Journal articles on the topic 'Minimum dietary diversity'
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Fentaw Mulaw, Getahun, Fentaw Wassie Feleke, and Seteamlak Adane Masresha. "Maternal Characteristics Are Associated with Child Dietary Diversity Score, in Golina District, Northeast Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2020 (September 22, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6702036.
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Background. Dietary diversity is part of the set of indicators developed to assess infant and young child feeding practices. In developing countries, only a quarter of children met the required minimum dietary diversity. In Ethiopia, only 14% of children aged 6–23 months met the minimum dietary diversity score, with regional variation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dietary diversity score and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Golina district, Afar region, Ethiopia. Method. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 345 study participants from February 15 to March 30, 2017, in Golina district, Afar, Northeast Ethiopia. The study kebeles were selected randomly and the study subjects were selected using a cluster sampling technique. The child dietary diversity score was determined by the WHO child dietary diversity score scale, using a 24-hour dietary recall method, and data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictor variables, and the level of significance was determined at P value <0.05. Result. This study revealed that children who met the required minimum dietary diversity score were 35.1% (95% CI, (30%–40%)). Children whose mothers have not attended formal education were 3.042 times (AOR = 3.042 95% CI: (1.312–7.052)) less likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity score than children whose mothers have attended secondary and above. Children whose mothers had normal BMI were 51.2% (AOR = 0.488, 95% CI: (0.259–918)) and 68.1% (AOR = 0.319, 95% CI: (0.119–0.855)) more likely to meet the minimum dietary diversity score than children whose mothers’ BMI was underweight and overweight, respectively. Conclusion. Maternal characteristics (educational status and nutrition status) were found to be associated with their child's dietary diversity score. This study also revealed that children who met the minimum dietary diversity score were few. Therefore, the increased emphasis on the importance of the education of girls (future mothers) and nutrition counseling for girls/women who currently have received little education on ways to improve the family and child dietary feeding practice is needed.
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Diana, Rian, Ali Khomsan, Faisal Anwar, Dyan Fajar Christianti, Rendra Kusuma, and Riris Diana Rachmayanti. "Dietary Quantity and Diversity among Anemic Pregnant Women in Madura Island, Indonesia." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (September 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2647230.
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Dietary diversity and quantity are important for pregnant women, particularly anemic pregnant women. This study aimed to analyze the association between dietary quantity and diversity among anemic pregnant women. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 at Madura Island, Indonesia, and involved 152 anemic pregnant women. Hemoglobin concentration was analyzed by the cyanmethemoglobin method. Dietary quantity was measured by the 2 × 24 h recall. Dietary diversity was determined by Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of Reproductive Age (MDD-W). Spearman’s rank association was performed to analyze the association between dietary diversity and quantity. The median of hemoglobin concentration was 10.1 g/dL, and 57.2% pregnant women had mild anemia. Most of the pregnant women had low adequacy levels of energy and macro- and micronutrients (except for iron). More than half (57.9%) of anemic pregnant women had reached minimum dietary diversity. Family size (p=0.048) and gestational age (p=0.004) had negative associations with dietary diversity. Dietary diversity had positive associations with energy (p=0.029), protein (p=0.003), vitamin A (p=0.001), vitamin C (p=0.004), and zinc (p=0.015) adequacy levels. Dietary diversity had no significant association with calcium (p=0.078) and iron adequacy level (p=0.206). High prevalence of mild and moderate anemia was found among pregnant women in their third trimester. Anemic pregnant women already consumed food with minimum dietary diversity but did not meet dietary quantity. Increasing dietary quantity is a priority for anemic pregnant women.
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Onyango, Adelheid W., Elaine Borghi, Mercedes de Onis, Ma del Carmen Casanovas, and Cutberto Garza. "Complementary feeding and attained linear growth among 6–23-month-old children." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 9 (September 19, 2013): 1975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013002401.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between complementary feeding indicators and attained linear growth at 6–23 months.DesignSecondary analysis of Phase V Demographic and Health Surveys data (2003–2008). Country-specific ANOVA models were used to estimate effects of three complementary feeding indicators (minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity and minimum adequate diet) on length-for-age, adjusted for covariates and interactions of interest.SettingTwenty-one countries (four Asian, twelve African, four from the Americas and one European).SubjectsSample sizes ranging from 608 to 13 676.ResultsLess than half the countries met minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity, and only Peru had a majority of the sample receiving a minimum adequate diet. Minimum dietary diversity was the indicator most consistently associated with attained length, having significant positive effect estimates (ranging from 0·16 to 1·40 for length-for-age Z-score) in twelve out of twenty-one countries. Length-for-age declined with age in all countries, and the greatest declines in its Z-score were seen in countries (Niger, −1·9; Mali, −1·6; Democratic Republic of Congo, −1·4; Ethiopia, −1·3) where dietary diversity was persistently low or increased very little with age.ConclusionsThere is growing recognition that poor complementary feeding contributes to the characteristic negative growth trends observed in developing countries and therefore needs focused attention and its own tailored interventions. Dietary diversity has the potential to improve linear growth. Using four food groups to define minimum dietary diversity appears to capture enough information in a simplified, standard format for multi-country comparisons of the quality of complementary diets.
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Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Francis Arthur-Holmes, Abdul Cadri, Louis Kobina Dadzie, John Elvis Hagan, Oghenowede Eyawo, and Sanni Yaya. "Dietary Diversity and Undernutrition in Children Aged 6–23 Months in Sub-Saharan Africa." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 3431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103431.
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Dietary diversity plays a major role in the health status of children. However, evidence on its crucial role on children’s health status remains inconclusive in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this study, we examined the association between dietary diversity and undernutrition among children aged 6–23 months in SSA. We pooled data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys of 32 countries in SSA from 2010 to 2020. A sample of 48,968 mother-child pairs of children within the ages of 6–23 months and mothers aged 15–49 years were included in this study. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was carried out to examine the association between dietary diversity and stunting, wasting, and underweight. The results were presented as crude odds ratios (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with their 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The overall prevalence of minimum dietary diversity was 25.1%, with South Africa recording the highest prevalence (43.9%) and Burkina Faso recording the lowest prevalence (5.6%). The highest prevalence of stunting was recorded by Burundi (51.8%) while the lowest prevalence was found in Ghana (13.6%), with an overall regional prevalence of 28.6%. For wasting, prevalence from all countries was found to be 9.4%. South Africa recorded the lowest prevalence of wasting (2.1%) while Niger recorded the highest prevalence (27.3%). Lastly, the prevalence of underweight ranged from 5.3% in South Africa to 41.8% in Niger, with an all-country prevalence of 16.4%. Children who had adequate minimum dietary diversity had 12% less likelihood of being stunted (aOR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.83, 0.94), compared to those who had inadequate minimum dietary diversity. Having an adequate minimum dietary diversity significantly lowered the risk of underweight among children by 17% (aOR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.77, 0.91). Having an adequate minimum dietary diversity was associated with 13% reduced odds of wasting among children (aOR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78, 0.97), compared to those who had inadequate minimum dietary diversity. This study highlights the significant association between minimum dietary diversity and stunting, wasting, and underweight among 6–23 month-old children in SSA. There is an urgent need for additional nutrition-specific interventions and strengthening of existing interventions aimed at improving infant and young child feeding practices, including complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months in the 32 countries in SSA. Such interventions should focus more on countries where the prevalence of adequate minimum dietary diversity was low and undernutrition was high.
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Getacher, Lemma, Gudina Egata, Tadesse Alemayehu, Agegnehu Bante, and Abebaw Molla. "Minimum Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Lactating Mothers in Ataye District, North Shoa Zone, Central Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2020 (December 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1823697.
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Background. Low dietary diversity superimposed with poor-quality monotonous diets is a major problem that often results in undernutrition, mainly micronutrient deficiencies. However, there is limited evidence on minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating mothers in resource-poor settings, including the study area. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of minimum dietary diversity and associated factors among lactating mothers in Ataye District, Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study design was used among 652 lactating mothers aged 15–49 years from January 25 to April 30, 2018. Dietary diversity was measured by the minimum dietary diversity indicator for women (MDD-W) using the 24-hour dietary recall method. Data were entered into EpiData version 4.2.0.0 and exported to the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 24 for analysis using the logistic regression model. Results. The prevalence of minimum dietary diversity among lactating mothers was 48.8% (95% CI: (44.7%, 52.9%). Having formal education ((AOR = 2.16, 95% CL: (1.14, 4.09)), a final say on household purchases ((AOR = 5.39, 95% CI: (2.34, 12.42)), home gardening practices ((AOR = 2.67, 95% CI: (1.49, 4.81)), a history of illness ((AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: (0.26, 0.85)), good knowledge of nutrition ((AOR = 5.11, 95% CI: (2.68, 9.78)), being from food-secure households ((AOR = 2.96, 95% CI: (1.45, 6.07)), and medium ((AOR = 5.94, 95% CI: (2.82, 12.87)) and rich wealth indices ((AOR = 3.55, 95% CI: (1.76, 7.13)) were significantly associated with minimum dietary diversity. Conclusion. The prevalence of minimum dietary diversity among lactating mothers was low in the study area. It was significantly associated with mothers having a formal education, final say on the household purchase, home garden, good knowledge of nutrition, history of illness, food-secure households, and belonging to medium and rich household wealth indices. Therefore, efforts should be made to improve the mother’s decision-making autonomy, nutrition knowledge, household food security, and wealth status.
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Kumar, Indresh, and Madhulika Gautam. "Correlation between Individual Dietary Diversity Score and Nutrients Adequacy Ratio in the Rural Community." Science Progress and Research 1, no. 4 (October 5, 2021): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52152/spr/2021.143.
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Dietary diversity indicators can serve as a proxy for diet quality and have shown an association with Dietary diversity indicators can serve as a proxy for diet quality and have shown an association with nutrient adequacy at the individual level; it is positively correlated with indicators of micronutrients adequacy in several types of study. The main objective of this study is to examine the nutrient adequacy ratio and its relationship with the individual dietary diversity score in the rural community. The relationship between individual dietary diversity score and nutrients adequacy was assessed with and without the minimum quantity food groups intake restriction. Data was collected through the 24 hours dietary recall schedule and dietary diversity questionnaire by applying 24 hours recall method in randomly selected 491 individuals from the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh state of India. Individual dietary diversity score was measured using the nine food groups system, suggested by Food and agriculture organization, US. An analysis of the relationship with sixteen nutrients was assessed through the Microsoft excel data analysis functions. It was found that iron and niacin intake had moderate-positive co-relation with individual dietary diversity scores, and a weak positive correlation with calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin-A, potassium, zinc, protein, vitamin-C, folates were found with no minimum quantity intake of the food groups. A negative correlation between sodium, phosphorus, and magnesium intake was noted; and there was no correlation noted with fat and energy. After fixing the minimum intake quantity of the food groups, the relationship between the dietary diversity score and the nutritional accuracy was strengthened. The association of micronutrients with the Individual Dietary Diversity Score was shown to be strong after applying minimum 15 grams intake quantity restriction of the food groups.
