Journal articles: 'Mineralisation in vitro'

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Millest, AJ, TJ Blake, and D. Johnstone. "P67. Mineralisation by osteosarcoma cells in vitro." Bone 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/8756-3282(94)90990-3.

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Canfield, A. E., A. B. Sutton, J. A. Hoyland, and A. M. Schor. "Association of thrombospondin-1 with osteogenic differentiation of retinal pericytes in vitro." Journal of Cell Science 109, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.109.2.343.

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Vascular pericytes can differentiate into osteoblast-like cells in vitro, suggesting that these cells may represent a potential source of osteoprogenitor cells in the adult. Pericyte differentiation is associated with a characteristic pattern of nodule formation and mineralisation. Nodules are formed in post-confluent cultures by the retraction of multilayered areas. Crystals of hydroxyapatite are deposited on the extracellular matrix of these nodules which then becomes mineralised. We now demonstrate that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) gene expression is modulated during pericyte differentiation in vitro. That is, the relative levels of TSP-1 (protein and mRNA) increased markedly during nodule formation and then decreased when mineralisation of the nodules had taken place. TSP-1 was localised throughout non-mineralised nodules but it was largely excluded from the inner mass of mineralised nodules. The production of a mineralised matrix by vascular pericytes was promoted by the presence of antibodies to TSP-1 in the culture medium and was inhibited by exogenous TSP-1. These effects did not appear to be mediated through the activation of latent TGF-beta, since neither exogenous TGF-beta nor neutralising antibodies to TGF-beta had any effect on the rate or extent of mineralisation seen in the pericyte cultures. Taken together these results suggest that high levels of TSP-1 inhibit pericyte mineralisation, supporting the view that this protein plays a role in pericyte differentiation and bone formation.

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Marques, Paula A. A. P., M. C. F. Magalhães, Rui N. Correia, A. I. Martin, Antonio J. Salinas, and Maria Vallet-Regí. "Ceramics In Vitro Mineralisation Protocols: a Supersaturation Problem." Key Engineering Materials 254-256 (December 2003): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.143.

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Crombie, F. A., N. J. Cochrane, D. J. Manton, J. E. A. Palamara, and E. C. Reynolds. "Mineralisation of Developmentally Hypomineralised Human Enamel in vitro." Caries Research 47, no. 3 (2013): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000346134.

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Souter, Paul, Alan Horner, and Jim C. Cunningham. "Quantification of in vitro mineralisation using ion chromatography." Analytical Biochemistry 410, no. 2 (March 2011): 244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2010.11.041.

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Aislabie, J., D. Hunter, J. Ryburn, R. Fraser, G. L. Northcott, and H. J. Di. "Atrazine mineralisation rates in New Zealand soils are affected by time since atrazine exposure." Soil Research 42, no. 7 (2004): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03096.

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To understand more clearly the groundwater contamination potential of herbicides applied to New Zealand soils, experimental field plots were established on 2 different soil types: Himatangi, a sandy dune soil, and Kiripaka, a silty clay derived from basalt. A mix of triazine herbicides, containing atrazine, terbuthylazine, and hexazinone, was applied to the plots at 10 kg a.i./ha. At various times after application, soil was removed from the plots and analysed for residual levels of herbicides, in vitro rates of mineralisation of 14C-ring-labelled atrazine, and numbers of atrazine-degrading microbes. Atrazine and terbuthylazine were below detectable levels (<0.01 mg/kg) in Himatangi topsoil 18 months after pesticide application but still detectable in topsoil from the Kiripaka site. Hexazinone was detectable in topsoil from both soil plots 18 months after application. Atrazine adsorption isotherms were constructed for topsoil and subsoil from both plots, with estimated Kf values ranging from 0.53 to 4.69 μg1–n mLn/g. A single application of atrazine was sufficient to enhance the rate of 14C-atrazine mineralisation in vitro by topsoil from both plots, and subsoil from the Kiripaka site. Rates of mineralisation of atrazine in the soil from the plots increased 1–6 months after pesticide application and remained elevated for 18–24 months. The numbers of atrazine degraders detected did not correlate with atrazine mineralisation rates. An atrazine-degrading bacterium, identifed as Arthrobacter nicotinovorans, was isolated from Himatangi soil exhibiting enhanced rates of atrazine-mineralisation activity.

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López-López, Antonio, José María Moreno-Baquero, and Antonio Garrido-Fernández. "In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Ripe Table Olive Mineral Nutrients." Foods 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030275.

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For the first time, the bioaccessibility of the mineral nutrients in ripe table olives and their contributions to the recommended daily intake (RDI), according to digestion methods (Miller’s vs. Crews’ protocols), digestion type (standard vs. modified, standard plus a post-digest re-extraction), and mineralisation system (wet vs. ashing) were studied. Overall, when the standard application was used, Miller’s protocol resulted in higher bioaccessibilities of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe than the Crews’ method. The modified protocols improved most of these values, but the Crews’ results only approximated the Miller’s levels in the case of Na and K. The bioaccessibility of P was hardly affected by the factors studied, except that the modified Miller’s protocol led to higher levels when ashing. No significant effect of the mineralisation system was found. The modified Miller’s protocol, regardless of the mineralisation system, led to the overall highest bioaccessibility values in ripe olives, which were: Na (96%), K (95%), Ca (20%), Mg (73%), Fe (45%), and P (60%). Their potential contributions to the RDI, based on these bioaccessibilities and 100 g olive flesh service size, were then 29, 0.5, 4, 3, 33, and 1% respectively. The investigation has led to the development of a method for assessing the bioaccessibility of the mineral nutrients not only in ripe but also in the remaining table olive presentations and opens a new research line of great interest for producing healthier products.

