Journal articles: 'Ming dynasty'

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Xu, Cheng. "A Study for the Po family, Mongolian Military Officers in Xuan-Fu during the late Ming and early Qing." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 76 (February 28, 2024): 229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2024.76.229.

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In the late Ming Dynasty, a family of the Po, who was a Mongolian military officer, emerged in Xuanfu. At first, they served as “Yi Ding(Tatar Soliders)” in Jiubian(nine-frontier fortification system of the Ming Dynasty). Unlike the Mongolians who joined the Wei Suo system in the early Ming Dynasty, the Po family served as private armed servants of Ming Dynasty border defense generals. They not only serve as frontline soldiers for border defense generals, but also serve as Mongolian language translators for them. In short, they have a lot of effectiveness.At the same time, they were incorporated into the military status of the garrison in Xuanfu, and became officials in the camp step by step from the positions of garrison and guerrilla.Its members took part in a series of eastern expeditions and western wars in the late Ming Empire, such as the Imjin War, and participated in the battles of Jigsan and Ulsan to expel the Japanese army, while the father and son of Pou Tingxiang participated in the war between the Ming Dynasty and the Later Jin Dynasty and sacrificed their lives on the battlefield. After the change of Dynasties in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the members of the Po family chose to become officials in the Qing Dynasty for the sake of family interests, and tried to let the next generation continue to engage in the army and maintain their glory. However, due to the collapse of the former Ming Dynasty’s military officer system, the Qing Dynasty’s vigilance against the former Ming Dynasty’s generals, and the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty’s military system and military officer system itself, the Po family did not get the same position of power as the former Ming.In the end, like other generals on the Jiubian(nine-frontier), the former Ming generals, who were born as adherents, gradually withered away in the Qing Dynasty.

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Yu, Lixiao. "The Impact of Power Struggles Between the Ming Dynasty Monarchy and Bureaucratic Groups on The Qing Dynasty Power Structure." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 28 (April 1, 2024): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/qzk2t115.

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Throughout Chinese history, the power of the emperor has shown a trend of increasing. Eventually, it reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty. Compared with the Ming Dynasty, imperial power during the Qing Dynasty was more powerful and centralized which led to a more stable political situation. The rulers of the Qing dynasty learned an important lesson from the Ming dynasty’s demise that was the struggle between imperial power and bureaucratic groups and effectively avoided a series of problems occurred in the mid-to-late Ming dynasty by several means, including improving the emperor’s personal ability, strengthening the emperor’s power, optimizing the administrative apparatus, and intensifying ideological control. These methods above helped the imperial power grow up to an unprecedented level. This paper discusses the reasons for the measures to strengthen imperial power in the Qing dynasty, based on the historical works such as The History of the Ming Dynasty, The History of the Qing Dynasty, and Reading Notes of Twenty-two Historical Books.

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Nyanchen, Zhen. "THE USE AND ARTISTIC FEATURES OF XUANZI POLYCHROME PAINTING IN THE MING AND QING DYNASTIES." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 16, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340//2071-6818-2020-16-3-134-144.

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In the field of the pictorial decoration of Chinese architecture, the decor of the period of the Ming and Qing dynasties is considered the most outstanding since, at that time, the technique was perfect, and the methods of decoration were rich in their diversity, which was not possible in previous eras. The polychrome painting of official buildings during the Ming and Qing dynasties’ reign is quite different from the Song dynasty’s polychrome painting. The transition from the Song dynasty’s polychrome painting to the Ming and Qing dynasties’ polychrome painting was completed during the Yuan dynasty’s reign. Due to the decrease of dougong in size in the Ming dynasty, polychrome painting began to be placed on beams. Xuanzi polychrome painting, which originated from painting beams under the Yuan dynasty, became the primary type. By the Qing dynasty, Hexi polychrome painting and Suzhou polychrome painting, which evolved from the folk polychrome painting of the Jiangnan region of the Ming dynasty, appeared. The Xuanzi type was one of the three main polychrome painting types in the Qing dynasty. It was fully developed compared to the Hexi type as it was used more widely. The article explains the development of the artistic features of the various decorative parts of Xuanzi polychrome painting during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the characteristics of each gradation, and the method of distinguishing it, as well as its place of application.

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HUANG, Xiu Zhi. "TOUCHSTONE, WIREPULLER AND TRANSITION: SINO-KOREAN BOOK-DIPLOMACY AND POLITICAL FIGHTS IN 1597-1599." International Journal of Korean Humanities and Social Sciences 3 (July 8, 2017): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kr.2017.03.10.

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Embodying an optimistic diplomatic mind in early Joseon Dynasty, haidongzhuguoji written by Shin Suk-ju became a main evidence of Chinese official Ding Yingtai impeaching Joseon in the Jeongyu War occurring in 1597 because of Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s second invasion. Ding Yingtai’s impeachment involved Joseon’s king, Chinese generals in Joseon and officials in Beijing in a political maelstrom, which aroused strong reactions of Joseon king and ministers. In this situation, Joseon’s diplomatic corps were dispatched to Beijing in order to justify and defend. They made preparations and took action zealously, winning the final victory and achieving the goal consequently. However, this book-diplomacy surpassed the problem of justifying a book, thus there were some complicated and subtle meanings in the process. Firstly, This book-diplomacy provided a touchstone of Sino-Korean relationship in Ming Dynasty, explaining the political essence of the relationship. Secondly, This diplomacy resulted from Ming Dynasty’s political fights and calmed down also because of Ming Dynasty’s political fights, intensively showing both Sino-Korean interdependent political fights and each liege fights. Thirdly, The book-diplomacy became an important turning point of the transformation of Joseon’s foreign concept, and Joseon’s “Smaller China” mind began to emphasize excluding barbarians, which made an idealistic preparation for the rising “Smaller China” mind in Qing Dynasty.