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KANO, Mayuko, Noriko SUDO, Ayumi YANAGISAWA, Yukiko AMITANI, Yuko CABALLERO, Makiko SEKIYAMA, Mukamugema CHRISTINE, et al. "Validity of The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women of Reproductive Age (MDD-W) in Rural Rwanda." Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology 83, no. 5 (2017): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3861/kenko.83.5_150.
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Woldegebriel, Ataklti Gebretsadik, Abraham Aregay Desta, Gebremedhin Gebreegziabiher, Asfawosen Aregay Berhe, Kiros Fenta Ajemu, and Tewolde Wubayehu Woldearegay. "Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6-59 Months in Ethiopia: Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 (EDHS 2016)." International Journal of Pediatrics 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3040845.
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Background. Dietary diversity is one of the key elements of diet quality. Even though different measures were taken to increase dietary diversity feeding practice in Ethiopia, the problem still remains high. Therefore, this study was done to identify determinants of inadequate minimum dietary practice among children aged 6-59 months in Ethiopia. Method. Secondary analysis of the data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was done on a weighted sample of 5161 children aged 6-59 months. Data analysis was done using STATA v.14. Variables with P value < 0.05 in the bivariable analysis were candidates for the multivariable analysis to identify independent determinants of dietary diversity. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. A total of 5161 children aged 6 to 59 months were enrolled in the study. Only 8.5% of the children had the recommended minimum dietary diversity. Mother’s education (adjusted odds ratio AOR=2.51 (1.65, 3.83)), mothers currently working (adjusted odds ratio AOR=1.83 (1.47, 2.29)), mother’s wealth index (adjusted odds ratio AOR=4.75 (3.31, 6.81)), age of a child (adjusted odds ratio AOR=1.72 (1.24, 2.39)), and number of under-five children (adjusted odds ratio AOR=1.49 (1.12, 2.00)) were significantly associated with the minimum dietary diversity. Conclusion. The minimum dietary diversity was not achieved by most children 6-59 months of age in Ethiopia. Ensuring large-scale interventions that focus on the identified factors should be considered by concerned bodies to improve the dietary diversity practice.
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Thobias, Irmawati Apriany, and Kusharisupeni Djokosujono. "KERAGAMAN MAKAN MINIMUM SEBAGAI FAKTOR DOMINAN STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA 6-23 BULAN DI KABUPATEN KUPANG." JURNAL KESMAS DAN GIZI (JKG) 3, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jkg.v3i2.592.
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Background: Stunting in children is one of the things that most significantly hinders human development, which globally affects around 162 million children under 5 years (WHO, 2017). Kupang Regency is one of the contributors to the stunting rate with a prevalence of 46.2% in 2013 and increasing in 2019 to 50.3% (SSGBI, 2019).
Objectives: This study aims to determine the factors most associated with the incidence of stunting in children 6 -23 months in Kupang Regency.
Methods: This study used secondary data from the results of the 2019 YASATU NGO survey with the simple random sampling method, with a sample of 166 children aged 6-23 months. The variables analyzed consisted of the dependent variable stunting, the independent variables: maternal age and education, age and sex of the child, breastfeeding status, minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, and minimum acceptable diet.
Results: The bivariate analysis showed that there hadn’t a relationship between maternal age, maternal education, child age, child sex, breasfeeding status on the incidence of stunting. Meanwhile, there was a significant relationship between minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum acceptable diet (MAD) on the incidence of stunting. The final result of multivariate analysis showed that minimum dietary diversity had the greatest Odds Ratio (OR=12,341; CI 95%=3,118-48,841). It was controlled by breastfeeding status, minimum meal frequency and minimum accpetable diet.
Conclusion: Minimum dietary diversity is a dominant factor of stunting in children aged 6-23 months in Kupang Regency. Children who did not meet MDD have 12,3 times higher risk of stunting than those who meet MDD.
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Chakraborty, Nabanita, and Gautam Kumar Joardar. "A study on infant and young child feeding practices among mothers attending the immunisation clinic of a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 4827. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204980.
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Background: Age appropriate feeding practices is an essential determinant of physical growth as well as mental health of under-five children. WHO and UNICEF have formulated the infant and young child feeding practices guidelines to enhance appropriate feeding practices in infants and young children.Methods: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in the immunization clinic of KPC medical college and hospital from October to December 2018 among children in 0-23 months age group. The mothers were interviewed regarding their sociodemographic details as well as the IYCF practices as per WHO.Results: It was found that appropriate practices in terms of prelacteal feeding, colostrum feeding; early initiation of breast feeding and exclusive breast feeding was present in 78.4%, 80%, 77.5% and 50% children respectively. Timely initiation of complementary feeding was found in 81%, breast feeding was continued upto 1 year in 68.8% and consumption of iron rich or iron fortified food was found in 54.5% children. Appropriate practices in terms of minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity and minimum appropriate diet were found in 49.7%, 27% and 32.3% children respectively. Sex wise distributions have found significant association with minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet. Age wise distribution revealed significant association with minimum dietary frequency, minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet (p<0.005).Conclusions: Thus infant and young child feeding practices were not satisfactory. Mothers should be made aware about the appropriate feeding practices and health education should be given regarding correct child feeding practices.
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Guja, Tesfaye, Yabsira Melaku, and Eshetu Andarge. "Concordance of Mother-Child (6–23 Months) Dietary Diversity and Its Associated Factors in Kucha District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2021 (October 14, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8819846.
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Meeting minimum standards of dietary quality in mothers and children is a challenge in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Emerging evidence suggests that maternal and child dietary diversity is associated, but little is known about the associated factors of concordance of mother-child dietary diversity in Ethiopia and none is documented in the study area. This study examines the concordance between mother-child (6–23 months) dyads dietary diversity and the associated factors in Kucha District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 791 mother-child (6–23 months) pairs from 11 selected kebeles on March 6 to April 13, 2017. Multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. The sampling frame was obtained from the family folder of health posts in each kebele. The mother-child pairs were selected by the simple random sampling method. The 7 food groups of the World Health Organization (WHO) for children and the 10 food groups of FANTA/FAO 2016 for mothers were used to analyze the dietary diversity. Cohen’s kappa statistics was calculated to see the strength of concordance. The multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors affecting mother-child dietary diversity concordance. A good concordance was noted between mother-child dietary diversity scores (Kappa = 0.43). Only 56 (7.1%) mothers were negative deviants, and 133 (16.8%) mothers were positive deviants in dietary diversity consumption. Rural residence (AOR = 3.49; 95% CI: 1.90–6.41), having no formal education (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.08–3.05), not owning milking cow (AOR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.10–2.56), children with low dietary diversity (AOR = 8.23; 95% CI: 5.17–13.08), and mothers with low dietary diversity (AOR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.29–0.74) were found to be factors associated with mother-child dietary diversity concordance. An increase in the percentage of children reaching the minimum dietary diversity was greater with a successive increase in maternal dietary diversity. Despite interesting similarities between mothers and children dietary consumption, more than three-quarters of concordants did not achieve the recommended dietary diversity score (were low concordants). Interventions targeting on rural women’s access to high school education, home-based milking cow rearing, and promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture to meet the dietary requirements of mothers and children in a sustainable manner and public health efforts to improve child nutrition may be strengthened by promoting maternal dietary diversity due to its potential effect on the entire family.
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Agize, Andualem, Dube Jara, and Getiye Dejenu. "Level of Knowledge and Practice of Mothers on Minimum Dietary Diversity Practices and Associated Factors for 6–23-Month-Old Children in Adea Woreda, Oromia, Ethiopia." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7204562.
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Background. Globally, undernutrition is responsible for at least 35% of deaths in children less than 5 years of age and estimated 6% of under-five deaths can be prevented by ensuring optimal complementary feeding especially the dietary diversity and meal frequency. In Ethiopia, 5% of children were fed according to minimum standards with respect to food diversity.Objective. To assess the level of knowledge and practice of mothers on dietary diversity practices and associated factors for children 6–23 months in Adea woreda.Methods. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A sample of 730 mothers who have children in the age group of 6–23 months were selected using systematic sampling. Logistic regression model was fitted in order to identify factors associated with knowledge and practice of dietary diversity practice.Result. Of the total 700, 357 (51%) were knowledgeable on dietary diversity but 112 (16%) practiced appropriate dietary diversity practice for their 6–23-month-old children. Husbands’ education (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI = (1.55, 5.00)), mothers’ age, and marital status were significantly associated with knowledge of mothers. Mothers’ age, husbands’ education, marital status, and knowledge of mothers were significantly associated with mothers’ dietary diversity for 6–23-month-old children.Conclusion. This study showed that approximately half of the mothers have good knowledge on minimum dietary diversity for children 6–23 months old and very low proportion of children 6–23 months old received diversified meal according to Infant and Young Child Feeding indicators. It was identified that different factors are responsible for this discrepancy.
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Mulenga, Haswel, AM Mwangwela, J. Kampanje-Phiri, and B. Mtimuni. "Influence of gendered roles on legume utilization and improved child dietary intake in Malawi." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 03 (May 5, 2021): 17764–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.98.18205.