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Amaral, I. F., P. L. Granja, and Mario A. Barbosa. "In Vitro Mineralisation of Chitosan Membranes Carrying Phosphate Functionalities." Key Engineering Materials 254-256 (December 2003): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.577.

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Amso, Zaid, Renata Kowalczyk, Maureen Watson, Young-Eun Park, Karen E. Callon, David S. Musson, Jillian Cornish, and Margaret A. Brimble. "Structure activity relationship study on the peptide hormone preptin, a novel bone-anabolic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 39 (2016): 9225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ob01455k.

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Perut, Francesca, Gabriela Graziani, Marta Columbaro, Renata Caudarella, Nicola Baldini, and Donatella Granchi. "Citrate Supplementation Restores the Impaired Mineralisation Resulting from the Acidic Microenvironment: An In Vitro Study." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): 3779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123779.

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Chronic metabolic acidosis leads to bone-remodelling disorders based on excessive mineral matrix resorption and inhibition of bone formation, but also affects the homeostasis of citrate, which is an essential player in maintaining the acid–base balance and in driving the mineralisation process. This study aimed to investigate the impact of acidosis on the osteogenic properties of bone-forming cells and the effects of citrate supplementation in restoring the osteogenic features impaired by the acidic milieu. For this purpose, human mesenchymal stromal cells were cultured in an osteogenic medium and the extracellular matrix mineralisation was analysed at the micro- and nano-level, both in neutral and acidic conditions and after treatment with calcium citrate and potassium citrate. The acidic milieu significantly decreased the citrate release and hindered the organisation of the extracellular matrix, but the citrate supplementation increased collagen production and, particularly calcium citrate, promoted the mineralisation process. Moreover, the positive effect of citrate supplementation was observed also in the physiological microenvironment. This in vitro study proves that the mineral matrix organisation is influenced by citrate availability in the microenvironment surrounding bone-forming cells, thus providing a biological basis for using citrate-based supplements in the management of bone-remodelling disorders related to chronic low-grade acidosis.

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Ji, Encheng, Lieke Leijsten, Janneke Witte-Bouma, Adelin Rouchon, Nunzia Di Maggio, Andrea Banfi, Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch, Eric Farrell, and Andrea Lolli. "In Vitro Mineralisation of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Reduces Endothelial Cell Migration, Proliferation and Tube Formation." Cells 12, no. 8 (April 20, 2023): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12081202.

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Tissue engineering bone via endochondral ossification requires the generation of a cartilage template which undergoes vascularisation and remodelling. While this is a promising route for bone repair, achieving effective cartilage vascularisation remains a challenge. Here, we investigated how mineralisation of tissue-engineered cartilage affects its pro-angiogenic potential. To generate in vitro mineralised cartilage, human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC)-derived chondrogenic pellets were treated with β-glycerophosphate (BGP). After optimising this approach, we characterised the changes in matrix components and pro-angiogenic factors by gene expression analysis, histology and ELISA. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to pellet-derived conditioned media, and migration, proliferation and tube formation were assessed. We established a reliable strategy to induce in vitro cartilage mineralisation, whereby hMSC pellets are chondrogenically primed with TGF-β for 2 weeks and BGP is added from week 2 of culture. Cartilage mineralisation determines loss of glycosaminoglycans, reduced expression but not protein abundance of collagen II and X, and decreased VEGFA production. Finally, the conditioned medium from mineralised pellets showed a reduced ability to stimulate endothelial cell migration, proliferation and tube formation. The pro-angiogenic potential of transient cartilage is thus stage-dependent, and this aspect must be carefully considered in the design of bone tissue engineering strategies.

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Notingher, Ioan, Julie E. Gough, and Larry L. Hench. "Study of Osteoblasts Mineralisation In Vitro by Raman Micro-Spectroscopy." Key Engineering Materials 254-256 (December 2003): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.769.

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Castillo Diaz, Luis A., Alberto Saiani, Julie E. Gough, and Aline F. Miller. "Human osteoblasts within soft peptide hydrogels promote mineralisation in vitro." Journal of Tissue Engineering 5 (February 21, 2014): 204173141453934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731414539344.

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Hidzir, Norsyahidah Mohd, David J. T. Hill, Darren Martin, and Lisbeth Grøndahl. "In vitro mineralisation of grafted ePTFE membranes carrying carboxylate groups." Bioactive Materials 2, no. 1 (March 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2017.02.002.

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Gharaei, Robabeh, Giuseppe Tronci, Parikshit Goswami, Robert P. Wynn Davies, Jennifer Kirkham, and Stephen J. Russell. "Biomimetic peptide enriched nonwoven scaffolds promote calcium phosphate mineralisation." RSC Advances 10, no. 47 (2020): 28332–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02446e.

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Daus, Fabian, Erik Pfeifer, Kevin Seipp, Norbert Hampp, and Armin Geyer. "The role of phosphopeptides in the mineralisation of silica." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 18, no. 4 (2020): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob02438g.

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We describe the synthesis of hyperphosphorylated peptides and the investigation of their in vitro silicification activity in combination with long-chain polyamines (LCPA) at high dilution and mildly acidic conditions.

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Phelipe Hatt, Luan, Keith Thompson, Werner E. G. Müller, Martin James Stoddart, and Angela Rita Armiento. "Calcium Polyphosphate Nanoparticles Act as an Effective Inorganic Phosphate Source during Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 5801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225801.