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Choi, Soyoung. "A Study on Policies toward Hami during theEarly Ming Dynasty: Focused on the Boqtaq Bestowal." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 76 (February 28, 2024): 171–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2024.76.171.

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In the late period of the Yuan Dynasty, the region of Hami (哈密) was dominated by the descendants of Chagatai, the son of Chinggis Khan. Although the Ming Dynasty could not directly rule over Hami and its surrounding areas, they were able to expand their influence there following the military attack. Hami was a major thoroughfare connecting the Central Plains (中原) and the Western Regions (西域). After the Ming Dynasty successfully attacked Hami, they were overjoyed that merchants and travelers could now move freely. The descendants of Chagatai continued to govern this region. The Ming Dynasty established a guard post in Hami, changing the royal titles of the Mongol princes in the area from Su Wang(肅王) to Zhongshun Wang(忠順王) and Zhongyi Wang(忠義王). Noteworthy is the fact that the Ming Dynasty granted Mongolian women's headgear, known as 'boqtaq,' to Prince Zhongshun and Prince Zhongyi. This demonstrates, first and foremost, that the Ming Dynasty valued the former Yuan Dynasty's royal descendants who ruled Hami (哈密), a strategic gateway to the Western Regions (西域). Furthermore, the fact that the Ming did not only bestow ceremonial items upon the men of Hami but also gave special items to the women indicates the remarkably high status of women in Hami. Therefore, we can discern that the Ming Dynasty sought to replicate the practices of the Mongol rulers by bestowing similar honors upon the remaining Mongol imperial members who adhered to their established norms.

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Zhao, Chen Xin, and Wei Liu. "The Developing Process and Features of Chinese Classical Gardens in Ming Dynasty." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 3035–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.3035.

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As a transiting period, the Ming Dynasty gardens showed a creation of its uniqueness. Private gardens in Ming Dynasty mainly focused on small courtyard, it had an unadorned style and they were extremely rich in symbols of leisure landscape; Ming royal gardens development was slightly left behind, but it lead itself to form a special style which was rough and heroic. Through analysis and comparison to the gardens from Ming, Song and Qing Dynasty, it is concluded that the Ming Dynasty gardens is an inheritance and development of Song Dynasty gardens intention, and its characteristics had a plentiful variation of space. To Sum up, the Ming dynasty gardens chose circuitous paths, enhancing the level of landscape and highlighting central spot of landscape as its routine.

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LIM, Sang Hun. "The Relationship Between Ming Dynasty and The 15 No Punish Countries: Focus on Xian-Luo." Institute of History and Culture Hankuk University of Foreign Studies 85 (February 28, 2023): 241–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18347/hufshis.2023.85.241.

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This study summarized the relationship between Ming Dynasty and Xian-Luo to see if Ming Dynasty really punished Xian-Luo. During the 277 years of Ming Dynasty, there was not a single armed conflict between Ming Dynasty and Xian-Luo during 135 envoys. It is important that the later emperors kept Xian-Luo as one of the “No Punish Countries” in Huang Ming Zu Xun but it would be more reasonable to see it as a product of a friendly relationship between Ming Dynasty and Xian-Luo. There are many reasons why the relationship between Ming Dynasty and Xian-Luo could develop in a friendly manner, but it may be because their respective interests of establishing an international order in name and Xian-Luo's political and economic interests fit. Ming dynasty and Xian-Luo was able to adjust relations between the southwestern countries, stabilize changes, and maintain the international order he established. Xian-Luo was also able to take huge economic gains through tribute and combined trade with Ming dynasty. In such a relationship, it would not have been necessary to provoke the other person to break the existing Eu life. The result soon led to rave reviews under the name of “Xian-Luo is the closest” and frequent visits to Xian-Luo up to 110 times.

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Gao, Jiarun. "Analysis on the Historical Development, Characteristics and Placement of Ming Furniture." Communications in Humanities Research 6, no. 1 (September 14, 2023): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/6/20230078.

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Furniture from the Ming dynasty is renowned for its distinct beauty and simplicity and is a priceless piece of Chinese history and culture. Additionally, the social and economic climate of the Ming Dynasty had a significant impact on the growth and prosperity of Ming furniture. The placement of furniture during the Ming Dynasty, however, not only emphasized the harmony of functionality and aesthetics but also expressed the thoughts and preferences of the Ming literati of the period. To highlight the distinctiveness of traditional Chinese furniture, this essay will first discuss the historical context of the development of furniture during the Ming Dynasty, then will particularly introduce a type of Ming furnitureHuanghuali furniture. The study will then analyze the simplicity, functionality, and indoor arrangement of Ming furniture to create a thorough introduction to Ming furniture and Chinese culture to let people better comprehend it.

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Baldanza, Kathlene. "Our mountains and rivers have changed: Nature and empire in the Ming colonisation of Đại Việt, 1407–28." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 53, no. 1-2 (June 2022): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463422000236.

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Scholars have yet to fully recognise the central role environment played in inspiring, and stymying, the Ming dynasty invasion and colonisation of Đại Việt (1407–27) and subsequent Vietnamese resistance movement. During the initial campaign, the Yongle emperor and his generals identified miasma, the illness-inducing hot and misty climate of the Sino-Vietnamese uplands (‘the Dong World’), as their primary obstacle and obsessed over strategies to avoid it. For Lê Lợi, the Vietnamese dynastic founder who expelled the Ming troops from Đại Việt, resistance to Ming environmental exploitation of Vietnamese resources was a rallying cry. The ecology and flora and fauna of Đại Việt helped inform an articulation of Vietnamese difference and independence. Despite the anticolonial rhetoric of the early Lê, the dynasty was soon engaging in a project of imperial expansion not dissimilar from that of the Ming. The Vietnamese state that emerged following Ming colonisation was in turn limited by the miasmic uplands.

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Chen, Yunyun, Wenyi Wu, and Dini Xiong. "Exploration the use of digital technology in the revitalisation design of Ming Dynasty’s Yingluo jewellery." SHS Web of Conferences 181 (2024): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202418101047.

