Journal articles on the topic 'Mineral saturation'
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Storebø, Einar Madsen, Morten Leth Hjuler, Leonardo Teixeira Pinto Meireles, and Ida Lykke Fabricius. "Effect of Pyrite in Water Saturation Evaluation of Clay-Rich Carbonate." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 63, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 172–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv63n2-2022a3.
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In hydrocarbon reservoirs, log analysis and core measurements provide the fundament for water and hydrocarbon saturation evaluation. In mixed mineral formations containing clay and metallic minerals, the electrical resistivity logging tools used for water saturation calculations are significantly affected due to the conductive nature of these minerals, which could result in an inaccurate saturation profile. In this study, we extend Archie’s equation for water saturation calculation in the Lower Cretaceous marly chalk formations in the Danish North Sea. Using Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, we investigate the phase mixing in the formation, providing a consistent and practical method for saturation evaluation in a mixed mineral heterogeneous formation containing conductive minerals.
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Pitkänen, P., V. Pirhonen, and M. Snellman. "Geochemical Modelling of Water-Rock Interaction in Deep Groundwater." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0108.
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A deep borehole (1001 m deep) was drilled in a granitic intrusion in Lavia in southwestern Finland in 1984 within the framework of the site investigation programme for spent fuel disposal /1/. Groundwater samples were taken from five depths in the borehole in 1984-1985 /2/. This paper describes the attempts to evaluate the geochemical interaction between groundwater and bedrock minerals in the borehole. The modelling of the water-rock interaction in the borehole was performed by using the geochemical codes PHREEQE and EQ 3/6. The modelling was principally performed with PHREEQE. For comparison some cases were also calculated with EQ3/6. Based on the chemical analysis of the water including also pH, Eh and temperature, the distribution of species in solution is solved by the aqueous model using mass action and mass balance equations. From the calculated distribution of species equilibrium partial pressures of gases are calculated, as well as the saturation state of the solution with respect to appropriate mineral phases. On the other hand based on the identified minerals the model was also used to calculate the dissolution of the minerals found in the borehole into water in order to test which minerals are the main sources of the elements in groundwater. The major elements in groundwater were found to occur mainly in ionic form. The mineral saturation indexes (SI) are presented in Figure 1. Quartz is in equilibrium with water at every groundwater sampling level. The high saturation indexes found for kaolinite and muscovite are in agreement with the fracture minerals identified in the borehole. Calcite is dissolving at the depth of 94–99 m, which is in accordance with the distribution of calcite in factures. The behaviour of ores (pyrite, goethite and hematite) is analogous with mineral analyses of fractures. According to the fluid mineral stability diagram kaolinite is the stable mineral phase at the lower and upper sampling levels. At the depth 422–427 m the equilibrium is in the muscovite field. Both SI- and fluid mineral stability diagrams indicate more stagnant groundwater conditions at the 422-427 m level than at the lower and uppermost sampling levels of the borehole. According to the calculations based on the minerals found in the borehole the main sources for sodium and calcium are montmorillonite + albite and calcite + fluorite, respectively. The results obtained so far are considered only tentative as they depend on several factors such as the correct thermodynamic constants, the accurate analysis of all dissolved species, the physico-chemical parameters and the composition of mineral phases, which all together control the solute content.
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Nurcholis, Mohammad, and Aris Buntoro. "Pertumbuhan Material Interlayer di Mineral Lempung Smekit di Tanah Leptic Hapludert yang Berkembang di atas Ca-Bentonit di Nanggulan Kulon Progo." Forum Geografi 26, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v26i2.5071.
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The objective of this study was to understand the mineralogical characteristics of the bentonite and its upper developed soil, at Nanggulan Kulonprogo. Separation and collection of clay fraction were done by fractionation on suspension at pH 10 after organic matter was oxidized using H2O2. Characteristics of clay mineral was analyzed using X-ray diffraction on parallel oriented samples after Mg saturation, glycerol solvation, or K saturation, and its following successive heating at 100°C, 300°C and 550°C. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable bases were analyzed using saturation of NH4OAc 1N pH 7. Results showed that clay materials of both samples were Ca-bentonite. Comparing with clay from soil, bentonite had peak intensity of the semctite minerals and low value of CEC and exchangeable Ca. Potassium saturation caused incompletely shrinkage of the studied smectite minerals, and it was reflected by a broader peaks at 13,11 Å. The presence of these broader peaks was interpreted as a growth of interlayer materials that it may alter to smectite-chlorite intergrade minerals.