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The ability of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) to differentiate into osteoblasts makes them the ideal candidate for cell-based therapies targeting bone-diseases. Polyphosphate (polyP) is increasingly being studied as a potential inorganic source of phosphate for extracellular matrix mineralisation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether polyP can effectively be used as a phosphate source during the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human BM-MSCs. Human BM-MSCs are cultivated under osteogenic conditions for 28 days with phosphate provided in the form of organic β-glycerolphosphate (BGP) or calcium-polyP nanoparticles (polyP-NP). Mineralisation is demonstrated using Alizarin red staining, cellular ATP content, and free phosphate levels are measured in both the cells and the medium. The effects of BGP or polyP-NP on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and gene expression of a range of osteogenic-related markers are also assessed. PolyP-NP supplementation displays comparable effects to the classical BGP-containing osteogenic media in terms of mineralisation, ALP activity and expression of osteogenesis-associated genes. This study shows that polyP-NP act as an effective source of phosphate during mineralisation of BM-MSC. These results open new possibilities with BM-MSC-based approaches for bone repair to be achieved through doping of conventional biomaterials with polyP-NP.

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Khatib, N., C. Parisi, and NC Nowlan. "Differential effect of frequency and duration of mechanical loading on fetal chick cartilage and bone development." European Cells and Materials 41 (May 25, 2021): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v041a34.

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Developmental engineering strategies aim to recapitulate aspects of development in vitro as a means of forming functional engineered tissues, including cartilage and bone, for tissue repair and regeneration. Biophysical stimuli arising from fetal movements are critical for guiding skeletogenesis, but there have been few investigations of the biomechanical parameters which optimally promote cartilage and bone development events in in vitro explants. The effect of applied flexion-extension movement frequencies (0.33 and 0.67 Hz) and durations (2 h periods, 1, 2 or 3 × per day) on knee (stifle) joint cartilage shape, chondrogenesis and diaphyseal mineralisation of fetal chick hindlimbs, cultured in a mechanostimulation bioreactor, were assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. It was hypothesised that increasing frequency and duration of movements would synergistically promote cartilage and bone formation in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing loading duration promoted cartilage growth, shape development and mineralisation of the femoral condyles and tibiotarsus. While increasing frequency had a significant positive effect on mineralisation, hyaline cartilage growth and joint shape were unaffected by frequency change within the ranges assessed, and there were limited statistical interactions between the effects of movement frequency and duration on cartilage or bone formation. Increased glycosaminoglycan deposition and cell proliferation may have contributed to the accelerated cartilage growth and shape change under increasing loading duration. The results demonstrated that frequencies and durations of applied biomechanical stimulation differentially promoted cartilage and bone formation, with implications for developmentally inspired tissue engineering strategies aiming to modulate tissue construct properties.

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Lanning, Ben, Jason Webber, Pinar Uysal-Onganer, Wen Guo Jiang, Aled Clayton, and Dafydd Alwyn Dart. "Prostate Cancer Cell Extracellular Vesicles Increase Mineralisation of Bone Osteoblast Precursor Cells in an In Vitro Model." Biology 10, no. 4 (April 10, 2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10040318.

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Skeletal metastases are the most common form of secondary tumour associated with prostate cancer (PCa). The aberrant function of bone cells neighbouring these tumours leads to the devel-opment of osteoblastic lesions. Communication between PCa cells and bone cells in bone envi-ronments governs both the formation/development of the associated lesion, and growth of the secondary tumour. Using osteoblasts as a model system, we observed that PCa cells and their conditioned medium could stimulate and increase mineralisation and osteoblasts’ differentiation. Secreted factors within PCa-conditioned medium responsible for osteoblastic changes included small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which were sufficient to drive osteoblastogenesis. Using MiR-seq, we profiled the miRNA content of PCa sEVs, showing that miR-16-5p was highly ex-pressed. MiR-16 was subsequently higher in EV-treated 7F2 cells and a miR-16 mimic could also stimulate mineralisation. Next, using RNA-seq of extracellular vesicle (EV)-treated 7F2 cells, we observed a large degree of gene downregulation and an increased mineralisation. Ingenuity® Pathway Analysis (IPA®) revealed that miR-16-5p (and other miRs) was a likely upstream effec-tor. MiR-16-5p targets in 7F2 cells, possibly involved in osteoblastogenesis, were included for val-idation, namely AXIN2, PLSCR4, ADRB2 and DLL1. We then confirmed the targeting and dow-regulation of these genes by sEV miR-16-5p using luciferase UTR (untranslated region) reporters. Conversely, the overexpression of PLSCR4, ADRB2 and DLL1 lead to decreased osteoblastogene-sis. These results indicate that miR-16 is an inducer of osteoblastogenesis and is transmitted through prostate cancer-derived sEVs. The mechanism is a likely contributor towards the for-mation of osteoblastic lesions in metastatic PCa.

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Alexander, M., Y. Liu, H. Dobrynski, and T. Wang. "NOTCH 3 SIGNALLING IS INVOLVED IN HGF-INDUCED SMC MINERALISATION IN VITRO." Atherosclerosis Supplements 9, no. 1 (May 2008): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70189-2.

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Shang, Qi, Xiang Yu, Hui Ren, Gengyang Shen, Wenhua Zhao, Zhida Zhang, Jinjing Huang, et al. "Effect of Plastrum Testudinis Extracts on the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of rBMSCs by Regulating p38 MAPK-Related Genes." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019 (March 7, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6815620.

