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1
Picciotti, E., F. S. Marzano, E. N. Anagnostou, J. Kalogiros, Y. Fessas, A. Volpi, V. Cazac, et al. "Coupling X-band dual-polarized mini-radars and hydro-meteorological forecast models: the HYDRORAD project." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2013): 1229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-1229-2013.
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Abstract. Hydro-meteorological hazards like convective outbreaks leading to torrential rain and floods are among the most critical environmental issues world-wide. In that context weather radar observations have proven to be very useful in providing information on the spatial distribution of rainfall that can support early warning of floods. However, quantitative precipitation estimation by radar is subjected to many limitations and uncertainties. The use of dual-polarization at high frequency (i.e. X-band) has proven particularly useful for mitigating some of the limitation of operational systems, by exploiting the benefit of easiness to transport and deploy and the high spatial and temporal resolution achievable at small antenna sizes. New developments on X-band dual-polarization technology in recent years have received the interest of scientific and operational communities in these systems. New enterprises are focusing on the advancement of cost-efficient mini-radar network technology, based on high-frequency (mainly X-band) and low-power weather radar systems for weather monitoring and hydro-meteorological forecasting. Within the above context, the main objective of the HYDRORAD project was the development of an innovative \\mbox{integrated} decision support tool for weather monitoring and hydro-meteorological applications. The integrated system tool is based on a polarimetric X-band mini-radar network which is the core of the decision support tool, a novel radar products generator and a hydro-meteorological forecast modelling system that ingests mini-radar rainfall products to forecast precipitation and floods. The radar products generator includes algorithms for attenuation correction, hydrometeor classification, a vertical profile reflectivity correction, a new polarimetric rainfall estimators developed for mini-radar observations, and short-term nowcasting of convective cells. The hydro-meteorological modelling system includes the Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) and the Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center hydrologic and hydraulic modelling chain. The characteristics of this tool make it ideal to support flood monitoring and forecasting within urban environment and small-scale basins. Preliminary results, carried out during a field campaign in Moldova, showed that the mini-radar based hydro-meteorological forecasting system can constitute a suitable solution for local flood warning and civil flood protection applications.
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Mulyono, Mulyono, and Hanny J. Berchmans. "DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF WATER LEVEL MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM IN MINI HYDRO POWER PLANT." Proceedings of The Conference on Management and Engineering in Industry 1, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/cmei.v1i1.14.
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In common mini hydro power plants in Indonesia, the control of water levels in intake, sand-trap and head pond is carried out manually. This conventional manual control system may cause damages of waterway and all its components due to overflow or transient flow of water during load shedding or black out of electricity grid. The damages eventually may increase cost of maintenance and increase the risk of waterway collapse or excessive water hammer in penstock pipe. This type of collapses often happen in many mini hydro power plants in Indonesia. The risk of damages can be reduced by installing water level control and monitoring system in all key water way components such as in intake, sand-trap and head pond. Some other mini hydro power plants have installed water level control and monitoring system. But the price of such control system is still very expensive and high operation and maintenance cost. Thus, this thesis work designs and simulates simple and inexpensive the water level control and monitoring system for a mini hydro power plant. In this thesis work, the design and simulation of the water level control and monitoring system are carried out by a simulated three water tanks where the water levels in the tanks are monitored and controlled by using ultrasonic level sensors and motorized valves respectively. A simple and inexpensive Arduino based water level control and monitoring system is successfully designed to fulfil the requirement of quick or fast respond for water level control in the simulated model.
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Agung Wahyuono, Ruri, and Miga Magenika Julian. "Revisiting Renewable Energy Map in Indonesia: Seasonal Hydro and Solar Energy Potential for Rural Off-Grid Electrification (Provincial Level)." MATEC Web of Conferences 164 (2018): 01040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816401040.
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Regarding the acceleration of renewable energy diffusion in Indonesia as well as achieving the national energy mix target, renewable energy map is essential to provide useful information to build renewable energy system. This work aims at updating the renewable energy potential map, i.e. hydro and solar energy potential, with a revised model based on the global climate data. The renewable energy map is intended to assist the design off-grid system by hydropower plant or photovoltaic system, particularly for rural electrification. Specifically, the hydro energy map enables the stakeholders to determine the suitable on-site hydro energy technology (from pico-hydro, micro-hydro, mini-hydro to large hydropower plant). Meanwhile, the solar energy map depicts not only seasonal solar energy potential but also estimated energy output from photovoltaic system.
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Diyorov, R. H., and D. A. Kuznetsov. "The Hydro-Unit of Mini-Hydroelectric Power Station on the Basis of the Double Fed Induction Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.52.
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The system of automatic active power control for the mini-hydroelectric power station hydro-unit based on double fed induction machine differing by high response from the existing designs is proposed.
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Cartland, Richard, Al-Mas Sendegeya, and Jean de Dieu Khan Hakizimana. "Performance Analysis of a Hybrid of Solar Photovoltaic, Genset, and Hydro of a Rural-Based Power Mini-Grid: Case Study of Kisiizi Hydro Power Mini-Grid, Uganda." Processes 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11010175.
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The power sector in Uganda has increased steadily, focusing majorly on rural electrification to increase the proportion of the rural population accessing electricity using grid extension and isolated mini-grid approaches. Hydropower mini-grids implemented in rural communities have issues regarding system failures leading to shutdowns and load shedding. A study on an existing isolated hydropower mini-grid was made to find the possible causes. A review of published articles and reports, and an analysis of enrollment patterns, energy sales, and load demand was carried out. A field survey with a guided questionnaire to collect information about real energy demand data was carried out. The performance of the system was accomplished through simulation using HOMER pro × 64 software. The findings from the study show a reduction in customer enrollment, a reduction in energy sales, and a reasonable number of system shutdowns. Hybridization of the existing hydropower was modeled with different options. The hybrid system proposed indicates that, when implemented, it would reduce fuel consumption from 222 to 23.2 L/day and emissions from 82.5 to 8.3 kg/year on average and increases system reliability. Simulated values of NPC, LCOE, and operating costs are appreciable. Despite mini-grid shortfalls, there is notably improved livelihood due to improved social and economic services.
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Dede Furqon Nurjaman. "Analisis Pengaruh Sistem Eksitasi Terhadap Tegangan Keluaran Generator Sinkron Mini Hydro." EPSILON: Journal of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology 19, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55893/epsilon.v19i3.71.
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Dynamic loading or changing at any time will have an impact on the generator, one of the effects is the change in the generator terminal voltage. So that every generator that contributes to the interconnection system is required to be ready to face any system changes. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of the excitation current on the generator voltage.
In this study, the data obtained were carried out by direct observation, namely by taking the required data and carrying out experimental methods by conducting several experiments in obtaining data, such as operating a generator and to get the value of the generator loading to be analyzed. with the measurement method.
The results indicate that the voltage of the synchronous generator Mini Hydro Curug is strongly influenced by the size of the excitation current setting, this can be seen at the time of loading the generator, when the excitation current is 2.2 A, the generator output voltage value is 6.133 kV. , and the highest generator output voltage is at a value of 6.479 kV with an excitation current of 4.6 A.
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Golyanin, Anton A., Aleksey P. Levtsev, and Anton V. Vdovin. "Simulation model of a pulsed spiral hydro-mechanical energy converter in the heat supply system of a building." Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 10, no. 3 (2020): 388–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2020-3-388-397.
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The objective was to develop a mathematical simulation model of a pulsed spiral hydro-mechanical flow energy converter with a variable speed operating in a pulsed mode. This simulation model can be used for calculating the optimal parameters of such devices. The mechanical energy generated by pulsed liquid can be applied in the driving gear of mini-hydroelectric generators working without drops in water pressure, pumping stations and heat networks providing pressure reduction, as well as in heater fans operating in damp or explosion-hazardous facilities. Pulsed spiral hydro-mechanical energy converters can be used for converting the energy of a liquid flow into rotational motion, which can be further transferred to an electric generator or capacitor. In this study, using the example of a hydro-mechanical converter with a cone-shaped coil, the equations of torque depending on the change in the frequency of flow interruption, the moment of inertia and the resistance in the supports were obtained. Design charts were built for the torque of a hydro-mechanical converter with a cone-shaped coil for a number of coil turns equal to 4 pcs., square tube section 0.00011 m2, and the length of the initial round 0.176 m. The validity of the equations was confirmed by a physical experiment with sufficient accuracy. The conducted comparison of simulated and experimental values showed their agreement with an error of less than 5%. According to the simulation results, design parameters for different models have their own characteristics.
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Darmayusa, I. Made, I. Gusti Ngurah Janardana, and I. Wayan Arta Wijaya. "Analisa Sistem Pembumian Pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Minihydro Di Tukad Balian Kabupaten Tabanan." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 6, no. 3 (September 7, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2019.v06.i03.p06.