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Buddhist art originated with the emergence of Buddhism and has experienced continual innovation and development throughout history. Yingluo jewellery was introduced to China from India, with its form continuously incorporating ancient Chinese aesthetics in its inheritance and development. The designs of Ming Dynasty’s Yingluo jewellery exhibited a more secular and everyday trend. This article centres on the design of Ming Dynasty necklaces, using the Fahai Temple mural and the Yongxuan court statues as representative examples. The article summarises the distinct artistic features of Ming Dynasty necklaces and explores their aesthetics, focusing on three aspects: shape structure, colour matching, and pattern design. Additionally, 3D digital modelling is employed to revitalise and restore the necklaces’ beauty. Technical abbreviations will be explained upon first usage, and the text adheres to standard academic formatting and language conventions. The objective is to enhance national cultural confidence, bridge the gap between cultural heritage, appreciate the allure of traditional art treasures, and revive cultural artifacts. The infusion of rich cultural nuances into contemporary jewellery design, integration of traditional artistic components into modern aesthetics, and merging exceptional Ming Dynasty necklace works with contemporary aesthetic context, facilitates the seamless integration of outstanding culture into contemporary society.

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Wang, Ke, and Lulu Tang. "Cultural Cognition and Analytical Methods of Chinese and Korean Envoys in Ming Dynasty Based on Big Data Analysis Technology." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4568147.

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During the Ming Dynasty, China and Korea exchanged frequently and recorded a large amount of written information, which is of great value for understanding the culture of that time. The large amount of data makes it difficult to conduct quantitative analysis by researchers, which makes the analysis limited. This paper carries out a research on the cognition and analysis method of Chinese and Korean envoys to foreign cultures in Ming Dynasty based on big data analysis technology. Based on the literature research, this paper determines the ontology model establishment method to efficiently detect the written records of Chinese and Korean envoys in Ming Dynasty. The established ontology model and the improved clustering analysis method can improve the efficiency of data detection, reduce the error of data detection, and provide data basis for the research of this paper. According to the technology of big data analysis, this paper analyzes the focus and status class of Chinese and Korean envoys in Ming Dynasty and analyzes cognition of the Chinese and Korean envoys for the foreign culture. The results show that the envoys of the Chinese and Korean pay different attention to the foreign culture due to their different cognition of the foreign culture, compared with Ming Dynasty envoys, Korean envoys paid 15.3 percent less attention to geography, 19.7 percent more to history, 11.7 percent more to people, and 16 percent less to customs. This reflects the two envoys’ different perceptions of the foreign culture. And the status class of the envoys exacerbates this difference. In the early Ming Dynasty, the creative diversity of Ming envoys was far lower than that of Korean envoys. As time went by, the creative diversity of Ming envoys increased. The results provide support for further understanding of Chinese and Korean culture and their relationship in Ming Dynasty.

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f, f. "The narration of Korea in Current Event Novels about Liaodong war at the end of Ming Dynasty: Centered on 〈Liao Hai Dan Zhong Lu〉 and 〈Zhen Hai Chun Qiu〉." Society for Chinese Humanities in Korea 85 (December 31, 2023): 431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35955/jch.2023.12.85.431.

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The current affairs novels of the late Ming Dynasty 〈Liao Hai Dan Zhong Lu〉 and 〈Zhen Hai Chun Qiu〉 describe the competition between the Ming and Jin forces in the Liaodong region at the end of the Ming Dynasty. They largely involve Joseon's diplomatic stance, internal affairs and military affairs. This phenomenon of other countries appearing in Chinese classical novels is novel. On the surface, the plots of the two novels are very similar, but after careful analysis, it can be found that the two works contain different emotional colors. First of all, in terms of Joseon's stance, 〈Liao Hai Dan Zhong Lu〉 emphasizes more the difficulties and helplessness of Joseon sandwiched between the Ming and Jin sides, while 〈Zhen Hai Chun Qiu〉 reveals a side that is too rich in the author's personal subjective emotions. Then in terms of Joseon's internal affairs, 〈Liao Hai Dan Zhong Lu〉 and 〈Zhen Hai Chun Qiu〉 agree on the nature of this political change and the Ming court's handling strategy. Finally, there is the military aspect of Joseon. In the text, the novelist devises a plot that leads to war due to the mistakes of Joseon officials. The novelist also uses literary works to express the Ming Dynasty's concerns about the situation and its continued hope for an alliance with Joseon. Therefore, this article takes these two novels as the research object, trying to explore the literary understanding of “Joseon” in the current affairs novels of the late Ming Dynasty, and explore the underlying motivations of the novelists' creations and the inspiration for us today.

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Mu, Bao Gang, Yan Wang, and Xiao Hua Yang. "The Feasibility Study on Adding Roof in Square City of the Ming Tomb." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 2618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2618.

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This paper demonstrated the feasibility of the adding roof on Ming Dynasty Castle in the Square City of the Ming Tomb. First, the structure composition of the existing ground in Square City and the wall of Ming Dynasty Castle was proved preliminary, through CT imaging of electromagnetic waves and on-site trench. Second by means of FEM, the stress and deformation of the wall load imposed were simulated. At last, the strain deformation of corridor in long period was monitored by grating sensors. It repeatedly demonstrated that the programs of adding roof on Ming Dynasty Castle can be achieved in the technology.

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Huang, Yu, XinRu Wu, and XiaoFen Ji. "Study on Culture and Design of Female Underwear in the Ming Dynasty." Asian Social Science 16, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n5p66.

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The article is mainly about the historical background and design details of female underwear in the Ming dynasty. Through the analyses of the evolution of styles, materials, colors, patterns, and crafts of female underwear in the Ming Dynasty, the research shows that the cultural connotation behind the design of underwear. During the history of nearly 300 years of the Ming Dynasty, the social environment and cultural background of various periods, including Neo-Confucianism and Yangming's Mindology, economic and social development in different periods, social ethos and customs, have all contributed to the aesthetic orientation and design of female underwear in the Ming Dynasty. The research of design and development of Ming's female underwear is the inheritance and development of the wisdom of traditional creations, and it is of great significance to the development and protection of Chinese underwear culture.

