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Journal articles on the topic "Minimal promoter"
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Takahashi, Takayuki, Charanjeet Guron, Sheetal Shetty, Hideo Matsui, and Rajendra Raghow. "A Minimal MurineMsx-1Gene Promoter." Journal of Biological Chemistry 272, no. 36 (September 5, 1997): 22667–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.36.22667.
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Chan, Shuheng, Dan Shen, Yatong Sang, Saisai Wang, Yali Wang, Cai Chen, Bo Gao, and Chengyi Song. "Development of enhancer-trapping and -detection vectors mediated by the Tol2 transposon in zebrafish." PeerJ 7 (April 30, 2019): e6862. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6862.
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Enhancers are key transcriptional drivers of gene expression. The identification of enhancers in the genome is central for understanding gene-expression programs. Although transposon-mediated enhancer trapping (ET) is a powerful approach to the identification of enhancers in zebrafish, its efficiency varies considerably. To improve the ET efficiency, we constructed Tol2-mediated ET vectors with a reporter gene (mCherry) expression box driven by four minimal promoters (Gata, Myc, Krt4 and Oct4), respectively. The ET efficiency and expression background were compared among the four promoters by zebrafish embryo injection at the one-cell stage. The results showed that the Gata minimal promoter yielded the lowest basic expression and the second-highest trapping efficiency (44.6% at 12 hpf (hour post-fertilization) and 23.1% at 72 hpf, n = 305 and n = 307). The Krt4 promoter had the highest trapping efficiency (64% at 12 hpf and 67.1% at 72 hpf, n = 302 and n = 301) and the strongest basic expression. To detect enhancer activity, chicken 5′HS4 double insulators were cloned into the two ET vectors with the Gata or Krt4 minimal promoter, flanking the mCherry expression box. The resulting detection vectors were injected into zebrafish embryos. mCherry expression driven by the Gata promoter (about 5%, n = 301) was decreased significantly compared with that observed for embryos injected with the ET vectors (23% at 72 hpf, n = 308). These results suggest that the insulators block the genome-position effects and that this vector is fit for enhancer-activity evaluation. To assess the compatibility between the enhancers and the minimal promoters, four enhancers (CNS1, Z48, Hand2 and Hs769) were cloned upstream of the Gata or Beta-globin minimal promoter in the enhancer-activity-detection vectors. The resulting recombinant vectors were assayed by zebrafish embryo injection. We found that Z48 and CNS1 responded to the Gata minimal promoter, and that Hand2 only responded to the Beta-globin minimal promoter. In contrast, Hs769 did not respond to either the Gata or Beta-globin minimal promoters. These results suggest the existence of compatibility between enhancers and minimal promoters. This study represents a systematic approach to the discovery of optional ET and enhancer-detection vectors. We are eager to provide a superior tool for understanding functional genomics.
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Thompson, AA, WJ Jr Wood, MJ Gilly, MA Damore, SA Omori, and R. Wall. "The promoter and 5' flanking sequences controlling human B29 gene expression." Blood 87, no. 2 (January 15, 1996): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v87.2.666.bloodjournal872666.
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The product of the B-cell-specific B29 gene (B29, Ig beta, CD79b) is essential for Ig-mediated B-cell activation via the B-cell antigen receptor complex (BCR) on human and murine B lymphocytes. To better understand the regulation of this pivotal gene, we have analyzed the human genomic DNA sequence upstream of the B29 ATG start codon for transcriptional control activity. The human B29 gene lacks either a TATA or a CAAT box and transcription is initiated at multiple sites. The minimal promoter of the human B29 gene is contained within a 193-bp region 5′ of these multiple start sites. This minimal promoter exhibits B-cell-specific activity and contains SP1, ETS, OCT, and IKAROS/LYF-1 transcription factor motifs. All these motifs are strikingly conserved in sequence and placement relative to the previously characterized murine B29 promoter. Additional upstream gene segments dramatically affected B29 minimal promoter activity. A newly identified motif called the B29 conserved sequence (BCS), found upstream of both human and murine B29 promoters, appears to stimulate B29 transcription through a novel mechanism. A single BCS had little effect either on the minimal B29 promoter or on a heterologous promoter. Instead, the BCS stimulated transcription by counteracting 5′ negative regulatory DNA sequences that block the activity of the B29 minimal promoter in its absence. These findings indicate that B29 gene expression is controlled by the complex interplay of positive and negative regulatory elements.
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Adami, G., and L. E. Babiss. "Evidence that USF can interact with only a single general transcription complex at one time." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 4 (April 1992): 1630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.4.1630-1638.1992.
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By in vitro analysis, the major late promoter (MLP) of adenovirus has been shown to be a simple promoter requiring two elements for efficient transcription: a minimal promoter element (MPE), where the general transcription factor-polymerase II complex binds, and a single functional upstream promoter element (UPE) which interacts with USF. Two hundred bases upstream of the MLP cap site and divergently oriented is the IVa2 promoter. This promoter has its own MPE but shares the MLP UPE, suggesting the possibility that these promoters are coordinately regulated. To determine mechanistically how this might function, we replaced the weak IVa2 minimal promoter with a strong MPE (from the viral E1A gene) and observed mutual inhibition of both promoters and unstable transcription factor binding. Only by duplication of the UPE could this inhibition be relieved. When tested independently, both promoters were shown to require the USF site for maximal activity. These results are compatible with a model in which USF can stably interact with only one transcription complex at a time. When two divergently oriented general transcription complexes compete efficiently for binding of USF, transcription is reduced to the same levels as if the USF site were absent.
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Adami, G., and L. E. Babiss. "Evidence that USF can interact with only a single general transcription complex at one time." Molecular and Cellular Biology 12, no. 4 (April 1992): 1630–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.12.4.1630.
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By in vitro analysis, the major late promoter (MLP) of adenovirus has been shown to be a simple promoter requiring two elements for efficient transcription: a minimal promoter element (MPE), where the general transcription factor-polymerase II complex binds, and a single functional upstream promoter element (UPE) which interacts with USF. Two hundred bases upstream of the MLP cap site and divergently oriented is the IVa2 promoter. This promoter has its own MPE but shares the MLP UPE, suggesting the possibility that these promoters are coordinately regulated. To determine mechanistically how this might function, we replaced the weak IVa2 minimal promoter with a strong MPE (from the viral E1A gene) and observed mutual inhibition of both promoters and unstable transcription factor binding. Only by duplication of the UPE could this inhibition be relieved. When tested independently, both promoters were shown to require the USF site for maximal activity. These results are compatible with a model in which USF can stably interact with only one transcription complex at a time. When two divergently oriented general transcription complexes compete efficiently for binding of USF, transcription is reduced to the same levels as if the USF site were absent.
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Kiss, I., Z. Bösze, P. Szabó, R. Altanchimeg, E. Barta, and F. Deák. "Identification of positive and negative regulatory regions controlling expression of the cartilage matrix protein gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 5 (May 1990): 2432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.5.2432-2436.1990.
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A complex pattern of regulation of the cartilage matrix protein gene was revealed by transient expression experiments. A minimal promoter from positions -15 to +64 functioned in chondrocytes and fibroblasts. An enhancer located in the first intron exerted chondrocyte-specific stimulation on the minimal promoter activity. The same fragment, however, had a negative effect in fibroblasts. Between -334 and -15, a silencer was found which inhibited the gene expression driven from its homologous as well as heterologous promoters both in chondrocytes and fibroblasts. Additional positive and negative control regions were mapped further upstream of the promoter.
