Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR HOUSING'
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Halvorsen, Ivar Johan. "Minimum Energy Requirements in Complex Distillation Arrangements." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-309.
Full textDistillation is the most widely used industrial separation technology and distillation units are responsible for a significant part of the total heat consumption in the world’s process industry. In this work we focus on directly (fully thermally) coupled column arrangements for separation of multicomponent mixtures. These systems are also denoted Petlyuk arrangements, where a particular implementation is the dividing wall column. Energy savings in the range of 20-40% have been reported with ternary feed mixtures. In addition to energy savings, such integrated units have also a potential for reduced capital cost, making them extra attractive. However, the industrial use has been limited, and difficulties in design and control have been reported as the main reasons. Minimum energy results have only been available for ternary feed mixtures and sharp product splits. This motivates further research in this area, and this thesis will hopefully give some contributions to better understanding of complex column systems.
In the first part we derive the general analytic solution for minimum energy consumption in directly coupled columns for a multicomponent feed and any number of products. To our knowledge, this is a new contribution in the field. The basic assumptions are constant relative volatility, constant pressure and constant molar flows and the derivation is based on Underwood’s classical methods. An important conclusion is that the minimum energy consumption in a complex directly integrated multi-product arrangement is the same as for the most difficult split between any pair of the specified products when we consider the performance of a conventional two-product column. We also present the Vmin-diagram, which is a simple graphical tool for visualisation of minimum energy related to feed distribution. The Vmind-diagram provides a simple mean to assess the detailed flow requirements for all parts of a complex directly coupled arrangement.
The main purpose in the first part of the thesis has been to present a complete theory of minimum energy in directly coupled columns, not a design procedure for engineering purposes. Thus, our focus has been on the basic theory and on verification and analysis of the new results. However, based on these results, it is straightforward to develop design procedures including rigorous computations for real feed mixtures without the idealized assumptions used to deduce the analytic results.
In part 2 we focus on optimization of operation, and in particular the concept of self-optimizing control. We consider a process where we have more degrees of freedom than are consumed by the product specifications. The remaining unconstrained degrees of freedom are used to optimize the operation, given by some scalar cost criterion. In addition there will in practice always be unknown disturbances, model uncertainty and uncertainty in measurements and implementation of manipulated inputs, which makes it impossible to precalculate and implement the optimal control inputs accurately.
The main idea is to achieve self-optimizing control by turning the optimization problem into a constant setpoint problem. The issue is then to find (if possible) a set of variables, which when kept at their setpoints, indirectly ensures optimal operation.
We have used the ternary Petlyuk arrangement to illustrate the concept. It is a quite challenging case where the potential energy savings may easily be lost if we do not manage to keep the manipulated inputs at their optimal values, and the optimum is strongly affected by changes in feed composition and column performance. This also applies to the best control structure selection, and we believe that the reported difficulties in control are really a control structure problem (the task of selecting the best variables to control and the best variables to manipulate).
In this analysis we present in detail the properties of the Petlyuk arrangement, and show how important characteristics depend on the feed properties and product purity. We have used finite stage-by-stage models, and we also show how to use Underwood’s equations to compute the energy consumption for infinite number of stages for any values of the degrees of freedom. Such computations are very simple. The results are accurate and in terms of computation time, outperform simulations with finite stage-by-stage models by several magnitudes. The analysis gives a basic understanding of the column behaviour and we may select operating strategies based on this knowledge for any given separation case. In some cases there will be a quite flat optimality region, and this suggests that one of the manipulated inputs may be kept constant.We also show that the side-stream purity has strong impact on the optimality region. One observation is that a symptom of sub-optimal operation can be that we are unable to achieve high sidestream purity, and not necessarily increased energy consumption.
In summary, the presented results contribute to improved understanding and removal of some uncertainties in the design and operation of directly integrated distillation arrangements.
Renz, William Joseph Jr. "A minimum housing prototype for affordable housing : existenzminimum in Atlanta and Columbus." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24096.
Full textBozalioglu, Dogu. "Evaluation Of Minimum Requirements For Lap Splice Design." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608284/index.pdf.
Full textKrishnaswamy, Vidya. "Minimum design standards strategies for specific urban locations with reference to India." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06112009-063105/.
Full textLundman, Astrid. "Evalutaion of Sweden’s accessibility requirements for housing." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254303.
Full textIdag måste nyproducerade bostäder byggas enligt samtliga tillgänglighetskrav. Målet med detta är att slutligen uppnå ett bestånd där samtliga bostäder uppnår tillgänglighetskraven. Detta kan anses orimligt då enbart en bråkdel av Sveriges befolkning är i behov av tillgängliga och användbara bostäder. Att bygga tillgängligt är något som många anser vara mycket kostsamt samt icke samhällsekonomsikthållbart. I detta examensarbete utförs en utredning av dagens tillgänglighetskrav. Detta görs genom en mindre litteraturöversikt samt en intervjuundersökning. Ett flertal intervjuer med personer som på olika sätt påverkas av dagens tillgänglighetskrav har utförts. Syftet med dessa intervjuer är att ta reda på vad branschen tycker om dagens krav samt hur de fungerar i praktiken. Denna rapport utreder även möjligheten om en tillgänglighetsfond. Denna fond ska fungera genom att byggherrar vid varje nyproduktion av bostäder fonderar en viss andel kapital i denna fond som sedan kan användas när tillgänglighetsanpassning är aktuellt. Detta ska göras möjligt genom att olika kvoter av tillgängligt byggande införs, vilket resulterar i minskade produktionskostnader. Avslutningsvis har en diskussion framställs baserat på en analys och jämförelse av resultatet från litteraturöversikten och intervjuundersökningen. Denna rapport avslutas med fem stycken rekommendation till hur denna fråga kan förbättras och utvecklas. Dessa rekommendationer är Besökstillgänglighet; Tillgänglighetfond; Översyn av Boverkets byggregler; Typgodkända lösningsförslag & Bjud in till diskussion.