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Maner, James L., David London, and Jonathan P. Icenhower. "Enrichment of manganese to spessartine saturation in granite-pegmatite systems." American Mineralogist 104, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6938.
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Abstract The enrichment of manganese in peraluminous (S-type) granitic melts beginning with the anatexis of metapelitic rock and ending with the crystallization of highly evolved pegmatites is explained using experimentally derived mineral-melt partition coefficients and solubility data for Mn-rich garnet. Mineral-melt partition coefficients for Fe, Mg, and Mn between garnet, cordierite, tourmaline, and peraluminous, B-bearing hydrous granitic melt were measured between 650 and 850 °C at 200 MPaH2O. The compositions of garnet and tourmaline synthesized in these experiments are similar to those found in nature. Garnets evolve from Sps51Alm23Prp25 to Sps81Alm15Prp4 with decreasing temperature. The Mn content of cordierite increases with decreasing temperature. The composition of tourmaline does not vary with temperature. Partition coefficients, DMα/L, and exchange coefficients, KDα/L=DMα/L/DNα/L where α is a mineral, L is liquid (melt), and M and N are different elements, are presented for mineral-glass pairs. Partition coefficients for Mg, Fe, and Mn increase with decreasing temperature for garnet, tourmaline, and cordierite. The precipitation of garnet alone results in a progressive increase of MgO/FeO and a decrease of MnO/FeO in the melt. Crystallization of cordierite and tourmaline results in a decrease of MgO/FeO and an increase of MnO/FeO in melt. Tourmaline is most efficient at concentrating Mn in residual liquids. The trend toward increasing Mn/Fe in natural garnets in granites and pegmatites is not controlled by garnet itself, but instead by the crystallization of other mafic minerals in which Mg and Fe are more compatible than is Mn. A Rayleigh fractionation model constitutes a test of the partition coefficients reported in this manuscript. The starting composition for the model is that of a liquid (melt inclusions) from an anatectic S-type source. Normative modes of cordierite and biotite are calculated from that composition and are similar to modes of these minerals in natural occurrences. The model consists of crystallization of a cordierite-biotite granite from 850 to 650 °C. The model predicts that ~95% crystallization of the starting composition is required to reach saturation in spessartine-rich garnet at near-solidus temperatures. The model, therefore, is consistent with the occurrence of spessartine as restricted to highly fractionated granite-pegmatite systems at the end stages of magmatism.
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Han, Yifu, and Siddharth Misra. "Joint petrophysical inversion of multifrequency conductivity and permittivity logs derived from subsurface galvanic, induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion measurements." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): D97—D112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0285.1.
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Borehole-based subsurface electromagnetic (EM) measurements, namely, galvanic resistivity (laterolog), induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion logs, are commonly used for water-saturation estimation in hydrocarbon-bearing formations. EM logs exhibit frequency dependence due to the interfacial polarization (IP) effects arising from clay-grain surfaces, conductive minerals, and charge blockage in pore throats. IP effects in shale formations adversely affect the log-derived water-saturation estimates, especially when there is low porosity, high salinity, the presence of pyrite disseminations, and high clay concentration. Conventional EM log-interpretation methods estimate water saturation in shale formations by separately interpreting the galvanic, induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion logs using various empirical models or mixing laws. This approach leads to significant variations and uncertainties in petrophysical estimations. We have developed an inversion-based joint petrophysical interpretation of multifrequency effective electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity logs derived from various combinations of the four aforementioned downhole EM logs acquired in clay- and pyrite-rich shale formations. The proposed joint-interpretation method uses a single mechanistic model that accounts for the IP effect arising from clay and conductive mineral grains, thereby generating physically consistent water-saturation estimates in shales. The proposed inversion-based interpretation also generates estimates of formation brine conductivity, surface conductance of clay, and average radius of clay and conductive mineral grains. The proposed method is applied to one field case and three synthetic geologic formations, with varying clay type, conductive mineral properties, and water saturation. Further, the sensitivity of inversion-derived estimates to the presence of various types of noise in the EM logs is investigated. The joint petrophysical inversion algorithm is applied to field broadband dispersion EM data acquired in an organic-rich shale formation. Water saturation, brine conductivity, surface conductance of clay, and radius of clay were consistently estimated in the shale formation using various combinations of available EM logs.