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Kiss, I., Z. Bösze, P. Szabó, R. Altanchimeg, E. Barta, and F. Deák. "Identification of positive and negative regulatory regions controlling expression of the cartilage matrix protein gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 5 (May 1990): 2432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.5.2432.
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A complex pattern of regulation of the cartilage matrix protein gene was revealed by transient expression experiments. A minimal promoter from positions -15 to +64 functioned in chondrocytes and fibroblasts. An enhancer located in the first intron exerted chondrocyte-specific stimulation on the minimal promoter activity. The same fragment, however, had a negative effect in fibroblasts. Between -334 and -15, a silencer was found which inhibited the gene expression driven from its homologous as well as heterologous promoters both in chondrocytes and fibroblasts. Additional positive and negative control regions were mapped further upstream of the promoter.
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Koev, Gennadiy, and W. Allen Miller. "A Positive-Strand RNA Virus with Three Very Different Subgenomic RNA Promoters." Journal of Virology 74, no. 13 (July 1, 2000): 5988–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.13.5988-5996.2000.
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ABSTRACT Numerous RNA viruses generate subgenomic mRNAs (sgRNAs) for expression of their 3′-proximal genes. A major step in control of viral gene expression is the regulation of sgRNA synthesis by specific promoter elements. We used barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) as a model system to study transcriptional control in a virus with multiple sgRNAs. BYDV generates three sgRNAs during infection. The sgRNA1 promoter has been mapped previously to a 98-nucleotide (nt) region which forms two stem-loop structures. It was determined that sgRNA1 is not required for BYDV RNA replication in oat protoplasts. In this study, we show that neither sgRNA2 nor sgRNA3 is required for BYDV RNA replication. The promoters for sgRNA2 and sgRNA3 synthesis were mapped by using deletion mutagenesis. The minimal sgRNA2 promoter is approximately 143 nt long (nt 4810 to 4952) and is located immediately downstream of the putative sgRNA2 start site (nt 4809). The minimal sgRNA3 core promoter is 44 nt long (nt 5345 to 5388), with most of the sequence located downstream of sgRNA3 start site (nt 5348). For both promoters, additional sequences upstream of the start site enhanced sgRNA promoter activity. These promoters contrast to the sgRNA1 promoter, in which almost all of the promoter is located upstream of the transcription initiation site. Comparison of RNA sequences and computer-predicted secondary structures revealed little or no homology between the three sgRNA promoter elements. Thus, a small RNA virus with multiple sgRNAs can have very different subgenomic promoters, which implies a complex system for promoter recognition and regulation of subgenomic RNA synthesis.
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Kiran, Manjot, Erin Maloney, Hava Lofton, Ashwini Chauhan, Rasmus Jensen, Renata Dziedzic, Murty Madiraju, and Malini Rajagopalan. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis ftsZ expression and minimal promoter activity." Tuberculosis 89 (December 2009): S60—S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1472-9792(09)70014-9.
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Zhang, Min, Brian C. Thomas, and Joseph L. Napoli. "Gene structure and minimal promoter of mouse rdh1." Gene 305, no. 1 (February 2003): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1119(02)01236-2.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Minimal promoter"
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Romey, Marie-Catherine. "Pathologie moléculaire de la mucoviscidose et première caractérisation fonctionnelle d'une variation de séquence identifiée dans le promoteur minimal du gène CFTR." Montpellier 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON1T026.
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René, Céline. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des éléments cis- et trans-régulateurs dans le promoteur minimal du gène CFTR." Montpellier 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON13514.
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Depuis la découverte du gène, des avancées majeures ont été réalisées concernant la caractérisation de la pathologie de la mucoviscidose et des formes frontières. De nouvelles fonctions de la protéine CFTR ont également été rapportées. Différentes études ont montré que l’expression de la protéine et prote��ines CFTR n’est pas restreinte aux cellules épithéliales des tissus des organes cibles de la mucoviscidose mais qu’elle est détectée dans des tissus et types cellulaires non attendus. L’ensemble de ces données suggère que la régulation de son expression est finement régulée au niveau temporel et spatial. Bien qu’un certain nombre d’éléments régulateurs ont été identifiés au niveau de sites hypersensibles à la DNAse I, les mécanismes qui dirigent l’expression basale du gène CFTR sont méconnus et la région du promoteur reste très peu caractérisée. Notre étude a permis l’identification de nouvelles séquences cis-régulatrices non attendues, bien conservées, localisées dans le promoteur minimal du gène CFTR : les éléments CArG-like polymorphe et ARE. Nous avons montré l’implication des facteurs de transcription SRF, YY1, Sp1, USFs, C/EBP et Nrf2 dans la régulation de l’activité transcriptionnelle du gène CFTR. Nous avons caractérisé des jeux d’interactions, impliquant ces facteurs, des enzymes de remodelage de la chromatine et des modifications post-traductionnelles, qui participent au contrôle de la transcription du gène CFTR. Enfin, nous avons confirmé le rôle du stress oxydant dans l’expression du CFTR. Ces travaux apportent une contribution à la description des événements moléculaires associés à la région promotrice du gène CFTR.
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Wang, Tun Cheng, and 王敦正. "The Minimal DNA Sequences of the Promoter Required for the." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75821033122261026135.
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碩士國防醫學院
生物化學研究所
83
neu致癌基因經由ENU誘發大白鼠導致神經膠母細胞中選殖得到，由於neu 基因和上表皮生長因子受體( EGFR ) 基因( c-erbB或HER1 )相似性極高 ，故稱為c-erbB2或 HER2。neu原致癌基因產生185kDa的磷酸化醣蛋白， 而致癌的大白鼠p185neu是由於在透膜區664的位置產生了纈胺酸點 突變 成為麩胺酸。而p185neu亦為酪胺酸磷酸 激■受體家族成員之一。 neu基 因在人類的一些癌症上發現了有擴大或過度表現的現象，如乳癌， 肺癌 ，唾腺癌，胰臟癌，卵巢癌等。在基因治療方面，已發現抑癌基 因p53， Rb，E1A蛋白，c-myc蛋白，猿病毒腫瘤抗原等可在neu基因的啟 動因子上 抑制其轉錄。本實驗以含有neu基因啟動因子在-172 ~ -79間 的CAT報告 基因質 體pNeuStuICAT，以內切■SacI及XhoI作用後形成的保 護端及可 作端，並用核酸外切■ExoIII在-172 ~ -79區域 間作一連串的片 斷缺失 得到六個新質體，以共同轉染的方式在NIH3T3細胞株測定到猿病毒 腫瘤 抗原在pNeu(- 151)CAT仍有明顯的抑制neu基因啟動子，因此推論猿病 毒 腫瘤抗原抑制結合neu基因啟動子在-151的下游位置。我們並得知，純 化 的猿病毒腫瘤抗原無法與neu基因啟動子結合，顯示其並非獨自與neu基 因啟動子作用，也就是說，猿病毒腫瘤抗原極可能需要與其他蛋白結合才 可抑制neu基因的轉錄。 The neu oncogene was first identified and cloned from ethylnitrosourea - induced rat neuro / glioblastomas. Its protooncogene encodes a 185-kDa glycoprotein ( p185neu ) that is oncogenically activated by a point mutation in the transmembrane domain of the protein at codon 664 causing an amino acid change from Val to Glu. p185neu is a member of the human epidemal growth factor receptor ( EGFR ) family and its gene is named c-erb-2/HER-2/neu. The neu oncogene is amplified and/or overexpressed in a number of human cancers, such as breast, lung, ovary, salivary gland, and gastrointestinal cancer. It has been reported that the function of the rat neu promoter is suppressed by the transforming viral oncoprotein, SV 40 Large T antigen (LT) . Transient cotransfections with LT showed repression of the reporter neu-CAT activity indicating LT inhibits neu transciption . And the repression by LT is known to be mediated through the 94 bp Xho I-Nar I region ( - 172 to -79 ) of the neu promoter. In this study, by using ExoIII deletion method, CAT assay, gel-shift assay and PCR cloning, we further generate six ExoIII deletion mutants and localize the minimun DNA sequence element ( -151 to -79 ), within the Xho I-Nar I region which is required for the negative regulation by LT. We have also found that the repression of neu promoter activity by LT may not be mediated by DNA- protein interaction and may be through protein-protein interaction mechanism.