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Yingqi, Zhang. "The themes and the artistic conceptions of flower-and-bird painting in Ming Dynasty." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2023, no. 3-2 (March 1, 2023): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202303statyi65.

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As the peak of the development of flower-and-bird painting in China, Shen Zhou, Chen Chun, Xu Wei, Tang Yin and Wen Zhiming emerged in the Ming Dynasty. Because of their different periods of life, they have their own advantages in the choice of theme and the expression of artistic conception, which made outstanding contributions to the development of flower-and-bird painting in Ming Dynasty. This paper mainly studies the theme and conception of flower-and-bird painting in Ming Dynasty.

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Zhu, Jindou. "Local Governance in Ming Dynasty China: Power, Social Actors, and Legitimacy." International Journal of Education and Humanities 10, no. 2 (September 3, 2023): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ijeh.v10i2.11576.

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This paper explores Ming Dynasty local government governance, focusing on interactions between officials, communities, and the central government. By studying Ming local governance dynamics, the paper uncovers factors shaping China's governance. Research question: How did Ming Dynasty local governance work, its features, challenges, and outcomes? The paper reviews existing Ming governance studies, outlines data collection methods, gives historical administrative context, analyzes governance processes, and presents a case study covered, in your paper.

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Karimova, Natalya Ermanovna. "CHINESE SOURCES ON THE AMIR TEMUR EMPIRE." International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 4, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/volume04issue03-05.

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The article discusses the information about the Empire of Amir Timur containing in Chinese sources, as well as the issues of trade and diplomatic relations between the Empire of Amir Timur and China. The article is based on materials from Chinese sources, primarily the Ming Shi (History of the Ming Dynasty) and the Ming Shilu (Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty), as well as data from Chinese scholarly literature. It presents several little-known facts about the relations between China and Central Asian states.

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Zhao, Delong. "The Changes of the Sports Gods in Ming Dynasty under the Frequent Social Changes." Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 1, no. 3 (January 30, 2023): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.3.1.270.

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The article studies the sports of Ming Dynasty in China through the method of literature materials and expert interviews. Sports in the Ming Dynasty occurred and developed under a special historical background. The frequent social changes made the sports in the Ming Dynasty have great changes compared with the previous dynasties. The main features of the miracle are: political ups and downs, sports development is good and bad; social mobility is remarkable, sports break through the limitations of classes; ideological trends are active, and sports are polarized. The main manifestations of the deformation: believe in the folk customs of the Tang Dynasty, and folk sports have returned to the Han; the educational structure is stratified, and the school sports class is serious; internal and external wars are frequent, and martial arts have developed unprecedentedly.

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Chursina, Kseniia O. "Political Crisis in the Late Ming dynasty." China: society and culture 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2024): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ch321544.

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The Ming Empire is one of the greatest states that existed from the 14th to the 17th centuries. However, 1644 was marked by the fall of the empire and the subsequent seizure of the throne by the Manchus. In this regard, the question arises: what caused the centralized state to fall to a group of rebels and the invaders from the north? The purpose of this study is to identify the main opposing parties of the political crisis in the late Ming Dynasty, study the dynamics of their interactions, and reconceptualize the context of its fall, moving away from the ideologically driven narrative of “faithful officials vs the cunning eunuchs” to delineating the real sides and process of the political struggle. The study covers the time frame from 1597 to 1644. By analyzing the two sources of “Ming Shi” (The Official History of the Ming Dynasty) and “Ming Shilu” (Veritable Records of the Ming Dynasty) and their reflected priorities, the political process during this period was studied, thus answering the questions raised in the research.

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Zhu, Zhu. "Research on the Economic History of Dali in the Late Ming Dynasty under the Background of Social Transformation." BCP Business & Management 13 (November 16, 2021): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v13i.67.

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The Ming dynasty was one of the most prosperous dynasties in ancient China and one of the most distinctive and important periods in the history of Chinese feudal society. The late Ming dynasty was an important turning point in social and economic development. In the context of social transformation, the development of commercial agriculture caused structural changes in the agricultural economy and rural society; the prosperity of regional commercial trade, the growth of merchant power and the formation of inter-regional market networks created a new stage in the development of regional commerce. This paper examines the economic development of the Dali region in the late Ming dynasty from a regional perspective against the backdrop of social transformations, taking into account the economic development of the region in the late Ming dynasty in terms of factor inputs and outputs of economic activities, foreign trade and commercial development, and finance and finance. The findings of this paper can provide a reference for deepening the study of regional economic history and promoting regional economic development.

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Xu, Haoming. "A Study on the Problem of Starting and Depositing of Ming Dynasty Fields Based on the Perspective of HGIS." Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/t4jat627.

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The origination, transportation, and retention of field levies are the core contents of the Ming Dynasty financial research, and in the past, the academic community's attention to the origination, transportation, and retention problems only stayed in the discussion of the amount of field levies and the institutional level. With the use of digital humanities and historical geographic information systems in historical research, the spatial information implied in the Ming dynasty field levies can also be presented in the study. The book "Wanli Accounting Record" compiled by the Ministry of Revenue during the Wanli period contains the collection and storage of field levies at all levels of provinces and counties in the Ming Dynasty, and the historical documents are converted into data and then the GIS software is utilized to present them in a hierarchical manner on a nationwide scale. The results of the hierarchical presentation are further analyzed by using spatial analysis software to analyze the spatial relationship between the field levies in each state and county in the Ming Dynasty.

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김은경. "Reconsideration of Ming Dynasty Porcelain from the Joseon Dynasty Relic." Journal of Korean Studies ll, no. 70 (September 2019): 5–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17790/kors.2019..70.5.

