use passive design principles such as orientation, insulation, materials and surrounding area layout to minimise the need for active space heating or cooling. Implementation of the principles of energy efficient design in specifically low-cost houses delivered by government can have numerous benefits such as monetary savings, increased comfort and health indoor environments for homeowners and inhabitants. The project described here measured the indoor air quality of six energy efficient houses in two project areas as well as energy activity and potential benefits related to energy efficient house design. It was concluded that a small reduction in CO2 is achieved in an energy efficient house when compared with a conventional house. However, the reduction achieved is dependent on the type of fuel used for space heating. Overall, the energy efficient houses observed in the project were more comfortable and households spent less on space heating requirements than conventional houses. It is recommended that the principles of energy efficient design should be a minimum requirement in low-cost housing delivery.
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CUNHA, F. S., K. A. L. COLLA, H. EHRENBRING, F. L. BOLINA, and B. TUTIKIAN. "Case study: influence of performance levels of ABNT NBR 15575 without consumption of materials used in reinforced concrete structures." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 12, no. 4 (August 2019): 956–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952019000400013.
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Abstract The Brazilian construction industry still discusses the consequence of the Performance Standard on housing developments. According to ABNT NBR 15575 [1], the systems that compose residential buildings need to meet minimum performance requirements. Among the systems, the structural must reach a minimum Service Life (SL) of 50 years, or intermediate or higher that corresponds to 63 and 75 years, respectively. The industry also debates the impact and viability of increasing the SL of reinforced concrete structures. Therefore, this article aimed to analyze a single reinforced concrete building designed for the 3 SL specified by ABNT NBR 15575 [1]. The study focused on the total consumption of steel and concrete. The structure’s designed conditions of exposure were varied for each performance level, based on the 4 environmental exposure classes (EEC) of ABNT NBR 6118 [3] and ABNT NBR 12655 [11], totalizing 12 situations. It was noted that the increased performance level increases consumption of materials, and the designs made for EEC IV consumed 12.3% and 16.2% more steel and concrete at the intermediate and superior performance levels respectively, when compared to the minimum performance level.
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McGuinness, David, Paul Greenhalgh, and Paul Grainger. "Does one size fit all? Place-neutral national planning policy in England and its impact on housing land supplies and local development plans in North East England." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 33, no. 3 (May 2018): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094218772974.
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This article examines the impact of the National Planning Policy Framework’s requirement that all local planning authorities in England should strive to achieve a robust supply of housing land to satisfy demand for housing development for a minimum of five years. Conceptually the paper challenges the orthodox place-neutral view propounded by UK central government (and many major housing developers) that a bottleneck in land supply caused by deficiencies in the local (plan-led) planning system is the central barrier to unblocking housing supply in all parts of the country. Theoretically, we contend that the five-year land supply requirement within the National Planning Policy Framework is an example of a spatially place-neutral policy approach that does not comprehend the place-based nuances in local and regional land and housing markets in England. Empirically, it explores a case study of all 12 local planning authorities in the North East of England, to question whether a uniform ( one size fits all) approach to identifying a five-year supply of land for housing development across England is effectual. Analysis of empirical data validates concerns that in some peripheral localities, other variables constrain housing deliverability more significantly than land supply, issues such as limited mortgage and development finance, an abundance of brownfield land, negative place-based stigma and development viability concern. The research concludes that centrally defined, inflexible, place-neutral planning policy is a significant impairment to some local planning authorities in the North of England achieving up-to-date local plans.
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Gallmann, E., G. Brose, E. Hartung, and T. Jungbluth. "Influence of different pig housing systems on odor emissions." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0549.
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The odor emissions from two different housing systems were determined during three fattening periods from October 1999 to November 2000 by analyzing weekly samples by means of dynamic olfactometry. The objects of the investigations were a standard housing system with fully slatted floor and forced ventilation (FF) compared with a kennel housing system with natural shaft ventilation (KN) in parallel operation. Only little data but with a wide range of odor emission values are available from the literature and these are difficult to compare and interpret, because of missing standards in presenting the results and experimental conditions. Therefore minimum requirements for measuring odor emissions from livestock buildings have been derived. In the scope of the measurements during the first two fattening periods (October 1999 to June 2000), no differences in odor emissions could be determined with mean values related to the livestock units (1 LU = 500 kg life weight) of 85 (FF) / 87 (KN) in period A and 60 (FF) / 61 (KN) (OU/s)LU−1 in period B. The overall range of the results of all measurements in periods A and B was 4 to 355 (OU/s)LU−1. In period C (August-November 2000), the system FF showed higher odor emissions with 193 (28-550) compared to system KN with 105 (25-218) (OU/s)LU−1. The air flow rates and odor concentrations at the three different naturally ventilated exhaust shafts of system KN differed considerably from each other. Odor measurement techniques with a higher temporal resolution than olfactometry are necessary to give evidence for the main factors influencing the odor formation and release.
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KOSTOMITSOPOULOS (Ν.Γ. ΚΩΣΤΟΜΗΤΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ), N. G. "Laboratory animal facility management." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 55, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15116.
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The successful management of a laboratory animal facility is based on the design and implementation of a management program, which in most cases covers the minimum legislative requirements and goes further, in order to achieve more in the field of animal welfare. A complete management program should consist of the following main points: a) Monitoring of animal housing, the macro- and microenvironment of the animals, b) veterinary medical care, c) monitoring of electromechanical equipment and the overall construction of the animal facility, and designing of emergency and disaster plans, d) monitoring of the overall program by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee responsible to oversee and evaluate the management program of the facility, e) education and training of personnel and f) the implementation of an occupational health and safety program.