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Lin, Pi-hsiu, and 林碧秀. "Non-Homologous Recombination of CMV Minimal Promoter for The Identification of." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90064960119160448383.
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碩士中國文化大學
生物科技研究所
91
Abstract Baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has many advantages and part of its ability to perform mass production of foreign proteins lies in the efficient transcriptional machinery equipped with unique enhancer, homologous region (hr). Identification of other enhancers will thus benefit BEVS. In this study, a reporter gene, luciferase, driven by CMV minimal promoter was randomly inserted into BmNPV genome by nonhomologous recombination to probe other possible enhancers. After screening for luciferase activity, 12 recombinant baculoviruses exhibiting high luciferase activity were isolated and found to be inserted into the same locus after sequence analysis. The location of viral genome integration was determined using genome walking, and 5 kb upstream and downstream sequences were cloned. After transfecting plasmids containing upstream fragment, pBS8ucmL, into Bombyx mori BmN cells, following by infecting with BmNPV, up to 100-fold increase of luciferase activity was observed; whereas the other fragment containing downstream sequence led to a 20-fold enhancement. This result indicated the lateral fragments, particularly the upstream sequence, could serve as an strong enhancer. However, such enhancerment only occurs upon infection with virus, which, in turn, suggesting that virus provide a factor in trans for the activation of the promoter. Furthermore, in an attempt to stimulate the CMV minimal promoter for high level foreign proteins production in insect cells, ie1, a well-known transcriptional activator in baculovirus, was tested. When pBS8ucmL and ie1 were co-transfected into cells following by viral infection, a 1,600-fold activation was achieved. These results indicated novel ways for high level protein expression in BmNPV had been found for better use of baculovirus in the future.
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Sharifpour, Mohammad Farouq. "Artificial Regulation of Transcription in Toxoplasma gondii, The Model Apicomplexan." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/133316.
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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animal species. Toxoplasma has substantial impacts on human and animal health. Acute toxoplasmosis causes various problems such as neural and congenital disorders. This is however, only the tip of the iceberg as most of the infections persist in a latent form that is now recognised to be a major risk factor for numerous conditions such as schizophrenia. Beside the importance of acute and latent infections by itself, Toxoplasma is also a valuable research model for the biology of other protozoa within the phylum Apicomplexa, e.g. Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Theileria and Eimeria. Transcription is a critical step in the regulation of gene expression. Artificial transcription factors have been developed to artificially regulate transgenes or native genes. This artificial regulation can be beneficial in many ways, including molecular biology, biotechnology and gene therapy. In my PhD project, I pursued two major aims. First, I enhanced the regulatory feature of the existing Tet-responsive transcription system of Toxoplasma, aka TATi. TATi is an allosteric regulatory system for transcription in Toxoplasma that has been in use for about 20 years. Despite having a record of success in T. gondii research, TATi induces relatively high background noise. I decided to attempt to modify the system in Toxoplasma, with a primary goal of reducing background noise. I managed to dramatically increase the signal to noise ratio (23-fold) of the TATi system by employing a new minimal promoter element (GRA2-MP) as one of the system's building blocks. GRA2-MP improved the TATi system's efficiency by reducing background noise when the system was switched ‘off’ and by increasing the system's transactivating capability when the system was switched ‘on’. The superiority of the new minimal promoter in the context of the TATi system was convincingly demonstrated in all replicates of both transient and stable transfection experiments. The second major aim of my PhD project was to build a foundation for a new transcription regulatory system by developing a novel modular artificial transcription factor (ATF) in Toxoplasma gondii as a model organism of apicomplexan parasites including Plasmodium and others. Pursuing this goal, I designed a series of complex ATFs with modular features including DNA binding (DBD) and transactivating (TA) domains. This new transcription regulatory system incorporates nine different elements and modules. As demonstrated using transient and stable transfection experiments, a functional prototype for a novel ATF was successfully established in Toxoplasma, consisting of a DBD from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a Plasmodium falciparum-derived TA. Creation of a new ATF was a goal with an inherent high risk of failure because, like a chain composed of links, each and every one of the numerous elements and modules must function properly for the overall ATF to be able to initiate transcription. Any ATF candidate that fails to initiate transcription can be difficult to troubleshoot, because the problem might be associated with any link in the chain or could even involve multiple links. By developing a functioning ATF, which I have named GP, a huge hurdle of creating a functional ATF was overcome. Thanks to its modular feature, GP is fully amenable to future improvements by testing the replacing of any module one at a time. GP is also equipped with FKBP and FRB elements that can be used in the future to endow dimerization within a rapamycin regulated transcription system (RRTS). Availability of an RRTS will provide desirable advantages over TATi for future investigations of apicomplexan parasites, e.g. having drug-on rather than a drug-off transcription control and possessing a Nuclear Localisation Signal to further ensure tighter regulation of transcription.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2021
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Lee, Julie Lichi, and 李麗琪. "The Study on the Effect of Giveaway to Consumers with the Minimum Purchase Requirement Promoted by Convenient Store." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02642154111036676624.
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碩士台南科技大學
商學與管理研究所
95
“Giveaway” is a commonly used tool of sales promotion. Porducers give away gifts to attract consumers to consume. In spring 2005, the franchised 7-11 used the three marketing elements -“quota filled”, “giveaway”, and “coupon” in conjugation with Hello Kitty 30 years anniversary to start a nation-wide promotion for all over 4,600 stores. The Hello Kitty 3D magnet giveaway would be given to the consumers when they purchased more than seventy-seven dollars. Within a month, it’s sales volume reach to 93 hundred million dollars turnover for 7-11. This success not only damaged another 4 competitors’ promotional sales, but also re-enforce their imitation in operating similar promotional strategies. The promotion generated the competition between these convenience stores, which started from the year of 2005 to the year of 2007, never stop. Nowadays, “The giveaway with minimum purchase requirement” became the rouitine promotion activity in the convenience store industry. The study intents to explore the promoted effect of giveaway with the minimum purchase that convenience store promoted by analyzing many variables such as, promotional strategies and consumer behaviors. Analysis of promotional strategies consists of the minimum purchase, giveaway, coupon, promoted theme subject and prize. Through this study, we found the “giveaway with minimum purchase requirement” largely increased the turnover of those convenience chain stores. However, to consumers, the promoted effect comes from the giveaway of the minimum purchase varies, which depends upon the change of the theme subject, preferences of sales promotions, and consumer’s consumption habit, purchase intension, and value perception.
Books on the topic "Minimal promoter"
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Dressler, John. Granville Bantock (1868-1946). Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781942954798.001.0001.