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The relationship between gender roles, legume production, utilization and child feeding practices in rural smallholder households of Dedza and Ntcheu districts in Malawi was investigated and analyzed. A cross-sectional research study was conducted with legume farming households with children aged 6-23 months who were part of the Africa RISING ‘mother trial’ or ‘baby trials’ for two farming seasons (2014/2015 to 2015/2016). Africa RISING project encourages smallholder farmers to grow legumes namely,groundnut (Arachis hypogaea),cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)and soya bean (Glycin max) as one way of improving the wellbeing of smallholder farmers. The key objective of the research was to assess the influence of gender roles,legume production, utilization and infant and young child dietary intake.In total, 291 households with children 6-23 months were targeted. Eight focus group discussions (FDGs) for in-depth qualitative data were conducted. Two 24-hour dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires were used to collect data on infant and young child feeding (IYCF)practices. Data collected were extracted, arranged, recorded and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. About 18% of children aged 6-23 months received a minimum dietary diversity(the consumption of four or more food groups from the seven food groups), 2.5% received a minimum acceptable diet(indicator measures both the minimum feeding frequency and minimum dietary diversity, as appropriate for various age groups)and 37.5% of children received a minimum meal frequency(frequency of receiving solid, semi-solid, or soft foods at the minimum numbers of two and three times for children aged 6–8 months, and 9–23 months,respectively). Control on use of income by women had a positive and significant association with minimum dietary diversity (P<0.05), minimum meal frequency (P<0.05) and minimum acceptable diets (P<0.05) among children of both sexes. Children aged 6-23 months from households where women were actively involved in partial processing and budgeting of legumes met minimum dietary diversity than children from non-participating households. Women farmers were more knowledgeable about legumes; played an important role in seed selection, storage and processing; however, the findings signal an opportunity to increase women’s income by involving them in market information. Increasing legume production at household level does not mean increasing the nutritional status among children (6-23 months). Several factors related to gender roles, markets accessibility and legume utilization have an effect on infantand young child feeding practices.
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Saaka, Mahama, Jeremiah Oladele, Asamoah Larbi, and Irmgard Hoeschle-Zeledon. "Dietary Diversity Is Not Associated with Haematological Status of Pregnant Women Resident in Rural Areas of Northern Ghana." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8497892.
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Background. Information regarding how dietary diversity is related to haematological status of the pregnant women in rural areas of Northern Ghana is limited. This study therefore evaluated maternal dietary intake and how it relates to the nutritional status of pregnant women belonging to different socioeconomic conditions in Northern Ghana.Methods. This study was cross-sectional in design involving 400 pregnant women. Midupper arm circumference (MUAC) and anaemia status were used to assess the nutritional status of pregnant women.Results. The mean dietary diversity score (DDS) of the study population from ten food groups was4.2±1.5(95% CI: 4.08 to 4.37). Of the 400 women, 46.1% (95% CI: 40.0 to 52.2) met the new minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W). The mean haemoglobin concentration among the pregnant women studied was 10.1 g/dl ± 1.40 (95% CI: 9.8 to 10.3). The independent predictors of haemoglobin concentration were maternal educational attainment, gestational age, frequency of antenatal care (ANC) attendance, number of under-five children in the household, size of MUAC, and maternal height.Conclusions. Irrespective of the socioeconomic status, women minimum dietary diversity (MDD-W) was not associated with anaemia among pregnant women resident in the rural areas of Northern Ghana.
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Di Marcantonio, Federica, Estefania Custodio, and Yusuf Abukar. "Child Dietary Diversity and Associated Factors Among Children in Somalian IDP Camps." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 41, no. 1 (March 2020): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572119861000.
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Background: Malnutrition and food insecurity are major challenges in Somalia, particularly among small children living in internally displaced person (IDP) camps. Poor diet has been identified as a key driver of malnutrition in young children who depend for their diets on their household’s socioeconomic standing and access to food, as well as on the family’s caring and feeding practices. Objective: To assess the dietary diversity and identify the factors associated with it among children (6-23 months) in Somalian IDP camps. Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey conducted in 11 IDP camps in Somalia in June 2014 and in June 2015. A total of 3188 children aged 6 to 23 months were surveyed. Child diets were assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and dietary diversity was categorized using the minimum child dietary diversity (MDDC) indicator. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the factors associated with the children’s dietary diversity. We built and compared 2 models using alternatively the household dietary diversity score (HDDS) and the food consumption score (FCS) as food security proxies. Results: Around 15% of children in IDP camps reached the minimum dietary diversity. Overall, our results confirm that not only are food security proxies the factors most associated with MDDC, but HDDS performs better than FCS. In addition, results identify that women as key decision-maker in the household, duration of household permanence in the settlement, women’s physiological status, frequency of milk feeding to child, type of toilet, and measles vaccination are positively associated with MDDC. Conclusions: To improve child dietary diversity in IDP camps, food security interventions should be broadened to include female empowerment and inclusive nutrition education (encouraging male participation) programs, as well as initiatives targeting children who do not live with pregnant or lactating women and that can support families beyond the first months after their arrival.
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Young, Anna Marie, and Yunhee Kang. "Obstetrical Care Is Associated with Child Dietary Diversity in Indonesia: Analysis from Demographic and Health Survey 2015." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_180.
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Abstract Objectives Our study aimed to examine if obstetrical care factors are associated with dietary diversity score, minimum dietary diversity (4 or more out of 7 food group consumption), and consumption of seven food groups among children ages 6–23 months using the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2015. Methods Univariate and multiple logistic regression were performed to assess the association between obstetrical care factors, including number of prenatal care visits, location of delivery, mode of delivery, delivery provider, timing of postnatal visit, and postnatal visit provider, with dietary diversity score, minimum dietary diversity, and consumption of seven food groups. Results Four or more prenatal care visits, delivery in a health facility, delivery assisted by trained professional, or delivery by C-section were positively associated with higher dietary diversity scores of children (All P < 0.05). Delivery in a health facility and delivery assisted by a health professional was associated with higher odds of minimum dietary diversity (OR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.18–1.79] and OR = 2.10, 95% CI [1.54–2.87]). Four or more prenatal care visits was associated with higher odds of consumption of eggs (OR = 1.28, 95% [1.01–1.63]). Four or more antenatal visits, delivering at a health facility, and having a professional delivery attendant was associated with higher odds of consumption of lentils (OR = 1.66, 95% CI [1.23–2.25], OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.02–1.65], OR 1.79, 95% CI [1.19–2.69], respectively). Four or more antenatal visits, delivery at a health facility, and having a professional delivery attendant was associated with higher odds of consumption of other fruits and vegetables (OR = 1.70, 95% CI [1.23–2.35), OR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.03–1.61], OR = 1.90, 95% CI [1.29- 2.79]). Having a professional delivery attendant was associated with higher odds of consumption of grains, flesh, and eggs (OR 1.72, 95% CI [1.09– 2.71], OR = 1.67, 95% CI [1.26–2.21], OR = 1.71, 95% CI [1.29–2.24]). Conclusions Obstetrical care received from a health facility and professionally trained providers throughout pregnancy is positively associated with dietary diversity in children ages 6–23 months. Efforts focusing on providing nutritional education before and during birth could be encouraged, especially for mothers seeking care outside of a health facility in Indonesia. Funding Sources None.
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Ahmed, Adam E., and Osama A. Salih. "Assessment of the Minimum Dietary Diversity of Reproductive Women in Saudi Arabia." Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 18, no. 7 (June 15, 2019): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2019.615.622.
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Blackstone, Sarah, and Tina Sanghvi. "A comparison of minimum dietary diversity in Bangladesh in 2011 and 2014." Maternal & Child Nutrition 14, no. 4 (April 16, 2018): e12609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12609.
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Edafioghor, Linda Obianuju, Uzoma Asiegbu, Chinonyelum Ezeonu, Gideon Onyedikachi Iheme, Haadi Adeduntan, and Ifeyinwa Ekwueme. "Maternal complementary feeding practices and anthropometric status of children (6-23 months) in Abakaliki Nigeria, a facility based study." World Nutrition 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202112248-62.
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Sub-optimal complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months is a major cause of under-nutrition in developing countries. This study was designed to assess the complementary feeding practices and nutritional status of children 6-23 months attending an immunization clinic at Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional in design. A total of 320 children were selected using a two-stage sampling technique. WHO/PAHO/UNICEF recommendations and WHO Child Growth Standard charts were used to categorize their complementary feeding and anthropometric indices, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Complementary feeding indicators such as timely complementary feed introduction (54.1%) and minimum dietary diversity (68.7%) were met by more than half of the respondents. But overall, complementary feeding practices were considerably poor. Low minimum meal frequency, minimum adequate diet and continued breastfeeding at one year were reported. Wasting, stunting and underweight prevalences were 12.5%, 11.3% and 8.3% respectively. Children who continued breastfeeding at one year (AOR = 0.34; CI= 0.15-0.76) or met minimum dietary diversity criteria (AOR = 0.43; CI= 0.17-1.05) were less likely to be stunted. Increased attention towards breastfeeding continuation and dietary diversity improvement using locally available/affordable food stuffs is needed.
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Ambikapathi, Ramya, Nilupa S. Gunaratna, Isabel Madzorera, Simone Passarelli, Chelsey R. Canavan, Ramadhani A. Noor, Tshilidzi Madzivhandila, et al. "Market food diversity mitigates the effect of environment on women’s dietary diversity in the Agriculture to Nutrition (ATONU) study, Ethiopia." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 11 (April 17, 2019): 2110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001900051x.
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AbstractObjectiveIn Ethiopia, women’s dietary diversity is low, primarily due to poor food availability and access, both at home and market level. The present study aimed to describe market access using a new definition called market food diversity (MFD) and estimate the impact of MFD, crop and livestock diversity on dietary diversity among women enrolled in the Agriculture to Nutrition (ATONU) trial.DesignBaseline cross-sectional data collected from November 2016 to January 2017 were used for the analysis. Availability of foods in markets was assessed at the village level and categorized into nine food groups similar to the dietary diversity index for women. Bivariate and multivariate mixed-effects regression analyses were conducted, adjusted for clustering at the village level.SettingChicken-producing farmers in rural Ethiopia.ParticipantsWomen (n 2117) aged 15–49 years.ResultsOverall, less than 6 % of women met the minimum dietary diversity (≥5 food groups) and the most commonly consumed food groups were staples and legumes. Median MFD was 4 food groups (interquartile range: 2–8). Multivariate models indicated that women’s dietary diversity differed by livestock diversity, food crop diversity and agroecology, with significant interaction effects between agroecology and MFD.ConclusionsWomen’s dietary diversity is poor in Ethiopia. Local markets are variable in food availability across seasons and agroecological zones. The MFD indicator captures this variability, and women who have access to higher MFD in the highland agroecological zone have better dietary diversity. Thus, MFD has the potential to mitigate the effects of environment on women’s dietary diversity.
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Bellows, Alexandra L., Chelsey R. Canavan, Mia M. Blakstad, Dominic Mosha, Ramadhani A. Noor, Patrick Webb, Joyce Kinabo, Honorati Masanja, and Wafaie W. Fawzi. "The Relationship Between Dietary Diversity Among Women of Reproductive Age and Agricultural Diversity in Rural Tanzania." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 41, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572119892405.