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Earthing systems (Grounding System) is a device that serves to secure the installation of overcurrent and overvoltage caused by lightning electricity or internal interruption of electricity by removing the payload to the ground. One of the factors that influence terhadapnilai prisoners earthing is resistivity value of the land. Mini-hydro power plants in Tukad Balian Tabanan regency require resistance value ? 2 Ohms. The purpose and benefits of the research was to determine the characteristics of the grounding system in the mini-hydro power plants in Tukad Balian Tabanan regency. And the benefits of this research is in order to get the data that can be used as a reference darii mounting / grounding system planning power plants Tukad Balian minihidor in Tabanan regency.Based on analysis of the calculation of the earthing system with some type used sebagau obtained the following results: by using a single type of rod electrodes (one rod) to obtain the results of the grounding prisoners ?2?, rod electrodes implanted deep as 13 meters. By using two types of rod electrodes (two rod) S> L to get the grounding ?2?, rod electrodes implanted with a length of 7 meters and the distance between the electrodes 9 meters. By using two types of rod electrodes (two rod) S <L to get the grounding ?2?, rod electrodes implanted with a length of 8 meters and the distance between the electrodes 2 meters. By using the type of plate to get the grounding ?2?, required as many as three pieces of plate with a depth of 1 meter. Using a type of grid to earthing ?2? result, a long electrode required 45 meter.
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Farooqi, Awais, Muhammad Murtadha Othman, Ahmad Farid Abidin, Shahril Irwan Sulaiman, and Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi. "Mitigation of power quality problems using series active filter in a microgrid system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i4.pp2245-2253.
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<p>Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a series active filter device that is used to protect sensitive loads from power quality issues such as voltage sag, swell, harmonics or disturbances. This implies that the DVR is capable to mitigate power quality disturbances at load terminal. Harmonic is a major power quality problem polluting distribution network causing the end-user equipment to fail operating due to the occurrence of disturbances in voltage, current or frequency. This paper discusses on the DVR used as the proposed technique to mitigate the voltage sag and swell in a distribution network connected with energy storage system and mini-hydro turbine system.</p>
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Hidayat, Cahayahati, Arnita, and Saiful Jamaan. "Grid Study of Mini Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) of Palangai Hulu 2x4,9 MW South Pesisir." MATEC Web of Conferences 248 (2018): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824802003.
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This paper presents a gridd study of Mini Hydro Power Generation (MHPP) of Palangai Hulu, 2 x 4.9 MW. It is owned by PT. Dempo Sumber Energi (DSE) located at Palangai of South Pesisir Regency. The objective is to fulfill the legal aspects, technical aspects and economic aspects to develop of MHPP. The legal aspect is one of the requirements that must be fulfilled prior to the signing of Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) between DSE and State Electricity Company that called PLN. Technical aspect is to analyze the operational impact of the distribution system after MHPP connecting to the PLN distribution system, while the economic aspect is to analyze how much result energy of MHPP can be absorbed by PLN. Uultimately, it is described the financial feasibility of MHPP. The result is, legal aspect of development of MHPP of Palangai Hulu feasible to be continued to next process to sign contract of PPA. Technically, there is no negative impact of operating the PLN distribution system after the MHPP is connected to the PLN Rayon Balai Selasa system that analyzes using ETAP. Point of Connection (POC) as the selling point of electrical energy by DSE to the most economical PLN is on substation circuit of Balai Selasa. The energy production of MHPP Palangai Hulu can be absorbed 96.4% starting in 2018. The cost of POC is Rp. 11,577,000,000.
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Dei, Tsutomu, Kiyoshi Hirata, and Izumi Ushiyama. "Wind, Photovoltaic anD Mini-Hydro Hybrid Generation in Bolivia: A Case Study at a Mountainous Village." Wind Engineering 29, no. 3 (May 2005): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/030952405774354930.
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This paper investigates the most feasible configuration for hybrid generation by indigenous renewable energy sources in Chachacomani village at 4,220 meters elevation in Bolivia. Site monitoring of wind, solar irradiation and the water level of the Jarma River was conducted for a year. The data enabled potential power output from Wind, PV and Micro Hydro generation system to be estimated. Energy balance calculations for different configuration of hybrid generation system were made. The results show that the three energy supplies would be complementary for integrated power.
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Asif, Muhammad, Tahir Junaid, Zafar Ullah, and Najeeb Ullah. "Design Analysis of Mini/Micro Hydro Power Generation Plants in Northern Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa." International journal of Engineering Works 8, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34259/ijew.21.8026872.
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Energy access in global challenge faced by more than 1 billion people. Pakistan, to address the challenge, has developed an access strategy of decentralized energy system. In northern hilly areas of the country, Hydel resource has been tapped through mini-micro hydro projects. However, the sites are remotes located in hilly terrain, making transportation of machinery a challenging task increasing initial cost. Similarly, loss of heat caused by slope in water channels and laborious construction of concrete channel in rigid and sharp rocks further aggravates the situation.
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Nojeng, Syarifuddin, Syamsir Syamsir, and Reny Murniati. "Impact of micro hydro power plants on transient stability for the micro grid 20 kV system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 24, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v24.i3.pp1278-1287.
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Transient stability analysis is conducted to determine the ability of the electric power system in maintaining the operating stability after a major disturbance. The disturbance can be trigger an impact on the stability of the rotor angle, voltage, and system frequency which can cause loss of synchronization. In this paper, the impact of the interconnection of the Tombolo-Pao mini hydro power plant (MHPP) on the stability of the system was analyzed by several scenarios to determine the behavior of system parameters in a 20 kV system interconnection network. This research is an implementation of regulatory provisions relating to the study of the connection to the PLN distribution network through by regulator. Based on the result of simulation study, transient stability of generators at TomboloPao power plant about 0.1 second, will not occur with network configuration according to modeling activation of anti-islanding protection of Tombolo Pao Power Plant which is set by 2 second. The simulation results show that the location of the disturbance in the electric power system has been influenced by the behavior of the power plant (synchronous generator) which can lead to the instability of the micro-hydro connected to the micro-grid system 20 kV.
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Harlan, Dhemi, Dantje K. Natakusumah, Mohammad Bagus Adityawan, Hernawan Mahfudz, and Fitra Adinata. "3D Numerical Modeling of Flow in Sedimentation Basin." MATEC Web of Conferences 147 (2018): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814703012.
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Normal operation sedimentation basin flushing systems require large volumes of water, typically up ten times of the deposited sediment volume for efficient flushing. A complete sediment removal, can only be realized by combination of mechanical removal with drawdown flushing. This operation reaches much longer operation time resulting in water loss and reducing power and energy production of Mini Hydro Power Plant (MHPP). The objective of this study is to improve the flushing system of sedimentation basin based on a numerical approach. Fluid motion is described with non-linear, transient, second-order differential equations. A numerical solution of these equations involves approximating the various terms with algebraic expressions. The resulting equations are then solved to yield an approximate solution to the original problem. The simulation result shows that the 3D numerical modeling of flow in sedimentation basin gives the reasonable result to predict the suspended load movement in the flow.
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Alberizzi, Jacopo C., and Massimiliano Renzi. "Comparison of Batteries and Pumping Hydro with PaTs as energy storage technologies for a micro-hybrid generation system: Multi-objective optimization through a MILP algorithm." E3S Web of Conferences 238 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123802004.
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Small-scale hybrid energy systems are often composed by different power production technologies and adopted in mini-grids. In this work, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming optimization algorithm has been developed to compute the optimal scheduling of a micro-grid constituted by Internal Combustion Generators (ICGs) and a Storage System that can be either a conventional battery storage system or a Pumping Hydro energy Storage (PHES) based on Pump-as-Turbines. The algorithm computes the optimal energy generation scheduling of the micro-grid, minimizing a multi-objective fitness function constituted by the total costs of the energy system and the total CO2 and NOx emissions. In particular, the emissions are modelled with varying trends depending on the ICG load and not with constant values, which represents a simplification that is often adopted but that can induce misleading results. Furthermore, the algorithm takes into account all the physical constraints related to the generators and the storage system, such as maximum and minimum power generation, ramp-up and ramp-down limits and minimum up and down-time. The two energy storage technologies are compared and results show that a management strategy based on this algorithm can reduce significantly the total emissions of the system.
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Nyeche, E. N., and E. O. Diemuodeke. "Modelling and optimisation of a hybrid PV-wind turbine-pumped hydro storage energy system for mini-grid application in coastline communities." Journal of Cleaner Production 250 (March 2020): 119578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119578.
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Sapari, Norazliani Md, Hazlie Mokhlis, Ab H. Abu Bakar, Hasmaini Mohamad, Javed A. Laghari, and Mohd R. M. Dahalan. "Load shedding scheme based on rate of change of frequency and ranked stability index for islanded distribution system connected to mini hydro." IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering 12, no. 3 (December 17, 2016): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tee.22384.
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Garofalo, Giuseppina, Marco Carbone, and Patrizia Piro. "Stormwater Detention Tanks for Sustainable Energy Management in Urban Environment." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.1031.
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The risk of flooding in urban environment has become more and more frequent due to the increased impervious surfaces and climate change. The most suitable solutions for mitigating the urban flooding risks are stormwater detention tanks which temporarily store the exceeded rainfall and gradually release it into the urban drainage system at the end of the rainfall events. The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility of stormwater detention tanks used also for producing hydroelectric power serving a small town, through the release of such volumes. The study is applied to an urban watershed in the city of Cosenza, Italy. After a preliminary design, a hydrologic/hydraulic model, SWMM, coupled with a numerical model implemented in MATLAB was used to predict the stormwater volumes reusable for the production of electricity and the overall response of the system on annual basis. The results obtained showed that a mini-hydro system in an urban area is technically feasible. From an economic point of view, the system is self-sustainable only if one considers the need to integrate the urban drainage network with the electric power grid using the stormwater volumes to store energy in hours of maximum electric energy production that otherwise would be lost.