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This volume is the first published study to bring together a variety of materials which represent the life and works of Sir Granville Bantock (1868-1946), British composer, arranger, editor, music department administrator, competitive singing promoter and adjudicator, world traveler, lover of life, literature and philosophy, radio talk presenter, champion of works of other rising British composers over his own, husband and father. His works alone total over 600, yet many remain in manuscript housed for access at the Cadbury Special Collections Library on the campus of the University of Birmingham. The reader will find citations of reviews of his music, reviews of performances during his lifetime and beyond as well as reviews of recordings both then in now in contemporary and modern newspapers and journals. Commercial and archival recordings are noted and locations given. Manuscripts that remain extant are identified and located. Up to and including 10 representative national and international live performances are noted for each work with names and venues provided. Within the Works section of the book are subcategories by medium for which they were composed for easy identification with minimal information the reader has at hand prior to opening the volume. The sketchbooks are also detailed with what materials are contained in each. Within the Bibliography section are citations of obituaries, writings by GB, dissertations, and pertinent files at: the BBC, Worcestershire Archive, Liverpool Record Office and Trinity Laban Conservatoire to name a few.
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Publishing, byJLeeloo byJLeeloo, and byJLeeloo. Minimalist Boho Coloring Book for Teens and Adults: Minimal Bohemian Coloring Book to Promote Inner Calm and Relaxation, Soothe Anxiety and Stress Relief. Independently Published, 2022.
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Regan, Patrick M. A Perceptual Approach to Quality Peace. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680121.003.0003.
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This chapter tackles the problem of finding data-derived indicators to measure the quality of peace, versus a definition of peace simply as the absence of war. Conceptually, peace is seen as an equilibrium condition where resort to violence is minimal and where the highest quality of peace exists when the idea of armed violence approaches the unthinkable. The author draws upon the early work of Quincy Wright and Kenneth Boulding and progresses from there, establishing first their definitions of and conditions for peace. To put his theories to work, he introduces two proxy indicators: black market currency exchanges and bond market prices. Specifically, he examines and compares the premiums attached to the black market values of currencies in less stable economies and relates them to factors that promote destabilization of the equilibrium. Similarly, he compares the strip spreads on sovereign bonds as an indicator of government stability and instability.
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Taylor-Robinson, Michelle M., and Meredith P. Gleitz. Women in Presidential Cabinets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851224.003.0003.
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Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson and Meredith P. Gleitz show that the overall representation of women in cabinets has increased significantly since the democratic transition, but women and men tend to be represented in stereotypically gendered cabinet portfolios and women who get appointed look like men in experience, backgrounds, and other qualifications. They identify the main causes of the increase in women’s presence in cabinets as the recent political crises that have led to outsider, leftist, and female (to only a very small degree) presidents who select more women. Additionally, as women are getting more represented in national legislatures and subnational governments, they are more represented in cabinets. The consequences of greater gender balance in cabinets for women’s issues and gender equality programs are minimal. Female cabinet ministers find it difficult to promote women’s issues because they are often in posts with little access to resources or need to implement the president’s priorities instead.
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Wilson, Shaun. Living Wages and the Welfare State. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447341185.001.0001.
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Living Wages and the Welfare State documents and analyses a key transition now underway in the Anglo-American social model. Although minimum wages are increasing across the world, recent mobilisations for living wages represents a major challenge to the policy consensus of the Anglo-American model in place now for several decades. That consensus promoted adjustments to globalisation and technology by promoting a lean workfare model, maximising dependence on deregulated private labour markets held in place by low minimum wage floors. Growing problems with poor employment quality and low pay, combined with mean and over-policed systems of social protection, have created new pressures on institutions governing the social aspects of employment. Worker activism and a broad net of progressive policymakers have been energised by the broad popular appeal popularity of living wage claims. These reforms have been bolstered by a new political economy of labour markets casting doubt on over-confident claims of inevitable job losses from wage justice for low wage workers. At the same time, major pressure on social protection systems transformed by workfare and mean benefits have forced justice claims into the sphere of low-wage employment. In defending the value of higher and universal minimum wage floors, this book is wary of the limits of minimum wage reforms and explores how the liberal model might be realistically converted into a living wage welfare state. The author argues that living wages represents a realistic and popular platform for beginning a long struggle against rising inequality and disrespect for workers.
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Friedrich, Daniel. Desire, Mental Force and Desirous Experience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199370962.003.0003.
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This paper introduces the distinction between mental content and mental force. It argues that desire involves a mental force that is itself tied to a distinctive kind of desirous experience, an experience of felt need. Conceiving of desire in this manner, it is argued, can not only be defended against a number of prima facie objections, but also offers the best explanation of the truism that desire plays a crucial role in the rationalization of action insofar as desiring p and believing X-ing to promote p does make it at least minimally rational to X.
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Myers, Sara P., and Matthew D. Neal. Management of Exsanguinating Hemorrhage: Hemostasis and Resuscitation (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0022.
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This chapter describes the approach to massive bleeding in a patient within the setting of rapid response team (RRT) calls. Emphasis is placed on identifying peripheral sources of bleeding that can be controlled with compression. Military experience has aided in the understanding of how zeolite and clay can be used as chemical adjuncts. Resuscitative strategies and transfusion practices that promote hemodynamic stability are reviewed. Concurrent coagulopathy that can exacerbate hemorrhage is addressed and a brief overview is provided demonstrating how commonly prescribed anticoagulants can be monitored and reversed. To illustrate that multimodal therapy is often necessary to control hemorrhage, the chapter closes with surgical and minimally invasive techniques for definitive hemostasis.
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Webster, Wendy. The Empire Comes to Britain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735762.003.0004.
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This chapter looks at the many people who arrived in Britain from the British Empire—some to serve in the armed forces, others as war workers and wartime propagandists working at the BBC and in British cinema. Mixing between imperial allies produced many close friendships and camaraderie. The British media promoted a vision of an imperial community of allies. But wartime propaganda was potentially undermined by evidence of the practice of colour bars—in the empire and in Britain—and of tensions and antagonisms between imperial allies. Disruption of a publicly disseminated vision of a united empire was kept to a minimum. Colour bars in the empire and at home and antagonism between imperial allies—especially when this involved violence—were under-reported.
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Pietroski, Paul M. Introducing concepts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812722.003.0003.
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Concepts are here considered to be composable mental symbols that can be used to think about things. But an animal may have various languages of thought whose symbols exhibit multiple formats, in ways that keep the animal from combining its mental symbols systematically and productively. This chapter argues that lexicalization is often a process of using available concepts to introduce concepts that exhibit a distinctive format that promotes systematic productive composition. More specifically, the introduced atomic concepts are predicative (monadic) or minimally relational (dyadic); and the new complex concepts are predicative and conjunctive, in ways that would have been familiar to Aristotle and medieval logicians. Much of the chapter is devoted to the relevant notion of a predicate—which contrasts with the modern notion of a function from entities to truth values—and the relevant forms of conjunction, which do not presuppose variables.
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Woloch, Nancy. Different versus Equal: The 1920s. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691002590.003.0006.