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Extracts from plastrum testudinis (PTE) are active compounds that have been used to treat bone diseases in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. In previous studies, we demonstrated their effects on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis both in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which PTE regulates the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) in vitro remain poorly understood. In this study, rBMSCs were treated with medium (CON), PTE, osteogenic induction (OI), and a combination of PTE and OI (PTE+OI) over a 21-day period. We found that PTE significantly promoted rBMSCs osteogenic differentiation and mineralisation after 21 days of culturing. Moreover, PTE+OI further enhanced the differentiation and mineralisation process. PTE upregulated STE20, IGF1R, and p38 MAPK mRNA expression and downregulated TRAF6 mRNA expression. The extracts inhibited TRAF6 protein expression and promoted STE20, IGF1R, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK protein expression. Our results imply that PTE promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs by upregulating p38 MAPK, STE20, and IGF1R and downregulating TRAF6 expression, which may provide experimental evidence of the potential of PTE in the treatment of osteoporosis.

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Su, E. P., D. F. Justin, C. R. Pratt, V. K. Sarin, V. S. Nguyen, S. Oh, and S. Jin. "Effects of titanium nanotubes on the osseointegration, cell differentiation, mineralisation and antibacterial properties of orthopaedic implant surfaces." Bone & Joint Journal 100-B, no. 1_Supple_A (January 2018): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.100b1.bjj-2017-0551.r1.

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The development and pre-clinical evaluation of nano-texturised, biomimetic, surfaces of titanium (Ti) implants treated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays is reviewed. In vitro and in vivo evaluations show that TiO2 nanotubes on Ti surfaces positively affect the osseointegration, cell differentiation, mineralisation, and anti-microbial properties. This surface treatment can be superimposed onto existing macro and micro porous Ti implants creating a surface texture that also interacts with cells at the nano level. Histology and mechanical pull-out testing of specimens in rabbits indicate that TiO2 nanotubes improves bone bonding nine-fold (p = 0.008). The rate of mineralisation associated with TiO2 nanotube surfaces is about three times that of non-treated Ti surfaces. In addition to improved osseointegration properties, TiO2 nanotubes reduce the initial adhesion and colonisation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Collectively, the properties of Ti implant surfaces enhanced with TiO2 nanotubes show great promise. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B(1 Supple A):9–16.

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Costa, M. A., M. Gutierres, L. Almeida, M. A. Lopes, José D. Santos, and Maria Helena F. V. Fernandes. "In Vitro Mineralisation of Human Bone Marrow Cells Cultured on Bonelike^®." Key Engineering Materials 254-256 (December 2003): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.821.

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Zhao, Feihu, Bert van Rietbergen, Keita Ito, and Sandra Hofmann. "Flow rates in perfusion bioreactors to maximise mineralisation in bone tissue engineering in vitro." Journal of Biomechanics 79 (October 2018): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.004.

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O'Gorman, Denise M., Claire M. Tierney, Orlaith Brennan, and Fergal J. O'Brien. "The Marine-derived, Multi-mineral formula, Aquamin, Enhances Mineralisation of Osteoblast Cells In Vitro." Phytotherapy Research 26, no. 3 (July 12, 2011): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3561.

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Furtado, André Luiz dos Santos, Peter Casper, and Francisco de Assis Esteves. "Methanogenesis in an impacted and two dystrophic coastal lagoons (Macaé, Brazil)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 45, no. 2 (June 2002): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132002000200011.

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This study investigated the methanogenic activity in sediment of the Imboacica (human impacted), Cabiúnas and Comprida coastal lagoons in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil). Methane was not detected in water and sediment samples from the three lagoons. The measured nutrient concentrations in the pore-water indicated that methanogens activity was not limited by nutrients. Methanogenic activity was not detected under in vitro conditions, indicating that terminal organic carbon mineralisation via methanogenesis was negligible for the top 6 cm of sediment at the sampling time.

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Alvarez, R., C. R. Alvarez, P. E. Daniel, V. Richter, and L. Blotta. "Nitrogen distribution in soil density fractions and its relation to nitrogen mineralisation under different tillage systems." Soil Research 36, no. 2 (1998): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97027.

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Cropping leads to a depletion of soil organic matter which is associated with a decrease in crop yields. In order to reduce land degradation, conservation tillage systems have been developed over the last few decades. We evaluated the effects of 12 years of no-tillage, chisel tillage, and plough tillage, in a Typic Argiudoll from the Argentine Pampa, on nitrogen distribution in the light (<1·6 g/mL), medium (1·6–2·0 g/mL), and heavy (>2·0 g/mL) soil density fractions and its mineralisation potential. Under no-tillage, nitrogen in light and heavy fractions, and mineralised nitrogen of the whole soil, diminished markedly with depth. Meanwhile, in ploughed soil these variables remained constant up to 20 cm depth. Under chisel tillage, an intermediate condition was observed. In the first 20 cm, no-tillage accumulated more nitrogen in light and medium fractions. A higher and positive correlation was observed between the percentage of organic nitrogen mineralised and the nitrogen in the soil medium fraction, as a percentage of the total nitrogen. Cumulative nitrogen production fitted significantly to the exponential (R2 > 0·931), hyperbolic (R2 > 0·932), and logistic (R2 > 0·930) models, while the Gompertz equation described the data best, obtaining the highest determination coefficient (R2 > 0·989). In vitro nitrogen mineralisation was highest under no-tillage. These results could be attributed to the accumulation of labile organic components associated with a lower mineralisation intensity in the field, a consequence of lower temperatures. This increase under no-tillage in fertility can represent a nitrogen reserve for future crops.

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Maroothynaden, Jason, and Larry L. Hench. "Affect of Bioglass^® Repeat Dosage on Mineralisation of Embryonic Bone 'in Vitro'." Key Engineering Materials 192-195 (September 2000): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.192-195.585.