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Opdyke, B. N., and B. H. Wilkinson. "Carbonate mineral saturation state and cratonic limestone accumulation." American Journal of Science 293, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.293.3.217.
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Zippa, Elena, Ivan Bragin, George Chelnokov, and Natalia Kharitonova. "The Annenskiy thermal waters as the certain stage of the water-rock interaction (Far East, Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801054.
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Chemical composition and saturation degree of the Annenskiy thermal waters to minerals of water-bearing rock have been considered in the manuscript. It is shown that the thermal waters are low mineralized, alkaline and belong to HCO3-Na type. The thermal waters-rock system is equilibrium-nonequilibrium. It means that the waters dissolve primary minerals continuously, never reaching saturation (anorthite, K-field spar and etc.), and form new secondary mineral phases simultaneously, reaching saturation (gibbsite, montmorillonite, albite and etc.). Besides, peculiarities of the equilibrium with minerals of water-bearing rocks for surface and ground waters of the studied region was considered. It is established that the thermal waters are ahead of surface and ground waters and represent the certain stage of the water-rock system evolution. The stage is characterized by the certain chemical composition (TDS=148-317 mg/L, HCO3-Na, SiO2=9-80 mg/L), complex of secondary minerals (calcite, albite, laumontite and etc.) and special geochemical environment (pH 8.2-8.6).
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AL-Shamaa, R. N. N., and H. M. Ahmad. "Assessment the ability of water with different ionic strength to dissolve and precipitate carbonate minerals according to omega(Ω) and saturation index (SI)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012018.
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Abstract The study included five locations in Kurdistan Region, Iraq, represented by the soils of Zawita, Zakho, Dukan, Smaquli and Aqrah, in order to know the solubility and precipitation of carbonate minerals based on the values of omega (Ω) and saturation index (SI) using water of different ionic strength (chloride water, sulfur water, Tigris river water).the results showed that the dolomite mineral was more precipitated in term of omega (9.38 * 108) and the saturation index (8.97) in the case of chloride water, while magnesite was soluble where the value of omega was)0.01) and saturation index (-1.85), then when using sulfur water the same behavior appeared for the same mineral (dolomite) in term of precipitation (SI = 9.08) and magnesite in term of solubility (SI = -0.94). The same applies to the water of the Tigris River. As a general conclusion, the dolomite was more precipitated and the magnesite was more soluble in the presence of chloride water compared with the water of the Tigris River and the sulfur water.
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Li, Bowen, Linghui Sun, Xiangui Liu, Chun Feng, Zhirong Zhang, and Xu Huo. "Effects of Clay Mineral Content and Types on Pore-Throat Structure and Interface Properties of the Conglomerate Reservoir: A Case Study of Baikouquan Formation in the Junggar Basin." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010009.