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This chapter revisits Adkins and considers the feud over protective laws that arose in the women's movement in the 1920s. The clash between friends and foes of the Equal Rights Amendment—and over the protective laws for women workers that it would surely invalidate—fueled women's politics in the 1920s. Both sides claimed precedent-setting accomplishments. In 1923, the National Woman's Party proposed the historic ERA, which incurred conflict that lasted for decades. The social feminist contingent—larger and more powerful—gained favor briefly among congressional lawmakers, expanded the number and strength of state laws, saw the minimum wage gain a foothold, and promoted protection through the federal Women's Bureau. Neither faction, however, achieved the advances it sought. Instead, a fight between factions underscored competing contentions about single-sex protective laws and their effect on women workers.
Book chapters on the topic "Minimal promoter"
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Wentz, M. J., C. Q. Y. Zeng, J. T. Patton, M. K. Estes, and R. F. Ramig. "Identification of the minimal replicase and the minimal promoter of (—)-strand synthesis, functional in rotavirus RNA replication in vitro." In Viral Gastroenteritis, 59–67. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6553-9_7.
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Schmid, W., U. Strahle, R. Mestril, G. Klock, W. Ankenbauer, and G. Schutz. "Steroid Response Elements. Definition of a Minimal Promoter and Interaction with Other Activating Sequences." In Gene Regulation by Steroid Hormones IV, 78–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3666-5_5.
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Su, Chih-Ying, Tzu-Ming Wang, and Huai-Jen Tsai. "Identification of minimal promoter required for retinal-specific expression of carp rhodopsin gene by transgenic fish." In Aquatic Genomics, 352–64. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-65938-9_32.
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Lee, Juhee, and Jihee Kim. "Minimal-Invasive Technologies for Treatment of HTS and Keloids: Corticosteroids." In Textbook on Scar Management, 243–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_29.
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AbstractHypertrophic scars and keloids are common lesions caused by abnormal wound healing process. Especially in keloids, abnormal fibroblast activity and excessive synthesis of collagen is a histopathological hallmark in its pathogenesis. Due to heterogeneity of etiologies and clinical presentations, treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids are often challenging. The response rate varies widely, depending on treatment modalities and the timing of therapeutic intervention. Corticosteroid is considered to be one of the best treatment options, yet paucity of information exists on its mechanism of action. It is mostly known to inhibit abnormal fibroblast proliferation leading to collagen synthesis and promote further degeneration of extracellular matrix. Intralesional injection of corticosteroid has been well advocated in the treatment of both hypertrophic scars and keloids. Locally delivered corticosteroid causes significant decrease in scar volume and ameliorates the symptoms of the scars such as pain and pruritus. However, the lesions are prone to localized adverse reactions upon repeated treatments. Therefore, appropriate use of steroids requires awareness of its mechanism of action in scar treatment.
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Long, Lynn E., Gregory A. Lang, and Clive Kaiser. "Sweet cherry pruning fundamentals." In Sweet cherries, 165–89. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786398284.0165.
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Abstract This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of pruning sweet cherry orchards. The fundamentals of training and pruning contemporary sweet cherry orchards usually incorporate plant materials or techniques that promote: early fruiting for a more rapid return on investment; optimization of light interception and distribution, with minimal intra-canopy shading; greater precision in, and/or simplification of, canopy development for balancing yields with fruit size and quality, as well as ease of teaching to less experienced labor forces; and systematic processes for annual renewal of fruiting wood to maintain consistent yields of high fruit quality as trees age.
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Bunderson, W. Trent, Christian L. Thierfelder, Zwide D. Jere, and R. G. K. Museka. "Assessing the application and practice of conservation agriculture in Malawi." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 151–75. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0008.
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Abstract The Conservation Agriculture (CA) system promoted by Total LandCare (TLC) and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) is based on 14 years of experience grounded on the principles of minimum soil disturbance, good soil cover and crop associations. The platform to promote CA in Malawi was to build a strong base of knowledge about best practices through an innovative non-linear research-extension approach. Long-term on-farm trials were conducted in multiple sites across Malawi to compare yields and labour inputs of CA with conventional ridge tillage on the same footing. Results showed the superiority of CA in terms of maize and legume yields with significant savings in labour and resilience to climate change. The results provided the basis to upscale CA although adoption was lower than expected. Key challenges included: (i) lack of exposure and training; (ii) conflicting extension messages; (iii) misconceptions about inputs and tools for CA; (iv) resistance to change unless CA is clearly seen to be a better practice; (v) fears about controlling weeds, pests and diseases under CA; and (vi) perceptions that increased termites and earthworms are harmful to soils and crops.
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Kruger, Erna, Hendrik Smith, Phumzile Ngcobo, Mazwi Dlamini, and Temakholo Mathebula. "Conservation agriculture innovation systems build climate resilience for smallholder farmers in South Africa." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 345–60. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0021.
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Abstract Introduction of Conservation Agriculture (CA) and associated climate-resilient agriculture practices within an innovation system approach, and using farmer-level experimentation and learning groups as the primary learning and social empowerment processes, has created a sustainable and expanding farming alternative for smallholders that is improving their resilience to climate change substantially. Through a knowledge co-creation process, smallholder farmers in the programme have adapted and incorporated a wide range of practices into their farming system, including minimum soil disturbance, close spacing, improved varieties, judicious use of fertilizer, pesticides and herbicides, crop diversification, intercropping and crop rotation as well as fodder production and livestock integration. They have organized themselves into learning groups, local savings and loan associations, water committees, farmer centres and cooperatives and in so doing have created innovation platforms for local value chain development. They have built ongoing relationships with other smallholders, NGOs, academic institutions, government extension services and agribusiness suppliers, and have promoted CA tirelessly within their local communities and social networks. To date, this is the most successful model for implementation of CA in smallholder farming in South Africa and, through networking and upscaling activities, is being promoted nationally as a strategic approach to smallholder adaptation and mitigation programming, in line with the Africa climate smart agriculture (CSA) Vision 25×25 (NEPAD, Malabo, June 2014).
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Benvenuti, Anna. "Eziologia di una leggenda. Ipotesi sul culto fiorentino di san Cresci compagno di san Miniato." In La Basilica di San Miniato al Monte di Firenze (1018-2018), 61–84. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-295-9.05.
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The essay analyses the cult of St. Cresci and its origins. St. Cresci is considered to be one of the companions of St. Miniato, and it is believed he was martyred ‘sub Decio’ in the 3rd century. St. Cresci’s legend must be interpreted in the context of the Florentine hagiographic production of the 11th century, when the local clergy tried to resuscitate old and long forgotten cults of saints whose relics they possessed. The paper argues that the legend of St. Cresci was ‘invented’ to be opposed to that of St. Miniato. Indeed in the 11th century Ildebrando, bishop of Florence, strongly promoted the cult of Minias in order to support his claims on the lands of the newly founded monastery. It was after this that cathedral’s canons, in opposition with their bishop, proposed the martyrial figure of St. Cresci; the cult of which got a great importance under the Medici, and especially during the reign of Cosimo III.
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"Minimal Promoter." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics, 1220. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_10456.
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Wu, Wei, Changhui Deng, Jennifer L. Brockman, Linda A. Schuler, and Ameae M. Walker. "Superior Stimulation of β-Casein mRNA Accumulation by Pseudophosphorylated Prolactin: Enhanced Transcription and Message Stabilization." In Milk Protein - New Research Approaches. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101256.