Ahdab, Yvana D. (Yvana Daniella). "Desalination of brackish groundwater in the United States : minimum energy requirements." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111776.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-122).
Water scarcity around the globe has motivated rising interest in desalinating brackish groundwater to meet fresh water demand. Various organizations in the United States have collected more hydrological and chemical data from the growing number of wells. Yet, only one national assessment of groundwater resource distribution and availability has been conducted in the United States since the 1960s, and no national assessment has been conducted on the energy costs required to make brackish groundwater potable. Because the ionic composition of groundwater varies significantly from location to location, unlike seawater, conducting site-specific analyses of the resource across the U.S. is necessary. This thesis uses chemical and physical data from a U.S. Geological Survey dataset compiled in 2017, including samples from over 100,000 groundwater wells across the United States, to carry out a nationwide investigation of brackish groundwater composition and minimum desalination energy costs. Beginning with a full Pitzer-Kim mixed electrolyte model, we develop a thermodynamic analysis of the least work of separation in order to compute the site-specific least work of separation required for groundwater desalination. Least work of separation represents a baseline for specific energy consumption of real-world desalination systems. Then, we study the geographic distribution of least work of separation to determine areas with both low least work of separation and high water stress. These regions hold potential for desalination to decrease the disparity between high water demand and low water supply. We develop simplified equations for least work as a function of recovery ratio and the following parameters: total dissolved solids, specific conductance, ionic strength, and molality. Lastly, we examine the effects of groundwater composition on minimum energy costs, and the geographic distribution of total dissolved solids, well depth and major ions.
by Yvana D. Ahdab.
S.M.
Ahdab, Yvana D. (Yvana Daniella). "Desalination of brackish groundwater in the United States : minimum energy requirements." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111776.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-122).
Water scarcity around the globe has motivated rising interest in desalinating brackish groundwater to meet fresh water demand. Various organizations in the United States have collected more hydrological and chemical data from the growing number of wells. Yet, only one national assessment of groundwater resource distribution and availability has been conducted in the United States since the 1960s, and no national assessment has been conducted on the energy costs required to make brackish groundwater potable. Because the ionic composition of groundwater varies significantly from location to location, unlike seawater, conducting site-specific analyses of the resource across the U.S. is necessary. This thesis uses chemical and physical data from a U.S. Geological Survey dataset compiled in 2017, including samples from over 100,000 groundwater wells across the United States, to carry out a nationwide investigation of brackish groundwater composition and minimum desalination energy costs. Beginning with a full Pitzer-Kim mixed electrolyte model, we develop a thermodynamic analysis of the least work of separation in order to compute the site-specific least work of separation required for groundwater desalination. Least work of separation represents a baseline for specific energy consumption of real-world desalination systems. Then, we study the geographic distribution of least work of separation to determine areas with both low least work of separation and high water stress. These regions hold potential for desalination to decrease the disparity between high water demand and low water supply. We develop simplified equations for least work as a function of recovery ratio and the following parameters: total dissolved solids, specific conductance, ionic strength, and molality. Lastly, we examine the effects of groundwater composition on minimum energy costs, and the geographic distribution of total dissolved solids, well depth and major ions.
by Yvana D. Ahdab.
S.M.
Sanchez, Paul. "Coming of Age: A Look at Minimum Age Requirements in Professional Sports." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/802.
Full textBachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
Olsson, Kimberly. "How Have the Amortization Requirements Affected Housing Prices in Stockholm?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254822.
Full textSyftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur amorteringskraven som infördes under 2016 and 2018,påverkade bostadspriserna i Stockholms län. Genom att tillämpa en eventstudie och enregressionsanalys försöker denna studie förklara hur regleringarna har påverkat priserna för småhusjämfört med bostadsrätter, om påverkan på priserna skilde sig mellan bostadsrätter av olika storlekaroch om påverkan skilde sig mellan befintligt bestånd och nyproducerade bostäder. Motivationenbakom amorteringskraven var att reglera och minska hushållens skulder, eftersom de gjorde hushållensårbara för ekonomiska störningar. Det andra amorteringskravet förväntades även sänkabostadspriserna och mottog därför en del kritik. Denna rapport är begränsad till utvecklingen avsmåhus- och bostadsrättspriser mellan december 2013 och februari 2019.De huvudsakliga slutsatserna i denna rapport är att amorteringskraven har minskat förväntade vinster.I tidigare litteratur har makroekonomiska regleringar minskat prisökningen, vilket också är resultatetför denna studie. För småhus och nyproducerade bostäder minskade också priserna jämfört medföregående period. Amorteringskraven har uppnått Finansinspektionens mål om att minska hushållensskulder men har samtidigt ökat skuldkvoten bland hushåll. Avslutningsvis har det blivit svårare förunga hushåll att finansiera sitt bostadsköp då amorteringskraven ökar månadsbetalningarna och gör attde inte klarar av kvar-att-leva-på-kalkylerna hos bankerna. Samtidigt är hyresmarknaden ärsvåråtkomlig och begränsar därmed bostadsalternativen på marknaden.