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Many factors need to be considered in the evaluation of tight conglomerate reservoirs, including the microscopic pore-throat structure, pore connectivity, lithology, porosity, permeability, and clay mineral content. The contents and types of clay minerals reflect the mineral evolution process during the deposition of the reservoir and can reflect the reservoir’s physical properties to a certain extent. In this study, cores from the Baikouquan Formation in Mahu were used to comprehensively analyze the effects of the clay mineral content on the physical properties of a tight conglomerate reservoir, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), casting thin section observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD), interface property testing, high-pressure mercury injection, low temperature N2 adsorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-movable fluid saturation testing. The results revealed that differences in different lithologies lead to differences in clay mineral content and pore structure, which in turn lead to differences in porosity and permeability. The interface electrification, adsorption, and specific surface area of the reservoir are positively correlated with the clay mineral content, which is mainly affected by the smectite content. As the clay mineral content increases, the proportion of nanoscale pore throats increases, and the core becomes denser. The saturation of the movable fluid controlled by the >50 nm pore throats in the .tight conglomerate ranges from 8.7% to 33.72%, with an average of 20.24%. The clay mineral content, especially the I/S (mixed layer of Illite and montmorillonite) content, is negatively correlated with the movable fluid. In general, the research results clarified the relationship between the lithology and physical properties of clay minerals and the microscopic pore structure of the tight conglomerate reservoirs in the Baikouquan Formation in the Mahu area.
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Zhang, Jie, Xizhe Li, Weijun Shen, Shusheng Gao, Huaxun Liu, Liyou Ye, and Feifei Fang. "Study of the Effect of Movable Water Saturation on Gas Production in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 4645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184645.
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The movable water saturation of tight sandstone reservoirs is an important parameter in characterizing water production capacity, and there is a great need to understand the relationship between movable water saturation and water production characteristics. However, movable water behavior in this context remains unclear. In this study, four groups of tight sandstone cores from the Sulige gas field are measured to understand the movable water saturation characteristics. Then, the effects such as reservoir micropore throat, clay mineral and physical properties on movable water saturation are analyzed, and the movable water saturation and water production characteristics are discussed. The results show that higher movable water saturation will result in a greater amount of water in the gas drive. There is a critical pressure difference of the gas drive, and a large amount of movable water will flow out. Movable water saturation is independent of the porosity, permeability and initial water saturation, while it is closely related to the reservoir micropore throat and clay mineral content. Movable water is mainly distributed in the medium and large pores; the larger the proportion of such pores, the higher the degree of movable water saturation. A lower mineral content will lead to higher movable water saturation in tight sandstone gas reservoirs. These results provide clues for identifying gas–water bearing reservoirs and evaluating and predicting the water production characteristics in gas wells in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
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Kogarko, L. N. "New geochemical criterion of rare metal mineralization in the peralkaline magmas (Lovozero mineral deposit, Kola Peninsula)." Доклады Академии наук 487, no. 4 (August 27, 2019): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524874424-427.
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Detailed studies have shown that changing the forms of eudialyte release (and the time of its crystallization) is a new geochemical criterion for the ore - bearing of alkaline magmas for rare metal (eudialyte ores). A new ore-bearing principle of alkaline magmas has been formulated: a prerequisite for the formation of an ore deposit is the early saturation of alkaline magmas with respect to the ore mineral. If the concentration of the ore component is significantly lower than the cotectic concentration (saturation), then the melt saturation and crystallization of the ore mineral will be carried out at the later stages of rock formation in a small volume of interstitial melt, when the phenomena of convective-gravity differentiation and segregation of mineral phases in the form of ore deposits are hampered. This leads to the dispersion of ore components in the form of xenomorphic forms of accessory minerals. Rocks of the differentiated complex (lower zone of the Lovozero deposit), and of the Khibiny massif, containing xenomorphic eudialyte, are not promising for eudialyte ores. Eudialyte deposits are associated with the upper zone of the Lovozero intrusion containing idiomorphic early eudialyte. The saturation of the initial magma in relation to eudialyte occurs after crystallization of about 80% of the intrusion. The proposed criterion is applicable to the largest alkaline massifs in the world. With the Ilimaussaksky massif (Greenland), in the rocks of which early, crystallized, idiomorphic eudialyte, there is a superlarge eudialyte ore deposit while in the Khibiny eudialyte ore is absent.
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Liu, Junfeng, Xiaoying Chai, Huijie Yang, Duanyang Gu, and Liang Wang. "Measurement of Rock Electrical Parameters and Analysis of Influencing Factors of Quaternary Mudstone Biogas Reservoirs in Qaidam Basin." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 9100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239100.