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A proportion of secreted pituitary prolactin (PRL) is phosphorylated. However, because most commercial sources of PRL are recombinant proteins without posttranslational modification, the importance of PRL phosphorylation to the production of milk proteins is an understudied area. Here, we have examined the effect of PRL phosphorylation on expression of the milk protein, β-casein, using a phospho-stable mimic of the phosphorylated form (S179D-PRL) and analyzing promoter activation and mRNA stability over a 7-day treatment period in response to this and unmodified PRL. At equivalent concentrations, the phospho-mimic showed a superior ability to activate a −2300 → +490 region of the promoter, but not an artificial promoter consisting of three Stat5 consensus sites upstream of a minimal promoter. Unlike unmodified PRL, S179D-PRL was also able to stabilize β-casein mRNA. These effects of S179D-PRL were eliminated by incubation in the MAP kinase pathway inhibitor, U0126, bringing promoter activation down to the level seen with unmodified PRL and essentially eliminating the effect on mRNA stability. These results support an important role for the posttranslational phosphorylation of PRL and signaling through the MAP kinase pathway in the production of this milk protein.
Conference papers on the topic "Minimal promoter"
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Giaretta, A. "A Human Papillomavirus Early Promoter Minimal Model: Viral Population and Stochasticity." In 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) in conjunction with the 43rd Annual Conference of the Canadian Medical and Biological Engineering Society. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176564.
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Icoz, Tunc, and Yogesh Jaluria. "Optimization of Vortex Promoter Design Using a Dynamic Data Driven Approach." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72288.
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Thermal management of electronic equipment is one of the major technical problems in the development of electronic systems that would meet increasing future demands for speed and reliability. It is necessary to design cooling systems for removing the heat dissipated by the electronic components efficiently and with minimal cost. Vortex promoters have important implications in cooling systems for electronic devices, since these are used to enhance heat transfer from the heating elements. In this paper, an application of Dynamic Data Driven Optimization Methodology (DDDOM), which employs concurrent use of simulation and experiment, is presented for the design of the vortex promoter to maximize the heat removal rate from multiple protruding heat sources located in a channel, while keeping the pressure drop within reasonable limits. Concurrent use of computer simulation and experiment in real time is shown to be an effective tool for efficient engineering design and optimization. Numerical simulation can effectively be used for low flow rates and low heat inputs. However, with transition to oscillatory and turbulent flow at large values of these quantities, the problem becomes more involved and computational cost increases dramatically. Under these circumstances, experimental systems are used to determine the component temperatures for varying heat input and flow conditions. The design variables are taken as the Reynolds number and the shape and size of the vortex promoter. The problem is a multi-objective design optimization problem, where the objectives are maximizing the total heat transfer rate, as given by the Nusselt number, Nu, and minimizing the pressure drop, ΔP. This multi–objective problem is converted to a single-objective problem by combining the two objective functions of the form Nutota/ΔPb, where a and b are constants.
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Saha, Krishnendu, and Deoras Prabhudharwadkar. "Performance Evaluation of a Modified Cross Section Grooved Channel as Turbulence Promoter in Internal Cooling Channel of a Gas Turbine Blade." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51428.
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Internal cooling channel in gas turbine blades use ribs as turbulence promoter to increase local turbulence and improve heat transfer from hot wall to coolant air flowing through the internal cooling channels. The ribs protrude into the flow and result in a significant pressure drop of the coolant air. Indentations like grooves in the cooling channel wall can also be used as turbulence promoters to enhance local heat transfer and as they do not protrude into the mainstream flow, the pressure drop penalty could be much lesser than a conventional ribbed channel. A numerical study is conducted under stationary condition on a square cross section channel representing an internal cooling channel of a turbine airfoil. Some standard and modified cross sections of grooved channel are used as turbulence promoters with a goal to enhance heat transfer from the internal cooling channel wall with minimal pressure drop. The steady state solution is based on using the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation and k-omega-SST turbulence model. Numerical calculations are done at four Reynolds numbers (Re=15000, 30000, 68000 and 88000) based on fluid properties at the inlet of the internal cooling channel. The grooves are placed on two opposite sides of the square cross section channel and other two walls are smooth walls without any turbulence promoters. A hemispherical cross section continuous groove which is placed perpendicular to the mainstream flow direction is taken as baseline case and a teardrop shaped groove is used to compare the performance difference between the two groove cross section. A broken shaped angled groove configuration with the teardrop cross section groove is also investigated to find the relative performance improvement with the baseline case. Performance comparison with standard 90° rib geometry is done to understand the overall effectiveness of the grooved geometries with respect to common standard in gas turbine blade internal cooling. The straight teardrop cross section groove improves the heat transfer values compared to the hemispherical cross section groove by 8–12% and the broken angled teardrop groove case improves heat transfer by 11–14% compared to the hemispherical cross section groove case. The pressure drop produced by all the groove geometries is about the same. It is seen that the broken angled groove can produce the same heat transfer enhancement compared to a 90° ribbed channel but the pressure drop is more than 3 times lesser compared to the ribbed case. Considering the heat transfer and pressure drop, an increase in thermal performance factor of 37–41% is seen for the angled grooved case compared to the 90° ribbed geometry.
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Nogi, T., K. Maniwa, and S. Obara. "Dynamic Analysis of Minimally Lubricated Ball Bearings for Space Applications." In STLE/ASME 2008 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2008-71154.
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A computer program for dynamic analysis of ball bearings, in which a simple mixed lubrication model for the retainer/race and retainer/ball contact is incorporated, is developed and retainer instability in reaction wheel bearings is investigated. Results show that an increase in the amount of oil promotes the instability and that a retainer with rectangular pockets is more stable than one with circular pockets.
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Janse van Rensburg, Nickey, Warren Hurter, and Naude Malan. "A Systems Design Approach to Appropriate, Smart Technology in a Youth Agriculture Initiative." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67139.
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A transformative research paradigm is imbedded in knowledge mobilization processes involving close collaboration between researchers and the community. The research presents the development of an integrated, connected food ecosystem that, because of its fundamental design and use of appropriate, smart technology, which tends to naturally create inclusion and prosperity opportunities for many and not simply for the few. The research relies on multi-stakeholder participation to develop appropriate technologies to enhance economic activity amongst unemployed youths in Johannesburg, South Africa. A human-centered, systems engineering approach to develop a pilot project that promotes integrated, online, technologically supported food system is presented. The research is also concerned with how to measure the impact of the intervention the on food resilience as a result of urban farming. This paper presents the systems analysis of the current local food network and the proposed integrated solutions for a pilot project to establish a minimal viable project that can be tested. The research describes the planning and implementation of a pilot project as a minimal viable product to test in the market.
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Hertlein, Nathan, Andrew Gillman, and Philip R. Buskohl. "Generative Adversarial Design Analysis of Non-Convexity in Topology Optimization." In ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89997.
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Abstract Material penalization and filtering schemes are key strategies applied to topology optimization (TO) to promote more discrete and manufacturable designs. However, these modifications introduce fluctuations in the design landscape that amplify non-convexity and influence the local minima identified by TO. Harnessing the machine learning approach of generative adversarial networks (GAN), we investigate the role of penalization and filtering by comparing the designs between TO and GAN-based TO surrogates. A total of 17 GANs were constructed to predict 2D minimum compliance topologies across a set of penalization factors and filters, each interpolating a design space of 270,000 boundary condition and loading scenarios. The prevalence of GAN-predicted topologies with better compliance than TO-calculated topologies was estimated via a random sampling of the design space. GAN ‘over-performance’ occurs across material penalization and filtering conditions, where the frequency tends to increase as penalization increases. Analysis of this test set is leveraged to highlight trends regarding the conditions under which this ‘over-performance’ occurs, and the geometric characteristics these designs exhibit. Collectively, this study presents an alternative method to characterize the effects of penalization and filtering on design outcomes and motivates the use of data-driven surrogates to augment traditional approaches.