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Background: Agriculture can influence diets through consumption of home-produced foods or increased purchasing power derived from sale of agricultural commodities. Objective: This article explores cross-sectional relationships between agricultural diversification and dietary diversity (a proxy for micronutrient adequacy) among women of reproductive age in rural Tanzania. Methods: Dietary diversity was measured using the women’s minimum dietary diversity score indicator. Data were analyzed from the baseline survey of a cluster randomized control trial in Rufiji, Tanzania. One woman of reproductive age was randomly surveyed from each eligible household, totaling 1006 individuals. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the relationship between agricultural indicators and dietary diversity. Results: Median dietary diversity score for women was 3.00 (interquartile range: 2-3). Approximately 73% of households grew at least 1 crop in the previous year. Women’s dietary diversity score was positively associated with cropping diversity ( P for trend = .04), ownership of livestock (adjusted coefficient: 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08-0.44; P = .005), cash crop production (adjusted coefficient: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.03-0.41; P = .02), and production of pulses (adjusted coefficient: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.27-0.74; P < .0001) and other vegetables (adjusted coefficient: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.11-1.17; P = .02). Conclusions: Average dietary diversity is well below the recommended 5 food groups per day, a widely used indicator of micronutrient adequacy. Since the majority of households participate in agriculture, the efforts to promote agricultural diversification and/or specialization and sale of agricultural goods may positively influence dietary diversity and associated health and nutrition outcomes.
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Waweru, Grace. "A CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF DIETARY PRACTICES AND NUTRITION STATUS OF FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS AT KENYATTA UNIVERSITY, KENYA." American Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajfsn.528.
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Purpose: This study aimed to establish the dietary practices, assess nutrition status based on body mass index and the relationship between dietary diversity and nutrition status of female undergraduate students at Kenyatta University, Kenya.Methods: The study adopted a cross-sectional analytical design involving sample of 422 female undergraduate students randomly selected from Kenyatta University. Minimum Dietary Diversity – Women and Food Frequency Questionnaire were used to assess the dietary practices of the female students. Weight and height were measured to assess the nutrition status of the female students. Data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.Results: The results showed that 64.0% of the participants had consumed ≥ 5 food groups while 36% had consumed <5 food groups over a period of 24 hours. In terms of nutrition status, 68.4% of the participants had normal Body Mass Index while 23.9% were overweight, 5.55% were underweight and 2.3% were obese. Minimum Dietary Diversity – Women was significantly associated with nutrition status (p=0.044).Recommendation: The results illustrated unhealthy eating habits and sub-optimal nutrition status among a significant number of the female students. Policy makers should scale up interventions that would help improve dietary practices of women of reproductive age particularly university students.
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Sema, Alekaw, Yalelet Belay, Yonatan Solomon, Assefa Desalew, Abebaw Misganaw, Tameru Menberu, Yitagesu Sintayehu, Yibeltal Getachew, Alemu Guta, and Daniel Tadesse. "Minimum Dietary Diversity Practice and Associated Factors among Children Aged 6 to 23 Months in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study." Global Pediatric Health 8 (January 2021): 2333794X2199663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333794x21996630.
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Objective: Malnutrition because of poor dietary diversity contributing to child morbidity and mortality. Two-thirds of child mortality occurs within the first 2 years. However, there is limited data related to dietary diversity among children aged 6 to 23 months in Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to assess dietary diversity and factors among children aged 6 to 23 months in the study setting. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted on 438 children aged 6 to 23 months in Dire Dawa, 1-30/02/2019. Simple random sampling was used to select study subjects. Data collected using a structured and pretested interview administered questionnaire. Data entered using EpiData 4.2 and analyzed with SPSS Version 22. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associated factors. Adjusted odd-ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) used, and P-value <.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The overall minimum dietary diversity practice was 24.4% (95% CI: 20.3, 28.5). Maternal education [AOR 2.20; 95% CI: 1.08, 4.52], decision-making [AOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.19, 5.29], antenatal care [AOR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.20, 3.99], postnatal care [AOR = 6.4; 95% CI: 2.78, 14.94] and facility delivery [AOR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.35, 5.25] were maternal factors. Moreover, child’s age [AOR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.39, 5.83], and child’s sex [AOR = 2.85; 95% CI: 1.64, 4.94] were infant factors. Conclusion: One-fourth of children practiced minimum dietary diversity. Child’s age, birth interval, postnatal care, antenatal care, child’s sex, mothers’ decision-making, mothers’ education, and place of delivery were significant predictors. Therefore, maternal education, empowering women, and improve maternal service utilization are crucial to improving dietary diversity.
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Blakstad, Mia M., Alexandra L. Bellows, Dominic Mosha, Chelsey R. Canavan, Killian Mlalama, Joyce Kinabo, Margaret E. Kruk, Honorati Masanja, and Wafaie W. Fawzi. "Neighbour home gardening predicts dietary diversity among rural Tanzanian women." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 09 (February 12, 2019): 1646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018003798.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study’s aim was to assess the impact of a nutrition-sensitive intervention on dietary diversity and home gardening among non-participants residing within intervention communities.DesignThe study was a cross-sectional risk factor analysis using linear and logistic multivariate models.SettingIn Tanzania, women and children often consume monotonous diets of poor nutritional value primarily because of physical or financial inaccessibility or low awareness of healthy foods.ParticipantsParticipants were women of reproductive age (18–49 years) in rural Tanzania.ResultsMean dietary diversity was low with women consuming three out of ten possible food groups. Only 23·4 % of respondents achieved the recommended minimum dietary diversity of five or more food groups out of ten per day. Compared with those who did not, respondents who had a neighbour who grew crops in their home garden were 2·71 times more likely to achieve minimum dietary diversity (95 % CI 1·60, 4·59; P=0·0004) and 1·91 times more likely to grow a home garden themselves (95 % CI 1·10, 3·33; P=0·02). Other significant predictors of higher dietary diversity were respondent age, education and wealth, and number of crops grown.ConclusionsThese results suggest that there are substantial positive externalities of home garden interventions beyond those attained by the people who own and grow the vegetables. Cost-effectiveness assessments of nutrition-sensitive agriculture, including home garden interventions, should factor in the effects on the community, and not just on the individual households receiving the intervention.
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Ng, Charmaine S., Michael J. Dibley, and Kingsley E. Agho. "Complementary feeding indicators and determinants of poor feeding practices in Indonesia: a secondary analysis of 2007 Demographic and Health Survey data." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 5 (October 11, 2011): 827–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011002485.
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AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to assess complementary feeding practices and identify the potential risk factors associated with inappropriate complementary feeding in Indonesia for a nationally representative sample of births from 2004 to 2007.DesignThe data source for the analysis was the 2007 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. Multiple logistic regression was performed to analyse the factors associated with complementary feeding, using individual-, household- and community-level determinants.SettingIndonesia.SubjectsChildren (n 4604) aged 6–23 months.ResultsMultivariate analysis revealed that infants from poor households were significantly less likely to be introduced to complementary feeding (adjusted odds ratio, AOR = 4·32; 95 % CI 1·46, 12·80) and meet the minimum dietary diversity (AOR = 1·76; 95 % CI 1·16, 2·68). Mother's education (AOR for no education in dietary diversity = 1·92; 95 % CI 1·09, 3·38; AOR for no education in meal frequency = 2·03; 95 % CI 1·13, 3·64; AOR for no education in acceptable diet = 3·84; 95 % CI 2·07, 7·12), residence and decreased age of the infant were negatively associated with minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency and an acceptable diet. Infants aged 6–11 months were also significantly less likely to meet minimum dietary diversity (AOR = 6·36; 95 % CI 4·73, 8·56), minimum meal frequency (AOR = 2·30; 95 % CI 1·79, 2·96) and minimum acceptable diet (AOR = 2·27; 95 % CI 1·67, 3·09). All geographical regions compared with Sumatra were more likely to give the recommended meal frequency and an acceptable diet to breast-fed children.ConclusionsPublic health interventions to improve complementary feeding should address individual-, household- and community-level factors which significantly influence the introduction of complementary feeding. Complementary feeding intervention programmes in Indonesia should ensure that restraints on families with low socio-economic status are addressed. Infants aged 6–11 months and mothers with low education levels may also need special focus. Promotion strategies should also target the health-care delivery system and the media.
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Wagris, Mohammed, Anwar Seid, Molla Kahssay, and Osman Ahmed. "Minimum Meal Frequency Practice and Its Associated Factors among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Amibara District, North East Ethiopia." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (December 18, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8240864.
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Background. Minimum meal frequency, a proxy indicator for a child’s energy requirements, examines the number of times children received foods other than breast milk. Without adequate diversity and meal frequency, infants and young children are vulnerable to malnutrition, especially stunting and micronutrient deficiencies, and increased morbidity and mortality. In Ethiopia, only 45% of children had fed with an age-appropriate minimum meal frequency. Objective. The study was aimed to assess the minimal meal frequency practice, and its associated factors among children aged 6–23 months in Amibara district, North East Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 07–May 23, 2018. Systematic random sampling technique was applied to select 367 children aged 6–23 months. The univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses model was used to identify potential predictors of meeting minimum meal frequency. All variables with P values <0.25 in the univariable analysis were taken to multivariable analysis, and variables at P values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results. The study revealed a prevalence of minimum meal frequency 69.2% (95% CI: 0.64–0.74). Timely initiation of breastfeeding (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI (1.17, 4.18)), current breastfeeding status (AOR = 7.5, 95% CI (3.95, 14.4)), meeting minimum dietary diversity (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI (1.85, 7.44)), and household hunger scale (AOR = 5.3, 95% CI (1.5, 12.5)) were some of the significant predictors to achieve minimum meal frequency. Conclusion. The prevalence of minimum meal frequency practice is low in the study area. Current breastfeeding status, timely initiation of breastfeeding, no/little household hunger scale, and meeting minimum dietary diversity were found as significant predictors for minimum meal frequency practice. Mothers having children aged 6–23 months should be aware and practice appropriate infant and young child feeding practices including timely initiation of breastfeeding, breastfeeding till the child celebrate his/her second birthday, recommended meal frequency, and dietary diversity practice. In addition, households should be assessed and strengthened for food security.