Lezis, Israelsson Jennifer. "What are the minimum requirements of numbers used in a good case study?" Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32556.
Full textSerrano, Ana Sofia Calcinha. "Habitar hoje na cidade antiga." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12270.
Full textHunt, P. J. "The control of temperature and atmospheric contaminants in an intensive poultry house under minimum ventilation conditions." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356469.
Full textJachimowicz, Adam. "Post-Disaster Interim Housing| Forecasting Requirements and Determining Key Planning Factors." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3629412.
Full textCommon tenets in the field of emergency management hold that all disasters are different and all disasters hold a great deal of uncertainty. For these and many other reasons, many challenges are present when providing post-disaster assistance to victims. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has identified post-disaster interim housing as one of its greatest challenges. These challenges have been highlighted in recent years in the media as spectacular failures as evidenced during the recovery efforts for Hurricane Katrina. Partly in response, FEMA developed the National Disaster Housing Strategy that establishes the framework and strategic goals of providing housing to disaster victims. This strategy calls for emergency management professionals to both anticipate needs and balance a host of factors to provide quick, economical, and community-based housing solutions that meet the individual, family, and community needs while enabling recovery. The first problem is that emergency management officials need to make decisions early on without actual event data in order to provide timely interim housing options to victims. The second problem is that there is little guidance and no quantitative measures on prioritizing the many factors that these same officials need for providing interim housing. This research addressed both of these problems. To anticipate needs, a series of models were developed utilizing historical data provided by FEMA and regression analysis to produce a series of forecast models. The models developed were for the cost of a housing mission, the number of individuals applying to FEMA for assistance, the number of people eligible for housing assistance and the number of trailers FEMA will provide as interim housing. The variables analyzed and used to make the prediction were; population, wind-speed, homeownership rate, number of households, income, and poverty level. Of the four models developed, the first three demonstrated statistical significance, while the last one did not. The models were limited only to wind related hazards. These models and associated forecasts can assist federal, state, and local government officials with scoping and planning for a housing mission. In addition, the models also provide insight into how the six variables used to make the prediction can influence it. The second part of this research used a structured feedback process (Delphi) and expert opinion to develop a ranked list of the most important factors that emergency management officials should consider when conducting operational planning for a post-disaster housing mission. This portion of the research took guidance from the "National Disaster Housing Strategy" and attempted to quantify it based on the consensus opinion of a group of experts. The top three factors that were determined by the Delphi were 1) House disaster survivors as soon as possible 2) The availability of existing housing and 3) Status of infrastructure.
Guillou, Nicholas John Hatton. "Assessing local housing requirements : a study with reference to planning practice." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293329.
Full textChirwa, M. P. W. "An evaluation of the minimum requirements for the design of rural water supply projects." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2895.
Full textIn this study, the minimum standards required for the design of rural piped water supply projects as set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) are evaluated with respect to capital pipe cost using the Nooightgedacht rural water supply scheme selected as a case study.
Drees, Ludwig, Manfred Mueller, Carsten Schmidt-Moll, Patrick Gontar, Kilian Zwirglmaier, Chong Wang, Klaus Bengler, Florian Holzapfel, and Daniel Straub. "Risk analysis of the EASA minimum fuel requirements considering the ACARE-defined safety target." Elsevier, 2017. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72186.
Full textFoss, Matthew 1978. "Inclusionary housing requirements in California : examining the economic impact on three cases." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/26730.
Full textThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59).
Matthew Foss.
S.M.
Guma, Tamsanqa Marshall. "Minimum requirements for the provisioning of ABET in the North West Province / by Tamsanqa Marshall Guma." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2086.
Full textGay, Alanis Leon F. "Measuring Energy Efficiency of Water Utilities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34231.
Full textMaster of Science
Kanel, Jeffrey Scott. "Minimum impeller speeds and power requirements for complete dispersion of non-Newtonian liquid-liquid systems in baffled vessels." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11256.
Full textHolmes, Stewart H. "Outsourcing versus retaining in-house capability to fulfill Naval Postgraduate School's family housing maintenance requirements." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA290184.
Full textThesis advisor(s): Joseph G. San Miguel, Walter E. Owen. "December 1994." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
Sell, Andres. "Determining the minimum local anaesthetic requirements for hip replacement surgery under spinal anaesthesis : a study employing a spinal catheter /." Online version, 2005. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/1081/5/sell.pdf.
Full textBester, George Francis. "Minimum physical requirements of the physical workers of an electric supply company by way of work-specific physical assessments." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04262005-173630.
Full textBaz, Adam. "Woodpeckers in the City: Habitat Use and Minimum Area Requirements of Woodpeckers in Urban Parks and Natural Areas in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4455.
Full textDavis, Victor Corey. "Impact of minimum hiring requirements (AB 1725) on the recruitment and employment of community college vocational and technical teachers in California." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1038.
Full textGiersberg, Mona Franziska [Verfasser]. "Collection of biometric data as an animal based approach for the assessment of minimum space requirements in livestock farming / Mona Franziska Giersberg." Hannover : Bibliothek der Tierärztlichen Hochschule Hannover, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1136159762/34.
Full textOlubodun, O. F. "An empirical approach to the evaluation of factors in local authority housing maintenance requirements in the City of Manchester." Thesis, University of Salford, 1996. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2195/.
Full textGonçalves, Iga Jandir de Lima. "O habitar mínimo." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/10956.