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Iannaccone, F., M. De Beule, G. De Santis, I. Van Herzeele, F. Vermassen, P. Segers, and B. Verhegghe. "Assessment of Carotid Stent Performance: Virtual Tools for a Geometrical Analysis." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14463.
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Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is relatively new procedure introduced to treat severe carotid atherosclerotic disease for high risk patient categories. The advantages of this technique are its minimal invasiveness, easiness of the procedure and the short hospitalization compared to surgical option. However, perioperative complications, such as stroke, can lead to failure of the procedure and long terms effects of the procedure are not completely understood. It is not unrealistic to assume that the mechanical changes of the pathophysiological environment at the stented vessel can induce tissue damage and promote remodeling and restenosis but how these factor (inter)act is still a matter of debate.
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Enright, Michael P., Jonathan P. Moody, Yasin Zaman, James C. Sobotka, and R. Craig McClung. "A Probabilistic Framework for Minimum Low Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80220.
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Abstract The traditional approach to low-cycle fatigue (LCF) life prediction involves statistical characterization of total LCF life based on extensive testing of smooth fatigue specimens under multiple stress and temperature conditions. Total LCF life is modeled as a single random variable with a unimodal probability density function (PDF) from which a minimum (e.g., B0.1) life is derived. Recent studies have shown that LCF lives for some materials consist of a short-life group that initiates cracks near the first cycle of loading and a long-life group that forms cracks later in life. The combined lives of these two groups can be modeled as a bimodal distribution. Minimum LCF lives associated with the bimodal PDF are typically longer than those associated with the traditional unimodal PDF. Minimum LCF lives of the bimodal distribution are dominated by the short-life group, and the lifetimes of this group can be estimated using probabilistic damage tolerance (PDT) concepts. In this paper, a probabilistic framework is presented for prediction of minimum LCF lives of the short-life group. It extends a previously developed minimum LCF life model for smooth fatigue specimens for application to full components. It is based on a probabilistic damage tolerance methodology that was previously developed for rare material anomalies in aircraft gas turbine engine materials. The framework is demonstrated via two illustrative examples including a representative gas turbine engine component. The results promote improved understanding of the PDT approach and its application to LCF life prediction.
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Ekroos, Kim, Christer Ejsing, Gerhard Liebisch, Harald Köfeler, Jeffrey McDonald, Michal Holcapek, Nils Hoffman, and Robert Ahrends. "Update on guidelines for lipidomics analysis and reporting." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ruar4387.
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Mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics has revolutionized lipid research. However, numerous studies are reporting poor quality lipidomics data with misidentification and inaccurate/inappropriate quantification of lipid molecules. Therefore, we have launched the Lipidomics Standards Initiative (LSI; https://lipidomicstandards.org), an open-access web-resource to both describe and promote guidelines for minimal acceptable lipidomics data quality. LSI covers the main analytical lipidomics steps of traditional lipidomics workflows including how to 1) collect and store samples, 2) extract lipids, 3) perform mass spectrometric analysis, 4) perform data processing and 5) reporting. LSI is now integrated as an interest group into the International Lipidomics Society (ILS) to coordinate international community-wide communication. Consensus guidelines will foster data quality, provide a language for data comparison/exchange and advance lipidomics to a genuine analytical tool from basic research to clinical applications.
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Sollars, Jillian, John Wertz, and John C. Aldrin. "Compact Functional Material Wedge for Oblique Angle Ultrasound." In 2022 49th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/qnde2022-97147.
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Abstract Achieving improved composites lifecycle management requires more sophisticated damage evolution models and advances in nondestructive evaluation of the damage state. Recent efforts in characterizing impact damage using an acoustic wedge-assisted pitch-catch phased array technique have revealed challenges with lateral beam steering, signal-to-noise, and signals analysis in conjunction with complicating internal reflections from the acoustic wedge. One solution being considered is the application of an additively-manufactured compact acoustic wedge that uses graded material properties to promote lateral beam steering using elements with a normal orientation, with minimal internal reflections. A simplified proof-of-concept of this approach was demonstrated via simulation of ultrasonic waves propagating through a functionally-graded wedge into a target body. Results highlighted the importance of the compact wedge boundary conditions to mitigate secondary longitudinal and shear wave signals.
Reports on the topic "Minimal promoter"
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Bennett, Alan B., Arthur A. Schaffer, Ilan Levin, Marina Petreikov, and Adi Doron-Faigenboim. Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598148.bard.
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The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs.
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Oden, Rikki. Effectiveness of Focused Water Conservation Messaging in the Clackamas River, OR. Portland State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.67.
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The Clackamas River in Oregon is a drinking water source for upwards of 300,000 people living in the Portland metro region. This river experiences seasonal low flow during the annual dry season throughout summer and early fall when endangered salmon species return to the river to spawn. This dry season also coincides with the highest period of urban water use. Since precipitation is minimal at this time, water users choose to water their lawns to make up for the lack of rain which contributes to water use tripling during the driest part of the year. To promote local water conservation, the Clackamas River Water Providers (CRWP)—who manage source water protection and public outreach and education around watershed issues, drinking water, and water conservation for the eight water providers on the river—have created a water conservation campaign that they intend to promote each dry season for the next several years. First promoted during the dry season of 2019, the messaging focuses on the flow needs of endangered salmon and asks water users to cease outdoor watering altogether. Through focus group discussion and a survey of water users, this research investigates public perception and opinion of the CRWP’s summer water conservation messaging campaign with the goal of improving the effectiveness of the messaging in future dry seasons.
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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, Bruce Kingsburg, and Brett DeGregorio. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41800.
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Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.
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Lavadenz, Magaly. Masking the Focus on English Learners: The Consequences of California’s Accountability System Dashboard Results on Year 4 Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs). Center for Equity for English Learners, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.lcap2018.1.
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California’s Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), signed into law in 2013, centers equity as a key to increased and improved services for three targeted student subgroups, including English Learners (ELs), low-income students, and foster youth. As a component of LCFF, districts develop Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) to specify their goals and strategies for using LCFF funds for equity and continuous improvement purposes. The California Model Five by Five Grid Placement Report (Spring 2017 Dashboard) included the Five by Five Placement Grid, a key function of which is to identify the needs of diverse ELs. The Dashboard and the LCAPs are two policy mechanisms with great promise in combining school finance and accountability reform to promote equity and coherent state-wide. In this report, Lavadenz and colleagues review the EL policy context and examine the connection between the two contemporary policy mechanisms in California, namely the Year 4 LCAP and the California Department of Education’s Accountability Model (Spring 2017 Dashboard). The authors use a sample of 26 California school districts with high numbers/percentages of ELs and conclude that California’s current accountability system diminishes the urgency to respond to educational needs of the English Learner subgroup and undermines the equity intent of the LCFF. Few promising practices and assets-based approaches were identified in the LCAPs, and there is minimal mention of metrics focused on EL outcomes. The authors provide recommendations at state, county office of education and district levels.
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Idris, Iffat. Conditions for Elections to Succeed in Reducing Conflict and Instability. Institute of Development Studies, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.124.