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Ali, Amjad, Fahad Saleem Baig, and Abdul Hameed Memon. "Designing Hydel Power Generation Capacity using a Mini/Micro Hydro Power Plant at Left Bank Outfall Drain Drainage System, near Goth Ahori, Jhuddo, Sindh." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 39, no. 3 (July 1, 2020): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2003.11.
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Energy is considered as a vital sign of any country. The energy resource of any country is governed by their owned resources either through fossiliferous or alternative/renewable energy reserves. Due to depleting reserves of fossil fuel, countries including Pakistan are now focusing and converting themselves on renewable energy sources. Out of the different renewable sources, Hydel Power is among those indigenous sources which are considered as cheap, efficient and environmentally friendly. Pakistan is among those countries, which have the largest irrigation system which portrays a huge hydel potential within it. Government of Pakistan has also identified different potential sites where Hydel Energy can be obtained. However, apart from the recognized potential sites, there are still many streams/canals/ drains that can also be studied for their hydro potential and estimated generation capacity using mini/micro hydropower plant. Different studies have been carried out in calculating the energy potential of canals. In this paper, Hydropower Potential (HPP) of a Drainage System that is Left Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD), at Sindh has been calculated using field-based data parameters such as hydraulic depth, the width of the canal and flow velocity. Other studies were also reviewed for data collection. Based on the calculated HPP, five types of turbines with their benefits have been identified and proposed. This study concludes that different locations of LBOD can be considered for setting up a micro hydropower plant; however, a vertical head through extended penstock or weir needs to be considered for an effective hydropotential.
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Mishra, Dillip Kumar, Daria Złotecka, and Li Li. "Significance of SMES Devices for Power System Frequency Regulation Scheme considering Distributed Energy Resources in a Deregulated Environment." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051766.
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Nowadays, the restructuring of power systems is extremely urgent due to the depletion of fossil fuels on the one hand and the environmental impact on the other. In the restructured environment, the incorporation of renewable energy sources and storage devices is key as they have helped achieve a milestone in the form of microgrid technology. As the restructuring of the power system increases, there are several types of generation sources, and distribution companies express their interest in trading in a deregulated environment to operate economically. When considering the power system deregulation, the contract value deviates in some situations, resulting in an imbalance between the generation and the energy consumption, which can bring the system into a power outage condition. In particular, load frequency control has been a great challenge over the past few decades to ensure the stable operation of power systems. This study considers two generation sources: mini-hydro in GENCO-1 and 3 and microgrid (combination of wind, fuel cell, battery storage, and diesel engine) in GENCO-2 and 4. It is two equal-area networks; in area-1, GENCO-1 and 2, and in area-2, GENCO-3 and 4 are considered, respectively. In addition, a FOPID controller and two ancillary devices, such as a unified power flow controller and a superconducting magnetic energy storage system, have been incorporated. Three different test networks have been formed according to the contract value, such as unilateral, bilateral, and agreement violations. The simulation results show that ancillary devices and controller participation significantly enhance the system response by reducing the frequency and tie-line power fluctuation. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method, respective performance indices and percentages of improvement have been obtained. Finally, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed restructured power system in a deregulated environment.
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Sommeng, Andy Noorsaman, and Chrisnawan Anditya. "Boosting renewable power generation in Indonesia electricity sector: a policy action by the government." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 02060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702060.
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Indonesia is committed to reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) by 29% against Business as Usual (BAU) projections in 2030 with its own efforts and 41% with international assistance as part of the Paris Agreement. In the management and utilization of electricity, the development of renewable energy (RE) power generation in Indonesia is carried out while taking into account the balance with other aspects, namely Energy Security, Energy Equity, and Energy Sustainability or called as Energy Trilemma. In accordance with PLN’s Electricity Supply and Demand Business Plan (RUPTL) 2018-2027 that has been approved by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, the total capacity of RE power generation to be built up to 2025 is about of 14.3 GW consists of geothermal power generation (PLTP) of 4.6 GW; hydro power generation (including mini-hydro and pump storage): 7.7 GW; solar power generation (PLTS): 1.0 GW; wind power generation (PLTB): 0.6 GW; and biomass/waste power generation (PLTBm/PLTSa): 0.4 GW. The RE power generation to be developed is still dominated by "Non-Intermittent" RE power generation (89%). While the "Intermittent" RE power generation that will be developed is still relatively small, which is only about 11%. This is due to challenges in its development, namely PLN is the only "Off-Taker" in the electricity business, and not all RE power generation can be accepted by the electricity system. As an effort to improve the development of RE power generation, the policy actions that have been or will be implemented by the government are 1) Development of RE power generation should be consider the balancing between "supply and demand" and the readiness of the electricity system to tapping the RE power generation at the most competitive costs; 2) Development of Distributed Generation or Micro-Grid; 3) Revision of the Grid Code to accommodate the Intermittent RE power generator; 4) Development of Smart-Grid; and 5) Acceleration of the Electric Vehicle Program.
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Picone, Calogero, Marco Sinagra, Luana Gurnari, Tullio Tucciarelli, and Pasquale G. F. Filianoti. "A New Cross-Flow Type Turbine for Ultra-Low Head in Streams and Channels." Water 15, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050973.
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In the last few decades, hydropower production has been moving toward a new paradigm of low and diffused power density production of energy with small and mini-hydro plants, which usually do not require significant water storage. In the case of nominal power lower than 20 kW and ultra-low head H (H < 5 m), Archimedes screw or Kaplan type turbines are usually chosen due to their efficiency, which is higher than 0.85. A new cross-flow type turbine called Ultra-low Power Recovery System (UL-PRS) is proposed and its geometry and design criteria are validated in a wide range of operating conditions through 2D numerical analysis computed using the ANSYS Fluent solver. The new proposed solution is much simpler than the previously mentioned competitors; its outlet flow has a horizontal direction and attains similar efficiency. The costs of the UL-PRS turbine are compared with the costs of one Kaplan and one cross-flow turbine (CFT) in the case study of the main water treatment plant of the city of Palermo in Italy. In this case, the UL-PRS efficiency is estimated using a URANS 3D numerical analysis computed with the CFX solver.
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Khanal, Ram Chandra, Shree Raj Shakya, and Tri Ratna Bajracharya. "Contribution of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) in Climate Resilient Approach and SDG 7." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 16, 2020): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v15i3.32230.
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Renewable energy can contribute to adaptation to climate change, mitigation and development and may play an important role in resilient development ambition of Nepal. It has been emphasized in Nepal's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and climate change policy but its potential impact on SDGs era has not been fully explored and implemented. The study used employed energy system modelling by using optimization software, reviewed literature and interacted with various experts.
It has been found that renewable energy technologies (RETs) provide socio-economic and environmental benefits to people that contribute to adopting and ensuring a better adaptation to climate change based on the local context. They contribute to adaptation processes by contributing to reducing the vulnerability of people, improving adaptive capacity, and minimizing climate change risk in line with SDG 7. But these are not without challenges either. Financial, technical, institutional, policy and legal issues are major challenges to promote RETs. This study shows that theoretically altogether 4.45 million tons of CO2e of the GHG emission can be mitigated per year if all the remaining technical potential of deploying seven major RETs consisting of biogas, improved water mill, stand-alone micro-hydro plants, mini-grid micro-hydro plants, solar PV home systems, mud-ICS and metal-ICS were installed after 2012. Considering the average annual installation of these RETs, altogether 30.71 million tons of CO2e can be mitigated between the periods of 2013 to 2030 at an annual additional installation equal to average installation done in recent past three years. The initial technology investment required for implementing the above mentioned RETs ranges from NRs 97 to NRs 23,247 per ton of CO2e mitigation. This indicates that though a moderate level of the initial investment is required for promoting RETs, the GHG mitigation potential seems to be quite promising. There is no liberty of inaction, so RETs can be a good case for a triple win strategy to address mitigation – adaptation – development nexus for climate compatible development in Nepal.
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Ceglia, Francesca, Elisa Marrasso, Carlo Roselli, Maurizio Sasso, Guido Coletta, and Luigi Pellegrino. "Biomass-Based Renewable Energy Community: Economic Analysis of a Real Case Study." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155655.
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Renewable energy communities are catalysts of social innovation, the citizens’ engagement in energy actions, and the exploitation of local resources. Thus, this paper defines a model for analyzing and optimally sizing energy systems serving renewable energy communities. Then, the proposed and replicable model was tailored to the economic feasibility analysis of a renewable energy community in the municipality of Tirano (Northern Italy). An energy audit was carried out to identify the electricity production and consumption within the perimeter of the primary substation and the thermal energy demand of the existing district heating network. The technical features of the energy conversion systems serving the renewable energy community were determined: an organic Rankine cycle biomass-based cogeneration plant, a mini-hydro plant, and a distributed photovoltaic system. Moreover, several different scenarios have been identified, in terms of cogeneration operating mode, photovoltaic penetration, and thermal energy economic value. The results show that, moving from 4.22 MW to 5.22 MW of photovoltaic peak power, the annual renewable electricity production increases by 10.1%. In particular, the simple pay back ranges between 4.90 and 4.98 years and the net present value between EUR 12.4 and 13.3 M for CHP operating at full power mode, considering that thermal energy available from the cogeneration unit is sold at EUR 49.2/MWh. These outcomes demonstrate the economic feasibility of wood-biomass-based renewable energy communities, which may help to enlarge the contribution of renewable technologies other than photovoltaic.