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Putra, Arfis Maydino Firmansyah, Nur Muhamad Fuad, and Tris Handoyo. "Design and finite element analysis of gondola construction for multibeam echosounder (MBES) installation on RV Baruna Jaya III - BPPT." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 972, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/972/1/012004.
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Abstract The revitalization of hydrographic equipment at the Research Vessel (RV) Baruna Jaya III has been carried out by the Technology Center for Marine Survey (BTSK) – BPPT to improve its service capabilities. A Multi-Beam Echosounder (MBES) for the deep-sea mapping up to 8000 meters depth has been chosen to replace the existing equipment which only has a mapping capability of 3000 meters depth. MBES requires a support construction mounted on the vessel hulls as its housing, considering the installation principle from both the shipowner and MBES maker. In this research, a gondola installation principle has been agreed to develop. The gondola construction has been designed in consideration of actual vessel conditions and several requirements by the MBES maker. The design construction is further analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) to ensure its strength and safety and meet Indonesian Classification Society (BKI) minimum requirements. The analysis conditions are divided into 3; hydrostatic load (A), sensors load (B), and the combination of hydrostatic and sensor load (C). The von Mises stress was obtained from finite element analysis for conditions A, B, and C, respectively, 164 MPa, 1.552 MPa, and 160.8 MPa. The analysis results in all loading conditions have met the minimum allowable stress required by Indonesia Classification Society rules, which is 180 MPa. In conclusion, the design of the gondola construction for MBES installation on RV Baruna Jaya III has good structural strength and safety, so it is feasible to use.
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Pelczarski, Zdzisław. "The Criterion of Access to the Sky View in Residential Environment Architectural Designing." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acee-2022-0037.
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Abstract Standards specifying the requirements for daylight in shaping the interiors of residential buildings do not cover issues related to visual perception and the role of light as a carrier of images of the outside world. The general recommendations in this regard, given in the 2018 European Lighting Standard can hardly be considered an unambiguous, precise normative regulation. According to the author, the inalienable element of the view through the window is the image of the sky, which is the basic reference in human perception of the space of the external environment. The aim of the research is to identify the main determinants for ensuring access to the sky view from apartments in housing estates with high intensity of development. The analyzes are based on the author's simple graphical research methods capable of simulating the visual perception of images of the external environment space through a window. The key parameter in the analyzes is the vertical viewing angle, called the sky view entry angle. Its minimum value set at 7.5°C is of fundamental importance in shaping the geometric relations between neighbouring buildings. The research results oblige, in the context of the paradigm of sustainable housing development, to recognize the criterion of access to the sky view from residential interiors as a mandatory design guideline.
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Li, Jing, Radu Zmeureanu, and Hua Ge. "Simulation of energy impact of an energy recovery ventilator in Northern housing." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124610005.
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The single core Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) used in this study is equipped with defrost control that recirculates the exhaust indoor air, while keeps the outdoor air intake damper closed. This defrost strategy has the disadvantage of reducing the outdoor air supplied to the house, which may affect the indoor air quality. First, this paper presents new correlation-based models of supply air temperature T2 after the energy recovery core during normal and defrost operation modes based on laboratory experimental data. A pre-heating coil heats the supply air from T2 to indoor air temperature. Second, a house in Montreal (4356 HDD) is simulated as a reference using TRNSYS program. Since the program cannot simulate the operation under defrost mode, the new models are connected in TRNSYS using equation boxes. The energy use of houses at three locations in northern Canada with HDD of 8798 (Inuvik), 8888 (Kuujjuaq) and 12208 (Resolute), are also simulated, without and with ERV unit. The seasonal energy used for heating the house and pre-heating the supply air is compared with results from Montreal. Compared to the case without heat recovery, the ERV unit leads to energy savings: 24% (Montreal), 26% (Inuvik), 27% (Kuujjuaq), and 27% (Resolute). Compared to the minimum standard requirements, the outdoor airflow rate due to defrost is reduced by 4.7% (223 hours) in Montreal, 19% (1043 hours) in Inuvik, 13% (701 hours) in Kuujjuaq, and 24% (1379 hours) in Resolute.
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Sendig, S., A. Rudovsky, J. Spilke, E. Meyer, and E. von Borell. "Zum Einfluss des Tier-Fressplatz-Verhältnisses in der Gruppenhaltung tragender Sauen bei ad libitum Fütterung auf Gesundheit, Verhalten und Leistung." Archives Animal Breeding 47, no. 3 (October 10, 2004): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-47-239-2004.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Influence of animal/feeder-trough space ratio on health, behaviour and performance of group housed sows fed ad libitum The EU-Directive on the "Minimum requirements for the protection of pigs" prohibits the housing of gestating sows in individual crates. One alternative to individual housing of restricted fed sows is group-housing with ad libitum access to feed. The proposed animal/feeder-trough space ratio of 4:1 in the German legislation was taken from housing systems for growing pigs due to a lack of scientific data on sow to feeder-trough space ratios. The aim of this study was to evaluate practically meaningful animal/feeder-trough space ratios with respect to animal welfare. Therefore, different animal/feeder-trough space ratios between 8:1 and 20:1 were investigated on three farms. The behaviour at the feeder, as well as health (body scoring), weight gain, back fat thickness and fertility were recorded in gestating sows between days 35 and 110 of pregnancy. The frequency of aggressive interactions and displacements at the feeder was progressively reduced in all tests after grouping the sows. Furthermore, the results pointed out that narrowing the animal/feeder-trough space ratio positively influenced both the conditioning of the sows before lactation and birth weights of the piglets. No clear trend between the different animal/feeder-trough space ratios of group-housed sows was found for the total number born, live and dead born piglets. A small number of sows showed minor injuries, which are not unusual for group housing systems. The evaluated animal/feeder-trough space ratios did not show indications of an impaired well-being of the sows. Our data do not support the legal demand for a threshold of 4:1 for the animal/feeder-trough space ratio. However, further studies with varying group sizes, group densities and animal/feeder-trough space ratios are needed in order to provide detailed recommendations on acceptable ratios.