Full textSt-Pierre, Normand Roger. "Minimum cost requirements from a response function and incorporation of uncertainty in composition of feeds into chance-constrained programming models of livestock rations /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260135354794.
Full textAlhaj, Tamim. "The Potential of the Application of Photovoltaics to the Housing Sector and the Future of Energy Requirements in the U.A.E." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493899.
Full textLilley, Susan Jane. "Digging the dirt on density : a study of medium density housing in Christchurch's Living Three zone : a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1283.
Full textAvery-Gomm, Stephanie. "Determining the impacts of hydrological drought on endangered Nooksack dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) at the population and individual level : Implications for minimum environmental flow requirements." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44408.
Full textScholz, Christian. "Evaluation and categorization of findings according to the Minimum Requirements for the Internal Audit Function of Banks 1/2000 (German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70206.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main object of this study project is clause 14 of the circular 1/2000 "Minimum Requirements for the Internal Audit Function of Banks" of the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority. It requires that banks have a risk management system, a risk-based audit planning and a risk-based audit procedure. These have initiated the transformation process of the internal audit functions from the traditional audit approach, which is past and present orientated, to the risk-based audit approach, which is future oriented. During audit planning the audit objects are chosen due to their inherent-risk instead of choosing them due to indications of pastrelated information or estimations. To determine the inherent-risk the audit object's risk factors have to be determined and assessed. The aim of the study is to set up a model, which allows the standardized categorization of findings according to the Minimum Requirements for the Internal Audit Function of Banks 1/2000, which requires a categorization of findings into at least three categories: shortcoming, serious shortcoming, and particular grave deficiency. The Minimum Requirements doesn't impose a restriction to the method of categorization. The survey "Categorization of Findings" revealed that all banks are categorizing the findings, but that only a few banks are using an objective method to do so. To ensure a coherent, transparent and objective classification of the findings the classification process has to be standardized. For a standardized classification process the extent of the findings have to be comparable and quantitative. Therefore, techniques and methods have to be applied, which quantifies the extent of the findings making them comparable. In order to find the right method to assess the extent of the finding one has to look at the components of a finding. A finding consists of risk, which is expressed by the occurrence probability and the extent of damage. The occurrence probability and the extent of damage are described by various risk factors, which are quantitative and qualitative. These risk factors have to be objectively evaluated and aggregated to determine the risk and thus, the extent of the finding. The main problems of this assessment are the quantification of the qualitative risk factors and the aggregation of all risk factors. For the quantification of qualitative risk factors the methods three dimensional analysis and the Delphi-Method are most appropriate. These two methods can be used for the evaluation of a quantitative risk factor as well. Furthermore, the methods sensitivity analysis, Monte Carlo simulation, and statistical methods can assist the assessment of qualitative risk factors, but these methods alone are not appropriate for the assessment of qualitative risk factors. When aggregating the assessments of the risk factors a combination of successive comparison and Scoring Model are suitable. The classification of findings for the annual audit report can be conducted by use of the ABC-Analysis. Prior to this, the scored findings have to be weighted according to the importance of the audit object for the company. All findings in class A represent serious shortcomings and particular grave defiCiencies, class B represents shortcomings, and class C negligible shortcomings. The classification process can be assisted by the use of the risk map and the risk portfolio, but the sole use of these methods would not lead to a proper classification.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoof doelwit van hierdie studieprojek is klousule 14 van die Sirkuler 1/2000 "Minimum vereistes vir die Interne Oudit funksie van banke" van die Duitse Federale Finansiele Toesighoudende gesag. Dit vereis dat banke 'n risikobestuur sisteem, 'n risiko baseerde oudit plan en risiko baseerde oudit prosedures daar stel. Hierdie verseistes het die transformasie van die interne oudit funksies inisieer, vanaf die tradisionele benadering wat op die verlede en die huidige gefokus het, tot 'n risiko gebaseerde benadering wat op die toekoms gerig is. Gedurende die oudit beplanning word die oudit onderwerpe gekies vanwee hul inherente risikos eerder as vanwee die indikasies van verlede-gebaseerde informasie of estimasies. Om die inherente risikos te bepaal, is dit nodig om die oudit onderwerp se risiko faktore te bepaal en te bereken. Die doeI van die