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An, Lu Vi. "Ottoman historical sources regarding China and the diplomatic Relations between the Ming Dynasty and the Ottoman Empire in the records of Mingshi." Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 4, no. 2 (June 5, 2020): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v4i2.551.

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This paper firstly investigates the perception of the Ottoman Turks on China and Chinese which was reflected in “Khitaynameh” (Book of China) by Ali Ekber and “Kitab-ı Tevarih-i Padişahan-ı Vilayet-i Hindu ve Hitây” (Book on the Histories of the Rulers of the India and China) by Seyfî Çelebi. These were two typical historical geographical works written in the 16th century, indicating the interest of the Ottoman Turks in the country and people of China during the Ming Dynasty. Both works contain valuable records of China’s topography, history, economy, social life and traditional customs. The Ottoman Turks used the term Khitay (Hitay) and Chin to talk about China in these works. Next, the paper analyzes the Chinese perception on the Ottoman Turks and explicates the origin of name Lumi (Rumi State). Then, according to the official records of the Ming Dynasty, the paper describes the major events of the relations between the Ming Dynasty and the Ottoman Empire in the 16th-17th centuries. Based on the chronicles of Mingshi (History of the Ming Dynasty), the Ottoman Turks sent their envoys seven times to China in 1524, 1527, 1559, 1564, 1576, 1581 and 1618. According to Ming shilu (Veritable Records of the Ming) and Da Ming hui dian (Collected Statues of the Great Ming), the Ottoman delegations paid visits to China for a total of 19 times. And one of the particular details recorded is that because the Ottoman Empire often sent the tributes of lions and rhinoceroses to the Ming court, the relations between the two countries during this period were expresed in a metaphorical way as “lion diplomacy”.

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Xu, Haoyang, Tao Shi, and Haoming Xu. "Preliminary Exploration of the Monetization of Land Tax in the Mid-Ming Dynasty's Western Shandong Region from an HGIS Perspective." International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 3, no. 1 (May 27, 2024): 294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v3n1.42.

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Transportation and retention are among the most important elements of the fiscal system during the Ming Dynasty, categorized as types of tax allocations used in the collection of the land tax, reflecting the fiscal relations between central and local governments. Thus, transportation and retention are central to the fiscal operations of the Ming Dynasty. This paper compiles fiscal data from the Western Shandong Region during the Ming Dynasty and discusses the transportation, retention, and the monetization issues of the land tax during the Wanli Reform. Using Geographic Information Systems, the spatial visualization of the traditional and new land tax transportation quotas was performed, revealing that the new tax regime is heavily constrained by the original quotas.

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Yifeng, Zhao. "Testamentary Edicts of the Ming Dynasty." Chinese Studies in History 44, no. 3 (April 2011): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csh0009-4633440302.

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Dreyer, Edward L. "TUNTIAN FARMING OF THE MING DYNASTY." Ming Studies 1987, no. 1 (January 1987): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/014703787788760313.

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Robinson, David M. "PRINCELY COURTS OF THE MING DYNASTY." Ming Studies 2012, no. 65 (May 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0147037x12z.0000000005.

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Yuho, Tseng. "Women Painters of the Ming Dynasty." Artibus Asiae 53, no. 1/2 (1993): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3250517.

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Chang, Shelley Hsueh-lun, and Shih-shan Henry Tsa. "The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty." American Historical Review 102, no. 3 (June 1997): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171625.

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Bian, Xiangyang, and Menghe Tian. "Eight Auspicious Patterns of Ming Dynasty." Asian Social Science 20, no. 2 (March 31, 2024): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v20n2p60.

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"Auspiciousness" is the common pursuit of the Chinese nation for a long time, and it is the hope of the Chinese people for the future. In the long history of China, auspicious elements represent good omen and have a considerable proportion in Chinese traditional culture. In this paper, the Ming Dynasty Wanli period, blue ground wrapped branches eight auspicious brocade, with a relatively clear vein, existing in the silk Museum of Hangzhou, China, well preserved. Overall, this fabric is dark blue as the base, and the gold thread is covered with asymmetric patterns, showing a relatively complete pattern of wrapped branches. At the same time, the existing relevant studies on the analysis of the eight auspicious patterns mainly focus on the application of the eight auspicious patterns on porcelain in different periods, the application of the eight auspicious patterns in the internal and external decoration of buildings and the application in the depiction of figures in temple mural.

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Xu, Wenrui. "The Cooperative Relationship between the Ming Dynasty Duke Yansheng and Qufu County in the Ming Dynasty." Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajmss.v4i3.13281.

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As a family member who inherited the millennium in the Ming Dynasty, the family members of the family had a considerable degree of influence on the local family. In addition, Duke Yansheng has the preferential treatment and privilege given by the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, and has certain administrative power and judicial power in the local area. Qufu County has always been a well -known person in the people of the Yangong Association and the people in the family. The relationship between the two is different from the relationship between the great clan and the local Zhixian. When Duke Yansheng's and in -government personnel involved the incident that needed Qufu County, Duke Yansheng and Qufu County would have a cooperative relationship with their own powers and interests. This article starts with the power of Duke Yansheng and Qufu County, collects events involving cooperation between the two, analyzes the reasons for cooperation between Duke Yansheng and Qufu County and the meaning behind the results of the incident.

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Pochekaev, R. Yu, and I. V. Tutaev. "Some thoughts on historical and legal aspects regarding the fourth volume of the “Laws of the Great Ming dynasty” translated into Russian. [Review on:] Svistunova N. P. (transl.), Dmitriev S. V. (ed.). Laws of the Great Ming Dynasty with the Combined Commentary and Enclosed Decrees (Da Ming Liuy Tsi Tze Fu Li). Pt. IV. Moscow: Vostochnaya literature; 2019. 550 p." Orientalistica 3, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 1202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2020-3-4-1202-1214.