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Roesler, Anna L., Lisa G. Smithers, Prasit Wangpakapattanawong, and Vivienne Moore. "Stunting, dietary diversity and household food insecurity among children under 5 years in ethnic communities of northern Thailand." Journal of Public Health 41, no. 4 (November 13, 2018): 772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy201.
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ABSTRACT Background The aim of this study was to describe stunting in infants and young children in the ethnic communities of northern Thailand and to explore associations with dietary diversity and household factors including food security. Methods A cross-sectional survey of households with children under 5 years from eight villages. Adult respondents provided information on foods consumed by each child and details of the household. Heights and weights of children were measured. Results Adults from 172 households and 208 children participated. Overall, 38% of children were stunted. Exclusive breastfeeding was rare, but the proportion consuming breastmilk at 24 months (75%) was high. Few children (7%) aged 6–11 months met minimum dietary diversity. Stunted children were less likely than non-stunted children to meet minimum dietary diversity (63 versus 82%). Widespread food insecurity did not discriminate between stunted and non-stunted children. Stunting was elevated when households had little land and few animals. Conclusions Stunting was widespread in children under 5 years of age, in part reflecting poor dietary diversity, especially at age 6–11 months. Stunting was worst in households with least assets. Small increases in land or animals, or equivalent resources, appear to be required to improve child nutrition in extremely poor families.
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Andadari, Dwi Putri Pangesti Suryo, and Trias Mahmudiono. "Keragaman Pangan dan Tingkat Kecukupan Energi serta Protein Pada Balita." Amerta Nutrition 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v1i3.2017.172-179.
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Background: Childrens needs adequacy nutrients to support the growth process. Nutritional needs in children period can be fullfiled by consuming a variety of foods. Agricultural and pond dominated area can to provide adequate food availability. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences of dietary diversity and the level of energy and protein adequacy in children in agricultural and pond dominated areas. Method: This cross sectional study design and samples are 55 children under five years with the mothers/babysitters as respondents. Samples are taken using proportional random sampling. Dietary diversity are assessed using Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) with the criteria considered to consume if the amount minimum 10 grams. Adequacy energy and protein is assessed using food recall 2×24 hours and continued by compared with AKG. The differences of dietary diversity, energy ad protein adequacy rates are analyzed using Mann Whitney Test. Results: The results shows that children in agricultural area classified low dietary diversity and middle dietary diversity in children pond dominated area (p=0.024). Children in agricultural and pond dominated areo classified less energy adequate (0.588) and more protein adequacy (0.459). Conclusion: There is difference of dietary diversity at children in agricultural and pond dominated area and ther is no difference of energy and protein adequacy in children in agricultural and pond dominated area.ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Pada masa balita membutuhkan asupan gizi yang mencukupi untuk menunjang proses tumbuh kembang tersebut. Kebutuhan gizi pada balita dapat dipenuhi dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang beragam. Pemenuhan pangan yang cukup tercermin dari ketersediaan pangan yang cukup. Sumber daya pertanian dan perikanan seperti tambak memiliki potensi untuk menyediakan sumber pangan.Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perbedaan keragaman pangan dan tingkat kecukupan energi dan protein pada balita di wilayah pertanian dan tambak.Metode: Penelitian cross sectional ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 55 balita dengan ibu/pengasuh sebagai responden. Sampel diambil menggunakan proportional random sampling. Keragaman pangan dinilai menggunakan Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) dan dinilai dengan kriteria minimum konsumsi 10 gram. Data konsumsi pangan dikumpulkan menggunakan food recall 2×24 jam kemudian dikonversi dibandingan dengan Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) untuk mendapatkan Tingkat Kecukupan Energi dan Tingkat Kecukupan Protein. Data dianalisis menggunakan Mann Whitney Test.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa balita di wilayah pertanian tergolong keragaman pangan rendah dan balita di wilayah tambak tergolong keragaman pangan sedang (p=0,024). Balita di wilayah pertanian maupun tambak tergolong tingkat kecukupan energi kurang (p=0,588) dan tingkat kecukupan protein (p=0,459).Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan keragaman pangan minimum konsumsi 10 gram diterapkan pada balita di wilayah pertanian dan tambak dan tidak terdapat perbedaan kecukupan energi serta protein pada balita di wilayah pertanian dan tambak.
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Andadari, Dwi Putri Pangesti Suryo, and Trias Mahmudiono. "Keragaman Pangan dan Tingkat Kecukupan Energi serta Protein Pada Balita." Amerta Nutrition 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2017): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v1i3.6242.
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Background: Childrens needs adequacy nutrients to support the growth process. Nutritional needs in children period can be fullfiled by consuming a variety of foods. Agricultural and pond dominated area can to provide adequate food availability. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences of dietary diversity and the level of energy and protein adequacy in children in agricultural and pond dominated areas. Method: This cross sectional study design and samples are 55 children under five years with the mothers/babysitters as respondents. Samples are taken using proportional random sampling. Dietary diversity are assessed using Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) with the criteria considered to consume if the amount minimum 10 grams. Adequacy energy and protein is assessed using food recall 2×24 hours and continued by compared with AKG. The differences of dietary diversity, energy ad protein adequacy rates are analyzed using Mann Whitney Test. Results: The results shows that children in agricultural area classified low dietary diversity and middle dietary diversity in children pond dominated area (p=0.024). Children in agricultural and pond dominated areo classified less energy adequate (0.588) and more protein adequacy (0.459). Conclusion: There is difference of dietary diversity at children in agricultural and pond dominated area and ther is no difference of energy and protein adequacy in children in agricultural and pond dominated area.ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Pada masa balita membutuhkan asupan gizi yang mencukupi untuk menunjang proses tumbuh kembang tersebut. Kebutuhan gizi pada balita dapat dipenuhi dengan mengonsumsi makanan yang beragam. Pemenuhan pangan yang cukup tercermin dari ketersediaan pangan yang cukup. Sumber daya pertanian dan perikanan seperti tambak memiliki potensi untuk menyediakan sumber pangan.Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perbedaan keragaman pangan dan tingkat kecukupan energi dan protein pada balita di wilayah pertanian dan tambak.Metode: Penelitian cross sectional ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 55 balita dengan ibu/pengasuh sebagai responden. Sampel diambil menggunakan proportional random sampling. Keragaman pangan dinilai menggunakan Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) dan dinilai dengan kriteria minimum konsumsi 10 gram. Data konsumsi pangan dikumpulkan menggunakan food recall 2×24 jam kemudian dikonversi dibandingan dengan Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) untuk mendapatkan Tingkat Kecukupan Energi dan Tingkat Kecukupan Protein. Data dianalisis menggunakan Mann Whitney Test.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa balita di wilayah pertanian tergolong keragaman pangan rendah dan balita di wilayah tambak tergolong keragaman pangan sedang (p=0,024). Balita di wilayah pertanian maupun tambak tergolong tingkat kecukupan energi kurang (p=0,588) dan tingkat kecukupan protein (p=0,459).Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan keragaman pangan minimum konsumsi 10 gram diterapkan pada balita di wilayah pertanian dan tambak dan tidak terdapat perbedaan kecukupan energi serta protein pada balita di wilayah pertanian dan tambak.
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Kunhipurayil, Kavita, and Manissha Srivastav. "Determinants of minimum acceptable diet among young children in an urban slum: a community-based study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210214.
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Background: Child health and growth deteriorate as a result of inadequate quantities and frequencies of complementary feeding.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban field practice area of a tertiary medical college hospital among 280 children by systematic random sampling method. Children belonging to 12-23 months were included while sick child, children whose mother/guardian did not give consent were excluded.Results: The proportion of children who met the minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) were 52.8 % (95% CI) and 52% (95% CI), respectively. Out of 280 children, 90 i.e. (32.1 %) children had achieved the recommended Minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Maternal education (Chi square value=11.2; CI 95%); socioeconomic status (Chi square value=57.4; CI 95%) were positively associated with dietary diversity. Higher percentage of male children (44.8 %) achieved minimum acceptable diet as compared to female children (20.5%); (chi square value=18.8, CI 95%). The percentage of children receiving MDD and MMF was more among children of higher socioeconomic class (p value 0.0001) and from nuclear family (p value=0.45). The birth order of the child was inversely related to the attainment of MAD. (p value=0.0001).Conclusions: Results of the study strongly suggest that poor dietary diversity and meal frequency is associated with numerous factors and their interplay is a multitude of combinations rather than a single cause.
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Jemal, Kemal, and Mukemil Awol. "Minimum Dietary Diversity Score and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women at Alamata General Hospital, Raya Azebo Zone, Tigray Region, Ethiopia." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8314359.
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Background. Consumption of diversified food during pregnancy found very important and critical to determine healthy pregnancy outcome. Low dietary diversity has a major adverse effect on mothers, fetus, and life of new born. Dietary diversity is still low in low-resourced countries. Therefore, this study aims to determine prevalence of minimum dietary diversity score (MDDS) and associated factors among pregnant women. Methods. Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May, 2017, in Alamata General Hospital (AGH). Data were collected using a pretested and structured self-interview questionnaire. A systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. Binary logistic regression and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) were carried out to see the association between variables and the outcomes. Results. From a survey of 412 participants, 61.2% had high MDDS and 38.8% had low MDDS. Multivariate analysis revealed that being government employees (AOR = 4.87, CI: 1.70–13.95), merchant (AOR = 4.67, CI: 1.81–12.05), secured food (AOR = 3.85, CI: 2.12–6.97), and eating three meals and above (AOR = 2.66, CI: 1.47–4.82) were significantly associated with high MDDS among pregnant women. Conclusions. In our study, minimum dietary diversity shows small increment from previous study. Screening and special emphases should be given by a health-care provider on women diet during antenatal follow-up at health-care settings.
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Choi, Suhyoon, Junko Kiriya, Akira Shibanuma, and Masamine Jimba. "Mediating role of social capital in the association between socioeconomic status and childcare practices in rural Malawi: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 5 (May 2022): e054134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054134.