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Fursanov, M. I. "CIRCUIT-DESIGN SOLUTIONS AND INFORMATION SUPPORT OF CITY ELECTRIC NETWORKS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SMART GRID." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 60, no. 5 (September 28, 2017): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2017-60-5-393-406.
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The structure, circuit-design solutions and information support of the city electric networks in the conditions of the SMART GRID have been analyzed. It is demonstrated that the new conditions of functioning of electric power engineering, increasing demands for its technological state and reliability in most countries determined the transition to a restructuring of electrical networks to be based on the SMART GRID (intelligent power networks) innovative new structure. The definitions of the SMART GRID, its various attributes and characteristics in most developed countries including Belarus are presented. It is revealed that the existing and future circuit and constructive solutions that can automate the process of managing modes of urban electric networks under the SMART GRID conditions are manifold. At present, the most common in distribution networks are the sources of distributed generation (combustion turbines, wind turbines, photovoltaic installations, mini-hydro, etc.). The patterns and problems of information traceability of a traditional urban networks of the unified energy system of Belarus have been analyzed, and it is demonstrated that in the conditions of the SMART GRID most of the problems of the control mode that are characteristic for traditional distribution networks 6–10 kV and 0.38 kV, lose their relevance. Therefore, the present article presents and features the main directions of development of automatic control modes of the SMART GRID.
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Urrestizala de Andrés, María, NATALIA ALEGRIA GUTIERREZ, IGOR PEÑALVA BENGOA, CHARLES PINTO CAMARA, and FERNANDO LEGARDA IBAÑEZ. "REVIEW OF THE DESIGNS OF THE MAIN TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICRO-HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION." DYNA DYNA-ACELERADO (June 17, 2022): 7 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10588.
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Mini-hydro, one of the main renewable alternatives of the current energy system, has decreased its production percentage in recent years due to different environmental considerations. However, this technology can be applied to microgeneration ranges, avoiding several of these drawbacks and taking advantage of sites where several kilowatts of hydraulic power are currently wasted, or where it is simply not feasible to keep them connected to the power grid. The problem lies in the greater difficulty in achieving a balance between the energy generated and the costs involved in these facilities, due to their low efficiency when traditional machines work far from the operating points for which they were designed and, therefore, to their lower production. In the present study, a bibliographic review has been carried out, gathering some modifications made to large traditional turbines to adapt their operation and efficiencies to lower flow rate and head ranges, having achieved values higher than 80 % only with geometric variations and/or by modifying the number of blades, among others. Furthermore, the analysis of several technologies developed expressly for these operating points has also been included, which will therefore work at their optimum points when working in microgeneration. It can be seen that in both cases the studies are still very varied and do not have a common pattern, so there is still a long way off in terms of research that will help to channel this technology. Key words: microturbines, hydropower, efficiency, new technologies, renewable energy.
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Rimbawati, Rimbawati, Abdul Azis Hutasuhut, and Muharnif Muharnif. "PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS DAYA LISTRIK PADA PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA MIKRO HIDRO BINTANG ASIH GUNA MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN PENERANGAN." JURNAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT 24, no. 4 (April 4, 2019): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkm.v24i4.12836.
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AbstrakBintang Asih merupakan salah satu dusun terpencil di Desa Rumah Sumbul Kecamatan STM Hulu Kabupaten Deli Serdang dengan jumlah penduduk 140 jiwa dalam 25 Kepala Keluarga (KK) dan tergolong wilayah desa tertinggal dengan fasilitas penerangan menggunakan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikro Hidro (PLTMH) berkapasitas 1,1 KW. Pembangkit dan sistem distribusi di desain sangat sederhana sehingga tidak memenuhi Standart Umum Instalasi Listrik (PUIL. Selanjutnya Kapasitas pembangkit tersebut tidak mencukupi untuk memenuhi kebutuhn warga sebanyak 25 KK yang ada di dusun tersebut. Berdasarkan hal ini maka pengabdian masyarakat ini akan melakukan peningkatan kapasitas PLTMH tersebut menjadi 5 kW dengan mengubah kincir menjadi turbin serta melakukan substitusi IPTEK berupa pelatihan manajemen pengelolaan pembangkit dan peberdayaan ekonomi melalui industri gula merah. Pada akhir program pengabdian ini disimpulkan bahwa telah dilakukan peningkatan kapasitas PLTMH sebesar 5 KW dengan meng-upgrade kincir air menjadi turbin, melakukan perubahan sistem distribusi sesuai PUIL. melakukan pemasangan Electronic Load Control (ELC) pada pembangkit, Mini Circuit Breaker (MCB), saklar dan stop kontak di setiap rumah warga serta melakukan sosialisasi manajemen pemeliharaan PLTMH. Saat ini warga sudah menikmati fasilitas penerangan yang lebih memadai dengan perolehan daya 200 Watt/KK. Dari sisi peningkatan ekonomi telah tumbuh home industry gula aren dengan total produksi 60 kg/minggu.Kata Kunci: PLTMH Bintang Asih, PUIL, ELC.AbstractBintang Asih is one of the remote hamlets in Rumah Sumbul Village, STM Hulu Subdistrict, Deli Serdang Regency with a population of 140 people in 25 families and classified as underdeveloped rural areas with lighting facilities using 1.1 KW capacity Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHP). The generator and distribution system are designed so simple that they do not meet the General Standards for electrical Installation Furthermore, the capacity of the plant is insufficient to meet the needs of as many as 25 households in the hamlet. Based on this problems, community service will increase the capacity of the MHP to 5 kW by turning the windmill into a turbine and substituting science and technology in the form of training in power management and economic empowerment through the brown sugar industry, and at the end of this service program it was concluded that the capacity of 5 KW of PLTMH had been upgraded by upgrading changes to the distribution system according to General Standards for electrical Installation, installs Electronic Load Control (ELC) on power plants, Mini Circuit Breakers (MCB), switches and sockets in every house and disseminates MHP maintenance management. more adequate lighting with 200 Watt/KK power gain. In terms of economic improvement, palm sugar industry has grown with a total production of 90 kg/ week.Keywords: Bintang Asih MHP, MCB, ELC.
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Cassiani, G., J. Boaga, D. Vanella, M. T. Perri, and S. Consoli. "Monitoring and modelling of soil–plant interactions: the joint use of ERT, sap flow and Eddy Covariance data to characterize the volume of an orange tree root zone." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 8, 2014): 13353–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-13353-2014.
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Abstract. Mass and energy exchanges between soil, plants and atmosphere control a number of key environmental processes involving hydrology, biota and climate. The understanding of these exchanges also play a critical role for practical purposes e.g. in precision agriculture. In this paper we present a methodology based on coupling innovative data collection and models in order to obtain quantitative estimates of the key parameters of such complex flow system. In particular we propose the use of hydro-geophysical monitoring via 4-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) in conjunction with measurements of plant transpiration via sap flow and evapotranspiration from Eddy Covariance (EC). This abundance of data is fed to a spatially distributed soil model in order to characterize the distribution of active roots. We conducted experiments in an orange orchard in Eastern Sicily (Italy), characterized by the typical Mediterranean semi-arid climate. The subsoil dynamics, particularly influenced by irrigation and root uptake, were characterized mainly by the ERT setup, consisting of 48 buried electrodes on 4 instrumented micro boreholes (about 1.2 m deep) placed at the corners of a square (about 1.3 m in side) surrounding the orange tree, plus 24 mini-electrodes on the surface spaced 0.1 m on a square grid. During the monitoring, we collected repeated ERT and TDR soil moisture measurements, soil water samples, sap flow measurements from the orange tree and EC data. We conducted a laboratory calibration of the soil electrical properties as a function of moisture content and pore water electrical conductivity. Irrigation, precipitation, sap flow and ET data are available allowing knowledge of the system's long term forcing conditions on the system. This information was used to calibrate a 1-D Richards' equation model representing the dynamics of the volume monitored via 3-D ERT. Information on the soil hydraulic properties was collected from laboratory and field experiments. The successful results of the calibrated modeling exercise allow the quantification of the soil volume interested by root water uptake. This volume is much smaller (with a surface area less than 2 m2, and about 40 cm thickness) than expected and assumed in the design of classical drip irrigation schemes that prove to be losing at least half of the irrigated water that is not uptaken by the plants.
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Cassiani, G., J. Boaga, D. Vanella, M. T. Perri, and S. Consoli. "Monitoring and modelling of soil–plant interactions: the joint use of ERT, sap flow and eddy covariance data to characterize the volume of an orange tree root zone." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 5 (May 8, 2015): 2213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2213-2015.