studie is die daarstelling van 'n model vir die gestandardiseerde kategorisering van bevindinge na aanleiding van die "Minimum vereistes vir die Interne Oudit funksie van banke" in ten minste drie kategorie: leemtes, ernstige tekortkominge en spesifieke growwe tekorte. Die Minimum Vereistes beperk nie die metode van kategorisering nie. Die opname "Catagorising of Findings" toon dat al die banke wel hul bevindings kategorieseer maar dat slegs 'n paar banke 'n objektiewe metode hierin toe pas. Om verstaanbare, deursigtige en objektiewe klassifikasie van bevindinge te verseker is dit nodig dat die proses van klassifikasie gestandardiseer word. Vir 'n gestandardiseerde klassifikasie proses moet die resultate van bevindinge vergelykbaar en kwantitatief wees. Hiervoor moet tegnieke en metodes toegepas word wat die resultate van bevindinge kwantifiseer en so vergelykbaar maak. Om die regte metode te vind vir die analisering van die resultate van 'n bevinding, moet daar na die komponente van die bevinding gekyk word. 'n Bevinding bestaan uit risiko wat uitgedruk word as die gebeurlikheidswaarskynlikheid en omvang van skade. Die gebeurlikheidswaarskynlikheid en omvang van skade word beskryf deur 'n verskeidenheid van risiko faktore wat beide kwalitatief en kwantitatief van aard is. Hierdie risiko faktore moet objektief evalueer en saamgevat word om die risiko en so die omvang van die bevinding te bepaal. Die grootste probleem met die analise is die kwantifisering van die kwalitatiewe risiko faktore en die samevatting van al die risiko faktore . Vir die kwatifisering van die kwalitatiewe risiko faktore, is die Drie Dimensionele Analise en die Delphi metodes die mees toepaslikes. Hulle kan ook gebruik word vir die evaluasie van 'n kwantitatiewe risiko faktor. Verder kan die metodes van sensitiwiteitsontleding, Monte Carlo simulasie en ander statistiese metodes ook help met die berekening van kwantitatiewe risiko faktore. Hulle is egter nie toepaslik vir die berekening van kwalitatiewe risiko faktore nie. Met die aggregasie van die analiese van risiko faktore, is die kombinasie van Opeenvolgende Vergelyking en Punte Toekenning modelle ook toepaslik. Die klassifisering van bevindinge vir die jaarlikse oudit verslag kan gedoen word deur die gebruik van ABC-analise. Voorheen moes daar aan die bevindinge gewigte toegeken word in ooreenstemming met die belangrikheid van die oudit onderwerp vir die maatskappy. Alle resultate in klas A verteenwoordig ernstige tekortkominge en besonder gewigtig gebrekkig , klas B verteenwoordig tekortkominge en klas C geringe tekortkominge. Die klasifikasie proses kan bygestaan word deur die gebruik van 'n risiko kaart en risiko portefeulje. Die alleen gebruik van die metodes sal egter nie 'n ordentlike klassifikasie verseker nie.
Man, Mengying, and Meixuan Ren. "Wealth Inequality : Analysis based on 21 EU countries." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44333.
Full textCaselli, Cristina Kanya. "100 anos de habitação mínima: ênfase na Europa e Japão." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2008. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/2621.
Full textFundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
This work s objective is to survey and analyze the minimum housing designs developed during the 20th Century in various European countries, taking as counterpoint the designs made in Japan. The projects analysis considered: the spatial solutions, the dimensioning and the technology. The 20th Century was marked by many social, cultural and political changes that had influenced also the housing s architecture. Since the woman independence, and the costumes changes stimulated by the technical evolution, there was a true revolution into the communications with consequent reflexes in the human communities. The architecture didn t remain outside this avalanche of news however it came following these changes, thus adaptting the designs to the new persons needs. This master dissertation analyses the European and Japanese designs, in order to establish parameters for comparison among the various architectural parties adopted.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo levantar e analisar projetos de habitação mínima desenvolvidos durante o século XX em diversos países europeus, usando como contraponto o Japão. Na análise dos projetos foram consideradas: as soluções espaciais, o dimensionamento e a tecnologia. O século XX foi marcado por várias mudanças sociais, culturais e políticas que influíram também na arquitetura das habitações. Desde a independência da mulher, e mudança de costumes impulsionada pela evolução técnica, houve uma verdadeira revolução nas comunicações com conseqüentes reflexos nas comunidades humanas. A arquitetura não ficou fora desta avalanche de novidades, mas veio acompanhando essas mudanças, assim adaptando os projetos às novas necessidades das pessoas. Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa projetos europeus e Japoneses, de forma a estabelecer parâmetros de comparação entre os diversos partidos arquitetônicos adotados.
Oliveira, Amaro Jorge de Pina. "Arquiteturas revisitadas : módulos mínimos e multifuncionais de habitação." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8906.
Full textAttah, Rebecca. "Ghanaian Bank Performance and Ownership, Size, Risk, and Efficiency." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4416.
Full textNiklasson, Beatrice, and Linnéa Nordin. "Effects of higher capital costs in local housing markets: Study in Täby, Upplands-Bro and Upplands Väsby municipality." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191231.