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As a new and unconventional reservoir, Quaternary mudstone biogas reservoirs in the Qaidam Basin are widely distributed and thick. They have great potential for biogas exploration. However, the mudstone biogas reservoirs in this area characterized by weak cementation, high clay content, and easy hydrolysis. Using existing methods, it is difficult to obtain the rock electrical parameters and evaluate the saturation. This greatly affects the evaluation of oil and gas reserves. This study selected core samples from the Quaternary mudstone biogas reservoir in Qaidam Basin, prepared the samples through core conformation pretreatment, and conducted rock electrical experiments using the self-absorption water augmentation method to obtain the rock electrical parameters of the mudstone biogas reservoirs for the first time. Then, the factors influencing the rock electrical parameters of the mudstone biogas reservoir were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) the porosity of the mudstone core samples was generally greater than 20%, and the permeability was in the range of 0.05–5 mD. The rock mineral composition was dominated by clay minerals, followed by carbonate minerals, quartz, and feldspar. The clay mineral composition was mainly illite, followed by montmorillonite and chlorite, with a small amount of kaolinite. (2) The use of wire-electrode cutting and high-temperature, heat-shrinkable tube to wrap the core sample played a supporting and protecting role in the core. Using the self-absorption water augmentation method, information was obtained showing that the distribution of cementation index m of the reservoir core samples ranged between 1.89–2.08, with an average value of 1.99, and the distribution of saturation index n ranged between 1.872–2.270, with an average value of 2.09. (3) Organic matter content had no obvious effect on rock electrical parameters. With the decrease of clay mineral content, the quartz content increased, the permeability increased, and the cementation index increased gradually. The saturation index increased with the increase in clay mineral content and the decrease of quartz content and permeability. The above results laid a petrophysical basis for the evaluation of the saturation of mudstone biogas reservoirs and could provide technical support for the comprehensive evaluation of the reservoir and the calculation of reserves.
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Ajayi, Oyinkansola, and Carlos Torres-Verdín. "Improved in situ mineral and petrophysical interpretation with neutron-induced gamma-ray spectroscopy elemental logs." Interpretation 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): SF31—SF53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0145.1.
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Neutron logs are routinely expressed as apparent neutron porosity based on the assumption of a freshwater-saturated homogeneous formation with solid composition equal to either sandstone, limestone, or dolomite. Rock formations are often extremely heterogeneous and consist of different minerals and fluids in varying proportions, which cause simultaneous matrix and fluid effects on neutron logs. Detailed quantification of formation mineral composition enables the correction of matrix effects on measured neutron logs to unmask fluid effects; this in turn enables accurate quantification of porosity and water saturation. Neutron-induced gamma-ray spectroscopy is one of the most direct means available to quantify in situ formation mineralogy but available spectroscopy-based interpretation methods are usually tool dependent and incorporate empirical correlations. We have developed a new interpretation method to quantify mineral concentrations through the joint nonlinear matrix inversion of measured spectroscopy elemental weight concentrations and matrix-sensitive logs, such as gamma ray, matrix photoelectric factor, matrix sigma (neutron capture cross section), and matrix density. The estimated mineralogy was used in the correction of matrix effects on porosity logs and subsequent calculation of true formation porosity. The water saturation was quantified through joint petrophysical interpretation of matrix-corrected porosities and resistivity measurements using an appropriate saturation model. The developed inversion-based interpretation method is applicable to a wide range of formation lithologies, well trajectories, and borehole environments (including open and cased hole environments), and it is independent of tool and neutron source type. Verification results with synthetic and field cases confirm that the spectroscopy-based algorithm is reliable and accurate in the quantification of mineral concentrations, matrix properties, porosity, and hydrocarbon saturation.
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Lubis, F. H., Fatkhan, and U. Fauzi. "The Effects of Physical and Geometrical Properties on Rock Brittleness Index Based on Numerical Modeling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2243, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2243/1/012009.