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Abstract. Mass and energy exchanges between soil, plants and atmosphere control a number of key environmental processes involving hydrology, biota and climate. The understanding of these exchanges also play a critical role for practical purposes e.g. in precision agriculture. In this paper we present a methodology based on coupling innovative data collection and models in order to obtain quantitative estimates of the key parameters of such complex flow system. In particular we propose the use of hydro-geophysical monitoring via "time-lapse" electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in conjunction with measurements of plant transpiration via sap flow and evapotranspiration (ET) from eddy covariance (EC). This abundance of data is fed to spatially distributed soil models in order to characterize the distribution of active roots. We conducted experiments in an orange orchard in eastern Sicily (Italy), characterized by the typical Mediterranean semi-arid climate. The subsoil dynamics, particularly influenced by irrigation and root uptake, were characterized mainly by the ERT set-up, consisting of 48 buried electrodes on 4 instrumented micro-boreholes (about 1.2 m deep) placed at the corners of a square (with about 1.3 m long sides) surrounding the orange tree, plus 24 mini-electrodes on the surface spaced 0.1 m on a square grid. During the monitoring, we collected repeated ERT and time domain reflectometry (TDR) soil moisture measurements, soil water sampling, sap flow measurements from the orange tree and EC data. We conducted a laboratory calibration of the soil electrical properties as a function of moisture content and porewater electrical conductivity. Irrigation, precipitation, sap flow and ET data are available allowing for knowledge of the system's long-term forcing conditions on the system. This information was used to calibrate a 1-D Richards' equation model representing the dynamics of the volume monitored via 3-D ERT. Information on the soil hydraulic properties was collected from laboratory and field experiments. The successful results of the calibrated modelling exercise allow for the quantification of the soil volume interested by root water uptake (RWU). This volume is much smaller (with a surface area less than 2 m2, and about 40 cm thick) than expected and assumed in the design of classical drip irrigation schemes that prove to be losing at least half of the irrigated water which is not taken up by the plants.
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António, Brito, and Neves Luís. "The Innovative Process in the Interruption of Wind Power in Portugal." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186408003.
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The production of energy under a special regime of renewable origin has had a sustainable evolution in Portugal. Since the 1990s, the percentage of renewables has been growing steadily, with special emphasis being given to wind, photovoltaic, mini-hydro, biogas and high-efficiency cogeneration [1]. More recently there has been a strong push in promoting small scale production and self-consumption [2]. There are several periods of time when the country’s electricity load is 100% supplied by renewable energy. There are also periods when surplus renewable energy is exported to Spain. However, there are some periods when production exceeds consumption and it is then necessary to reduce wind power production. In Portugal there is an innovative process underway to carry out this reduction, which was systematized by the General Department of Energy and Geology in Order No. 8810/2015, of August 10. Thus, in the case of wind power plants that receive power reduction orders, the remuneration equivalent to that which is lost is paid by the other producers, through the Last Resort Supplier. Those power plants that have not been interrupted pay a percentage of their power produce to the Last Resort Supplier, to compensate those that have been interrupted. The total of the payments made to the producers whose power plants were interrupted must equal the receipts from those plants that continued to produce energy. This new concept is exemplified in this paper by the wind power cut that occurred on March 12 and 13, 2017 in Portugal. An explanation of what occurred on that day is presented, to understand why this cut was made, having been reached the limits of energy exports to Spain. To implement this new interruptible compensation model it was necessary to develop a mathematical algorithm and include it in the computer application named GPCE - Producers’ Management and Energy Purchase, that belongs to the Last Resort Supplier. When the interruption occurred in March 2017, the computer system worked correctly. The sum of the payments made equaled the sum of the receipts. It should be noted that there was a high degree of discipline shown by the producers.
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Kittner, Noah, Shabbir H. Gheewala, and Daniel M. Kammen. "Energy return on investment (EROI) of mini-hydro and solar PV systems designed for a mini-grid." Renewable Energy 99 (December 2016): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.023.
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Bocchiola, Daniele, Mattia Manara, and Riccardo Mereu. "Hydropower Potential of Run of River Schemes in the Himalayas under Climate Change: A Case Study in the Dudh Koshi Basin of Nepal." Water 12, no. 9 (September 19, 2020): 2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092625.
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In spite of the very large hydropower potential given from the melting snow and ice of Himalayas, Nepal’s population has little hydropower production. The high use of fossil fuels and biomasses results in measurable air pollution, even in the mountain areas. Hydropower planning and implementation, in the face of the changing climate, is therefore paramount important. We focus here on Nepal, and particularly on the Dudh Koshi river basin, with a population of ca. 170,000 people, within an area with large potential for hydropower production. Our main objectives are to (i) preliminarily design a local hydropower grid based on a distributed run of river ROR scheme, and (ii) verify the resilience of the grid against modified hydrology under perspective climate change, until the end of the century. To do so, we set up and tune the Poli-Hydro semi-distributed glacio-hydrological model, mimicking the complex hydrology of the area. We then modify a state of the art algorithm to develop and exploit a heuristic, resource-demand based model, called Poli-ROR. We use Poli-ROR to assess the (optimal) distribution of a number of ROR hydropower stations along the river network, and the structure of the local mini-grids. We then use downscaled outputs from three general circulation models GCMs (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 8.5) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC AR5, to assess the performance of the system under future modified hydrological conditions. We find that our proposed method is efficient in shaping ROR systems, with the target of the largest possible coverage (93%), and of the least price (0.068 € kWh−1 on average). We demonstrate also that under the projected hydrological regimes until 2100, worse conditions than now may occur, especially for plants with small drainage areas. Days with energy shortage may reach up to nf = 38 per year on average (against nf = 24 now), while the maximum daily energy deficit may reach as high as edef% = 40% (against edef% = 20% now). We demonstrate that our originally proposed method for ROR grid design may represent a major contribution towards the proper development of distributed hydropower production in the area. Our results may contribute to improve energy supply, and living conditions within the Dudh Koshi river. It is likely that our approach may be applied in Nepal generally. Impending climate change may require adaptation in time, including the use of other sources which are as clean as possible, to limit pollution. Our Poli-ROR method for grid optimization may be of use for water managers, and scientists with an interest in the design of optimal hydropower schemes in topographically complex catchments.
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Madne, Prof A. N., Vazira Moon, Mohit Gautre, Sameer Selokar, Ashish Bhimte, Vaibhav Sayankar, and Kaustubh Watekar. "Auto Indoor Hydro Phonic Fodder Grow Chamber." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41216.
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Abstract 1) Hydroponics is changing the agriculture industry slowly. the ability to grow indoor brings another dimension to agriculture. We have develop a mini fodder grow chamber, they aregrow a fodder within week, 2) A chamber maintain a temperature and moisture monitoring to ensure proper indoor growconditions for a good growth. 3) The system makes use of arduino controller and many more senser to control temperaturemoisture. 4) The system use the motor to ensure water level, pump motor and adjust water level motorssome types of motor are use for maintain water level in chamber. 5) 5 ) In chamber we use artificial sunlight is switched on and off as per use. 6) In this chamber water are circulate in water pump and also added a some nutrient in wateralso. And fan work at a maintain a surrounding atmospheric air.
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Kwasi-Effah, C. C., J. C. Mad, E. G. Osayuwa, and A. E. Igiebor. "Effects of Discharge Head on the Performance of a Mini-Hydraulic Ram Pump for Possible Application in Mini-Hydro Turbine Systems." NIPES - Journal of Energy Technology and Environment 3, no. 2 (December 6, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37933/nipes.e/3.2.2021.11.
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Hadi, Fazle, and Hafiz Ali. "Hydro thermal performance evaluation of super hydrophobic pin fin mini channel heat sink." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210901009h.
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Efficient heat removal with less pressure drop is the focal point of research work in the field of thermal management systems. This research work is aimed to analyze pin fin (inline) mini channel heat sink with super hydrophobic coatings. SiO2 aqueous nanofluids with 0.01% and 0.02% volumetric concentration are used as heat transfer fluid. Data is attained at steady state with power input of40 watt, 55 watt and 70 watt, flow rate of 300 to 700 ml/min and Reynolds number ranging from 400 to 1230. Test rig is authenticated by matching the data of distilled water for simple pin fin heat sink with the theoretical model of Tullius which matched the data well. Super hydrophobic mini channel heat sink performed better with 25.23%, 21.8%, and 23.38% augmentation in Nusselt number and 33.19%, 30.5%, 31.1% reduction in pressure drop for distilled water, SiO2 (0.01%) and SiO2 (0.02%) respectivelyas compared to the conventional pin fin mini channel heat sink. The nutshell of this experimental work is magnification in heat transfer with reduction in pressure drop.
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Alawadhi, Ghaya, Meera Almehiri, Ahmad Sakhrieh, Ahmad Alshwawra, and Jamil Al Asfar. "Cost Analysis of Implementing In-Pipe Hydro Turbine in the United Arab Emirates Water Network." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010651.