Full textAbstract:
Post-conflict elections can pave the way for democratisation and peacebuilding, but can also lead to renewed conflict. Minimum conditions for ensuring that elections promote the former and reduce conflict and instability include: peace and demilitarisation; international involvement; not holding post-conflict elections too early; holding national and local elections separately – ideally, local before national; election systems (notably proportional representation) that distribute rather than concentrate power; independent, permanent and well-resourced election management bodies; and media that promote voter education, messaging by parties and candidates, and election transparency. However, it is important to stress that specific criteria needed for successful post-conflict elections will be context-dependent.Post-conflict elections have the potential to establish legitimate government and can pave the way for democratisation and sustained peace. However, because they determine the distribution of power, they can also trigger renewed conflict. The risk of this is exacerbated by the difficult circumstances in which post-conflict elections are typically held (e.g. damaged infrastructure, weak institutions). The challenge is how to achieve the potential benefits while avoiding the risks. What are the conditions or criteria needed to ensure that post-conflict elections do not lead to conflict and instability?This review looks at the conditions needed to ensure that post-conflict election reduce conflict and instability. It draws on a mixture of academic and grey literature. While there was substantial literature on the various criteria, notably international involvement and election administration, it was largely gender-blind, as well as disability-blind.
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Zheng, Wanzheng, and Jason Merret. Aerodynamic Survey of Novel eVTOL Configuration Using SU2. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-014.
Full textAbstract:
This report summarizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) geometries using the SU2 Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. Geometries were generated based on the Smart Transportation Infrastructure Initiative (STII) Rappor 15th iteration with various rotor-installment solutions. It was found that although open rotors installed on an underwing pylon were superior to shrouded rotors installed in a canoe, the canoe configuration would provide more potential for improvement, and using a canoe door to cover the first rotor opening would reduce the drag experienced by the canoe case below that upon the rod case. Rotor doors were found to be most efficient in reducing drag of the canoe case: Average drag reduction with covering the first rotor and all rotors was 66 and 165 counts, respectively. Changing rotor distributions along the chordwise direction had minimal impact on drag reduction, and placing rotors along the spanwise direction was not advised due to the increase of the projected frontal area. Increasing canoe chord length did not have significant impact on drag reduction; and if rotor doors were implemented, increasing canoe size had negative impact on drag. Rounding rotor edges did not change the aerodynamic performance of the canoe case but promotes vertical air intake when running lifting fans. Drag received by the canoe parabolically correlated to rotor diameter, with 126 counts of drag if the rotor diameter was 0 and 377 counts if the rotor diameter was 2.95 ft. Fuselage and tail added an average 179 counts of drag, and thus the aforementioned differences were still significant in the scale of aerodynamic properties of the full configuration.
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Linker, Raphael, Murat Kacira, Avraham Arbel, Gene Giacomelli, and Chieri Kubota. Enhanced Climate Control of Semi-arid and Arid Greenhouses Equipped with Fogging Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593383.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The main objectives were (1) to develop, implement and validate control procedures that would make it possible to maintain year-round air temperature and humidity at levels suitable for crop cultivation in greenhouses operating in arid and semi-arid regions and (2) to investigate the influence of the operational flexibility of the fogging system on the performance of the system. With respect to the development of climate controllers, we developed a new control approach according to which ventilation is used to maintain the enthalpy of the greenhouse air and fogging is used to adjust the humidity ratio inside the greenhouse. This approach is suitable mostly for greenhouses equipped with mechanized ventilation, and in which the air exchange rate can be controlled with enough confidence. The development and initial validation of the controllers were performed in a small experimental greenhouses located at the Agricultural Research Organization and very good tracking were obtained for both air temperature and relative humidity (maximum mean deviations over a 10-min period with constant setpoints lower than 2.5oC and 5% relative humidity). The robust design approach used to develop the controllers made it possible to transfer successfully these controllers to a much larger semi-commercial greenhouse located in the much drier Arava region. After only minimal adjustments, which did not require lengthy dedicated experiments, satisfactory tracking of the temperature and humidity was achieved, with standard deviation of the tracking error lower than 1oC and 5% for temperature and relative humidity, respectively. These results should help promote the acceptance of modern techniques for designing greenhouse climate controllers, especially since given the large variety of greenhouse structures (shape, size, crop system), developing high performance site-specific controllers for each greenhouse is not feasible. In parallel to this work, a new cooling control strategy, which considers the contribution of humidification and cooling from the crop, was developed for greenhouses equipped with natural ventilation. Prior to the development of the cooling strategy itself, three evapotranspiration models were compared in terms of accuracy and reliability. The cooling strategy that has been developed controls the amount of fog introduced into the greenhouse as well as the percentage of vent openings based on the desired vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and enthalpy, respectively. Numerical simulations were used to compare the performance of the new strategy with a constant fogging rate strategy based on VPD, and on average, the new strategy saved 36% water and consumed 30% less electric energy. In addition, smaller air temperature and relative humidity fluctuations were achieved when using the new strategy. Finally, it was demonstrated that dynamically varying the fog rate and properly selecting the number of nozzles, yields additional water and electricity savings.
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Child marriage briefing: Mali. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1002.
Full textAbstract:
This brief provides an overview of child marriage as well as the particulars of child marriage in Mali. Mali is home to 11.6 million people, with 47 percent of its population under age 15. Approximately 73 percent of the population live on less than US$1 a day, and life expectancy is 45 years. Mali has one of the most severe crises of child marriage in the world today. The legal age of marriage is 18 for girls and 21 for boys, but girls may be married as early as age 15 with parental consent. For civil marriages, the law dictates that prospective spouses discuss and agree on whether their union will be polygynous or monogamous; however, a woman’s say in the matter is minimal given her limited options. The payment of bride price is recognized by law, promoting the perception that wives are the property of husbands. In addition, female genital circumcision affects nearly all Malian women, with 61 percent of circumcisions occurring before age 5. Included in this brief are recommendations to promote later, chosen, and legal marriage.
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Child marriage briefing: Nigeria. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1004.
Full textAbstract:
This brief provides an overview of child marriage as well as the particulars of child marriage in Nigeria, one of the poorest countries in the world. More than two out of three Nigerians live on less than US$1 a day, and life expectancy is 52 years. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a devastating effect on the country, and Nigeria has some of the highest rates of early marriage worldwide. The Child Rights Act, passed in 2003, raised the minimum age of marriage to 18 for girls. However, federal law may be implemented differently at the state level, and to date only a few of the country’s 36 states have begun developing provisions to execute the law. Domestic violence is widespread and a high prevalence of child marriage exists. Nationwide, 20 percent of girls are married by age 15, and 40 percent are married by age 18. Although the practice of polygyny is decreasing, 27 percent of married girls aged 15–19 are in polygynous marriages. Included in this brief are recommendations to promote later, chosen, and legal marriage.
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Child marriage briefing: Mozambique. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1003.
Full textAbstract:
This brief provides an overview of child marriage as well as the particulars of child marriage in Mozambique. Mozambique, in southeastern Africa, is home to 17.5 million people, with 45 percent of its population under age 15. More than three-quarters of Mozambicans live on less than US$2 a day. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a devastating effect on the country; approximately 1.3 million adults and children are living with HIV, and 470,000 children have been orphaned because of AIDS. Life expectancy has fallen to 34 years, among the lowest levels in the world. Mozambique has one of the most severe crises of child marriage in the world today. Several local women’s rights groups have begun speaking out about this issue and were instrumental in ensuring the passage of the recent Family Law, which raises the minimum age of marriage for girls from 14 to 18, allows women to inherit property in the case of divorce, and legally recognizes traditional marriages. However, little capacity exists to implement the law. Included in this brief are recommendations to promote later, chosen, and legal marriage.