Full textKandidatarbetet syftar till att studera hur högre kapitalkostnader påverkar hushållens betalningsförmåga och vilka effekter det kan få på bostadsmarknaden. I arbetet undersöks tre områden i tre olika kommuner i stockholmsregionen. I rapporten finns begränsningen att räntorna är den enda variabeln som ändras och att det i de områden som undersöks finns relativt nyproducerade bostäder. I dagsläget är räntenivåerna väldigt låga för bostadslån och det har medfört att svenskarna aldrig någonsin har varit så högt belånade. Nyligen har även ett nytt amorteringskrav antagits, vilket kommer att påverka alla hushåll som tar nya lån med en belåningsgrad över 50 procent. Bostadspriserna ligger idag på en historiskt hög nivå och speciellt hög är prisutvecklingen i Stockholmsregionen. Hushållens förväntningar har en stor inverkan på priserna och vissa experter menar att marknaden idag är övervärderad och att vi befinner oss i en bostadsbubbla som, om den spricker, kan innebära stora negativa konsekvenser för bostadsmarknaden. Samtidigt har inflyttningen och efterfrågan på bostäder aldrig varit så hög som nu inom Stockholms län. I denna uppsats avser vi att undersöka hur en stigande ränta kan påverka hushåll med olika belåningsgrader i tre olika kommuner inom Stockholms län. Med hjälp av data från bland annat InsightOne och Konsumentverket har en kalkyl för fyra olika typhushåll ställts upp som speglar den vanligaste hushållssammansättningen i de valda områdena. Här kommer sedan den disponibla inkomsten efter att alla utgifter för boende och nödvändigheter är betalade att undersökas. Vi kommer därefter att analysera hur dessa hushåll skulle klara sig i ett scenario där förändrade fundamentala faktorer ger hushållen högre boendekostnader och vidare hur de valda kommunerna, som alla har en relativt hög nybyggnadstakt, skulle komma att påverkas av ett plötsligt prisfall på marknaden. Dessutom har en kalkyl med data från SCB satts upp för att undersöka hur många procent av alla hushåll i Stockholms län som har samma årsinkomst som ett anpassat intervall av de valda mosaichushållen. Våra resultat visar att inte alla hushåll skulle klara av ökade boendekostnader, exempelvis som en följd av högre räntor. De skulle alltså gått med underskott varje månad enligt den budget vi ställt upp för varje mosaichushåll och som redovisar de viktigaste utgifterna ett hushåll med denna sammansättning har. I ett scenario där detta blir verklighet skulle alltså hushåll med en hög belåningsgrad och höga räntor få en betydligt mindre summa pengar att leva på varje månad efter att alla nödvändiga kostnader är betalde, vilket skulle leda till en minskad konsumtion och minskad efterfrågan på bostäder. Detta skulle i sin tur leda till ett osäkrare läge på bostadsmarknaden, vilket skulle få ytterligare hushåll att omvärdera sitt val av tidpunkt för denna typ av investering. I slutändan skulle detta kunna komma att leda till vakanser i de kommuner vi valt att undersöka och som ligger någon eller några mil utanför innerstaden med dess ständigt höga efterfrågan på bostäder. Utifrån våra resultat kan den uppställda hypotesen styrkas. Detta då hälften av de mosaichushåll vi utgick ifrån i undersökningen visade ett underskott i sin budget då ränta och belåningsgrad låg på en hög, om än inte orimlig, nivå. Utifrån inkomststatistiken från SCB kunde vi även utläsa att hela 49.8 procent av alla hushåll inom Stockholms län har en lägre årsinkomst än de undersökta mosaichushållen, vilket innebär att dessa hushåll skulle visa ett större underskott i sin budget om deras boendekostnader ökade.
Holmberg, Otto, and Joel Rosing. "Fysiska miljöns påverkan på bilinnehav : Aggregerad linjär modellering av rumsliga faktorer i Göteborg." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298538.
Full textVar vi bor och hur vår närmiljö ser ut och fungerar påverkar hur vi rör oss. Genom att ändra förutsättningarna i närområdet förefaller det naturligt att valet av bilinnehav skulle påverkas. Denna studie undersöker sambandet mellan den fysiska miljön och bilinnehav i fallstudieområdet Göteborg.Studien tar avstamp i tidigare linjära aggregerade modeller och undersöker variansen av bilinnehav per hushåll på basområdesnivå kvantitativt genom linjär regressionsanalys. Studien ämnar till att belysa hur de faktorer som kan styras genom kommunal styrning (faktorer som kan regleras genom detaljplanering eller exempelvis påverkas genom kommunal investering i gatumark) kan förklara variansen av bilinnehav. Frågeställningar kring Göteborgs Stads arbetssätt och värderingar av de oberoende fysiska variablerna i modellen som lyfts undersöks genom en enkätstudie och kortare intervjuserie i tandem med de statistiskt påvisade förhållandena för att se hur dessa två synsätt skiljer sig åt. I byggandet av modellen över hur stadens nätverk, struktur och bostadsutbud potentiellt påverkar privat bilinnehav per person valdes fyra huvudsakliga fysiska variabelteman: parkering (exempelvis cykel och bil), nätverk och densitet (exempelvis bebyggelsetäthet, trafiknätverksdensitet eller avstånd), bostäder (exempelvis utformning, upplåtelseform och medelstorlek) och kollektivtrafik (buss och spårvagn). Den resulterande modellen som visas till höger förklarar till 91,5% variansen av bilar per hushåll. Totalt testades 55 olika fysiska eller områdesbeskrivande variabler. Modellerna som studerades och enkätstudien pekar på underliggande faktorer som påverkar bilinnehavet. Studiens metod kan kritiseras utifrån sin avgränsning: att fokusera på fysiska faktorer, att utelämna hushållens ekonomiska förutsättningar och att privat parkering inte är inkluderat i modellen på grund av databrist. Dessa två faktorer ansågs vara av stor vikt enligt enkätstudiens respondenter och de planerare som intervjuades. Att känna till approximativa antalet bilar som kommer att finnas i ett område hjälper inte bara till att se hur många parkeringsplatser som behövs men även hur man skulle kunna styra bilinnehavet mot något mer i linje med den nuvarande målsättningen, att minska bilanvändande. Detta betyder inte att man kan förlita sig helt på den presenterade modellen och man kommer heller inte kunna se några exakta effekter från begräsningar av parkeringstal i den
Paolo, Paola Paes Di. "Casas para um planeta pequeno." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19828.
