Relevant bibliographies by topics / Minimization of release

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Minimization of release'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Minimization of release"

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Johansson, J., W. A. Hapsari, S. Kelley, and G. Bodog. "Minimization of drive tests in 3GPP release 11." IEEE Communications Magazine 50, no. 11 (November 2012): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2012.6353680.

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Koulamas, Christos, and George J. Kyparisis. "Makespan minimization on uniform parallel machines with release times." European Journal of Operational Research 157, no. 1 (August 2004): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(03)00243-1.

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Yahya, Ahmad, Ata ul Razzaq Khan, Wahab Usaid Naeem, Sajid Bashir, Babar Murtaza, and Aqeel Aslam. "COST-MINIMIZATION ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS PHARMACEUTICAL ALTERNATIVES OF CLOPIDOGREL BISULFATE." Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22200/pjpr.2016137-41.

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Heart disease is widespread, and accounts for a quarter of all deaths in the US. Clopidogrel is used extensively for various cardiac conditions but has a high price. Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) differentiates alternative therapies based on price, given that all of the interventions have exactly the same health effects and must be bioequivalent when it comes to health benefits and adverse effects. Dissolution studies, using four marketed products, were conducted using a six stage, type II dissolution apparatus. Samples were analyzed at 240nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Concentration values of each sample, taken after 30 minutes were calculated from the calibration curve constructed with Clopidogrel Bisulfate RS. ANOVA was used to analyze any significant differences between the means of active dissolved. Plavix was found to have the highest percentage release of 97% but Ogrel had the least SEM of 3.9 with a percentage release of 95%. Lowplat and Pidogrel, although showed average percent releases of greater than 85%, their SEM and stand deviations were large showing widespread variations in unit contents. ANOVA gave a p>0.05, indicating a non-statistically significant difference between the means of active dissolved hence proving bioequivalence. CMA concluded that Ogrel may be used instead of the more expensive Plavix.
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Zhang, Steven, Molly Vora, Alex H. S. Harris, Laurence Baker, Catherine Curtin, and Robin N. Kamal. "Cost-Minimization Analysis of Open and Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 98, no. 23 (December 2016): 1970–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.16.00121.

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Kuz’min, A. M. "Minimization of Heat-Release Distribution Instability in Burning Nuclear Fuel." Atomic Energy 124, no. 6 (October 2018): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10512-018-0427-0.

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Cheng, T. C. Edwin, Mikhail Y. Kovalyov, and Natalia V. Shakhlevich. "Scheduling with controllable release dates and processing times: Makespan minimization." European Journal of Operational Research 175, no. 2 (December 2006): 751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.06.021.

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Happach, Felix. "Makespan minimization with OR-precedence constraints." Journal of Scheduling 24, no. 3 (May 29, 2021): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10951-021-00687-6.

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AbstractWe consider a variant of the NP-hard problem of assigning jobs to machines to minimize the completion time of the last job. Usually, precedence constraints are given by a partial order on the set of jobs, and each job requires all its predecessors to be completed before it can start. In this paper, we consider a different type of precedence relation that has not been discussed as extensively and is called OR-precedence. In order for a job to start, we require that at least one of its predecessors is completed—in contrast to all its predecessors. Additionally, we assume that each job has a release date before which it must not start. We prove that a simple List Scheduling algorithm due to Graham (Bell Syst Tech J 45(9):1563–1581, 1966) has an approximation guarantee of 2 and show that obtaining an approximation factor of $$4/3 - \varepsilon $$ 4 / 3 - ε is NP-hard. Further, we present a polynomial-time algorithm that solves the problem to optimality if preemptions are allowed. The latter result is in contrast to classical precedence constraints where the preemptive variant is already NP-hard. Our algorithm generalizes previous results for unit processing time jobs subject to OR-precedence constraints, but without release dates. The running time of our algorithm is $$O(n^2)$$ O ( n 2 ) for arbitrary processing times and it can be reduced to O(n) for unit processing times, where n is the number of jobs. The performance guarantees presented here match the best-known ones for special cases where classical precedence constraints and OR-precedence constraints coincide.
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Hezaveh, Hadi, and Ida Idayu Muhamad. "Controlled drug release via minimization of burst release in pH-response kappa-carrageenan/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 91, no. 3 (March 2013): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2012.08.014.