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Water transmission lines have potential reserved energy, which is usually lost. Therefore, targeting this clean energy to produce electricity to power up the auxiliaries and utilities of water plants or consumers is financially and environmentally beneficial. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of installing an inline hydropower system in an existing transmission water pipe. It analyzes the feasibility of implementing a mini-hydropower plant in the transmission line of Liwa’s reservoir in the UAE. The maximum possible power harvested is 218.175 kW at the given water flow rate and net head. The payback period and the return on investment are analyzed based on different scenarios related to capital investment, operation, maintenance cost, and plant capacity factor. It is found that the payback period ranges between one to six years, where the return on investment can be as high as 85%. Furthermore, the expected CO2 emissions saving for this project is calculated to be between 395 and 1939 tons per year.
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Tupan, Tupan. "Analisis bibliometrik perkembangan potensi energi baru dan terbarukan di Indonesia menggunakan R Biblioshiny dan VosViewer." Daluang: Journal of Library and Information Science 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/daluang.v2i2.2022.12516.
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Introduction. Indonesia is one of the countries that has the highest potential for clean and renewable energy in the world. Indonesia's renewable energy potential includes geothermal, hydro and micro-mini hydro, bioenergy, solar, wind and ocean waves. To find out this potential, a bibliometric analysis was carried out on the development of new and renewable energy potential in Indonesia.Methodology. Data on the development of new and renewable energy potential is taken from the Scopus database. Data retrieval was carried out through a search with the keyword criteria used were renewable energy OR potential of new renewable energy OR implementation of new renewable energy OR geothermal OR biofuel OR biogas OR biomass OR solar panels AND Indonesia earth radiation OR. The analysis of this study uses R bibliophagy and Vos Viewer.Results and discussion. The results show that the highest annual publication trend will occur in 2021. The largest number of citations for new and renewable energy publications in Indonesia is Biodiversity with a total of 74 publications and 250 citations. The Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan is a widely used publication source for publish research results on new and renewable energy. Pambudi, N.A. is a researcher who conducts the most research on geothermal energy (geothermal). Keywords that are often used are biomass, geothermal, biogas, biodiesel and biofuel.Conclusion. It was concluded that biomass, geothermal systems, renewable energy, alternative energy and energy policy were the most studied topics.
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Azimoh, Chukwuma Leonard, and Charles Mbohwa. "Optimized Solution for Increasing Electricity Access with Mini-Grid Technology in Nigeria." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n1p156.
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Electricity challenge in Nigeria is such that only a dramatic increase in both generation and distribution capacity could leapfrog it out of the situation. Reports show that about 61% of the population have access to electricity, and those that do have are currently grappling with epileptic supply. The power network has installed capacity of about 12.5GW whereas the distribution network has capacity for about 6 GW, and often only about 4.5 GW is available to the consumers. Shortfalls are often met with private generations using diesel generators, resulting in noise and environmental pollution with the attendant health consequences. Frightfully so, the challenge is further exacerbated by the burgeoning population. Nevertheless, the government have set an ambitious target for increasing electricity access in VISION 2030 national development plan. A major milestone of this policy is the audacious ambition to increase the existing grid capacity to 30 GW, with 30% of the mix coming from low carbon technology sources. This study explores the use of available renewable energy resources at eleven locations in different regions of the country for optimal generation of energy in contribution to the Nigerian energy matrix. The study was conducted using HOMER™ and Power BI models. Four energy sources were investigated comprising of solar, wind, hydro and diesel. Our findings show that most places in the southern and middle belt parts of the country support mini-grid systems but are more receptive to grid extension, while a majority of the locations in the north are more environmentally friendly to the implementation of mini-grids. In addition, most places investigated in the south, solar technology contributes more than 80% to the energy mix, meanwhile, most northern locations despite having higher solar irradiation are better suited for wind technology with above 60% contribution to the fold.
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Kananda, Kiki, Dean Corio, and Efa Maydhona S. "TURBINES DESIGN FOR HIDROPOWER IN WAY LAAI AND WAY LAMI PESISIR BARAT DISTRICT LAMPUNG PROVINCE." Jurnal Ecotipe (Electronic, Control, Telecommunication, Information, and Power Engineering) 7, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ecotipe.v7i1.1388.
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Hydropower is considered to be one of important renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is the second-largest contributor to global electricity production after fossil fuel. Hydropower generation presents several advantages over most other sources of electrical power. It includes a high level of reliability, proven technology, high efficiency (about 90%), very low operating and maintenance costs, flexibility and large storage capacity. Based on the types of installation, hydropower can be categorized as; impoundment, diversion, and pump storage, and based on the turbine types can it be classified as reaction and impulse systems. Previous research gives the results of the initial survey, concluding that there are two rivers that have the potential to become a micro or mini-hydro generator. Way Laai and Way Lami. So, we need to know what is turbines type to suit both of river Way Laai and Way Lami. We used the same method with other research that used TURBNPRO software for helping in the design of Turbines. The simulation result gives one alternative to the right turbine design for Way Laai is the orientation vertical of 6 jet Pelton with a peak efficiency of 89.9%. The right alternative turbine design for Way Lami is the vertical orientation Axial turbine/ propeller design with a peak efficiency of 93.3%.
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Best Herbert, Eti. "Developing a Renewable Energy Based Off-Grid Electricity Solution for Nigeria." Global Energy Law and Sustainability 2, no. 2 (August 2021): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2021.0055.
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Nigeria has always depended on the national grid network for the supply of electricity across the country. Despite the various efforts at grid expansion, the national grid is yet to get to every part of the Nigeria. The cost of grid expansion, the massive size and difficult terrain of certain parts of the country make are the major limitation to national grid expansion. Thus, most rural dwellers are yet to get access or sufficient supply of electricity. Also, the heavy dependence on the grid network puts the country at risk of blackout in most part of the country should the grid break down. On the other hand, off-grid electrification, which is a modern means of electricity sourcing other than the grid network with the use of mini-grid or stand-alone systems, can serve, as alternative means of electricity, supply for Nigeria. Off-grid systems are dynamic and adaptable to fit the peculiarities of each region, such as: land topography, population size, energy sources, etc. This paper examined the various renewable energy sources such as hydro, solar, wind, and biomass as viable sources of energy which Nigeria can be explore to power off-grid platforms. However, there is a dearth of legal framework to support the use of renewable energy sources for off-grid electricity. Thus, there is need for legislative efforts by the legislature or regulation by the National Electricity Regulatory Commission to fill this gap.
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Reddy, S. Radha Krishna. "Review of Literature on Self-Excited Induction Generators and Controllers." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 1576–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39584.
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Abstract: Wind energy is one of the most important and promising sources of renewable energy all over the world. Throughout the globe, in the last, three- or four-decades generation of electricity from wind energy has created a wide interest. At the same time, there has been a rapid development of wind energy-related technology. The control and estimation of wind energy conversion systems constitute a vast subject and are more complex than those of dc drives. Induction generators are widely preferable in wind farms because of their brushless construction, robustness, low maintenance requirements, and self-protection against short circuits. Low cost, robustness, and ease of maintenance are attractive features of induction generators. With wind turbine and micro/mini-hydro generators as an alternative energy source, the induction generators are being considered as an alternative choice to well-developed synchronous generators because of their simplicity, ruggedness, little maintenance, price, brushless (in squirrel cage construction), absence of separate dc source, self-protection against severe overloads and short circuits. In isolated systems, squirrel cage induction generators with capacitor excitation, known as self-excited induction generators (SEIGs), are very popular. This paper presents a review of literature related to the present status of research work on self-excited induction generators (SEIG), their terminal voltage control strategies, and over the past years discussing the classification of induction generators, steady-state and transient analysis, voltage control aspects, and parallel operation of SEIG.
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Briukhanov, Aleksandr Yu, Igor A. Subbotin, Evgeniy V. Timofeev, and Andrey F. Erk. "Energy and Environment Assessment of Agricultural Application of Power Generating Sources." Engineering Technologies and Systems 29, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 366–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.029.201903.366-382.
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Introduction. Recently the issue of decentralised (autonomous) power supply of certain rural consumers has been increasingly considered. Various small power generators using local and renewable energy sources can be applied for this purpose. So a consumer must choose the best-suited energy-generating source. Materials and Methods.The findings of energy audits, which were conducted by the Institute from 2003 to the present day, were used to evaluate energy consumers and determine operation modes of equipment and load schedules. Complex index of the negative impact of heat and electricity generation on the environment was determined using the Spesivtsev ‒ Drozdov method of logical-linguistic modelling based on expert assessments. Results. Energy sources can be divided into traditional (diesel generators and gas generator plants) or renewable ones (wind turbines, solar collectors, mini hydro systems). Energy source is chosen either with the help of the economic criterion, being the cost of one k·Wh of energy or the criterion of environmental compatibility, or total specific emission of pollutants from energy generation at local generating sources (g/k·Wh). Here, not only the quantity of emissions, but also the harmful effect on the environment is considered. Discussion and Conclusion. For the choice of energy supply sources, the coefficient of energy-ecological compatibility is proposed, being the product of the cost of one k·Wh of energy generated and specific emission of pollutants. The optimal value of this factor is the smallest, which accounts for both economic and environmental feasibility of energy generating sources.
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Khokhani, Aayush, Prince Kalavadiya, Ravindra Taviya, Zeel Morker, and Prof Joseph Sibi. "A Review for an Effective Approach towards Hydroelectric Power Generation Using In-Pipe Mesoscale Submersible Turbine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40859.