Full textMoradia está diretamente ligada à população, engloba questões econômicas, sociais e barreiras culturais que vão além das formas urbanas e isso reflete nas estratégias e políticas habitacionais das cidades. Londres, desde a época da industrialização (século XVIII) - na qual a cidade passou de rural para urbana e que levou o aumento da urbanização -, até os dias de hoje (século XXI), sofre com as consequências do crescimento acelerado da população. Classificada como cidade global, Londres possui um papel de grande importância no sistema econômico mundial e também é considerada uma megacidade, pois possui mais de 11 milhões de habitantes, incluindo a sua área metropolitana. Como resultado deste adensamento, os residentes sentem com a crise da oferta imobiliária e com a falta de moradias acessíveis, principalmente no centro da cidade, onde muitos acabam por preferir residir em áreas mais afastadas ou em cidades vizinhas. A capital da Inglaterra precisa construir rapidamente mais habitações em pouco tempo para conseguir dar resposta à atual procura. Como forma de suprir o déficit habitacional, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo a criação de habitações modulares e flexíveis, fáceis de serem construídas e ampliadas, capaz de serem adaptadas a diferentes contextos na cidade. Estas unidades habitacionais estão diretamente relacionadas com o conceito de nomadismo urbano, pensadas para um público que está em constante mudança.
ABSTRACT: Housing is directly linked to the population, encompasses economic issues, social and cultural barriers that go beyond urban forms and this reflects in the housing strategies and policies of cities. London, from the time of industrialization (18th century) - in which the city went from rural to urban and that led to the increase of urbanization - to the present day (21st century) suffers from the consequences of accelerated growth population. Classified as a global city, London has a very important role in the world economic system and is also considered a megacity, as it has more than 11 million inhabitants, including its metropolitan area. As a result of this densification, residents feel the crisis with the lack of affordable housing, especially in the city center, where many end up preferring to live in more remote areas or in neighboring cities. The capital of England needs to quickly build more housing in a short time to be able to meet current demand. As a way to fill the housing deficit, the present work aims to create modular and flexible housing, easy to be built and expanded, able to be adapted to different contexts in the city. These housing units are directly related to the concept of urban nomadism, designed for a constantly changing public.
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Caletková, Alžbeta. "Analýza požadavků na bydlení." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371887.
Full textLima, Lisiane Pedroso. "Proposta de uma sistemática para o processamento de requisitos do cliente de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13434.
Full textIn the last few decades, the provision of social housing has become more complex, involving a network of relationships between several stakeholders and the government, which tend to operate in a fragmented way. In this context, it is necessary to manage client requirements, in order to process and make available suitable information for supporting decision making in the product development process. The main objective of this research work is to devise a protocol for client requirements processing in social housing projects, with the ultimate aim to increase the degree of users´ satisfaction. The research method was divided into three stages: (a) structuring of requirements; (b) weighing requirements; and (c) study of the applicability of quality function deployment (QFD). Initially, a method for structuring the main factors that affect the users´ satisfaction in nine housing projects was devised, in order to improve the understanding about their requirements. In the second stage, the different perceptions of the construction professionals involved in the product development process on the users´ requirements were analysed and compared. In the last stage, the QFD quality matrix was used for processing requirements, with the aim of proposing adaptations of that tool to the context of social housing. The individual analysis of construction professionals supported the processing of data that were used to produce visual devices, making it possible the development of several analises. The application of a QFD matrix created the opportunity for further processing clients’ requirements, since data from the users and from the construction professionals were analysed together, providing an opportunity to integrate data produced in the previous stages.
Botha, Johanna Catharina. "Rapid sequence intubation: a survey of current practice in the South African pre-hospital setting." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32615.
Full textMiron, Luciana Inês Gomes. "Gerenciamento dos requisitos dos clientes de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social : proposta para o Programa Integrado Entrada da Cidade em Porto Alegre/RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/14376.
Full textRecently several social interest housing projects (SIHP) have been carried out in Brazil throughout integrated programs that involve the joint development of housing projects, social service and infrastructure for a specific urban area to be recovered. Another important tendency of these programs is that they result from a joint planning carried out with the community to be benefited. The City Entrance Integrated Program (CEIP), study object of this thesis, proposes the urban restructuring of an important area of Porto Alegre City. In this context, there is a wide range of factors that must be considered to build the housing projects, such as: urban land regularization, population resettlement, environmental impact, budgetary constraints, scheduled date fulfillment, community participation and social inclusion. As a result the development process of SIHP tends to be quite complex, demanding a specific effort of client requirements management throughout the building of these projects. Considering the heavy investments in integrated programs, the importance of satisfaction and value generation for the assisted and resettled population stands out so that it may be incorporated to the formal city. This research has as main objective to identify opportunities for value generation in the SIHP development process of the integrated programs through the main clients’ requirements management of these projects. These objective spin-offs involved the adaptation of concepts and theoreticians approaches of the marketing and product development process areas to SIHP main client requirements management, such as the proposal of conceptual and methodological contributions to value generation analysis in SIHP carried out through integrated programs. The research method was constituted by a case study divided in three phases. The Phase A had an exploratory-descriptive character aiming to understand the context of CEIP conception and its development process. In Phase B the study focused the population served by the program, particularly the 413 families resettled in the first stage that was concluded in March 2004. This adjustment was necessary to make possible a deeper investigation on final clients’ perceived value. The Phase C was developed to make possible the discussion and analysis of the results obtained in the case study previous phases as well as these results comparison with the bibliography. The main conclusions are related to the identification of opportunities for value generation in SIHP development process of integrated programs through main client requirements management of these projects. Besides, the study has also resulted in conceptual contributions for the consolidation of the value generation concept in the development process of this kind of SIHP.
Baldauf, Juliana Parise. "Proposta de método para modelagem de requisitos de clientes de empreendimentos habitacionais de interesse social usando BIM." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/85032.