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Haidar, Ziyad S. "Mathematical Modeling for Pharmacokinetic Predictions from Controlled Drug Release Nano Systems: A Comparative Parametric Study." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2018): 1801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1552.

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In the present work, several mathematical models well-known in the literature for simulating drug release kinetics are compared using available experimental data sets obtained in real systems with different drugs and nano-sized carriers. Herein, the χ2 minimization method, is employed concluding that the Korsmeyer-Peppas model provides the best-fit in all cases. Hence, (i) better understanding of the exact mass transport mechanism(s) involved in drug(s) release, and (ii) quantitative prediction of the drug release kinetics, can be computed.
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Liu, Lu, Yang Tao Xu, Na Yin, and Ji Bo Wang. "Single Machine Group Scheduling Problem with Deteriorating Jobs and Release Dates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 2145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.2145.

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The paper deals with a single machine scheduling problem with deteriorating jobs and group technology (GT) assumption. By deteriorating jobs and group technology assumption, we mean that the group setup times and job processing times are both simple linear functions of their starting times. We show that the makespan minimization problem with release dates can be solved in polynomial time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Minimization of release"

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Rahn, Cecilia. "Minimization of chemical's release from a large-scale pharmaceutical industry : By optimization of the crystallization process." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84957.

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The presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other chemicals in wastewater has caused concerns in recent years due to its potential risk to the environment and society. Thus, the aim of the study is to investigate ways to minimize the release of chemicals from a large-scale pharmaceutical industry to an industrial wastewater treatment plant. The large-scale industry that is studied is located at Cambrex Karlskoga AB and the process that is investigated is the production of the intermediate R1-MR2E, from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol through an esterification. The investigations are performed by modifying a HPLC-UV method and mapping the release of the carboxylic acid and R1-MR2E as well as examining possible ways of minimizing the release by optimization of the crystallization of the recirculation of the carboxylic acid and of the product R1-MR2E. The method used in the investigation is mostly the modified HPLC-UV method. The optimizations are performed by examining the effect of the maturation time on the crystallization of the recirculated carboxylic acid, and by investigating the effect that a concentrated solution has on the pH of crystallization. The results indicate a possibility to remove the washing water of the recirculated carboxylic acid in order to minimize the release of the compound and R1-MR2E without affecting the quality of R1-MR2E. The results also show that a minimized amount of solvent can be used in the crystallization of R1-MR2E without affecting the process.
Förekomsten av aktiva läkemedelsingredienser (API) och andra kemikalier i avloppsvatten har orsakat stor oro de senaste åren på grund av dess potentiella risk för miljö och samhälle. Syftet med studien är därmed att undersöka sätt att minimera utsläppet av kemikalier från en storskalig läkemedelsindustri till ett industriellt reningsverk. Den storskaliga industrin som studeras är Cambrex Karlskoga AB och processen som undersöks är produktionen av intermediatet R1-MR2E, från en karboxylsyra och en alkohol genom en esterifiering. Undersökningarna utförs genom att modifiera en HPLC-UV metod och kartlägga utsläppet av karboxylsyran och R1-MR2E, samt genom att undersöka möjliga sätt att minimera utsläppet genom optimering av kristalliseringen vid återcirkulation av karboxylsyran och av produkten R1-MR2E. Metoden som används i undersökningarna är mestadels den modifierade HPLC-UV metoden. Optimeringarna utförs genom att undersöka effekten som mognadstiden har på kristallisationen av den återcirkulerade karboxylsyran och genom att undersöka effekten som en koncentrerad lösning har på kristallisationens pH. Resultatet indikerar en möjlighet att avlägsna tvättvattnet vid återcirkulering av karboxylsyran för att minimera utsläppet av föreningen och R1-MR2E utan att påverka kvaliteten på R1-MR2E. Resultatet visar även att en minimerad mängd lösningsmedel kan användas i kristallisationen av R1-MR2E utan att påverka processen.
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Chiou, Jiun-Da, and 邱俊達. "Solubility Improvement for Development of Controlled Release Dosage Form with Minimization of Food Effect." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42279539572203885417.