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Abstract: Turbines are playing a massive role in our day-to-day lives in the back-end portion of lifestyles where they have been efficiently providing us energy through tidal, hydrological, and many such other mediums. A dominant explanation for the need for energy production has been introduced in the 1800s since the requirement for a high consumption of energy in various forms has started taking place. A very common method that has been observed in today’s innovative mannerism is the use of turbines in dams, undersea, elsewhere at locations where the flow of fluid induces better outputs. Vertical axis turbines, Francis turbines as well as Kaplan turbines have frequently opted for such purposes but after studying over 65 works done by adepts, professionals, and experts; the purposely implemented input that is required to fulfill the output doesn’t have to always be a necessity, it seemed to be the new designing restructured platform for users as well as providers. An overture to install micro versioned turbines of macro hydroelectric power plants within a residential or commercial structure at the main water-supply connections either at their junctions or directly near the overhead water tanks cannot just provide subtle but fortifying and tireless inputs since the flow of water will be anticipated naturally by the implicated outcomes through day-to-day chores performed. Hydrokinetic conversion systems may appear suitable in harvesting energy from such renewable resources, despite the fact that they are still in the early stages of development. Contrary to what has been assumed, there are numerous possibilities for the utilization of this energy for common areas/public zones such as signals, street lights, or any such productive amenities to bestow leading-edge facilities without any hitch regarding external contriving inputs. Keywords: Turbine, CFD Simulations, Archimedes screw, Water distribution logistics, Mini-Hydro-Power Plant, In-Pipe electricity generation, Inline hydroelectric generation.
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Sanati, Mahsa, Yves Revaz, Jennifer Schober, Kerstin E. Kunze, and Pascale Jablonka. "Constraining the primordial magnetic field with dwarf galaxy simulations." Astronomy & Astrophysics 643 (November 2020): A54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038382.
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Using a set of cosmological hydro-dynamical simulations, we constrained the properties of primordial magnetic fields by studying their impact on the formation and evolution of dwarf galaxies. We performed a large set of simulations (8 dark matter only and 72 chemo-hydrodynamical) including primordial magnetic fields through the extra density fluctuations they induce at small length scales (k ≥ 10 h Mpc−1) in the matter power spectrum. Our sample of dwarfs includes nine systems selected out of the initial (3.4 Mpc h−1)3 parent box, resimulated from z = 200 to z = 0 using a zoom-in technique and including the physics of baryons. We explored a wide variety of primordial magnetic fields with strength Bλ ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 nG and magnetic energy spectrum slopes nB from −2.9 to −2.1. Strong magnetic fields characterized by a high amplitude (Bλ = 0.50, 0.20 nG with nB = −2.9) or by a steep initial power spectrum slope (nB = −2.1, −2.4, with Bλ = 0.05 nG) induce perturbations on mass scales from 107 to 109 M⊙. In this context emerging galaxies see their star formation rates strongly boosted. They become more luminous and metal rich than their counterparts without primordial magnetic fields. Such strong fields are ruled out by their inability to reproduce the observed scaling relations of dwarf galaxies. They predict that dwarf galaxies are at the origin of an unrealistically early reionization of the Universe and that they also overproduce luminous satellites in the Local Group. Weaker magnetic fields impacting the primordial density field at corresponding masses ≲106 M⊙, produce a large number of mini dark matter halos orbiting the dwarfs, however out of reach for current lensing observations. This study allows us, for the first time, to constrain the properties of primordial magnetic fields based on realistic cosmological simulations of dwarf galaxies.
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Ramachandra, T. V. "Innovative ecological approaches to ensure clean and adequate water for all." Journal of Environmental Biology 43, no. 03 (May 2, 2022): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/3/editorial.
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The Western Ghats, a range of ancient hills extends between 8° N and 21° N latitude, and 73° E and 77° E longitude(from the tip of peninsular India at Kanyakumari to Gujarat). The Western Ghats runs parallel to the west coast of India, covering approximately 160,000 sq. km, which constitutes less than 5% of India's geographical extent. Numerous streams originate in the Western Ghats, which drain millions of hectares, ensuring water and food security for 245 million people and hence are aptly known as the water tower of peninsular India(Ramachandra and Bharath, 2019; Bharath et al., 2021). The region is endowed with diverse ecological regions depending on altitude, latitude, rainfall, and soil characteristics. The Western Ghats are among the eight hottest hotspots of biodiversity and 36 global biodiversity hotspots with exceptional endemic flora and fauna. Natural forests of Western Ghats have been providing various goods and services and are endowed with species of 4,600+ flowering plants (38% endemics), 330 butterflies (11% endemics), 156 reptiles (62% endemics), 508 birds (4% endemics), 120 mammals (12% endemics), 289 fishes (41% endemics) and 135 amphibians (75% endemics). The Western Ghats, gifted with enormous natural resource potential, and the mandate of sustainable development based on the foundation of prudent management of ecosystems, is yet a reality. Various unplanned developmental programs, which are proclaimed to be functioning on sustainability principles, have only been disrupting the complex web of life, impacting ecosystems, and causing a decline in overall productivity, including four major sectors: forestry, fisheries, agriculture, and water (Ramachandra and Bharath, 2019).The prevalence of barren hilltops, conversion of perennial streams to intermittent or seasonal streams, frequent floods and droughts, changes in water quality, soil erosion and sedimentation, the decline of endemic flora, and fauna, etc. highlights the consequences of unplanned developmental activities with a huge loss to the regional economy during the last century. The development goals need to be ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable, which can be achieved through the conservation and prudent management of ecosystems. Sustainability implies the equilibrium between society, ecosystem integrity, and sustenance of natural resources. Water sustenance in streams and rivers depends on the integrity of the catchment (watershed), as vegetation helps in retarding the velocity of water by allowing impoundment and recharging of groundwater through infiltration (Ramachandra et al., 2020). As water moves in the terrestrial ecosystem, part of it is percolated (recharging groundwater resources and contributing to sub-surface flow during post-monsoon seasons), while another fraction gets back to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. Forests with native vegetation act as a sponge by retaining and regulating water transfer between land and the atmosphere. The mechanism by which vegetation controls flow regime is dependent on various bio-physiographic characteristics, namely, type of vegetation, species composition, maturity, density, root density and depth, hydro-climatic condition, etc. Roots of vegetation help (i) in binding soil, ii) improve soil structure by enhancing the stability of aggregates, which provide habitat for diverse microfauna and flora, leading to higher porosity of the soil, thereby creating the conduit for infiltration through the soil. An undisturbed native forest has a consistent hydrologic regime with sustained flows during lean seasons. Native species of vegetation with the assemblage of diverse native species help in recharging the groundwater, mitigating floods, and other hydro-ecological processes (Ramachandra et al., 2020; Bharath et al., 2021). Hence, it necessitates safeguarding and maintaining native forest patches and restoring existing degraded lands to sustain the hydrological regime, which caters to biotic (ecological and societal) demands. A comparative assessment of people's livelihood with soil water properties and water availability in sub-catchments of four major river basins in the Western Ghats reveals that streams in catchments with > 60% vegetation of native species are perennial with higher soil moisture (Ramachandra et al., 2020). The higher soil moisture due to water availability during all seasons facilitates farming of commercial crops with higher economic returns to the farmers, unlike the farmers who face water crises during the lean season. In contrast, streams are intermittent (6-8 months of water) in catchments dominated by monoculture plantations and seasonal (4 months, monsoon period) in catchments with vegetation cover lower than 30%. The study highlights the need to maintain ecosystem integrity to sustain water. Also, lower instances of COVID 19 in villages with native forests emphasize ecosystems' role in maintaining the health of biota. The need to maintain native vegetation in the catchment and its potential to support people's livelihood with water availability at local and regional levels is evident from the revenue of Rs. Rs.2,74,658 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with perennial streams and farmers growing cash crops or three crops a year due to water availability), Rs. 1,50,679 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with intermittent streams) and Rs. 80000 ha-1 yr-1 (in villages with seasonal streams). Also, the crop yield (at least 1.5 to 1.8 times) is higher in agriculture fields due to efficient pollination with the prevalence of diverse pollinators in the vicinity of native forests. The study emphasizes the need for maintaining the natural flow regime and prudent management of watershed to i) sustain higher faunal diversity, ii) maintain the health of water body, and iii) sustain people's livelihood with higher revenues. Hence, the premium should be on conserving the forests with native species to sustain water and biotic diversity in the water bodies, vital for food security. There still exists a chance to restore the lost natural ecosystems through appropriate ecological restoration approaches, with location-specific conservation and management practices to ensure adequate and clean water for all. GDP (Gross Domestic Product), a measure of the current economic well-being of a population, based on the market exchange of material well-being, will indicate resource depletion/degradation only through a positive gain in the economy and will not represent the decline in these assets (wealth) at all. Thus, the existing GDP growth percentages used as yardsticks to measure the development and well-being of citizens in decision-making processes are substantially misleading, yet they are being used. The traditional national accounts need to include resource depletion or degradation due to developmental activities and climate change. The country should move toward adopting Green GDP by accounting for the environmental consequences of the growth in the conventional GDP, which entails monetizing the services provided by ecosystems, the