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ObjectivesChildcare practices determine the child nutritional outcomes, but resources for good practices are unequally distributed across socioeconomic status (SES). This study first examined the associations between social capital and childcare practices separately across SES groups. It then investigated the mediation effect of social capital between SES and childcare practices.DesignThis cross-sectional study used the Short Version of the Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool to measure structural social capital (group membership, social support and citizenship activities) and cognitive social capital of mothers. Data were analysed using multilevel logistic regressions with random intercepts and mediation modellings.SettingRural Lilongwe, Malawi.ParticipantsA total of 320 mothers with a child aged between 12 months and 23 months.Primary outcome measuresChildcare practice outcomes included were minimum dietary diversity, handwashing and complete vaccination.ResultsAmong structural social capital dimensions, social support was found to be positively associated with minimum dietary diversity (adjusted OR (AOR)=1.44, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.71; p<0.001) and handwashing for all mothers (AOR=1.42, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.64; p<0.001). In the subgroup analysis, the higher SES group had higher odds of meeting the minimum dietary diversity (AOR=1.63, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.26; p=0.01) and handwashing with increased social support (AOR=1.53, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.08; p=0.01) than the lower SES. The mediation effect of social support accounted for 27.3% of the total effect between SES and minimum dietary diversity. Cognitive social capital was negatively associated with vaccination for the lower SES group (AOR=0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.68; p=0.03).ConclusionsTo improve feeding and handwashing practices and to reduce health inequalities in rural Malawi, governments and organisations should consider promoting the value of social support and health. Future research is needed to explain the negative association between cognitive social capital and vaccination among the lower SES group.
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Paramashanti, Bunga Astria, Yhona Paratmanitya, and Marsiswati Marsiswati. "Individual dietary diversity is strongly associated with stunting in infants and young children." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 14, no. 1 (July 30, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.15989.
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Background: The increased nutrient fulfillment is required for optimal growth and development during the first two years of life. Based on WHO, dietary diversity is one of core indicators for assessing diet quality and adequacy.Objective: This study aimed to understand the association between individual dietary diversity and stunting in infants and young children in Sedayu Subdistrict, Bantul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.Method: This study used cross-sectional design. It was conducted from February to March 2016 in Sedayu Subdistrict. Subjects were 189 infants and young children aged 6-23 months selected by probability proportional to size sampling technique. Individual dietary diversity was assessed by minimum dietary diversity with the consumption of 4 or more food groups of the total 7 food goups. Data were analyzed by using statistics descriptive, Chi-Square test, and multiple logistic regression.Results: Poor dietary diversity (OR=16,76; 95%CI: 6,77-41,51) was significantly related with stunting. Other factor associated with stunting was low birth weight (OR=5,12; 95%CI: 2,11-12,43). In addition, appropiate time of introducing complementary food (OR=0,32; 95%CI: 0,13-0,75) was a protective factor against stunting. Household economic status acted as an effect modifier and confounding factor between dietary diversity and stunting.Conclusion: Consumption of diverse diet at least 4 food groups reduced the risk of stunting in infants and young children. Efforts should be made to improve dietary diversity in complementary feeding practice.
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Huang, Megan, Christopher Sudfeld, Abbas Ismail, Said Vuai, Julius Ntwenya, Mary Mwanyika-Sando, and Wafaie Fawzi. "Maternal Dietary Diversity and Growth of Children Under 24 Months of Age in Rural Dodoma, Tanzania." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 39, no. 2 (March 21, 2018): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572118761682.
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Objective: To identify predictors of maternal dietary diversity in rural Dodoma, Tanzania and assess its association with child growth outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 361 mothers with children under 24 months of age was conducted in 5 villages in rural Dodoma, Tanzania. Maternal diets were assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and dietary diversity was categorized using Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) guidelines. Child anthropometric measures were taken to calculate height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ). Linear and logistic regressions were used to examine the association between maternal dietary diversity and children’s growth outcomes. Results: About 40% of mothers did not consume a diverse diet (MDD-W < 5), and 35% of children were stunted. Household production of greater number of crops was associated with greater MDD-W scores ( P < .01). Greater maternal dietary diversity was associated with significantly greater child WHZ (mean difference = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-0.78; P = .01), WAZ (mean difference = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.08-0.65; P = .01), and reduced risk of wasting (odds ratio = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07-0.66; P = .01). Conclusions: Greater maternal dietary diversity was associated with improved child WHZ and WAZ outcomes. Sustainable interventions to increase maternal dietary diversity may improve WHZ and WAZ in young children in similar settings.
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Jain, Ayushi, Muneer Kalliyil, and Satish Agnihotri. "Minimum Diet Diversity and Minimum Meal Frequency – Do They Matter Equally? Understanding IYCF Practices in India." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_084.
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Abstract Objectives Infant and Young Child Feeding practices, mainly, complementary feeding in children between 6 months and two years of age, is found to be sub-optimal and emerge as the weakest link in improving child nutrition outcomes in India. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), comprising of two sub-indicator – Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) and Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF), serves as an essential indicator to understand the diet adequacy pattern in children. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the role of MDD-MMF dyad in influencing the nutritional outcomes in children and its pattern across regions in India. Methods Data was obtained from the National Family Health Survey – 4 (NFHS-4) from the DHS Program website. The prevalence of MMF and MDD was calculated for 640 districts in India. The MMF and MDD were classified into three categories - high, medium and low based on equal percentile distribution of their prevalence range. Districts with high MMF and high MDD formed one cohort. Similarly, eight other cohorts were created based on their performance on MMF and MDD indicator. The prevalence of Stunting (St), Wasting (Wa) and Underweight (Uw) in children between 6 months and two years of age was then calculated for each of the nine cohorts. The districts were also mapped based on their cohort category to study the variation across regions in India. Results All three anthropometric indicators – stunting, wasting and underweight showed significant decline moving across low MMF- low MDD cohort (40% St; 26.2% Wa; 37.1% Uw) to medium MMF – medium MDD cohort (38.6% St; 23.8% Wa; 35.4% Uw) to high MMF – high MDD cohort (29% St; 15.5% Wa; 19.2% Uw). Second, the importance of minimum dietary diversity in improving nutritional outcomes was revealed, as opposed to minimum meal frequency, which shows improvement only when it reaches a certain threshold. Third, mapping revealed sharp differences across various regions in MMF-MDD pattern, especially in the states like Odisha, Assam and Andhra Pradesh. States in the central region performed poorly on complementary feeding indicators, specifically diet diversity. Conclusions The study highlights the importance of optimal complementary feeding practices in improving nutrition outcomes and the need to consider the regional heterogeneities while promoting IYCF practices in India. Funding Sources None.
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Gyimah, Linda Afriyie, Reginald Adjetey Annan, Charles Apprey, Anthony Edusei, Linda Nana Esi Aduku, Odeafo Asamoah-Boakye, Wisdom Azanu, and Herman Lutterodt. "Dietary diversity and its correlates among pregnant adolescent girls in Ghana." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): e0247979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247979.
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Background Dietary diversity, a qualitative measure of dietary intake, which reflects the variety of foods consumed has been recommended to assuage nutritional problems related to insufficient micronutrients, and food insecurity. To better understand the underlying factors for poor birth outcomes in Ghana, we assessed factors associated with dietary diversity among rural and urban pregnant adolescents in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Methods As part of a larger longitudinal cohort of 416 pregnant adolescents, the FAO minimum dietary diversity for women index was used to determine the dietary diversity score (DDS) of the participants from a previous days’ 24-hour dietary recall data. The household hunger scale (HHS) and lived poverty index (LPI) were used to determine hunger and socioeconomic status. Eating behavior and socio-demographic data were gathered using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results The mean age of the participants was 17.5 (±1.4) years with an MDD-W of 4.4 and 56% recording inadequate MDD score. More rural (63.6%) than urban dwellers (50.6%) had inadequate DDS (p = 0.008). Among all the multiple variables tests of associations on dietary diversity, only hunger status (p = 0.028) and both food aversion and poverty status (p = 0.003) had a significant effect on the adolescents’ dietary diversity. Rural dwelling adolescents (AOR = 1.7, p = 0.035, 95% CI = 1.0–2.6) recorded higher odds for inadequate DD compared with the urban respondents. Pregnant adolescents with severe hunger had higher odds (Unadjusted OR = 1.9, p = 0.053, 95% CI 1.1–3.8) for inadequate dietary diversity compared with those with no hunger. Conclusions Inadequate DD is common among pregnant adolescents in this study and is associated with rural living, food insecurity, poverty, and food craving. Livelihood support for pregnant teenagers and nutrition education are recommended interventions to improve dietary quality and limit the consequences of poor dietary diversity.
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Scarpa, Giulia, Lea Berrang-Ford, Maria Galazoula, Paul Kakwangire, Didacus B. Namanya, Florence Tushemerirwe, Laura Ahumuza, and Janet E. Cade. "Identifying Predictors for Minimum Dietary Diversity and Minimum Meal Frequency in Children Aged 6–23 Months in Uganda." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 5208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245208.
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Adequate complementary foods contribute to good health and growth in young children. However, many countries are still off-track in achieving critical complementary feeding indicators, such as minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). In this study, we used the 2016 Ugandan Demographic Health Survey (UDHS) data to assess child feeding practices in young children aged 6–23 months. We assess and describe complementary feeding indicators (MMF, MDD and MAD) for Uganda, considering geographic variation. We construct multivariable logistic regression models—stratified by age—to evaluate four theorized predictors of MMF and MDD: health status, vaccination status, household wealth and female empowerment. Our findings show an improvement of complementary feeding practice indicators in Uganda compared to the past, although the MAD threshold was reached by only 22% of children. Children who did not achieve 1 or more complementary feeding indicators are primarily based in the northern regions of Uganda. Cereals and roots were the foods most consumed daily by young children (80%), while eggs were rarely eaten. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that health status, vaccination status and wealth were significantly positively associated with MDD and MMF, while female empowerment was not. Improving nutrition in infant and young children is a priority. Urgent nutritional policies and acceptable interventions are needed to guarantee nutritious and age-appropriate complementary foods to each Ugandan child in the first years of life.
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Singh, Akriti, Rolf DW Klemm, Gary Mundy, Pooja Pandey Rana, Bhim Pun, and Kenda Cunningham. "Improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition in Nepal via peer mobilization." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 4 (November 6, 2017): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002993.