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碩士
臺北醫學大學
藥學研究所
95
Traditional immediate-release oral solid dosage forms of poorly soluble drugs have to be administered three times a day, which results in a significant fluctuation in the plasma drug concentration and drug toxic side effects. Therefore, development of controlled-release dosage forms is desirable for side effect reduction and for patient compliance. However, the poor aqueous solubility and dissolution rate lead to several problems such as low and unpredictable (or variable) physiological availability and therapeutic response, lack of dose proportionality, excessive loss of an administration dose, and food effect. Cilostazol, the model drug of this study, is a synthetic antiplatelet agent with vasodialating effect. The frequencies of headache and other side effects are increased with the administration dose of cilostazol. It is also suggesting that the oral bioavailability (BA) of cilostazol could be enhanced due to the improvement of dissolution by food. Data shows the reduction of particle size is found to be efficient to improve the oral BA of cilostazol and to avoid the food effect on the absorption. The purpose of this study is to develop a controlled release dosage form using hydrophilic excipients and different approaches of preparations to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drug with minimization of food effect. It is shown that using approaches of solid dispersion (solvent method, hot melt method, and thermal adhesion granulation) could change the crystalline state of cilostazol to form an amorphous state that could be detected by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Different method of preparations has no significant difference from the data of angle of repose and hardness of tablets. However, the dissolution rate is increased in the Kollidon VA64 system. Solubility and dissolution rate of cilostazol are increased when increasing the ratio of TPGS and vitamin E. In conclusion, these findings clearly indicate that the solubility of cilostazol can be maximized and the food effect may be minimized by using solid dispersion and thermal adhesion granulation technology to develop a controlled release dosage form.
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Books on the topic "Minimization of release"

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Prevention, Massachusetts Bureau of Waste. Toxics use reduction information release. [Boston, Mass.]: Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Waste Prevention, 1997.

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Reay, Jill, David Sutton, and Colin J Martin. Control of radioactive substances. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0009.

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The possession, use, transport, and disposal of radioactive materials are controlled through regulation to limit exposure of the public and workers. This chapter describes the methodologies employed. Regulation is enacted through a system of notification and licensing, based upon recommendations from the IAEA and ICRP. A competent authority is empowered to permit an organization to hold, use, or dispose of any radionuclide, provided certain conditions are met. These take the form of limits on the quantities of different radioactive materials held, and requirements for security and protection. They require an evaluation of the impact of waste disposal. Methodologies for estimating doses received by critical groups from release of radioactive material into the environment are explained. Minimization of the waste produced and regulation of its disposal are essential components in the overall strategy to protect the environment. Controls over the transport of radioactive materials and medical administrations to patients are considered.
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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, ed. Waste minimization: Reducing releases of chlorinated solvents : Ford Motor Company. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency Response, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Minimization of release"

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Berlińska, Joanna. "Makespan Minimization in Data Gathering Networks with Dataset Release Times." In Parallel Processing and Applied Mathematics, 230–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43222-5_20.

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Ray, Sujay. "Adaptive Simulated Annealing Algorithm to Solve Bio-Molecular Optimization." In Handbook of Research on Natural Computing for Optimization Problems, 475–89. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0058-2.ch020.

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Energy minimization is a paramount zone in the field of computational and structural biology for protein modeling. It helps in mending distorted geometries in the folded functional protein by moving its atoms to release internal constraints. It attempts to hold back to zero value for the net atomic force on every atom. But to overcome certain disadvantages in energy minimization, Simulated Annealing (SA) can be helpful. SA is a molecular dynamics technique, where temperature is gradually reduced during the simulation. It provides the best configuration of bio-molecules in shorter time. With the advancement in computational knowledge, one essential but less sensitive variant of SA: Adaptive Simulated Annealing (ASA) algorithm is beneficial, because it automatically adjusts the temperature scheme and abrupt opting of step. Therefore it benefits to prepare stable protein models and further to investigate protein-protein interactions. Thus, a residue-level study can be analyzed in details for the benefit of the entire biota.
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Cheremisinoff, Paul N. "Estimating Releases to the Environment." In Waste Minimization and Cost Reduction for the Process Industries, 104–45. Elsevier, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-081551388-9.50006-3.