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Bosetti, Michela, Andrew W. Lloyd, Matteo Santin, Steve P. Denyer, and M. Cannas. "Effects of phosphatidylserine coatings on titanium on inflammatory cells and cell-induced mineralisation in vitro." Biomaterials 26, no. 36 (December 2005): 7572–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.033.

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Pan, Beiqing, Luen Bik To, Amanda N. Farrugia, David M. Findlay, Jonathan Green, Stan Gronthos, Andreas Evdokiou, Kevin Lynch, Gerald J. Atkins, and Andrew C. W. Zannettino. "The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid, increases mineralisation of human bone-derived cells in vitro." Bone 34, no. 1 (January 2004): 112–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2003.08.013.

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Prymak, Oleg, Lida E. Vagiaki, Ales Buyakov, Sergei Kulkov, Matthias Epple, and Maria Chatzinikolaidou. "Porous Zirconia/Magnesia Ceramics Support Osteogenic Potential In Vitro." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14041049.

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Porous zirconia (ZrO2), magnesia (MgO) and zirconia/magnesia (ZrO2/MgO) ceramics were synthesised by sintering and designated as ZrO2(100), ZrO2(75)MgO(25), ZrO2(50)MgO(50), ZrO2(25)MgO(75), MgO(100) based on their composition. The ceramic samples were characterised by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrometry to explore the incorporation of Mg atoms into the zirconia lattice. The resulting porosity of the samples was calculated based on the composition and density. The final porosity of the cylinder-shaped ceramic samples ranged between 30 and 37%. The mechanical analysis exhibited that the Young modulus increased and the microstress decreased with increasing magnesia amount, with values ranging from 175 GPa for zirconia to 301 GPa for magnesia. The adhesion, viability, proliferation and osteogenic activity of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells cultured on the zirconia/magnesia ceramics was found to increase, with the magnesia-containing ceramics exhibiting higher values of calcium mineralisation. The results from the mechanical analysis, the ALP activity, the calcium and collagen production demonstrate that the zirconia/magnesia ceramics possess robust osteoinductive capacity, therefore holding great potential for bone tissue engineering.

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Pickering, G., J. Simpson, E. Kiss-Toth, and M. Wilkinson. "KIF26B is necessary for osteogenic transdifferentiation and mineralisation in an in vitro model of heterotopic ossification." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 26 (April 2018): S33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.02.082.

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Ghita, Adrian, Flavius C. Pascut, Virginie Sottile, and Ioan Notingher. "Monitoring the mineralisation of bone nodules in vitro by space- and time-resolved Raman micro-spectroscopy." Analyst 139, no. 1 (2014): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3an01716h.

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Sabudin, Salina, Sudirman Sahid, Nor Shahida Kader Bashah, Shirin Ibrahim, Zul Hazmi Hussin, and Muhamad Anas Marzuke. "In Vitro Bioactivity of Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Scaffold for Biomedical Application." Key Engineering Materials 705 (August 2016): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.705.309.

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In this study, the effects of macroporous calcium phosphate (MCP) scaffold on bioactivity as an in-vitro model has been investigated. MCP scaffold was prepared using foam replication technique by combination of ceramic and polyurethane (PU). MCP was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) to confirm its microstructure and phase composition respectively. Bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) was characterized by apatite mineralisation on MCP scaffold surface, pH, calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43-) ion dissolution and compressive strength using universal testing machine (UTM). Experimental results showed the formation of apatite around the MCP scaffold after 30 days in SBF. pH value was gradually decreased up to 7 days and constant until 30 days. Dissolution of Ca2+ and PO43- ion in SBF due to the occurrence of MCP degradation, hence the compressive strength are gradually decreased gradually in line with immersion period. This material may be promising for biomedical application.

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AlMuraikhi, Nihal, Hanouf Alaskar, Sarah Binhamdan, Amal Alotaibi, Moustapha Kassem, and Musaad Alfayez. "JAK2 Inhibition by Fedratinib Reduces Osteoblast Differentiation and Mineralisation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030606.

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Several signalling pathways, including the JAK/STAT signalling pathway, have been identified to regulate the differentiation of human bone marrow skeletal (mesenchymal) stem cells (hBMSCs) into bone-forming osteoblasts. Members of the JAK family mediate the intracellular signalling of various of cytokines and growth factors, leading to the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation into bone-forming osteoblastic cells. Inhibition of JAK2 leads to decoupling of its downstream mediator, STAT3, and the subsequent inhibition of JAK/STAT signalling. However, the crucial role of JAK2 in hBMSCs biology has not been studied in detail. A JAK2 inhibitor, Fedratinib, was identified during a chemical biology screen of a small molecule library for effects on the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC-TERT cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity and staining assays were conducted as indicators of osteoblastic differentiation, while Alizarin red staining was used as an indicator of in vitro mineralised matrix formation. Changes in gene expression were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Fedratinib exerted significant inhibitory effects on the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC-TERT cells, as demonstrated by reduced ALP activity, in vitro mineralised matrix formation and downregulation of osteoblast-related gene expression, including ALP, ON, OC, RUNX2, OPN, and COL1A1. To identify the underlying molecular mechanisms, we examined the effects of Fedratinib on a molecular signature of several target genes known to affect hMSC-TERT differentiation into osteoblasts. Fedratinib inhibited the expression of LIF, SOCS3, RRAD, NOTCH3, TNF, COMP, THBS2, and IL6, which are associated with various signalling pathways, including TGFβ signalling, insulin signalling, focal adhesion, Notch Signalling, IL-6 signalling, endochondral ossification, TNF-α, and cytokines and inflammatory response. We identified a JAK2 inhibitor (Fedratinib) as a powerful inhibitor of the osteoblastic differentiation of hMSC-TERT cells, which may be useful as a therapeutic option for treating conditions associated with ectopic bone formation or osteosclerotic metastases.