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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of a peer facilitator (PF) approach for improving mothers’ knowledge and practices relating to maternal and child nutrition.DesignA quasi-experimental design nested within a large-scale integrated nutrition programme, Suaahara, in Nepal. Suaahara interventions were implemented in all study sites, but peer facilitators were used in only half of the study sites.SettingRural, disadvantaged villages in three districts of Nepal: Bhojpur, Bajhang and Rupandehi.SubjectsMothers of children aged 6–23·9 months (n 1890).ResultsDifferences over time between comparison (C) and intervention (I) groups show that the PF approach had a significant positive impact on several indicators of mothers’ knowledge and practices relating to maternal and child nutrition: (i) knowing that fruits and vegetables are good for children 6–23·9 months (C: −0·7, I: 10·6; P=0·03); (ii) child dietary diversity (C: 0·02, I: 0·04; P=0·02); (iii) child minimum dietary diversity (≥4 of 7 food groups; (C: 6·9, I: 16·0; P=0·02); (iv) maternal dietary diversity (C: 0·1, I: 0·4; P=0·01); and (v) maternal minimum dietary diversity (≥4 food groups; C: 3·6, I: 14·0; P=0·03). Additionally, exposure to a PF three or more times in the past 6 months was positively associated with a small improvement in maternal (β=0·06, P=0·04) and child (β=0·06, P=0·02) dietary diversity scores. Improvements were not observed in maternal health-seeking behaviours such as number of antenatal care visits.ConclusionsPeer mobilization is a potential approach for improving health- and nutrition-related knowledge and behaviours among women in hard-to-reach communities of Nepal.
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Uzosike, T. C. J., I. Okeafor, and M. Mezie-Okoye. "Dietary Diversity, Nutritional status and Academic performance of pupils in public primary schools in Port Harcourt Metropolis." Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 32, no. 2 (August 28, 2020): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcmphc.v32i2.4.
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Background: Poor nutrition can hinder pupils from achieving good educational performance at school. This study provides information on the dietary diversity and nutritional status of school-age children in Rivers State, and their relationship with academic performance.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted among pupils attending public primary schools, aged 6-11 years. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, data on dietary diversity was collected using a two-day 24-hour dietary recall tool adapted from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) guidelines for measuring household and individual dietary diversity. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric measures and educational performance was assessed using the end of term examination results for Mathematics and English language in the selected schools. Statistical analyses were performed at p level of 0.05.Results: The study had a total of 847 public primary school pupils, comprising of 441 (52.1%) males and 406 (47.9%) females The minimum and maximum dietary diversity score (DDS) obtained from the pupils were one and five, respectively with a mean DDS of 3.67 ± 0.71. The frequency of stunting, underweight and overweight among the pupils were 39.4%, 23.0% and 6.0% respectively. Dietary diversity was significantly associated with academic performance (p=0.001), with higher odds of poor academic performance in both English language and Mathematics reported among pupils with low DDS in comparison to those with normal DDS.Conclusion: Dietary diversity for primary school pupils should be promoted to achieve optimal academic performance amidst other benefits.
Keywords: Academic performance; Dietary diversity; Nutritional status; Pupils
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Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L., Natalie Valpiani, Rumana Akter, Md Abdul Baten, Sven Genschick, Manjurul Karim, and Shakuntala H. Thilsted. "Fish and Meat Are Often Withheld From the Diets of Infants 6 to 12 Months in Fish-Farming Households in Rural Bangladesh." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 38, no. 3 (June 15, 2017): 354–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572117709417.
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Background: Fish is a widely available animal-source food in Bangladesh and a rich source of nutrients, yet little is known about practices related to incorporating fish into the diets of infants and young children. Objective: Use dietary diversity data to explore consumption patterns of fish and high-quality food items within the household and examine factors associated with delayed introduction of fish to infants and young children. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 496 households with children <36 months participating in the Aquaculture for Income and Nutrition project in Bangladesh. Data collected included household characteristics, women’s dietary diversity score, and minimum dietary diversity score along with data on Infant and Young Child Feeding practices. Results: Most children (63.4%) met the threshold for minimum dietary diversity. Despite having received extensive nutrition education related to including fish in complementary foods, only half of the caretakers introduced fish at 6 months and the mean age of introduction of small fish was 8.7 months. Meat and fish were not common in infant diets but increased with child age. Concerns about bones were a major barrier to incorporating fish into infant diets. Conclusion: Given its nutrient profile and widespread availability in certain contexts, fish could be an underutilized opportunity to improve nutrition and health outcomes of infants and young children. Further research, including utilizing food processing technologies, is needed to develop appropriate responses to overcome these barriers.
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Saha, Jay, Pradip Chouhan, Najma Iqbal Malik, Tanmoy Ghosh, Puja Das, Muhammad Shahid, Farooq Ahmed, and Kun Tang. "Effects of Dietary Diversity on Growth Outcomes of Children Aged 6 to 23 Months in India: Evidence from National Family and Health Survey." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010159.
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Low dietary diversity significantly interplays with children’s growth failure. However, evidence of its crucial role in children’s health remains inconclusive in developing countries such as India. This study attempts to find the association between dietary diversity and growth outcomes among children aged between 6 and 23 months in India using the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 2015–2016. A total of 67,278 mother-child pairs of children between the ages of 6–23 months and mothers aged 15–49 years were included in this study. Pearson’s chi-square significance test and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine the association between dietary diversity and child growth outcomes (stunted, wasted, and underweight). The study found that the prevalence of stunting and severe stunting among children aged between 6 and 23 months were 35.9% and 16.2%; 23.8% and 8.5% represented wasting, and severe wasting; and more than 32%, 10% were underweight and severely underweight respectively. This present study found that having an inadequate minimum dietary diversity (<4 food groups) significantly increases the risk of being stunted (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.29; 95% confidence interval (CI); 1.21–1.38), wasted (AOR = 1.29; 95% CI; 1.21–1.38), and underweight (AOR = 1.47; 95% CI; 1.39–1.56). Further, it was noted that children who did not intake dairy products, eggs, and other fruits and vegetables were more likely to be stunted, wasted, and underweight and more likely to be severely stunted, wasted, and underweight. Therefore, additional nutrition-specific interventions are urgently needed to strengthen and enhance existing feeding interventions aimed at improving infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, including complementary feeding practices among children aged between 6 and 23 months in India. The Government should focus such interventions more on states or regions where the prevalence of adequate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) and malnutrition is high.
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Astuti, Dhita Kusuma, and Sri Sumarmi. "KERAGAMAN KONSUMSI PANGAN PADA BALITA STUNTING DI WILAYAH PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN KABUPATEN PROBOLINGGO [Dietary Diversity among Stunting Toddlers in Rural and Urban Areas of Probolinggo Regency]." Media Gizi Indonesia 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mgi.v15i1.14-21.
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One of the main nutritional problems faced by developing countries is stunting. Probolinggo Regency is one of the government priority to overcome stunting problem in Indonesia with prevalence of stunting up to 49.43%. Rural area have higher prevalence of stunting compare to urban area. Dietary diversity associate with stunting. This study aimed to analyze the diff erences of dietary diversity among stunting toddlers in rural and urban area of Probolinggo Regency. A cross sectional study design was used with total sample as much as 44 stunting toddlers aged 12-59 months in rural and 44 stunting toddlers with the same age in urban area. Sample was determined by multistage cluster sampling. Data were collected using IDDS instrument and rated twice with minimum consumption of 10 grams. Data were analyzed using T-test. Result showed that there were no signifi cant diff erences on dietary diversity (p=0.106) among stunting toddlers in rural and urban area. Dietary diversity among stunting toddlers in urban area are slightly better than rural area. Based on 9 food groups, stunting toddlers both in rural and urban area were not consuming organ meat. It was concluded that dietary diversity among stunting toddlers in rural area was not diff erent from dietary diversity among stunting toddlers in urban areas. Mother should give more diverse food to their children, especially fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds, milk and milk products, and introduce organ meat such as chicken liver.
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Abdu, Abdu Oumer, and Berhanu Abebaw Mekonnen. "Determinants of dietary adequacy among school age children in Guraghe Zone, Southern Ethiopia." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v8i2.18365.
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Dietary diversity (DD) is a validated proxy indicator of micronutrient adequacy among different age groups including infants, children and women. This study assessed level of dietary adequacy and its associated factors among school age children in Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia. Survey was conducted among 769 children aged 6 to 12 years of with their care givers using multistage sampling method. Data were collected by using structured questionnaire containing the ten food groups for minimum dietary diversity for women and other parts. Adequate dietary diversity was categorized those children who consume at least five food groups. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression with odds ratios (95% CI) was computed. Overall 769 children were included in the study, with a mean age of 8 years. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.9 (±1.42). About 444 (58.3%) had an inadequate dietary diversity. Those children from extended family size had 1.3 times to have inadequate DD level (AOR=1.3). Children from female headed households, did not attend formal education had 1.3 and 1.4 times higher odds of having an inadequate DD level (AOR=1.3 and 1.4). Similarly, children living with uneducated caregiver had six fold more likely to have an adequate DD level (AOR=6.7). The dietary diversity of children in the study area was below average. Household head, caregiver’s educational status, occupation of the household head, father/female headed household and family size were found to be associated with DD score. There should be awareness creation through existing Health extension platform and back yard vegetation should be improved.
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Lachat, Carl, Jessica E. Raneri, Katherine Walker Smith, Patrick Kolsteren, Patrick Van Damme, Kaat Verzelen, Daniela Penafiel, et al. "Dietary species richness as a measure of food biodiversity and nutritional quality of diets." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1709194115.
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Biodiversity is key for human and environmental health. Available dietary and ecological indicators are not designed to assess the intricate relationship between food biodiversity and diet quality. We applied biodiversity indicators to dietary intake data from and assessed associations with diet quality of women and young children. Data from 24-hour diet recalls (55% in the wet season) of n = 6,226 participants (34% women) in rural areas from seven low- and middle-income countries were analyzed. Mean adequacies of vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron, and zinc and diet diversity score (DDS) were used to assess diet quality. Associations of biodiversity indicators with nutrient adequacy were quantified using multilevel models, receiver operating characteristic curves, and test sensitivity and specificity. A total of 234 different species were consumed, of which <30% were consumed in more than one country. Nine species were consumed in all countries and provided, on average, 61% of total energy intake and a significant contribution of micronutrients in the wet season. Compared with Simpson’s index of diversity and functional diversity, species richness (SR) showed stronger associations and better diagnostic properties with micronutrient adequacy. For every additional species consumed, dietary nutrient adequacy increased by 0.03 (P < 0.001). Diets with higher nutrient adequacy were mostly obtained when both SR and DDS were maximal. Adding SR to the minimum cutoff for minimum diet diversity improved the ability to detect diets with higher micronutrient adequacy in women but not in children. Dietary SR is recommended as the most appropriate measure of food biodiversity in diets.
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Sheikh, Nurnabi, Raisul Akram, Nausad Ali, SM Raysul Haque, Shabareen Tisha, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, and Marufa Sultana. "Infant and young child feeding practice, dietary diversity, associated predictors, and child health outcomes in Bangladesh." Journal of Child Health Care 24, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 260–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367493519852486.