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Abstract Rock brittleness is a key parameter to quantify and evaluate the brittle nature of the rock. A better estimating technique of rock brittleness is crucial for acquiring an efficient stimulation of unconventional shale gas reservoirs such as hydraulic fracturing. One way to predict rock brittleness index is by using rock elastic moduli. These physical properties highly depend on the complexity of the microstructure, fluid content, and mineral composition. The other way is by measuring the rock mineral composition itself. This complexity of the microstructure can be accurately characterized by using imaging techniques such as micro-CT scans. This study used the finite element method to estimate rock brittleness index based on elastic properties on synthetic and digital rock images. We then evaluate the effect of physical and geometrical properties (pore aspect ratio, water saturation, and mineral composition) in determining the rock brittleness characteristic. The results indicate that there is an increase in Young’s modulus along with an increasing pore aspect ratio to 1, which in turn raises the rock brittleness. Fluid saturation, in this case, water saturation, causes brittleness to be increased. The rock mineral composition, such as abundant quartz and carbonate content, yields high brittleness values, while high clay content and porosity lower the rock brittleness. Overall, the results imply that pore geometry, fluid saturation, and mineral composition significantly alter the rock strength parameters.
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Jiang, Li-Qing, Wei-Jun Cai, Richard A. Feely, Yongchen Wang, Xianghui Guo, Dwight K. Gledhill, Xinping Hu, et al. "Carbonate mineral saturation states along the U.S. East Coast." Limnology and Oceanography 55, no. 6 (October 5, 2010): 2424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.6.2424.
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Dvorkin, Jack, Daniel Moos, James L. Packwood, and Amos M. Nur. "Identifying patchy saturation from well logs." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 6 (November 1999): 1756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444681.
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Gassmann’s (1951) equations relate the elastic bulk (Ksat) and shear (Gsat) moduli of a fully saturated rock to the elastic bulk and shear moduli of the dry‐rock frame (Kdry and Gdry, respectively), porosity ϕ, and the bulk moduli of the mineral phase [Formula: see text] and pore fluid [Formula: see text].
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Janoušek, Vojtěch, Tomáš Navrátil, Jakub Trubač, Ladislav Strnad, František Laufek, and Luděk Minařík. "Distribution of elements among minerals of a single (muscovite-) biotite granite sample – an optimal approach and general implications." Geologica Carpathica 65, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2014-0017.
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Abstract The petrography and mineral chemistry of the coarse-grained, weakly porphyritic (muscovite-) biotite Říčany granite (Variscan Central Bohemian Plutonic Complex, Bohemian Massif) were studied in order to assess the distribution of major and trace elements among its minerals, with consequences for granite petrogenesis and availability of geochemical species during supergene processes. It is demonstrated that chemistry-based approaches are the best suited for modal analyses of granites, especially methods taking into account compositions of whole-rock samples as well as their mineral constituents, such as constrained least-squares algorithm. They smooth out any local variations (mineral zoning, presence of phenocrysts, schlieren…) and are robust in respect to the presence of phenocrysts or fabrics. The study confirms the notion that the accessory phases play a key role in incorporation of many elements during crystallization of granitic magmas. Especially the REE seem of little value in petrogenetic modelling, unless the role of accessories is properly assessed and saturation models for apatite, zircon, monazite±rutile carefully considered. At the same time, the presence of several P-, Zr- and LREE-bearing phases may have some important consequences for saturation thermometry of apatite, zircon and monazite.
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Malanchuk, Yevhenii, Viktor Moshynskyi, Petro Denisyuk, Zinovii Malanchuk, Andriy Khrystyuk, Valerii Korniienko, and Petro Martyniuk. "Regularities in the distribution of granulometric composition of tuff while crushing." Mining of Mineral Deposits 15, no. 1 (2021): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining15.01.066.