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Cavalu, Simona, Viorica Simon, Ipek Akin, and Gultekin Goller. "Improving the Bioactivity and Biocompatibility of Acrylic Cements by Collagen Coating." Key Engineering Materials 493-494 (October 2011): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.391.

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Polymer-ceramic composites based on polymethyl methacrylate are widely used in orthopaedics as suture materials and fixation devices due to their biocompatibility and ability to support bony growth (osteoconductive) and also bone bioactive (to form a calcium phosphate layer on its surface). The aim of this study is to compare the microstructure, bioactivity and biocompatibility of new acrylic cement containing silver and collagen coated, with a comercial one, by in vitro study in simulated body fluid. In order to evaluate the properties of the surface layer, SEM microscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy are used. The results indicates that both silver content and the presence of collagen layer favourise the mineralisation process at the surface.

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Neha, Mahajan, and Laxman K. Vandana. "Effects of Citric Acid and Desensitizing Agent Application on Nonfluorosed and Fluorosed Dentin: An In Vitro Sem Study." Open Dentistry Journal 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601509010098.

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Fluorosis is one of the factors which bring about mineralisation changes in a dentinal structure leading to dentin. The purpose of the present study was to compare and evaluate the dentinal tubular changes in fluorosed and nonfluorosed teeth subsequent to the application of citric acid,strontium acetate based sodium fluoride (SAF) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dentin specimens from healthy fluorosed and nonfluorosed teeth were included in the study. Each of them was grouped into acid treated and SAF treatment groups. Using SEM, the photomicrographs (3500x) of dentin specimens were evaluated. Results showed while there was a significant difference in tubular width of partial occlusion ≤ 25%, being more in fluorosed group compared to nonfluorosed group after application SAF. Application of desensitising agents demonstrated higher number of dentinal tubular occlusion and diameter reduction in nonfluorosed dentin compared to fluorosed dentin. Summary: Root biomodification and desensitising agent procedure brings in definite difference between fluorosed and non-fluorosed dentin specimens.

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Iida, S., A. Turner, HA Morris, and BK May. "Effects in vitro mineralisation on 1,25D and PTH induction of 25 hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase in UMR106 cells." Bone 27, no. 4 (October 2000): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8756-3282(00)80113-1.

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Durrand, J., Y. Liu, T. Wang, and M. Y. Alexander. "BAS/BSCR49 Hepatocyte growth factor/c-MET signalling activates notch translocation and is associated with smooth muscle cell mineralisation in vitro." Heart 96, no. 17 (August 26, 2010): e27-e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.205781.60.

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Karieb, Sahar, and Simon W. Fox. "Zinc modifies the effect of phyto-oestrogens on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiationin vitro." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 10 (January 31, 2012): 1736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511007355.

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Osteoblast and osteoclast activity is disrupted in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Thus, to fully address this imbalance, therapies should reduce bone resorption and promote bone formation. Dietary factors such as phyto-oestrogens and Zn have beneficial effects on osteoblast and osteoclast activity. However, the effect of combinations of these factors has not been widely studied. We therefore examined the effect of coumestrol, daidzein and genistein in the presence or absence of zinc sulphate (Zn) on osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption were significantly reduced by coumestrol (10− 7 m), daidzein (10− 5 m) and genistein (10− 7 m); and this direct anti-osteoclastic action was unaffected by Zn (10− 5 m). In addition, Zn augmented the inhibitory effect of phyto-oestrogens on the osteoblast-derived stimulus for osteoclast formation, significantly reducing the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-to-osteoprotegerin mRNA expression in human osteoblast. We then examined the effect of these compounds on osteoblast activity. Mineralisation was enhanced by coumestrol (10− 5to 10− 7 m), daidzein (10− 5to 10− 6 m) and genistein (10− 5 m); and Zn significantly augmented this response. Zn and phyto-oestrogens also significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) mRNA expression. On the other hand, Zn blunted phyto-oestrogen-induced type I collagen and osteocalcin expression and suppressed coumestrol and daidzein-stimulated osterix expression. Zn may therefore modify the anabolic action of phyto-oestrogens, promoting characteristics associated with early rather than late stages of osteoblast differentiation. Our data suggest that while Zn enhances the anti-osteoclastic effect of phyto-oestrogens, it may limit aspects of their anabolic action on bone matrix formation.

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Björkenheim, R., E. Jämsen, E. Eriksson, P. Uppstu, L. Aalto-Setälä, L. Hupa, KK Eklund, M. Ainola, NC Lindfors, and J. Pajarinen. "Sintered S53P4 bioactive glass scaffolds have anti-inflammatory properties and stimulate osteogenesis in vitro." European Cells and Materials 41 (January 3, 2021): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v041a02.

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Bioactive glasses (BAG) are used as bone-graft substitutes in orthopaedic surgery. A specific BAG scaffold was developed by sintering BAG-S53P4 granules. It is hypothesised that this scaffold can be used as a bone substitute to fill bone defects and induce a bioactive membrane (IM) around the defect site. Beyond providing the scaffold increased mechanical strength, that the initial inflammatory reaction and subsequent IM formation can be enhanced by coating the scaffolds with poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is also hypothesised. To study the immunomodulatory effects, BAG-S53P4 (± PLGA) scaffolds were placed on monolayers of primary human macrophage cultures and the production of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and ELISA. To study the osteogenic effects, BAG-S53P4 (± PLGA) scaffolds were cultured with rabbit mesenchymal stem cells and osteogenic differentiation was evaluated by RT-qPCR and matrix mineralisation assays. The scaffold ion release was quantified and the BAG surface reactivity visualised. Furthermore, the pH of culture media was measured. BAG-S53P4 scaffolds had both anti-inflammatory and osteogenic properties that were likely attributable to alkalinisation of the media and ion release from the scaffold. pH change, ion release, and immunomodulatory properties of the scaffold could be modulated by the PLGA coating. Contrary to the hypothesis, the coating functioned by attenuating the BAG surface reactions and subsequent anti-inflammatory properties, rather than inducing an elevated inflammatory response compared to BAG-S53P4 alone. These results further validated the use of BAG-S53P4 (± PLGA) scaffolds as bone substitutes and indicate that scaffold properties can be tailored to a specific clinical need.