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Jindal, Saurav, and Poonam Saini. "Internal and External Threat Analysis of Anonymized Dataset." In Handbook of Research on Intrusion Detection Systems, 172–85. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2242-4.ch009.

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In recent years, data collection and data mining have emerged as fast-paced computational processes as the amount of data from different sources has increased manifold. With the advent of such technologies, major concern is exposure of an individual's self-contained information. To confront the unusual situation, anonymization of dataset is performed before being released into public for further usage. The chapter discusses various existing techniques of anonymization. Thereafter, a novel redaction technique is proposed for generalization to minimize the overall cost (penalty) of the process being inversely proportional to utility of generated dataset. To validate the proposed work, authors assume a pre-processed dataset and further compare our algorithm with existing techniques. Lastly, the proposed technique is made scalable thus ensuring further minimization of generalization cost and improving overall utility of information gain.
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Conference papers on the topic "Minimization of release"

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Hifi, Mhand, and Imed Kacem. "Makespan minimization on two parallel machines with release dates." In Industrial Engineering (CIE39). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccie.2009.5223871.

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Baumann, Carlos Erik, Antoine Dutertre, Kuljit Khaira, Harvey Alec Rodney Williams, and Hassan N. H. Mohamed. "Risk Minimization when Perforating with Automatic Gun Release Systems." In SPETT 2012 Energy Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/156967-ms.

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Bergstro¨m, Lena, Maria Lindberg, Anders Lindstro¨m, Bo Wirendal, and Joachim Lorenzen. "Proven Concepts for LLW-Treatment of Large Components for Free-Release and Recycling." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7218.

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This paper describes Studsvik’s technical concept of LLW-treatment of large, retired components from nuclear installations in operation or in decommissioning. Many turbines, heat exchangers and other LLW components have been treated in Studsvik during the last 20 years. This also includes development of techniques and tools, especially our latest experience gained under the pilot project for treatment of one full size PWR steam generator from Ringhals NPP, Sweden. The ambition of this pilot project was to minimize the waste volumes for disposal and to maximize the material recycling. Another objective, respecting ALARA, was the successful minimization of the dose exposure to the personnel. The treatment concept for large, retired components comprises the whole sequence of preparations from road and sea transports and the management of the metallic LLW by segmentation, decontamination and sorting using specially devised tools and shielded treatment cell, to the decision criteria for recycling of the metals, radiological analyses and conditioning of the residual waste into the final packages suitable for customer-related disposal. For e.g. turbine rotors with their huge number of blades the crucial moments are segmentation techniques, thus cold segmentation is a preferred method to keep focus on minimization of volumes for secondary waste. Also a variety of decontamination techniques using blasting cabinet or blasting tumbling machines keeps secondary waste production to a minimum. The technical challenge of the treatment of more complicated components like steam generators also begins with the segmentation. A first step is the separation of the steam dome in order to dock the rest of the steam generator to a specially built treatment cell. Thereafter, the decontamination of the tube bundle is performed using a remotely controlled manipulator. After decontamination is concluded the cutting of the tubes as well as of the shell is performed in the same cell with remotely controlled tools. Some of the sections of steam dome shell or turbine shafts can be cleared directly for unconditional reuse without melting after decontamination and sampling program. Experience shows that the amount of material possible for clearance for unconditional use is between 95 – 97% for conventional metallic scrap. For components like turbines, heat exchangers or steam generators the recycling ratio can vary to about 80–85% of the initial weight.
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Fan, Jiaxin, Damla Kizilay, Hande Oztop, Mehmet Fatih Tasgetiren, and Liang Gao. "A Variable Block Insertion Heuristic for Single Machine with Release Dates and Sequence Dependent Setup Times for Makespan Minimization." In 2019 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssci44817.2019.9002748.