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The article is a survey of the Russian translation of “Laws of the Great Ming dynasty” in four volumes published since 1997 to 2019. The introduction of this legal monument to the Russian scientific society is of great importance as it substantially expands contemporary idea on Chinese traditional legal system and meets a lack in the history of law ofChinain 14th–17th cc.To survey the legal monument there special legal scientific methods were used. Historical legal approach allowed to trace the creation and acting of this codification in the specific historical circumstances, value its urgency for the epoch of Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Comparative legal method gave an opportunity to compare this legal monument with other codifications of traditional Chinese law since the ancient times to the legislation of Qing, last dynasty of the imperialChina(1644–1911). Formal legal approach provided the analysis of the legal technique of the document, specific features of its structure and content, characteristic of legal terminology, etc.The analysis allowed to appreciate the “Laws of the Great Ming dynasty” at its high value as a source on history, state and law of medievalChina. It had similarities and differences with other sources of traditional Chinese law. Besides, it is of great importance for the further development of legislation of imperialChina.The codification is an important document on statehood and law of the Ming China as it contains valuable information on power system and competence of authorities, basic fields of legal relations in the medieval Chinese society. Its structure is traditional (based on the example of codification of Tang dynasty, 618–907), at the same time it has larger volume and regulates new fields of legal relations, takes into account changes in the internal and externaln status ofChinaafter the expelling the Mongolian Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) and foundation of “national” Ming dynasty. Some principles of domestic and foreign policy of Qing dynasty were legally fixed during the epoch of Ming.The analyzed legal monument is of great interest for researchers of the history ofChina, its state and law. In fact, each chapter as well as specific articles and supplement statements could be a subject of investigation. “Laws of the Great Ming dynasty” also could be used by lecturers of history of state and law and for students who study this discipline.

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Jiang, Yonglin. "THINKING ABOUT “MINGCHINA” ANEW: THE ETHNOCULTURAL SPACE IN A DIVERSE EMPIRE —WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE “MIAO TERRITORY”." Journal of Chinese History 2, no. 1 (November 9, 2017): 27–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jch.2017.27.

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AbstractBy examining the cultural identity of China's Ming dynasty, this essay challenges two prevalent perceptions of the Ming in existing literature: to presume a monolithic socio-ethno-cultural Chinese empire and to equate the Ming Empire withChina(Zhongguo, the “middle kingdom”). It shows that the Ming constructedChinaas an ethnocultural space rather than a political entity. In essence,Chinawas defined as a Han domain that the Han people inhabited and where Han values were produced, practiced, and preserved in contrast to those of non-Han “barbarians,” be they domestic or foreign. The “Great Ming”—the dynastic title—cannot be confused withChina, the ethnocultural space. For the Ming ruling elite, the “Miao territory” in western Huguang and eastern Guizhou provinces represented a land “beyond the pale of civilization” (huawai), which was outside and different fromChina. The Ming construction of the ethnoculturalChinaconnects the imperial heritage to China's modern identity.

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Hardie, Alison. "Political Drama in the Ming-Qing Transition: A Study of Four Plays." MING QING YANJIU 17, no. 01 (February 14, 2012): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-01701002.

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In the late Ming dynasty, a new genre of drama arose, which presented on stage recent political events, featuring real historical persons; this genre continued across the Ming-Qing transition. The earliest and one of the best known examples is The Cry of the Phoenix (Ming feng ji), dramatising the conflict between corrupt minister Yan Song (1481-1568) and upright official Yang Jisheng (1516-1555), and probably written by someone in the literary circle of Wang Shizhen (1526-1590). The genre reached its apogee in Kong Shangren’s (1648-1718) The Peach Blossom Fan (Taohua shan). Around the Ming-Qing transition, in the Chongzhen and Shunzhi reigns, a considerable number of plays focused on the conflict during the preceding Tianqi reign between the Eastern Grove (Donglin) faction and the chief eunuch Wei Zhongxian (1568-1627). Eleven plays on this subject are known, of which three survive: Fan Shiyan’s Eunuch Wei Grinds Down the Loyal (Wei jian mo zhong ji), the Clear-Whistling Scholar’s (Qingxiaosheng) A Happy Encounter with Spring (Xi feng chun), and Li Yu’s 李玉 A Roster of the Pure and Loyal (Qing zhong pu). Basing my argument on an examination of these plays and of another play by Li Yu, Reunion across Ten Thousand Miles (Wan li yuan), also based on contemporary events, I suggest that the lively version of events given by these political dramas both reflected and helped to develop and spread the popularly accepted view of late-Ming and Southern Ming factional conflict leading to the fall of the Ming dynasty. According to this view, broadly following the Eastern Grove and Revival Society (Fushe) narrative, the decline and fall of the Ming dynasty was the fault of corrupt officials and evil palace eunuchs who misled the Emperor and were bravely resisted by righteous and incorruptible officials who fell as martyrs to their unprincipled opponents. This simplistic view, endorsed to a great extent in the official Ming History (Ming shi), which was mostly written by former Eastern Grove and Revival Society adherents, has persisted in the popular mind to the present day. I also argue that, after the establishment of the Qing, political drama could serve as a vehicle for the covert expression of Ming loyalism.

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Darzhagiin, Bata. "Монгол домог дахь Мин улсын хаадын өгүүлэмж (= Устные предания монголов о правителях династии Мин)." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2020-2-14-139-152.

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In the oral traditions of Mongols there are a lot of legends and stories not only about Genghis Khan and the period of Mongolian Yuan dynasty, but also about the first emperor of the succeeding Ming dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang (1368–1398). These stories, first of all, tell that Zhu Yuanzhang was not of the noble origin, he was the son of a common man and became the king by good fortune. Secondly, they state that the Ming dynasty emperors were Mongols by their origin. Thirdly, all these stories and legends in their form and content are typical for Mongolian folklore. The goal of this article is to introduce the plot and themes of the Mongolian historic legends and stories about the Ming dynasty emperors. Most of the texts of legends and stories were recorded by the author from Agvanchoidor (they were included into the book “The Oral History of Mongolian-Tibetan Buddhism”) and also from other informants during expeditions.