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Whittemore, C. T., D. M. Green, and P. W. Knap. "Technical review of the energy and protein requirements of growing pigs: food intake." Animal Science 73, no. 1 (April 2001): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800058008.
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AbstractFood intake in pigs is highly variable across different production circumstances. This report concludes from a critical review of published observations that it was unrealistic to expect from the scientific literature purporting to express nutrient requirement any reasonable prediction of the particular food intake of groups of pigs. None the less, such knowledge is essential for the practical purposes of their day-to-day nutrition. The literature does however yield general principles from which may be derived: (a) the likely forms (but not the parameter values) of intake functions relating food intake to pig live weight; and (b) the likely factors involved in the modulation of food intake at any given live weight. Using these principles two methods for determining on-farm food intake from the use of simple and available records were proposed. The first requires knowledge only of start and final weight, the time elapsed, and total food intake: it involves two steps, the determination of a suitable growth curve followed by the fitting of a suitable food intake curve. The second method is appropriate in the absence of information on total food intake, and requires a minimum number of spot measurements through the growth period. Different functions were tested for the curve of best fit. As a further benefit it appeared that models could be constructed from the information presented that would speculate for diagnostic purposes upon the likely modulators of food intake. Such models could explore the constraints of gut capacity, the energetic requirements of maintenance and potential growth, the influence of excessive or inadequate environmental temperature, the quality of housing and stocking density.
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Iossa, G., CD Soulsbury, and S. Harris. "Are wild animals suited to a travelling circus life?" Animal Welfare 18, no. 2 (May 2009): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600000270.
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AbstractA comprehensive synopsis of the welfare of captive, wild (ie non-domesticated) animals in travelling circuses is missing. We examined circus animal welfare and, specifically, behaviour, health, living and travelling conditions. We compared the conditions of non-domesticated animals in circuses with their counterparts kept in zoos. Data on circus animals were very scarce; where data were absent, we inferred likely welfare implications based on zoo data. Circus animals spent the majority of the day confined, about 1-9% of the day performing/training and the remaining time in exercise pens. Exercise pens were significantly smaller than minimum zoo standards for outdoor enclosures. Behavioural budgets were restricted, with circus animals spending a great amount of time performing stereotypies, especially when shackled or confined in beast wagons. A higher degree of stereotyping in circuses may be indicative of poorer welfare. Inadequate diet and housing conditions, and the effects of repeated performances, can lead to significant health problems. Circus animals travel frequently and the associated forced movement, human handling, noise, trailer movement and confinement are important stressors. Although there is no conclusive evidence as to whether animals habituate to travel, confinement in beast wagons for long timeperiods is a definite welfare concern. Circuses have a limited ability to make improvements, such as increased space, environmental enrichment and appropriate social housing. Consequently, we argue that non-domesticated animals, suitable for circus life, should exhibit low space requirements, simple social structures, low cognitive function, non-specialist ecological requirements and an ability to be transported without adverse welfare effects. None of the commonest species exhibited by circuses, such as elephants and large felids, currently meet these criteria. We conclude that the species of non-domesticated animals commonly kept in circuses appear the least suited to a circus life.
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Lubis, Kamaluddin, Ninny Asnidar Siregar, Nuril Mahda Rangkuti, and Nela Permata Sari Lubis. "Pelatihan Dan Bimbingan Teknis Penataan Sirkulasi Drainase, Tata Rumah Sehat & Penataan Jalan di Lingkungan IX RT/RW IV Kel. Bantan, Medan." Pelita Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (September 21, 2022): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/pelitamasyarakat.v4i1.7929.
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The arrangement of buildings and the environment is needed as an effort to control the use of space, especially to realize the built environment, both in urban and rural areas, especially the physical form of buildings and their environment. The vision of structuring buildings and the environment is the realization of buildings and environments that are livable and have identity, while the missions are: (1) Empowering the community in the administration of buildings that are orderly, livable, self-identified, harmonious and harmonious, (2) Empowering the community so that independent in structuring a productive and sustainable environment. The physical health of the house is also closely related to 1) the availability of clean/drinking water that meets the requirements and quality of clean/drinking water; 2) availability of a wastewater treatment system that does not pollute clean water sources; 3) the availability of a waste disposal system (starting from storage & sorting, disposal and composting); 4) the availability of a rainwater drainage system so that it does not inundate the home environment. optimal health status, and the house meets the requirements of a healthy house such as ventilation, adequate lighting, buildings according to the number of occupants of the house and supported by the health of the surrounding environment. A house or housing is said to be habitable if it meets the minimum requirements regarding safety, health, comfort, and convenience (4K) for its occupants.