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Kahl, Torsten, Georg Greifzu, Marion Herrmann, Wolfgang Lippmann, and Antonio Hurtado. "Particle Release During Laser Decontamination of Concrete Surfaces." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81578.

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The phase–out of all Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) until 2022 in Germany offer the opportunity to apply new and efficient decommissioning technologies, which allow further reduction of decommissioning costs and minimization of the collective dose for personnel. One challenging task in this process is the decontamination of protective paints containing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). PCB-containing surfaces demand consecutive radiological decontamination and removal of the PCB-containing paints before the demolition is possible. Laser technology, commonly used in many different industrial sectors, presents an advanced approach to this problem. Successful thermal decomposition of PCB-containing paints using high power diode lasers has been reported by our group in former publications [1]. Ongoing investigations focus on the technology transfer from static laboratory state to industrial application. This includes the verification of safety and efficiency issues for the complete laser supported process. The current presentation covers all aspects of the laser process: concrete sample preparation as well as an experimental set-up utilizing a mobile laser system that includes an innovative laser head. Particular focus will be on the phenomena of the generated concrete surfaces and the arising by-products during laser processing. A 10 kW high power diode laser, Laserline LDF 1500-10000 was used for the ablation experiments. Concrete samples were coated with typical decontamination epoxy-based paints, which match the commonly used paint systems in German NPPs in terms of composition, structure and thickness. The influence of significant processing parameters (laser power, feed rate, type of concrete and composition of paint) on the laser ablation are shown in relation to the energy input per length. The release of particles is subjected to these parameters as well. Therefore the size and the shape of the arising particles have been measured online in accordance with these processing parameters by an Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS, Model RP-3090, TSI) in a range between 5.6 to 560 nm. The quantity of particles has also been counted by a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC, Model 3022, TSI). Overall up to 6 million particles per cubic decimeter are detected with a dilution factor of 1:100 throughout the experiments. Both measuring systems are connected to the exhaust air pipe downstream, next to the laser head. The shift of the particle size in accordance with the above mentioned parameters is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the laser decontamination. The mobile laser supported decontamination technology will be tested in 2018 in a German nuclear facility. This test will contain the decontamination process with actual surface configurations like floors, walls, ceilings and corners, and will act as an effective proof-of-concept for the developed laser system prototype.
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Cantrel, Eric, Luc Denissen, Henri Davain, Jean-Phillipe Leveau, Johan Lauwers, and Thierry Gillet. "An Optimized Strategy for the Management of Spent Steam Generators." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7330.

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The decommissioning of the BR3 (Belgian Reactor 3) approaches its final phase. The electro-mechanical dismantling is almost completed and the program related to the decontamination of the building structures has been initiated. The issue of the evacuation of the primary circuit large components, and more specifically of the Steam Generator (SG), has been dealt successfully, applying innovative technologies to lead to remarkable results in terms of waste volume minimization and occupational radiation exposure. The strategy applied for the evacuation of the BR3 SG resulted from the elaboration and comparison of the following scenarios: • Closed loop chemical decontamination prior to dismantling, cutting and unconditional release or release after melting, • Cutting of the components without decontamination and evacuation of the materials in their respective waste categories, • Cutting, decontamination of the SG secondary side and evacuation of the full SG primary side to the melting facility for recycling. While the availability of the in-house developed MEDOC® process made the clearance of the SG bundle technically feasible, nuclear safety requirements and financial aspects were also in favour of the closed loop decontamination: minimization of contamination spreading and staff exposure during all subsequent manipulations, minimization of radwaste costs. For the segmentation of this component, different techniques have been considered: • An abrasive water jet (AWJ) cutting tool, • A prototype diamond wire developed for this application. The diamond wire allowed to cut in a single pass both the carbon steel shell and the stainless steel tube bundle. While the implementation of the diamond wire saw is rather simple, working conditions must be optimised to limit wearing of the wire and secondary waste production. Existing experience can be extrapolated to different legal frameworks in order to propose a financially and technically optimised “all-in” strategy for the management of “spent” SG.
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Shewhart, Andrew T., Marc D. Polanka, Jacob J. Robertson, Nathan J. Greiner, and James L. Rutledge. "Minimization of Heat Load due to Secondary Reactions in Fuel Rich Environments." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25703.