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The aim of this study was to explore the association of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices with health and nutritional status among children aged 0–23 months and to investigate the predictors of minimum acceptable diets (MADs) using Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data. Binary logistic regression models were performed to assess the association between IYCF and child health and to determine the influential predictors for MAD. About 55% mothers reported exclusive breastfeeding; 65% introduced solid, semisolid, or soft foods for their child; and 27% maintained minimum dietary diversity (MDD). About 64% children received recommended minimum meal frequency (MMF) and 23% received recommended MAD. The likelihood of having wasting was .22 times lower for the child who received MDD and MMF, respectively. MDD and MAD were associated with lower probability of experiencing underweight among children (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .73 and AOR= .81, respectively). Early initiation and continuation of breastfeeding were significantly associated with reduction in diarrhea prevalence among young children. The findings of the study generated imperative evidence related to dietary diversity, associated factors, and child health outcomes. Policy should focus on the improvement of IYCF practices and complimentary food diversity by taking initiatives for designing and implementing effective interventions to tackle childhood morbidity.
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Godha, Deepali, Nathalie Likhite, Maurice Zafimanjaka, Manisha Tharaney, and Estelle Bambara. "Determinants of Adolescent Nutrition Status and Practices in Burkina Faso Using a Pooled Secondary Analysis." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac061.033.
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Abstract Objectives An increasing trend in consumption of fast food and high amounts of added sugars among adolescents has left most lower- and middle-income countries facing a double burden of malnutrition. Since behaviors around food and physical activity are established during adolescence, the aim of the study was to document and disseminate the nutrition practices and status among adolescents in Burkina Faso who represent 23.1% of the nation's population. Methods The study used pooled data, of 2,432 non-pregnant adolescent girls, from the Performance Monitoring and Accountability (PMA 2020) nutrition surveys conducted in Burkina Faso in 2017 and 2018. We looked at three nutritional outcomes: dietary diversity, consumption of added sugars on the previous day, and the mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) < 16cm (a proxy indicator for severe malnutrition among adolescents). Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were conducted. Results Minimum dietary diversity of 24.9%; consumption of added sugars of 36.7%; and prevalence of MUAC < 16 cm of 15.7% were observed among adolescents. Dietary diversity amongst adolescents was highest in the Centre region (43.5%) and lowest in the regional cluster of Sahel/Centre Nord/Nord (10.8%) and region remained an important predictor in multivariate analysis too. Added sugar consumption was 65% more likely for adolescents from the wealthiest households and almost three times higher for adolescents who had achieved minimum dietary diversity. MUAC < 16cm was lower among the 15–19 age group and 1.7 times more likely among adolescents who consumed an unhealthy food or drink the previous day, but half as likely among adolescents with dietary diversity. Conclusions Our findings showed a strong association between high dietary diversity and unhealthy food intake namely added sugar consumption. This is an important consideration for policy makers as they design adolescent nutrition programs to reduce malnutrition. Given that nutrition behaviors and habits are developed by early adolescence, designing nutrition interventions for school-age children should be promoted as a public health strategy. Tailored strategies with regional targeting, particularly for urban areas, are recommended. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through Alive & Thrive, managed by FHI Solutions.
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Gupta, N., V. Vempati, and A. Agarwal. "Dietary deficiencies among families of air warriors: Use of iron deficiency anemia as an index." Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine 64 (October 31, 2020): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijasm_13_2019.
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Introduction: Anemia is a prevalent health problem in India affecting all age groups. It has shown the highest prevalence among preschool children and occurs more commonly in the lower socioeconomic group. Observationally, it was noticed at an Air Force station that preschool children of air warriors had iron deficiency anemia at levels similar to those seen in lower socioeconomic groups. This prompted us to evaluate dietary practices among families of air warriors as a contributory factor to iron deficiency in these children. Material and Methods: All anemic children diagnosed of iron deficiency in the age group of 6–59 months were included in the study. Data were compiled from the clinical history, dietary habits and laboratory parameters obtained. The dietary habits were analyzed based on parameters defined in the current infant and young child feeding guidelines such as exclusive breastfeeding, minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to determine statistical significance of difference between means of two independent groups. Spearman correlation analysis between two independent variables was done and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify predictor variables for iron deficiency anemia. Results: About 74.1% of the anemic children fell into age group of 6–23 months (infants and young children). 75% of children of the age group of 6–23 months were started on cow’s milk at the time of weaning. The average amount of cow’s milk consumed in a day was 0.7 L. In this age group, the minimum dietary diversity was observed in 11.1%, minimum acceptable diet in 5.5% and minimum meal frequency in 22.2% of the children. In the same age group, a statistically significant negative correlation was observed between cow’s milk quantity given per day and hemoglobin (ρ = ‒0.77). A significant negative correlation was found between cow’s milk quantity and variables such as age and number of solid meals received in a day (ρ = ‒0.553 and –0.526, respectively). In multiple regression analysis with hemoglobin as the dependent variable, a significant negative association was observed with cow’s milk quantity. Age showed statistically significant positive correlation with hemoglobin (ρ = 0.762) which was also seen on linear regression analysis. Serum ferritin was low in 44.5% while total iron-binding capacity was raised in 100% of the cases. Conclusion: Iron deficiency anemia was disproportionately distributed among infants and young children (age group 6–23 months). Copious consumption of cow’s milk in this age group led to fewer solid feeds per day and lack of dietary diversity which led to an iron deficient state in these children. This probably resulted in manifestation of anemia in this population. The study brings out the need for dietary counseling for air warriors and their families to ensure better health and lower disease burden.
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NAGO, Eunice, Dada GUEYE, D. Sylvain DABADÉ, and Augustin AOUDJI. "Community perceptions of the risk factors of maternal and child malnutrition in the district of Zè, Benin." Annales de l’Université de Parakou - Série Sciences Naturelles et Agronomie 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56109/aup-sna.v9i1.59.
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Introduction: Fighting malnutrition inevitably requires good understanding of its causes. This study aims primarily to understand community perceptions of two major risk factors of maternal and child undernutrition in the district of Zè, Benin.
Methodology: The study used a cross-sectional mixed design. It was conducted in the village of Domè-Sèko in Zè. Participants were 64 pairs of mothers and 6-59 months old children. Questionnaires were used to collect data on household food insecurity and mothers and children’s dietary diversity. Anthropometric variables were measured to assess their nutritional status. Eight focus groups were conducted separately with purposively selected active men, older men, women of childbearing age and older women. Simple linear regression was used to test the association of mothers or children’ nutritional status with dietary diversity and household food security. The qualitative data were classified per category of focus group participants, coded using NVIVO software, and used to corroborate the quantitative results.
Results: The prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting was respectively 6.3%, 18.8% and 57.8% among the children. Chronic energy deficiency affected 9% of mothers, 13% were overweight or obese. Only 21% of children aged 6-23 months had the minimum dietary diversity and 15% the minimum acceptable diet. Average dietary diversity score of 24-59 months old children and mothers was 5±1 in 14 food groups. Food insecurity affected 80% of households in total, 53% severely. Besides poor dietary diversification, focus groups identified low contribution of men in household food supply, poor sanitation, insufficient utilisation of health services, due to cultural beliefs and bad reception, as main risk factors of mothers and children’s undernutrition.
Conclusion: Zè remains highly disadvantaged despite numerous nutritional interventions. Beyond quantitative data, community perceptions gave good insight into context-specific risk factors of maternal and child malnutrition, in view of strategies refinement using a more participatory approach.
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Makau, Mary N., Sophie Ochola, and Dorcus Mbithe. "Feeding Practices of Children Aged 0-59 Months Accompanying Incarcerated Mothers in Selected Women’s Prisons in Kenya." Open Nutrition Journal 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874288201711010001.
Full textAbstract:
Infant and young child feeding practices have substantial consequences for the growth, development, and survival of children. Children should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life and thereafter continue to breastfeed for 2 years or longer. Children are vulnerable to malnutrition thus nutrition and health status of the confined children is of interest. The purpose of this study was to establish feeding practices of children 0-59 months incarcerated with their mothers in selected women’s prisons in Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on an exhaustive sample of 202 children and 193 mothers, drawn from a sample of eight out of the 35 women prisons in Kenya. Data collection tools included: a structured researcher-administered questionnaire for mothers and children. Exclusive breastfeeding rate was 69.4%; continued breastfeeding at 1 and 2 years year (88.5%; 52.2%). The mean Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 3.52 ± 1.04 foods groups out of 7 groups with 53.3% having attained the minimum DDS and 86.5% of breastfed children having attained the minimum frequency meal consumption. About half of the children (48.6%) attained the minimum acceptable diet. In terms of nutritional status, 21.4% of the children were stunted, 3.8% wasted and 7.5% were underweight. Dietary practices were associated with underweight; not attaining the minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet was associated with underweight (p = 0.012; p = 0.014); Illness 2 weeks prior to the study was correlated with underweight (p=0.012). Feeding practices significantly influenced nutritional status among children accompanying incarcerated mothers in prisons in Kenya.
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Chilinda, Zizwani Brian, Mark L. Wahlqvist, Meei-Shyuan Lee, and Yi-Chen Huang. "Optimal Household Water Access Fosters the Attainment of Minimum Dietary Diversity among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Malawi." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010178.
Full textAbstract:
Along with sanitation and hygiene, water is a well-known driver of child undernutrition. However, a more direct role of household (HH) water access in shaping dietary diversity remains unexplored. We assessed the association between HH water access and achievement of minimum dietary diversity (MDD) among young children. We utilized nationally-representative cross-sectional data from the 2015/16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, which included 4727 mother–child dyads, respectively, (26.8 ± 6.8 years, range 15–49 years) and (13.9 ± 4.9 months, range 6–23 months). HH water access was categorized as (1) basic or no access, (2) intermediate, or (3) optimal. MDD was defined as feeding a child, during the previous day, at least four of the food groups defined by the World Health Organization. Only 27.7% of the children achieved MDD standards; most of the children who achieved MDD were from HHs with optimal water access (58.4%, p < 0.001). However, only 5.9% of the mother–child dyads were from HHs with optimal water access. After adjusting for covariates, children from HHs with optimal water access had higher odds of achieving MDD than those from HHs with basic or no water access (aOR = 1.74, CI = 1.24–2.46). Our results highlight the need to incorporate water-based strategies into national nutritional policies to increase dietary diversity among Malawian infants and young children.