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Borderías Mondejar, Cristina, Luisa Muñoz-Abeledo, and Xavier Cussó Segura. "Breadwinners in Spanish cities (1914-1930)." Revista de Historia Industrial Economía y Empresa 31, no. 84 (March 15, 2022): 59–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/rhiihr.v31i84.32631.
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Historic constructions of family budgets have been scarce in Spain. In fact, the first national Family Budget Survey was carried out in 1958. In this article, we present new evidence of different occupational groups’ incomes in Spanish provincial capitals (1914-1930). We also calculate the minimum cost of covering basic needs (food, housing, and other expenses) of urban working families. The main objective of the article is to estimate the capacity of men’s wages to sustain the family economy, as well as women’s contributions to the same. The main data sources are the Boletín del Instituto de Reformas Sociales 1904-1924 (Bulletin of the Institute of Social Reforms), the Anuario Estadístico de España 1914-30 (Spanish Statistical Yearbook), and the National Population Censuses (1910-1930), the food and nutrient totals prepared by García Barbancho (1960a and 1960b), and estimates of energy and nutrient requirements prepared by WHO/FAO and other specialists and institutions.
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Warren-Myers, Georgia, and Erryn McRae. "Volume Home Building: The Provision of Sustainability Information for New Homebuyers." Construction Economics and Building 17, no. 2 (June 23, 2017): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v17i2.5245.
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The new residential housing sector is producing approximately 200,000 homes a year that could benefit from methods to increase sustainability and energy efficiency. Currently, there is limited implementation of sustainability measures beyond mandatory minimum requirements in Australia. New homebuyers are often the scapegoats for the poor sustainability adoption due to their perceived lack of interest and willingness to pay. However, their knowledge and engagement in sustainability is likely to be strongly guided by information provided by the volume builders. This paper investigates the sustainability information that homebuyers are provided by builders, as communicated through their websites. Web searching as an important means of information gathering in the preliminary stages of the process for new homebuyers. This paper reports on the analysis of Australia’s Home Industry Association’s top 100 volume builders’ websites and their provision of sustainability information. The results suggest the lack of sustainability-related information provided by builders is contributing to disengagement by consumers in the sustainability features available in new homes.
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Mahmud, Abdul Rahman, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, and Zaini Sakawi. "Analysis on EIA Report In Terms of Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Study for Housing Project." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 31, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2019-31(2)-23.
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Soil erosion and sedimentation control has become one of the challenges in the implementation of EIA projects especially for housing construction activities. Failure to implement adequate erosion control measures at the project site would affect the quality of river water. To ensure adequate control of soil erosion and sedimentation the EIA reports submitted should achieve minimum standards of impact assessment and control measures as well as good quality. This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of the EIA report in terms of soil erosion and sedimentation aspect. The EIA review package has been prepared by referring to the guidance document on soil erosion and sedimentation. A total of 21 EIA reports for housing projects from 2013 to 2015 in Selangor have been analyzed. The results show that 18 of the EIA reports complied with 50% of the requirements that set in the guidelines, while the quality aspect of the EIA report shows that only 7 reports have achieved satisfactory level. This study identified there are three major weaknesses in the EIA report for housing projects. Firstly; the description of earth work planning are not thoroughly explained, secondly; the weaknesses in the descriptions of the project options and third; the weaknesses in the Land Disturbance Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LDP2M2) conceptual plan which is not plan in stages. The skills and expertise of EIA consultant and also EIA review officer is need to be improved. It is to ensure the quality of EIA report and the compliance to the EIA guidelines can be achieved. The EIA review packages which developed in this study could be used by the consultants to evaluate the adequacy of the EIA content as a self-assessment practice.
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Jiménez-Expósito, Rosa Ana, Antonio Serrano-Jiménez, Pablo Fernández-Ans, Gianluca Stasi, Carmen Díaz-López, and Ángela Barrios-Padura. "Promoting Sustainable and Resilient Constructive Patterns in Vulnerable Communities: Habitat for Humanity’s Sustainable Housing Prototypes in El Salvador." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010352.
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The global challenges regarding sustainability and the guarantee of minimum habitability requirements have led to the transformation of construction practices, where research has failed to achieve sufficient dissemination and findings. The purpose of this research is to promote sustainable and resilient patterns in construction in vulnerable neighbourhoods in emerging countries by disseminating techniques and mechanisms through in situ transfer workshops and by raising awareness of the environmental importance of construction. Regarding materials and methods, this paper contributes innovative insights by combining training workshops and awareness-raising sessions to promote both environmental education and sustainable and optimised habits in construction. These methods are applied and tested in a real case study in El Salvador. Subsequent to carrying out a multi-disciplinary assessment analysis, the outcomes and results have led to the design of prototypes that have obtained a global EDGE certificate on sustainable construction and efficient use of resources once the users’ testimonies, weaknesses, and strengths have been addressed. The conclusions indicate that families, volunteers, and technical workers need to be trained by promoting environmental awareness in social housing and establishing a plan for dissemination to communicate across universities and public and private institutions in order to replicate guidelines across American dry-corridor countries.
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Rakotonjanahary, Michaël, Frank Scholzen, and Daniele Waldmann. "Summertime Overheating Risk Assessment of a Flexible Plug-In Modular Unit in Luxembourg." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2020): 8474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208474.