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36

Xu, Qiang, and Feng Zhao. "Study on the Influence of Japanese Motifs on Silks of the Late Ming Dynasty." Asian Social Science 19, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v19n2p7.

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From the medieval to the early modern periods, various new techniques of dyeing and embroidery and correlative decorative patterns on textiles with local characteristics had been developed in Japan, some of which could be witnessed on the silks from the middle to late Ming dynasty, leading to limited influences on the silk art of the Ming and Qing dynasties. This paper classifies a group of unearthed and handed down silks with similar patterns and compositions from the middle to late Ming dynasty and makes comparisons with related decorative arts from both China and Japan, to summarize corresponding adoption and application of Japanese textile patterns by Ming silks. It also explores the production and application of Ming silks that imitated Japanese textiles.

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부유섭. "Study on Literature of Shin Heum and Ming Dynasty - Focus on Poetry and Writing of Ming Dynasty." Korean Cultural Studies ll, no. 65 (November 2014): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17948/kcs.2014..65.123.

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38

Yushu, Liu. "Artifacts and the Worship of Immortals: An Image Analysis of the Maoling Bamboo-Joint Boshan Furnace in the Han Dynasty." Journal of Asian Research 8, no. 2 (May 13, 2024): p22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jar.v8n2p22.

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The Boshan furnace of the Han Dynasty is famous for its intricate carving, which possesses both decorative features and symbolic functions. The gilt silver and bamboo-joint bronze fumigation stove, with its continuous Boshan design, towering bamboo joints, and vivid carvings, reflects the two major characteristics of “beauty” and “utility” of the Ming Dynasty artifacts. This article mainly focuses on the transition from three-dimensional to two-dimensional imagery, the transformation of symbolic meanings into spatial analogues, and the comparative analysis of foreign and domestic shapes. The intention is to explore the morphological characteristics of Ming Dynasty artifacts through image research.

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Álvarez, José Antonio Cantón. "Globalisation Interrupted? The Case of Opium in the Circulation of Medical Knowledge in Ming Dynasty China." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 60, no. 4 (May 12, 2017): 524–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341429.

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The spread of Western medical practices to China, initiated during the Mongol dynasty, is often considered an example of “medical globalisation,” but few studies have looked at the actual level of adoption of Western medicine in the period after the Yuan dynasty. This essay analyses eighteen Ming dynasty medical sources in order to assess the role of opium, a Western drug, in post-Yuan medical practice. This essay concludes that opium was not widely used in the first centuries of the Ming dynasty, and, when finally adopted in the sixteenth century, its use was disconnected from the Yuan dynasty medical tradition. These findings make us question the continuity and even the existence of the “Mongol medical globalisation,” as well as the validity of the use of synchronic methodology for the study of centuries-long processes such as globalisation.

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Han, Ruihui. "Why Was It the Ming Dynasty that Engendered the Guanxi Motif in Fiction?" Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.15.

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Compared to other informal social network mechanisms, guanxi is more common in China and is the most typical. Even in daily life, it is indispensable. Hence, in Chinese fiction, the guanxi motif is prevalent and important. Interestingly, before the Ming dynasty, guanxi was not a literary motif in fiction. This article suggests that three factors contributed to the rise of the guanxi motif in fiction in the Ming dynasty. The first was the boom in fiction writing, especially in the genre of realism, that occurred in this era, which expanded the scope of literary representation. The second was the degradation of public morals in the Ming dynasty, a momentous social transition that Ming fiction writers noted and portrayed. Guanxi, as a disruptive social mechanism that dismantled previous models of human connection, became a focus in their works. The third was the fact that the atmosphere of money worship promoted by guanxi, together with official corruption, facilitated widespread social inequality. Guanxi, as the crux of inequity, inspired writers to expose social turpitude. More importantly, the guanxi motif satisfied the need for plot conflict in literary works. Thus, it became a necessary motif in Ming fiction.

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Han, Ruihui. "Why Was It the Ming Dynasty that Engendered the Guanxi Motif in Fiction?" Interlitteraria 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/il.2020.25.2.15.

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Compared to other informal social network mechanisms, guanxi is more common in China and is the most typical. Even in daily life, it is indispensable. Hence, in Chinese fiction, the guanxi motif is prevalent and important. Interestingly, before the Ming dynasty, guanxi was not a literary motif in fiction. This article suggests that three factors contributed to the rise of the guanxi motif in fiction in the Ming dynasty. The first was the boom in fiction writing, especially in the genre of realism, that occurred in this era, which expanded the scope of literary representation. The second was the degradation of public morals in the Ming dynasty, a momentous social transition that Ming fiction writers noted and portrayed. Guanxi, as a disruptive social mechanism that dismantled previous models of human connection, became a focus in their works. The third was the fact that the atmosphere of money worship promoted by guanxi, together with official corruption, facilitated widespread social inequality. Guanxi, as the crux of inequity, inspired writers to expose social turpitude. More importantly, the guanxi motif satisfied the need for plot conflict in literary works. Thus, it became a necessary motif in Ming fiction.

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Dong, Youqiang, Miaole Hou, Biao Xu, Yihao Li, and Yuhang Ji. "Ming and Qing Dynasty Official-Style Architecture Roof Types Classification Based on the 3D Point Cloud." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100650.