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Camacho-Cardenosa, Marta, Alba Camacho-Cardenosa, Rafael Timón, Guillermo Olcina, Pablo Tomas-Carus, and Javier Brazo-Sayavera. "Can Hypoxic Conditioning Improve Bone Metabolism? A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 1799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101799.

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Among other functions, hypoxia-inducible factor plays a critical role in bone–vascular coupling and bone formation. Studies have suggested that hypoxic conditioning could be a potential nonpharmacological strategy for treating skeletal diseases. However, there is no clear consensus regarding the bone metabolism response to hypoxia. Therefore, this review aims to examine the impact of different modes of hypoxia conditioning on bone metabolism. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for experimental studies written in English that investigated the effects of modification of ambient oxygen on bone remodelling parameters of healthy organisms. Thirty-nine studies analysed the effect of sustained or cyclic hypoxia exposure on genetic and protein expression and mineralisation capacity of different cell models; three studies carried out in animal models implemented sustained or cyclic hypoxia; ten studies examined the effect of sustained, intermittent or cyclic hypoxia on bone health and hormonal responses in humans. Different modes of hypoxic conditioning may have different impacts on bone metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. Additional research is necessary to establish the optimal cyclical dose of oxygen concentration and exposure time.

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Deshpande, Dhanashree, Arvind Karikal, Chethan Kumar, Basavarajappa Mohana Kumar, and Veena Shetty. "In Vitro Evaluation of Human Demineralised Teeth Matrix on Osteogenic Differentiation of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells." Archives of Orofacial Sciences 17, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aos2022.1702.oa08.

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The use of tooth-derived material as a scaffold has gained attention recently due to its ease of availability and bioactive properties. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine in vitro interaction of human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (hGMSCs) with human demineralised teeth matrix (hDTM) on osteogenic potential with or without osteogenic inducers. The hGMSCs were established and characterised on their morphology, proliferation, population doubling time (PDT), viability, colony-forming ability, expression of cell surface markers and adipogenic differentiation. Further, the effect of hDTM on the biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation ability of hGMSCs was evaluated. The hGMSCs displayed a fibroblast-like appearance and exhibited a greater proliferative activity. The cells showed > 91% viability, and PDT varied between 39.34 hours and 62.59 hours. Further, hGMSCs indicated their propensity to form clusters/ colonies, and expressed the markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73 and CD90, but were negative for CD34 and CD45. When treated with adipogenic induction medium, hGMSCs were able to exhibit the formation of neutral lipid vacuoles. The hGMSCs cultured with hDTM did not show any cytotoxic changes including morphology and viability. Mineralisation of calcium nodules was observed in hGMSCs when cultured in osteogenic induction (OI) medium as an indication of osteogenesis. hGMSCs when cultured with hDTM confirmed the presence of a mineralised matrix. Further, when the cells were cultured with hDTM along with OI, they showed slightly enhanced differentiation into osteocytes. In conclusion, hGMSCs were shown to be biocompatible with hDTM, and demonstrated their enhanced osteogenic potential in the presence of hDTM and osteogenic supplements.

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Vaquette, Cédryck, Véronique Viateau, Sandra Guérard, Fani Anagnostou, Mathieu Manassero, David G. Castner, and Véronique Migonney. "The effect of polystyrene sodium sulfonate grafting on polyethylene terephthalate artificial ligaments on in vitro mineralisation and in vivo bone tissue integration." Biomaterials 34, no. 29 (September 2013): 7048–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.058.

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Scholz-Ahrens, Katharina E., and J. Schrezenmeir. "Effects of bioactive substances in milk on mineral and trace element metabolism with special reference to casein phosphopeptides." British Journal of Nutrition 84, S1 (November 2000): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500002373.

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Bioactivity of phosphopeptides yielded after tryptic hydrolysis of casein (CPP) was reported more than 50 years ago when CPP were found to improve calcium balance in rachitic newborns. Several investigations have been carried out to study the effects of CPP mainly on calcium metabolism but also on other minerals like iron and zinc. Most of the experiments were in vitro studies or short-term experiments like the effects of CPP after single meals or their effect on mineral disappearance from intestinal everted sac or ligated loop. Investigations on calcium balance were also mainly short term, i.e. 3–4 weeks, and mainly done in rats. A few experiments have been carried out in minipigs, an animal model that is closer to the human than the rat. Studies in human were rare and short term. To date a variety of other peptides have been isolated after enzymatic hydrolysis, and some have been investigated for bioactivity, with equivocal findings. Bioactivity of phosphopeptides seemed to be more obvious when investigations were done in vitro or short term. Results were less clear in metabolic balance studies, especially under physiological conditions. The composition of the basal diet, i.e. content of calcium and phytate, or the protein source had a significant impact on the effect of phosphopeptides. It was concluded that phosphopeptides revealed positive effects on mineral solubility and absorbability, and bone mineralisation under certain experimental conditions. Accordingly they could have a beneficial effect on bone health for some groups of the population.