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Modular buildings offer faster construction process, provide better construction quality, allow reducing construction waste and are potentially flexible. Frames of modular units can be made of metal, timber, concrete or mixed materials but lightweight structures do not always allow erecting high-rise buildings and generally present a higher risk of overheating and/or overcooling. To reconcile these pros and cons, a typology of modular building called Slab was designed by a group of architects. The building is composed on the one hand of a permanent concrete structure named shelf-structure and on the other hand of several flexible removable timber modular units, also known as modules. The shelf-structure will host the common utility rooms and will serve as docking infrastructure for the housing modules. To provide high flexibility, the Slab building was designed to adapt to any orientation and location in Luxembourg. An energy concept and a HVAC systems design has been developed for the Slab building. Furthermore, a two-fold sustainability analysis was carried out. The first part of the analysis regards the determination of the minimum required wall thicknesses of the modules in accordance with Luxembourgish regulatory requirements, although the current regulation does not yet consider the Slab building typology. The second part, which is the subject of this paper, is thermal comfort assessment, more precisely, summertime overheating risk assessment of these modules, in compliance with Luxembourgish standard. In this regard, dynamic thermal simulations have been realized on two module variants; the first fulfills the passive house requirements, and the second—the current requirements for building permit application, which in principle corresponds to low energy house requirements. Simulations showed that with adequate solar shading and reinforced natural ventilation by window opening, overheating risk could be avoided for the normal residential use scenario for both module variants.
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Vasiliu, A., Otilia Nedelcu, I. C. Sălişteanu, and O. Magdun. "Modern Concepts of Energy-Efficient Civil and Residential Buildings. Case Study: Analysis of a Residential Building According to Nzeb Criteria." Scientific Bulletin of Electrical Engineering Faculty 21, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbeef-2021-0009.
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Abstract The oil crisis, the measures taken because of global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, the ecological actions carried out globally and the technical progress in the fields of electronics, energy, IT and telecommunications have led to the emergence Passive House concepts in the construction sector, of Passive Solar Building (passive construction based on solar energy), of Net Zero-Energy Building NZEB, of Plus Energy Building, of nearly Zero Energy Building nZEB, of Low-Energy Building, of Green House, of Zero Carbon House, of Smart House, of Healthy buildings and other equivalents or derivatives. In this paper, these concepts will be cross-debated and the measures adopted at EU level and the influences exerted on the Romanian legislation on the field of civil and residential constructions will be presented. Based on a case study, a residential construction will be characterized, representative of the current housing stock, in order to assess the degree of compliance with the minimum requirements of a house with low energy consumption, imposed by Romanian legislation in the field.
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Purwanti, Yustika Indah, Budi Serasi Ginting, and Novriyenni. "Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penerima Bantuan Rumah Tak Layak Huni (RTLH) Di Kota Binjai Dengan Metode Simplemultiple Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) (STUDI KASUS: DINAS SOSIAL BINJAI)." JUKI : Jurnal Komputer dan Informatika 3, no. 1 (May 29, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53842/juki.v3i1.39.
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Decision support system is defined as a system that is intended to support managerial decision makers in certain situations. Decision support systems are intended to be a tool for decision makers to expand their capabilities, but not to replace their judgment. This RTLH (Unfit for Living House) assistance must be right on target for poor people who meet the criteria as requirements for receiving RTLH assistance, so that residents who are unable to receive RTLH assistance can receive the assistance. In its implementation, the underprivileged population who is entitled to receive assistance unfit for habitation is determined by the Social Service (Dinsos). One of the methods in decision support is the Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) method or commonly abbreviated as the SMART method. The SMART method is a method that has minimum calculations and is very simple, but objective on the results of decision support. From research conducted using the SMART method, it was found that R9 with a final optimization value of 0.725 became the recipient of uninhabitable housing assistance from 10 alternative data on uninhabitable houses analyzed.
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Mohammed, Abubakar Sadiq, and Martina Meincken. "Properties of Low-Cost WPCs Made from Alien Invasive Trees and rLDPE for Interior Use in Social Housing." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 2436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152436.
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Low-cost wood–plastic composites (WPCs) were developed from invasive trees and recycled low-density polyethylene. The aim was to produce affordable building materials for low-cost social housing in South Africa. Both raw materials are regarded as waste materials, and the subsequent product development adds value to the resources, while simultaneously reducing the waste stream. The production costs were minimised by utilising the entire biomass of Acacia saligna salvaged from clearing operations without any prior processing, and low-grade recycled low-density polyethylene to make WPCs without any additives. Different biomass/plastic ratios, particle sizes, and press settings were evaluated to determine the optimum processing parameters to obtain WPCs with adequate properties. The water absorption, dimensional stability, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and tensile moduli were improved at longer press times and higher temperatures for all blending ratios. This has been attributed to the crystallisation of the lignocellulose and thermally induced cross-linking in the polyethylene. An increased biomass ratio and particle size were positively correlated with water absorption and thickness swelling and inversely related with MOR, tensile strength, and density due to an incomplete encapsulation of the biomass by the plastic matrix. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilising low-grade recycled polyethylene and the whole-tree biomass of A. saligna, without the need for pre-processing and the addition of expensive modifiers, to produce WPCs with properties that satisfy the minimum requirements for interior cladding or ceiling material.
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Ivanov, Vladimir, and Tat’yana Vigerina. "IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PROJECTS OF REPAIR COMPANIES USING COMPOSITION CENTERS." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 1, no. 142 (January 2021): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-59-1-115-123.