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The demand for increased thrust, higher engine efficiency, and reduced fuel consumption has increased the turbine inlet temperature and pressure in modern gas turbine engines. The outcome of these higher temperatures and pressures is the potential for unconsumed radical species to enter the turbine. Because modern cooling schemes for turbine blades involve injecting cool, oxygen rich air adjacent to the surface, the potential for reaction with radicals in the mainstream flow and augmented heat transfer to the blade arises. This result is contrary to the purpose of film cooling. In this environment there is a competing desire to consume any free radicals prior to the flow entering the rotor stage while still maintaining surface temperatures below the metal melting temperature. This study evaluated various configurations of multiple cylindrical rows of cooling holes in terms of both heat release and effective downstream cooling. Results were evaluated based on a new Wall Absorption parameter which combined the additional heat available from these secondary reactions with the length of the resulting flame to determine which schemes protected the wall more efficiently. Two particular schemes showed promise. The two row upstream configuration reduced the overall augmentation of heat by creating a short, concentrated reaction area. Conversely, the roll forward configuration minimized the local heat flux enhancement by spreading the reaction area over the surface being cooled.
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Brill, Angie, Jeff Scott, and John Patterson. "Oak Ridge Reservation Department of Energy Facilities: Waste Management Challenges and Success Stories Focusing on Waste Minimization." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4608.

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Waste generation and disposition is a challenge all face in the environmental restoration business. Over the past three years Safety and Ecology Corporation (SEC) working with Bechtel Jacobs Company, LLC (BJC) the Management and Integration subcontractor for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) have been able to minimize the volume of waste (mixed, hazardous, and radiological) that is disposed of and increased the volume for release, reuse, and recycle. This paper will focus on the success and challenges of several projects at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and one project at the East Tennessee Technology Park (ETTP). SEC is one of four Remedial Action/Decontamination & Decommissioning (RADD) subcontractors selected by BJC to support site clean up goals. Several of these RADD projects awarded to SEC will be used to illustrate the waste management process and the challenges/successes to completion. All these projects were “fixed price” with defined milestones keyed into award fee for BJC and regulatory milestones for DOE. From the first project completed under the RADD subcontract to the most recent the waste disposition approach has been refined and a decision process developed. This decision process will be discussed in the paper and illustrated graphically to indicate the critical elements to selecting the most appropriate waste disposition option. This paper will focus on the following items associated with waste minimization efforts at the Oak Ridge Reservation DOE facilities. • Waste disposition decision process. • Waste disposition options — recycle, reuse, salvage, and disposal. • Elements of integration required for successful pre-planning — design and implementation. • Waste disposition challenges and solutions. • Decontamination to reduce mixed waste volumes. Release surveys required to disposition waste for reuse/recycle. • Lessons learned that will be integrated in future projects.
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Ugolini, Daniele, Francesco Rossi, and Francesco Basile. "Decommissioning of the Radio Chemical Hot Laboratory of the European Commission Joint Research Centre of Ispra." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59207.

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The construction of the Radio Chemical Hot Laboratory (RCHL) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of Ispra began in the early 1960s while the laboratory activities started in 1964. In 1976 an annex to the main building was built. At this time the RCHL main research activities were in environment and biochemistry by means of radioactive tracers; neutron activation analyses; extraction of actinides from radioactive liquid waste coming from the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants; and analyses of U, Pu, and Th in samples from the nuclear fuel cycle in order to determine the isotopic ratio and the burn-up. In 1978, a new area of laboratories named “Stabularium” was built to study the metabolism of heavy metal on laboratory animals. Complementary to the laboratory three pneumatic transfer systems for irradiated sources connected the RCHL to two research reactors. The decommissioning activities of the 2650 m2 facility started in January 2008 and they were completed at the end of 2010 with the release for unrestricted use of all the buildings of the facility. They consisted in five main tasks; pre-decommissioning, licensing, dismantling, waste management, and final survey. The main pre-decommissioning activities were the physical and radiological characterization of the facility. The principal licensing activity was the preparation of the delicensing documentation to obtain the license termination from the safety authorities. Dismantling consisted in the removal of all the equipments and ancillary systems, of the pneumatic transfer system, and in the decontamination of the structures of the controlled zone. The waste management was limited to the transfer of the waste and of the clearable material to the centralized waste management facility. The final survey consisted in the final radiological characterization to quantify the concentration of any residual radioactivity remained after the completion of the dismantling activities for the release of the RCHL without any radiological constraints. The safety and radioprotection prescriptions adopted were the minimization of the conventional and nuclear risk for the workers (reducing the dose rate), the minimization of the environmental risks (reducing the external liquid, solid and gaseous releases), and the confinement of the contamination where it was generated. This paper describes the pre-decommissioning, dismantling, and final survey activities undertaken to perform the decommissioning of the RCHL.
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Quade, Ulrich, and Thomas Kluth. "Waste Minimization by Melting–Recycling of Radioactive Metals: 20 Years Operation of the Melting Plant CARLA by Siempelkamp Nukleartechnik GmbH." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59040.