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Davies, O. G., P. R. Cooper, R. M. Shelton, A. J. Smith, and B. A. Scheven. "A comparison of the in vitro mineralisation and dentinogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow and dental pulp." Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 33, no. 4 (July 6, 2014): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-014-0601-y.

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Tai, CC, CC Huang, BH Chou, CY Chen, SY Chen, YH Huang, JS Sun, and Y.-H. Chao. "Profiled polyethylene terephthalate filaments that incorporate collagen and calcium phosphate enhance ligamentisation and bone formation." European Cells and Materials 43 (June 2, 2022): 252–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22203/ecm.v043a17.

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) artificial ligaments offer an unlimited source of ligaments without donor-site-related morbidity and with good mechanical properties for a rapid return to sporting activities. Developing PET artificial ligaments with excellent ligamentisation and ligament-bone healing is still a considerable challenge. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the profiled PET/collagen/calcium phosphate (PET/C/CaP) ligament upon cell growth, ligamentisation and ligament-bone healing in vitro and in vivo. Profiled PET/C/CaP filaments were made by melt-spinning process with 2 % CaP hybrid spinning and collagen coating. Rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured on the profiled PET/C filaments for cytotoxicity, viability, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ligament-related gene expression analysis. MSCs’ osteogenic capacity on the profiled PET/CaP filaments was identified by detecting osteogenic gene expression and alizarin red S staining. For in vivo verification, an animal study was performed to evaluate the effect of the profiled PET/C/CaP ligament in a rabbit knee medial collateral ligament reinforcement reconstruction model. The graft ligamentisation and bone formation were investigated by SEM, histology, microcomputed tomography and mechanical tests. The profiled PET/C filaments enhanced MSC proliferation and ligament-related gene expression. Furthermore, they enhanced osteogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralisation of MSCs. The in vivo study indicated that the profiled PET/C/CaP ligament enhanced ligamentous matrix remodelling and bone formation. Therefore, their use is an effective strategy for promoting MSCs’ ligamentous and osteogenic potential in vitro and enhancing ligamentous matrix remodelling and bone formation in vivo.

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Griffin, Michelle, Anil Sebastian, James Colthurst, and Ardeshir Bayat. "Enhancement of Differentiation and Mineralisation of Osteoblast-like Cells by Degenerate Electrical Waveform in an In Vitro Electrical Stimulation Model Compared to Capacitive Coupling." PLoS ONE 8, no. 9 (September 11, 2013): e72978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072978.

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Kang, Jun, Haoling Chen, Fuping Zhang, Tong Yan, Wenguo Fan, Liulin Jiang, Hongwen He, and Fang Huang. "RORα Regulates Odontoblastic Differentiation and Mediates the Pro-Odontogenic Effect of Melatonin on Dental Papilla Cells." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041098.

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Dental papilla cells (DPCs), precursors of odontoblasts, are considered promising seed cells for tissue engineering. Emerging evidence suggests that melatonin promotes odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs and affects tooth development, although the precise mechanisms remain unknown. Retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) is a nuclear receptor for melatonin that plays a critical role in cell differentiation and embryonic development. This study aimed to explore the role of RORα in odontoblastic differentiation and determine whether melatonin exerts its pro-odontogenic effect via RORα. Herein, we observed that RORα was expressed in DPCs and was significantly increased during odontoblastic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. The overexpression of RORα upregulated the expression of odontogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralized nodules formation (p < 0.05). In contrast, odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs was suppressed by RORα knockdown. Moreover, we found that melatonin elevated the expression of odontogenic markers, which was accompanied by the upregulation of RORα (p < 0.001). Utilising small interfering RNA, we further demonstrated that RORα inhibition attenuated melatonin-induced odontogenic gene expression, ALP activity and matrix mineralisation (p < 0.01). Collectively, these results provide the first evidence that RORα can promote odontoblastic differentiation of DPCs and mediate the pro-odontogenic effect of melatonin.

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Kornsuthisopon, Chatvadee, Sunisa Rochanavibhata, Nunthawan Nowwarote, Kevin A. Tompkins, Waleerat Sukarawan, and Thanaphum Osathanon. "6-Bromoindirubin-3′-Oxime Regulates Colony Formation, Apoptosis, and Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 8676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158676.

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6-bromoindirubin-3′-oxime (BIO) is a candidate small molecule that effectively modulates Wnt signalling owing to its stable property. The present study investigated the influence of BIO on the odonto/osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs were treated with 200, 400, or 800 nM BIO, and the effects on hDPSC responses and osteogenic differentiation were assessed. BIO-mediated Wnt activation was confirmed by β-catenin nuclear translocation detected by immunofluorescence staining. BIO attenuated colony formation and cell migration determined by in vitro wound-healing assay. BIO increased early apoptotic cell population evaluated using flow cytometry. For osteogenic induction, BIO promoted alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralisation in a dose-dependent manner. ALP, RUNX2, OCN, OSX, ANKH, DMP1, and DSPP mRNA expression were significantly upregulated. The OPG/RANKL expression ratio was also increased. Further, BIO attenuated adipogenic differentiation as demonstrated by decreased lipid accumulation and adipogenic-related gene expression. Bioinformatic analysis of RNA sequencing data from the BIO-treated hDPSCs revealed that BIO modulated pathways related to autophagy and actin cytoskeleton regulation. These findings demonstrated that BIO treatment promoted hDPSC osteogenic differentiation. Therefore, this small molecule is a strong candidate as a bioactive molecule to enhance dentin repair.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mineralisation in vitro'

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