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Educational and scientific publications orient future specialists of the repair and maintenance profile when studying the discipline of enterprise design to optimize technical solutions according to the criteria of minimum production area of premises and buildings and transport work for moving machines and aggregates, but they do not offer qualitative and quantitative methods of this optimization. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing the measures to reduce the production area and transport work on the movement of products during the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of repair and maintenance enterprises. (Materials and methods) Geometric optimization according to the criteria of transport work for the movement of repaired and serviced products and the production area of the production building has been used during the study. The layout decision of the industrial buildings subject to technological requirements, restrictions, safety and rational due to the location of the plots, the minimum transport equation serviced (repairable) goods and traffic flows. (Results and discussion) The article presents the concept of a composite center in the layout of the production building of a repair and maintenance enterprise in design practice. The location relative to each other plots of maintenance and repair of operational and integrated operating company, as well as disassembly and cleaning, restoration of parts and a pick-assembly plots repair company that will ensure the movement of goods heaviest path of least length are justified. (Conclusions) The use of composite centers in design work during the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production sites of operational, maintenance and repair enterprises with the optimization procedure allows you to obtain a housing layout with a minimum production area and the least transport work to move the repaired or serviced products.
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Ivanov, Vladimir P., and Tat’yana V. Vigerina. "IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF PROJECTS OF REPAIR COMPANIES USING COMPOSITION CENTERS." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin 1, no. 142 (March 2021): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2021-59-1-115-123.
Full textAbstract:
Educational and scientific publications orient future specialists of the repair and maintenance profile when studying the discipline of enterprise design to optimize technical solutions according to the criteria of minimum production area of premises and buildings and transport work for moving machines and aggregates, but they do not offer qualitative and quantitative methods of this optimization. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing the measures to reduce the production area and transport work on the movement of products during the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of repair and maintenance enterprises. (Materials and methods) Geometric optimization according to the criteria of transport work for the movement of repaired and serviced products and the production area of the production building has been used during the study. The layout decision of the industrial buildings subject to technological requirements, restrictions, safety and rational due to the location of the plots, the minimum transport equation serviced (repairable) goods and traffic flows. (Results and discussion) The article presents the concept of a composite center in the layout of the production building of a repair and maintenance enterprise in design practice. The location relative to each other plots of maintenance and repair of operational and integrated operating company, as well as disassembly and cleaning, restoration of parts and a pick-assembly plots repair company that will ensure the movement of goods heaviest path of least length are justified. (Conclusions) The use of composite centers in design work during the reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production sites of operational, maintenance and repair enterprises with the optimization procedure allows you to obtain a housing layout with a minimum production area and the least transport work to move the repaired or serviced products.
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Haristianti, Vika, Made Anggita Wahyudi Linggasani, Stefani Natali, and Dadang Hartabela. "Proteksi Risiko Kebakaran di Perumahan. Studi Kasus Perumahan Baru di Kelurahan Cigadung, Bandung." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 2, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v2i1.15061.
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Abstract: The city of Bandung is one city that often experiences fire risk. Based on data from the Bandung Fire Prevention and Management Office, in 2000-2010, there were 1,624 fires with around 773 cases (48%) occurring in residential areas. Even though ideally, planned housing complexes should have been designed to be able to reduce losses to a minimum due to the risk of fire. This research is a comparison between the real conditions in the field and the application of government regulations or rules and other standards regarding building safety, especially regarding the planning or anticipation of fire disasters in housing in the Bandung area. The method of data collection is done in two stages. In the first stage the literature review was carried out on the risks and protection of fires, especially in residential buildings. After that, interviews were also conducted with the Bandung Fire Department. Then, the results of the literature review and interviews are formulated into variables for reference in the field survey assessment. This study used a purposive random sampling method in new housing in the Cigadung sub-district, North Bandung with consideration of the density of settlements, the number of new housing growing in the area and the fact that Cigadung is one of the 40 areas prone to fire disasters in Bandung. The analysis was carried out with a comparison between theory and field conditions. The survey results were concluded descriptively. The assessment will be carried out by looking at the rule application points with a range of numbers 1 to 6. This number is obtained from six matters regulated in regulations relating to fire protection, namely access points, environmental arrangements, brand, green open space, fire water source, and extinguishing equipment. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded as follows. The eligibility category is divided into 3, namely not fulfilling the requirements (1-2 points), sufficiently fulfilling the requirements (3-4 points) and already fulfilling the requirements (5-6 points).Keywords: Protection; Fire Risk; New Development Housing Abstrak: Kota Bandung merupakan salah satu kota yang sering mengalami risiko kebakaran. Berdasarkan data Dinas Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Kebakaran Kota Bandung, pada tahun 2000-2010, terjadi sebanyak 1.624 kebakaran dengan sekitar 773 kasus (48%) terjadi di daerah perumahan. Padahal idealnya, kompleks perumahan terencana seharusnya telah didesain untuk mampu mengurangi seminimal mungkin kerugian akibat risiko kebakaran. Penelitian ini merupakan komparasi antara kondisi nyata di lapangan dan penerapan regulasi atau aturan pemerintah dan standar lainnya mengenai keselamatan bangunan, terutama mengenai perencanaan atau antisipasi bencana kebakaran pada perumahan di daerah Bandung. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dua tahap. Pada tahap pertama kajian literatur dilakukan terhadap risiko dan proteksi kebakaran khususnya pada bangunan perumahan. Setelah itu dilakukan juga wawancara kepada pihak Dinas Pemadam Kebakaran Kota Bandung. Lalu, hasil dari kajian literatur dan wawancara dirumuskan menjadi variabel untuk acuan penilaian survei lapangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sampling purposive random sampling pada perumahan baru di kelurahan Cigadung, Bandung Utara dengan pertimbangan padatnya permukiman, banyaknya perumahan baru yang tumbuh di daerah tersebut serta fakta bahwa Cigadung merupakan salah satu dari 40 area rawan bencana kebakaran di Kota Bandung. Analisis dilakukan dengan cara komparasi antara teori dan kondisi lapangan. Hasil survei disimpulkan secara deskriptif. Penilaian akan dilakukan dengan melihat poin aplikasi aturan dengan kisaran angka 1 hingga 6. Angka ini diperoleh dari enam hal yang diatur dalam peraturan terkait proteksi kebakaran, yaitu jalur akses, penataan lingkungan, brandgang, ruang terbuka hijau, sumber air pemadam, dan alat pemadam. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut. Kategori pemenuhan syarat dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu belum memenuhi syarat (1-2 poin), cukup memenuhi syarat (3-4 poin) dan sudah memenuhi syarat (5-6 poin). Kata Kunci: Proteksi; Risiko Kebakaran; Perumahan Baru
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Sukova, S. A., T. N. Barmina, M. I. Slozhenkina, I. F. Gorlov, A. A. Kaidulina, M. V. Frolova, and A. K. Natyrov. "Ensuring the stability of milk production based on an individual approach to feeding lactating cows." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 022100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/2/022100.