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Since more than 20 years the company Siempelkamp is deeply involved in the field of melting and recycling of radioactively contaminated metals from operation and decommissioning of nuclear installations across Europe. The experience of this long period shows clearly that only a combination of recycling inside the nuclear industry and release for reuse outside the nuclear market will generate the optimum results for the minimisation of radioactive waste volume. Final disposal volume is becoming more and more the status of an own resource within our nuclear business and should be handled very carefully in the future. The paper gives a compact overview about the impressive results of melting treatment, the current potential of the melting plant CARLA and about further developments.
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Reports on the topic "Minimization of release"

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Ayala, David, Ashley Graves, Colton Lauer, Henrik Strand, Chad Taylor, Kyle Weldon, and Ryan Wood. Flooding Events Post Hurricane Harvey: Potential Liability for Dam and Reservoir Operators and Recommendations Moving Forward. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.floodingpostharvey.

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When Hurricane Harvey hit the Texas coast as a category 4 hurricane on August 25, 2017, it resulted in $125 billion in damage, rivaling only Hurricane Katrina in the amount of damage caused. It also resulted in the deaths of 88 people and destroyed or damaged 135,000 homes. Much of that devastation was the result of flooding. The storm dumped over 27 trillion gallons of rain over Texas in a matter of days. Some parts of Houston received over 50 inches of rainfall. The potential liability that dam and reservoir operators may face for decisions they make during storm and flooding events has now become a major concern for Texas citizens and its elected officials. Law suits have now been instituted against the federal government for its operation of two flood control reservoirs, as well as against the San Jacinto River Authority for its operation of a water supply reservoir. Moreover, the issues and concerns have been placed on the agenda of a number of committees preparing for the 2019 Texas legislative session. This report reviews current dam and reservoir operations in Texas and examines the potential liability that such operators may face for actions and decisions taken in response to storm and flooding events. In Section III, the report reviews dam gate operations and differentiates between water supply reservoirs and flood control reservoirs. It also considers pre-release options and explains why such actions are disfavored and not recommended. In Section IV, the report evaluates liabilities and defenses applicable to dam and reservoir operators. It explains how governmental immunity can limit the exposure of state and federally-run facilities to claims seeking monetary damages. It also discusses how such entities could be subject to claims of inverse condemnation, which generally are not subject to governmental immunity, under Texas law as well as under the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In addition, the Section discusses negligence and nuisance claims and concludes that plaintiffs asserting either or both of these claims will have difficulty presenting successful arguments for flooding-related damage and harm against operators who act reasonably in the face of storm-related precipitation. Finally, Section V offers recommendations that dam and reservoir operators might pursue in order to engage and educate the public and thereby reduce the potential for disputes and litigation. Specifically, the report highlights the need for expanded community outreach efforts to engage with municipalities, private land owners, and the business community in flood-prone neighborhoods both below and above a dam. It also recommends implementation of proactive flood notification procedures as a way of reaching and alerting as many people as possible of potential and imminent flooding events. Finally, the report proposes implementation of a dispute prevention and minimization mechanism and offers recommendations for the design and execution of such a program.
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