Full textClient requirements management aims to improve value generation of construction projects. This requires a systematic process of capturing requirements, processing this information, and making them explicit to the product development team, as well as controlling whether these are properly balanced. This is particular important when resources are limited, such as in low-income housing projects. This process involves a large amount of qualitative information, and need to consider the diversity of requirements that usually exist among different stakeholders. This paper aims to propose a method to model client requirements in low-income housing with the support of Building Information Modeling (BIM). This method was devised to support both the decision-making processes during design stages, and also the evaluation of designs that have already been finished. The research was conducted in three stages. The first one aimed to understand the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida [My House My Life Program], selection and training of the requirements modeling software, as well as identification of the PMCMV requirements and elaboration of an initial version of the requirements structure. In the second stage the requirements structure was refined so that it could be adapted to low-income housing projects. Once the requirements were structured, they were stored in a requirements management BIM software, and connected with the product model. The main contributions of this study are concerned with the exploration different ways of modeling client requirements in the construction context, structuring of generic requirements that can be used as a basis for developing new low-income housing projects, identification of types of requirements that can be verified automatically through the use of a BIM software, and finally understanding main changes and benefits for managing requirements when the modeling process is automated.
Biagioni, Bruna Maria. "Os limites do mínimo: discussão sobre o modelo de moradia destinado ao povo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-12012018-110236/.
Full textThe aim of the present investigation is to discuss minimum housing standards intended to a society under the conditions of the neoliberal capitalism system and to highlight its social and environmental latent contradictions. So, this work seeks to construct a historical review that recovers the origins of the workers dwellings during the development of the industrial city, in other words, this is the moment when the housing issue is established as a dimension of conflict. From this, reflecting on how minimal housing has been assimilated by the currency development, including by the the modern movement, in order to demobilize social resistance through a culture based on consumption. Therefore, this research focuses on the effort to rethink the common sense that surrounds the housing issue, aiming to emphasize the impact of the economic effects, which is based on capital accumulation and that distances the housing from its real purpose as a social right.
Lundgren, Monia. "How Poor is The Poverty Line? : A matter of dietary norms and perceptions." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-13955.
Full textAndersson, Matts. "Policy Analysis for Different Types of Decision-Making Situations." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Transportplanering, ekonomi och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-216974.
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Fiedorowicz, Sandra, and Ellinore Eklöf. "Bostadsföretagens uthyrningspolicy : En jämförelsestudie mellan bostadsföretag i Stockholmsområdet." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-261708.
Full textThe main focus in this thesis has been to examine different housing companies rental policy in Stockholm and to review how easily it is to maintain relevant information regarding the leasing process through the companies websites. We want to see if there is any difference between how the housing companies convey their demands and how this affects the person looking for a rental apartment. Furthermore, we want to see how everything above affect the society, especially students. Is there any difference between municipal housing companies and private housing companies in Stockholm?We analysed 13 websites belonging to different housing companies to find answers to our questions. The housing companies involved in the study are: HSB, Ikano Bostad, Wallenstam, Byggvesta, Rikshem, Willhem, HEBA Fastigheter AB, Svenska Bostäder, Stockholmshem, Familjebostäder, Micasa Fastigheter, Stadsholmen and Stockholms Studentbostäder. We studied how the different companies have decided to form their respective rental policy and how easy it is to find relevant information as an applicant. A comparison between the companies became possible with the gained information, the comparison gave us a clear picture of some recommended improvements within the field.It turned out to be a significant difference between the municipal rental companies and the private rental companies, where the private rental companies control their rental policies more strictly than the municipal rental companies. All of the housing companies’ websites were more or less weak in terms of availability and language possibilities. In the study we also covered the perspective of sustainability consider its significance for a further functioning society.In conclusion we provided recommendations for the housing companies in order to improve their rental policies and their websites. In our opinion should most effort be put on improving the opportunities for all individuals on the housing market to receive a residence. The housing companies’ websites should be improved with regard to transparency and language possibilities, to develop the housing market from a social and technologic perspective.
Johansson, Tim, and Jonas Johansson. "Bo i Byn : Utformning av seniorbostad." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Byggteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28127.
Full textWhat happens when an elderly person wants to sell the property and move on to somethingthat is easier to handle? Are there opportunities for older people to live in the same city asbefore? What opportunities are there for elderly people who want to move to a smallerresidence? Can a concept be drawn up just for this assignment?This degree project will address the problem of how elderly people face a challenge to get toa simpler accommodation that is more suited to the elderly for functional and maintenancepurposes. The thesis is based on an ongoing project that takes place in Norr Amsberg, a smalltown three kilometer north of Borlänge.In this degree project, a qualitative method will be used which means no calculations isneeded. Thus, facts will be gathered from interviews, research articles and statistics.Six people have been interviewed during this project. Those who have been interviewed aretwo scientists who are stationed in Falun, three older people who have passed sixty-five yearsof ages and finally the enthusiast who started whole project in Norr Amsberg. This provides abroad ground for the conclusions drawn in the report.A concept house has been drawn up during this time, taking account of the wishes of theinterviewees as appearance, functional requirements and location. The house has allaccessibility requirements that a modern home will have. The building that is produced is aconcept and not the finished product.Important conclusions that have been made during this study are how important the housingdesign is and how it affects the elderly significantly more than is generally believed and thatthe need will increase significantly in terms of custom housing in the future. The importanceof housing design and how it affects older people are some major key factors that allmunicipalities learn to address when planning a type of "senior housing" for elderly people.