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Abstract The article presents the results of feeding dairy cows in loose housing according to detailed nutrition requirements, depending on milk productivity. Experimental research were conducted on basis of a dairy complex of farm enterprise «Donskoe», LLC, of Kalachevsky District of Volgograd Region. The number of cows on the farm enterprise was 2500 animals at the beginning of the experiment. The feeding diets are presented for each of the groups of cows, formed in accordance with the daily productivity, indicating the main elements of nutritional and energy value. The increase in the energy value of the ration provided an increase in milk productivity. Thus, the energy value of diets increased from 234.53 MJ of exchange energy for cows with a minimum productivity of 29 kg of milk per day (first group) to 302.47 MJ of metabolic energy for cows with a maximum milk productivity of 35 kg and more (third group). The dry matter content in the diet increased from 23.22 to 27.93 kg, crude protein – from 3406.70 to 4624.48 g, respectively. The number of highly productive cows increased by 16.1%, productivity increased by 11% due to the transition to differentiated feeding.
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Yang, Hyungmo, Philip Oldfield, and Hazel Easthope. "Influences on Apartment Design: A History of the Spatial Layout of Apartment Buildings in Sydney and Implications for the Future." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 9, 2022): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050628.
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This paper traces the history of apartment design with an emphasis on spatial layout. It charts the events that have influenced apartment design in Sydney, Australia and provides a framework for understanding how changes in society, the economy, regulations, and architectural paradigms have influenced apartment layouts over time. Through a review of historical and contemporary apartment plan drawings in Sydney, we identify four chronologically distinct eras: layouts reflecting physically separate rooms and a healthier living condition (1900–1935); layouts following function (1935–1961); layouts enhancing interaction between family members (1961–2002); and layouts for independent life and to satisfy minimum regulatory requirements (2002–the present). We then consider these distinct eras in relation to political, economic, and social influences at the time. We propose that prior to 1961, changes in social paradigms and architectural thinking and the development of technologies were the main drivers of apartment layouts. After 1961, changes in the economy, the housing market, and regulations appear to have had more influence. This historical analysis provides insights into factors contributing to current apartment layouts and how different social, economic, and regulatory levers may influence them in future. These insights will be useful to both practitioners and academics in international jurisdictions considering how to encourage improved apartment spatial layouts in future.
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Thomas, C. A., and K. P. Reimer. "Vibrations of turbo-molecular vacuum pumps with high stable magnetic bearings operating within electronic microscope systems." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 368–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100086143.
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In order to operate Electronic Microscopes vibration free, it is necessary to assemble the apparatus on a vibration free isolated desk. Similarly, strict requirements, regarding vibrations, are demanded from the attached vacuum pump which provides vacuum for the system. The rotor and rotating shaft of Turbo Molecular Pumps with mechanical bearings are connected to the pump housing by means of ball bearings. The inertia and vibration component resulting from the ball bearing dynamic effects produce the vibration results as indicated in Fig. 1.In order to design a Turbo Molecular Pump with minimum vibration effects it was necessary to provide the pump with a magnetic bearing system containing 4 passive and 1 active controlled axis. This magnetic bearing system is less sensitive to vibration and simpler in assembly than other existing more complicated 5-axis active controlled versions. However it is more complication than the mechanical bearing type. The magnet bearing is provided with a touch-down bearing. Larger pump movements due to high or low frequency stimulation recieved via the microscope desk could result in forcing the shaft out of its magnet-bearing-centre position, the touch-down bearing now re-centres the shaft allowing immediate magnetic bearing centre recovery.
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Rudolf, Lukas, Jiri Fries, Oldrich Ucen, Tomas Kubin, and Lukas Kudrna. "Design of Grinding Machine Spindle." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 1, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2018-0010.