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The Ming and Qing Dynasty type of official-style architecture roof can provide plenty of prior knowledge relating to the structure and size of these works of architecture, and plays an important role in the fields of 3D modeling, semantic recognition and culture inheriting. In this paper, we take the 3D point cloud as the data source, and an automatic classification method for the roof type of Ming and Qing Dynasty official-style architecture based on the hierarchical semantic network is illustrated. To classify the roofs into the correct categories, the characteristics of different roof types are analyzed and features including SoRs, DfFtR, DoPP and NoREs are first selected; subsequently, the corresponding feature extraction methods are proposed; thirdly, aiming at the structure of the ridges, a matching graph relying on the attributed relational graph of the ridges is given; based on the former work, a hierarchical semantic network is proposed and the thresholds are determined with the help of the construction rules of the Ming and Qing Dynasty official-style architecture. In order to fully verify the efficiency of our proposed method, various types of Ming and Qing Dynasty official-style architecture roof are identified, and the experimental results show that all structures are classified correctly.

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Lim, Sang-Hun. "Trading Between Ming Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty in Hui Tong Guan." JEONBUK SAHAK ; The Jeonbuk Historical Journal 52 (March 31, 2018): 363–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28975/jha.2018.03.52.363.

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Jang, Jung Eun, Si-Hyun Park,, Kyung Ho Kim, and Seung Deok Lee. "Chronologically Change and Importance of Acupuncture Points Used in Bell’s Palsy in Classical Literature." Journal of Korean Medicine 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.13048/jkm.23033.

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Objectives: Many acupuncture points have been suggested for the treatment of Bell's palsy, but information on which acupuncture points are more important in treatment is not provided. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of acupuncture points currently used clinically in Bell's palsy.Methods: By reviewing the full text of 11 books that recorded acupuncture prescriptions from the Qin Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the frequency of use of acupuncture points, their meridians, and their location were investigated.Results: The average number of acupuncture points used for local, adjacent and distal points selection was 10.5, 2, 4 respectively. The number of acupuncture points increased from the Qin Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty 《Bojaebang》 and then decreased, but the proportion of local points has been still high. From the Ming Dynasty, ST4, ST6, GV26, and GV24 were mainly have been used as the local points. Except for the GB12, the use of the rest of the acupuncture points gradually decreased in the adjacent points. In the distal acupuncture points, it was summarized to point of lung and large intestine channel until the Ming Dynasty, and LI4 was mainly used in the Qing Dynasty. Yangming meridian has been most often used at the local and distal area except for the adjacent area.Conclusions: In the treatment of facial paralysis, the lower part of the face had the highest proportion among local acupuncture points, and the Yangming had the highest proportion by meridian.

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Ou, Yeye. "Understanding the Fate Views of Ming Dynasty Literati Through A Fortunate Man and Dongtinghong." Communications in Humanities Research 38, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/38/20240165.

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In the Ming Dynasty, two distinct views on fate emerged among literati: predestination theory and changing fate theory. The former adhered to the acceptance of predestined fate, denying subjective agency, believing that fate cannot be altered by individual efforts. The formation of this perspective was closely related to the disillusionment of literati in their careers and the harsh reality brought about by the intense competition in the prosperous commodity economy of the Ming Dynasty. Analyzing this phenomenon is conducive to understanding the contradictions between Ming Dynasty monarchy and the development of the commodity economy, as well as the external manifestations of self-contradictory thoughts and influencing factors. Utilizing the method of literature review, this study primarily interprets the chapter A Fortunate Man and Dongtinghong from Amazing Tales-First Series, presenting new concepts and finding relevant supporting materials based on previous research.

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Sun, Xiao Qian, and Wei Chen. "Study on the Stone Material of the Chinese Official Buildings in Early Ming Dynasty (about 1368-1424)." Advanced Materials Research 1061-1062 (December 2014): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1061-1062.400.

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The utilization of the stone material in Chinese official buildings in early Ming Dynasty was mature, and the characteristics performed at the tremendous volume in scale, the flowing lines and the plain style in decoration. This paper took the stone material used in the official buildings in the three capitals (Fengyang, Nanjing and Beijing) as the research object, analyzing the stone’s characteristics, categories and related the transport ability in early Ming Dynasty.

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Yan, Gui, Zhang Tianju, and Han Liebao. "The Study of Chui Wan, a Golf-like Game in the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties of Ancient China." Journal of Sport History 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.39.2.283.

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Abstract Chui wan was a game that was once very popular in the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties of ancient China. It bore a strong resemblance to the game of golf. According to the records, chui wan originated from the ancient polo game in the Song Dynasty, and its development culminated in the Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty but then it disappeared sometime in the Qing Dynasty. Wan Jing, the first monograph about chui wan in Chinese history, described the game in detail. This article introduces the history of chui wan and also the site choice, equipment, rules, strategies, and etiquette of the game as described in the book, Wan Jing. The authors hope it will help with future studies and research on the potential relations between chui wan and golf.

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Guida, Donatella. "Aliens and Emperors: Faithful Mongolian Officials in the Ming History." Ming Qing Yanjiu 22, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-12340025.

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AbstractThe biographies of nine Mongol officials recorded in the Ming History are not only useful in tracing the enduring Mongol presence at the highest levels of the Ming court; they are also a political demonstration of the close and continuous relationship with this ethnic group until the very end of the dynasty. Besides, since the History was compiled under the auspices of the Qing dynasty, it may give some hints about its own relations with the Mongol allies.

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Zhao, Zeming. "Social Wealth Structure of the Ming Dynasty and its Influence on the Historical Development of China." Learning & Education 10, no. 5 (March 13, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i5.2693.

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After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, with the rapid development of market commodity economy, Jiangnan town economy and silver monetization, the social production and life relations had undergone profound changes, and the polarization of social wealth became more and more serious.A hundred years and seriously solidified centralized system and party struggle and corrupt bureaucracy promoted this unfair distribution, intensified social conflicts, and eventually led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty.The article divides the social groups of the Ming Dynasty into different classes, analyzes the composition of its wealth structure, and discusses the influence of this structure on the historical development of China.

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HAFNER, Arnd. "Juridical Assizes (Shenlu _??__??_) during the Ming Dynasty." Legal History Review, no. 50 (2000): 161–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5955/jalha.2000.161.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Ming dynasty'

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