degradation cost of ecosystems, and accounts for costs caused by climate change. The forest ecosystems are under severe threat due to anthropogenic pressures, which are mostly related to the GDP.The appraisal of forest ecosystem services and biodiversity can help clarify trade-offs among conflicting environmental, social, and economic goals in the development and implementation of policies and to improve the management in order biodiversity.Natural capital accounting and valuation of ecosystem services reveal that forest ecosystems provide (i) provisioning services (timber, fuelwood, food, NTFP, medicines, genetic materials) of Rs 2,19,494 ha-1 yr-1, (ii) regulating services (global climate regulation - carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and soil fertility, water regulation and groundwater recharge, water purification, pollination, waste treatment, air filtration, local climate regulation) of Rs 3,31,216 ha-1 yr-1 and (iii) cultural services (aesthetic, spiritual, tourism and recreation, education and scientific research) of Rs.1,04,561 ha-1 yr-1. Total ecosystem supply value (TESV), an aggregation of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services, amounts to Rs. 6,56,172 ha-1 yr-1, and the Net Present Value (NPV) of one hectare of forests amounts to 16.88 million rupees ha-1. NPV helps in estimating ecological compensation while diverting forest lands for other purposes. The recovery of an ecosystem with respect to its health, integrity, and sustainability is evident from an initiative of planting (500 saplings of 49 native species) in a degraded landscape (dominated by invasive species) of two hectares in the early 1990s at the Indian Institute of Science campus (Ramachandra et al., 2016),and the region has now transformed into a mini forest with numerous benefits such as improvements in groundwater at 3-6 m (compared to 30-40 m in 1990), moderated microclimate (with lower temperature) and numerous fauna (including four families of Slender Loris). While confirming the linkages of hydrology, ecology, and biodiversity, the experiment advocates the need for integrated watershed approaches based on sound ecological and engineering protocols to sustain water and ensure adequate water for all. A well-known and successful model of integrated wetlands ecosystem (Secondary treatment plant integrated with constructed wetlands and algae pond) at Jakkur Lake in Bangalore (Ramachandra et al., 2018) provides insights into the optimal treatment of wastewater and mitigation of pollution. Complete removal of nutrients and chemical contaminants happens when partially treated sewage (secondary treated) passes through constructed wetlands and algae pond (sedimentation pond), undergoes bio-physical and chemical processes. The water in the lake is almost potable with minimal nutrients and microbial counts. This model has been functioning successfully for the last ten years after interventions to rejuvenate the lake. This system is one of the self-sustainable ways of lake management while benefitting all stakeholders - washing, fishing, irrigation, and local people. Wells in the buffer zone (500 m), now have higher water levels and are without any nutrients (nitrate). Groundwater quality assessment in 25 wells in the same region during 2005 (before the rejuvenation of Jakkur Lake) had higher nitrate values. Adopting this model ensures optimal sewage treatment at decentralized levels, and letting treated water to the lake also provides nutrient-free and clean groundwater. The Jal Shakti ministry,the Government of India, through Jal Jeevan Mission, has embarked on the noble and novel mission of providing tap water supply to all rural households and public institutions in villages such as schools, health centers, panchayat buildings, etc. The success of this program depends on the availability of water. The imminent threat of acute water scarcity due to climate changes with global warming necessitates implementing integrated watershed development (planting of native species in the watershed of water bodies), rainwater harvesting (rooftop harvesting at individual household levels, and retaining rainwater in rejuvenated lakes, which also helps in recharge of groundwater) and reuse of wastewater through treatment at decentralized levels (a model similar to Jakkur lake at Bangalore). These prudent management initiatives at decentralized levels throughout the country aid in achieving the goals of providing clean and adequate water to the local community.
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Azuddin, Muhammad Aiman, Mohammad Azzeim Mat Jusoh, Sukarnur Che Abdullah, Zulkifli Mohamed, and Mohd Hanif Mohd Ramli. ""Development of a Pico-Hydro Generating System with SES-BMS for Domestic Use "." International Journal of Integrated Engineering 14, no. 5 (September 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2022.14.05.015.
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Non-renewable resources decreased significantly over the past decade, whereasthe current renewable energy system is expensive and more focused on large-scale use. The goal of this project is to design a user-friendly pico-hydro system with a Smart Energy Storage Battery Management System (SES-BMS) to utilize the potential of domestic water flow while saving energy consumption and daily costs. The overall system is a combination between the standard pipeline, a pico-turbine, the SES-BMS, and a simple light source. The flow of water is utilized by converting kinetic energy into electrical energy. The design was performed by using the Engineering Design Process (EDP) and coding via Arduino microcontroller. The main outcome of this project is a proof of concept that shows the potential for domestic use of the pico-hydro system combined with the SES-BMS system. Compared to the previous mini-hydro design, the new system shows an increase in performance during the average flow rate in the domestic pipeline, generating an improved value of 68 mW of power during the flow rate of 0.075 x 10-3 m3/s. An optimal charging time of 10 hours is recommended to accommodate the 3.5-hour use of a 12W LED lamp, to maintain the stability and reliability of the system, especially the battery pack.
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Bajagain, Rajmani, Nawraj Bhattarai, and Tek Raj Subedi. "Impact of Grid interconnected micro-hydro based mini-grid system on Local Distribution Grid: A Case study of Taplejung mini-grid, Nepal." International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences (IJEAS) 7, no. 4 (April 30, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31873/ijeas.7.04.09.
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Oludare Fagbohun, Olumuyiwa, Bankole Adebanji, and Micheal O. Oke. "Optimal Design of Independent Mini Hydro-photovoltaic-battery-diesel Hybrid Power System for Erin-ijesha Water Fall, Nigeria." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, April 18, 2018, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2018/v1i19760.
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In order to provide a sustainable energy system, especially in rural areas where grid electricity is not economically or geographically feasible, renewable energy sources appear to be one of the most effective solutions. However, the fluctuating nature and the high cost of kWhr units produced make the system unreliable and not easily affordable to the rural dwellers. This paper discussed the feasibility of renewable energy hybrid system and proposed a reliable independent Hybrid Power System (HPS) for rural application in Nigeria. Erin-Ijesha a typical rural village in Osun State, Nigeria was used as a case study. Solar irradiation, the hydro potential of the waterfall and load patterns were collected and analyzed for the study area. The electrical load for the village was estimated through the use of questionnaires. HOMER energy modeling software was used to develop the simulation models. The optimized results showed that mini-hydro-photovoltaic-battery combination with Cost of Energy, COE of $0.218/kWh is better than any other combinations considered in the work. It was revealed that purchasing electricity from the grid is better than any other hybrid combinations in terms of COE at $0.121/kWh. Nevertheless, from the result obtained, the HPS is considered cost-efficient and reliable in such rural areas especially where grid extension is geographically or economically infeasible.
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Liu, Jianbin, Anthony Kwan Leung, Chao Zhou, and Rui Chen. "X-ray-aided characterisation of micro-hydro-mechanical behaviour of unsaturated sand using a suction-controlled mini-triaxial system." Canadian Geotechnical Journal, December 1, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2022-0205.
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Despite the advancement of the knowledge of unsaturated soil behaviour developed over the past decades, the understandings remain largely at the macro- or element- scale. Existing testing systems allow simultaneous in-situ loading and X-ray imaging to facilitate the studies at micro- or pore- scale, but the soils of concern are normally two phase (i.e. dry or saturated). This paper develops a new suction-controlled miniature triaxial apparatus for studying the micro-hydro-mechanical behaviour of three-phase unsaturated soils via in-situ quantification of the evolutions of soil microstructures, aided by micro-X-ray computer tomography imaging. The apparatus can independently control combinations of net mean stress and matric suction whilst permitting high-resolution full-field imaging of the entire samples through the image analysis via methods of pore network modelling and discrete digital image correction. Results reveal that at equilibrium, suction at the ‘transition zone’ of the soil does not necessarily mean to have both the air and water phases continuous, as otherwise recognised at the element scale. This phenomenon leads to nonuniform distributions of local void ratio and degree of saturation. Post-peak strain localisation and shear band development are explained by the movements of pore fluid and the associated influences on local soil void ratio change.
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Coban, Hasan Huseyin. "Assessment of Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Beledweyne city Somalia, Technical and Economical Analysis." Journal of Engineering Research, August 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36909/jer.16481.
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The rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuels with each passing day and increasing environmental concerns have given a great impetus to the studies on clean and renewable alternative energy sources. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of an on-grid, and off-grid hydro-wind-solar-battery hybrid system for electricity generation in Beledweyne, Somalia. The model is simulated with the HOMER program based on the energy-efficient system, has been successfully applied to find the best optimization result for the required amount of load. The economic and technical performance of a stand-alone combination of 100 kW hydropower, 200 kW solar photovoltaic, 400 kWh battery, and 80 kW wind power was investigated. Grid-connected megaprojects, such as large dams and energy pools, are essential but slow and expensive to increase national and regional power generation and transmission. This study is expected to shed light on investments to be made in Africa's off-grid and mini-grid solutions that are cheaper and faster to install and emphasizes that investments to be made in this direction can be a solution to Somalia's electricity crisis.