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Abstract When grinding high demands are usually placed on the geometrical tolerances of the workpiece surface. For this reason, the spindles of the grinding machines are normally designed with requirements for a minimum position change of the grinding disks due to external forces and bending moments. The design theory of these spindles is relatively well elaborated, as it represents the most frequently used solution in practice. However, there are also cases where it is necessary to grind some hard-to-reach areas, using a great ejection of the spindle. In these cases, it is necessary to reassess the required geometrical tolerances with regard to its necessity to comply with the minimal changes in the position of the grinding discs due to the great ejection. Where it is necessary to maintain high geometrical tolerances, it is necessary to ensure a greater rigidity of the spindle. This rigidity is usually improved by increasing its diameter. By doing this we also increase the weight of the spindle that is heavily ejected, and thus its deformation can occur due to gravity forces. That is why it is necessary to analyse the deflection of the spindle depending on its ejection in the course of its design. In the case we increase the diameter of the grinder spindle the possible applicable grinding disc diameter decreases, due to the growing size of its housing. Any grinding of hard-to-reach surfaces is therefore done in particular to improve the quality of the surface with low requirements on the geometrical tolerances. This article deals with the design patterns for a spindle used in axial grinding for inner rotating surfaces. The article contains a spindle design solution and an analysis of its deflections, depending on its ejection, and the size of the passive forces.
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Herrera Martinez, Juan Carlos, and Caori Patricia Takeuchi Tam. "Guadua angustifolia frames' performance when stiffened with precast adobe panels." Ingeniería e Investigación 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v29n3.15175.
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Studying the structural behaviour of adobe systems in Colombia became extremely relevant after the 1999 earthquake in Armenia due to these systems' good performance during seismic events. These studies were aimed at modernising adobe house construction (by increased use of technology) and providing minimum requirements for them having a suitable degree of seismic resistance, thereby avoiding their collapse. Besides, if it is taken into account that guadua (the main material used in these systems) represents a cheap and profitable material which is socially and culturally-accepted in most of the country, then one has an alternative, unconventional material available which may be suitably used in constructing cheap, functional and safe housing (its limitations and best use having been identified). The foregoing gave rise to the present investigation in which an experimental evaluation was made of a guadua frame system using two types of prefabricated panels in adobe, under horizontal load. Two fullscale frames were built with guadua at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia's School of Engineering in Bogota; the frames' ability to dissipate energy and support inbuilt rigidity (by stiffening them with precast adobe) was tested and strength-deformation curves were experimentally found. Extremely encouraging results were obtained as drift was reduced by roughly 50% and the system's resistance was increased by more than 40%. Mathematical models were also constructed for comparing experimental results with analytical ones.
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Reus-Netto, Gabriela, Pilar Mercader-Moyano, and Jorge D. Czajkowski. "Methodological Approach for the Development of a Simplified Residential Building Energy Estimation in Temperate Climate." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154040.
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Energy ratings and minimum requirements for thermal envelopes and heating and air conditioning systems emerged as tools to minimize energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy efficiency and promote greater transparency with regard to energy use in buildings. In Latin America, not all countries have building energy efficiency regulations, many of them are voluntary and more than 80% of the existing initiatives are simplified methods and are centered in energy demand analysis and the compliance of admissible values for different indicators. However, the application of these tools, even when simplified, is reduced. The main objective is the development of a simplified calculation method for the estimation of the energy consumption of multifamily housing buildings. To do this, an energy model was created based on the real use and occupation of a reference building, its thermal envelope and its thermal system’s performance. This model was simulated for 42 locations, characterized by their climatic conditions, whilst also considering the thermal transmittance fulfilment. The correlation between energy consumption and the climatic conditions is the base of the proposed method. The input data are seven climatic characteristics. Due to the sociocultural context of Latin America, the proposed method is estimated to have more possible acceptance and applications than other more complex methods, increasing the rate of buildings with an energy assessment. The results have demonstrated a high reliability in the prediction of the statistical models created, as the determination coefficient (R2) is nearly 1 for cooling and heating consumption.
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Stankovic, B., S. Hristov, D. Ostojic-Andric, Z. Zlatanovic, Lj Samolovac, and N. Maksimovic. "The most common health disorders and welfare of dairy cows and calves." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 30, no. 4 (2014): 549–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1404549s.
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Three farms of dairy cows (A, B and C) were observed for health disorders of dairy cows and suckling calves. Farm A is farm with tied system of rearing, with 1100 cows, while farms B and C have 400 and 600 cows kept loose with outdoor pens, respectively. Data regarding welfare criteria of dairy cows (health, feeding, housing and behaviour) were collected and analysed through Protocol of Welfare Quality (2009). Health disorders of dairy cows and suckling calves were collected and statistically analysed by chi-square test (?2 test). Welfare of all of three dairy farms were assessed as acceptable, meaning that provided welfare conditions meet the minimum requirements of animals. Principle of provision of good health was rated as acceptable (?20 points) on farm A, while on farms with loose system (B and C) overall health rated as excellent (?80 points). Occurrence rate of reproductive, locomotor, skin and claws disorders and digestive and systemic disorders of dairy cows and calves up to 4 months old were very different between three farms (A, B, C) with ?2-values of 2901.71, 252.02, 204.08, 1152.31 and 184.23 respectively; ?<0.01). According presented data, it is obvious that the majority health problems were observed in tied system of rearing, on farm A, such as reproductive disorders and mastitis, as well as injuries and bad body score and lame cows. The most serious health problems of the calves were diarrhea and bronchopneumonia of different etiology.