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Purpose is to analyze distribution of granulometric composition of tuff as well as ultimate composition and identify dependence of its softening in the process of water saturation based upon a set of experiments to assess raw materials importance of the mineral. Methods. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine ultimate composition of tuff extracted from different open pits of the region. Methods of mathematical statistics were applied to derive analytical dependences describing the tuff softening in the process of water saturation. The dependences denote logarithmic nature of the saturation increase along with the increase in the sample weight. Findings. It has been determined that tuff is a valuable mineral rather than basalt extraction waste. Thus, tuff needs both mining and complex approaches for processing and extracting of useful metals and silicates. Analytical dependences of tuff softening during water saturation have been defined. The dependences denote logarithmic nature of the saturation increase based upon a sample weight increment. Magnetic susceptibility of tuff, turned on magnetic field induction, has been identified. Dependences of distribution of technological indices (i.e. product yield, copper content and yield) in terms of granulometric-size class have been identified; the basic factors for crushing process have been determined; and regression dependences of grinder efficiency upon the input factors have been derived. Regression model of a crushing process of a general technological scheme of ore processing has been obtained involving the initial fragmentation using a jaw crusher, and additional fragmentation (i.e. reduction) using a sizer. Originality.It has been determined that magnetic susceptible tuff share is 49% of the sample weight; the remaining part is a silicate share. Logarithmic nature of the analytical softening dependences while water saturating has been identified. The above-mentioned denotes the increased saturation along with the increase in a sample weight. Practical implications. The definition of tuff ultimate composition as well as analytical softening dependences in the process of water saturation makes it possible to calculate the required water consumption. Keywords: tuff, basalt, softening, water saturation, silicate, magnetic susceptibility, ultimate composition, crushing
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Driessens, F. C. M., R. M. H. Verbeeck, J. W. E. van Dijk, and J. M. P. M. Borggreven. "Degree of saturation of blood plasma in vertebrates with octocalcium phosphate." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1988): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-1-215.
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In previous papers it has been shown that octocalcium phospate OCP occurs in bone mineral of vertebrates. Although this compound is not stable, there is a continuous new-formation of OCP due to bone turnover. Literature data of the calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood plasma of vertebrates were collected and the degree of saturation with OCP was calculated. The results show that blood plasma of vertebrates is almost saturated with OCP. This fact indicates that OCP is the solubility controlling phase in the mineral of vertebrates. Further it verifies the expectation based on physicochemical theory that the interaction between body fluids and bone mineral is important in the calcium and phosphate homeostasis
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Liu, Xianfeng, Chaolin Zhang, Baisheng Nie, Chengpeng Zhang, Dazhao Song, Tao Yang, and Zhengtao Ma. "Mechanical response and mineral dissolution of anthracite induced by supercritical CO2 saturation: Influence of saturation time." Fuel 319 (July 2022): 123759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123759.
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Yadykina, V., Anatoliy Gridchin, E. Kuznecova, and M. Lebedev. "INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF MINERAL POWDER FROM TECHNOGENIC RAW MATERIALS DUE TO ITS HYDROPHOBIZATION." Construction Materials and Products 3, no. 4 (November 2, 2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2618-7183-2020-3-4-24-30.
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a promising direction in solving the problem of obtaining high-quality asphalt concrete is the use of mineral fillers, including from industrial waste.
The article considers the use of OEMK slag as a mineral powder in the asphalt concrete mix.
The influence of hydrophobization of mineral powder by GF Preparation on moisture absorption and its structuring ability to change the maximum shear stress from the content of mineral powder before and after hydrophobization was studied. It is established that the treatment of the filler provides the necessary hydrophobicity of the mineral material, reduces the bituminous capacity, water saturation, porosity of the asphalt binder, and increases its strength and water resistance. The results of studies of the main characteristics of asphalt concrete on the example of a mixture of type G III of the brand showed that as a result of hydrophobization, the strength, water resistance, water saturation, and swelling of the composite significantly increase
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Zorski, T., A. Ossowski, J. Środoń, and T. Kawiak. "Evaluation of mineral composition and petrophysical parameters by the integration of core analysis data and wireline well log data: the Carpathian Foredeep case study." Clay Minerals 46, no. 1 (March 2011): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2011.046.1.25.
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AbstractKnowledge of mineral composition is helpful in the interpretation of well-logging data, where the hydrocarbon saturation is expected as the final result.It is calculated from the electric resistivity, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and porosity.Porosity is calculated from the bulk density, which is measured directly in the well, and the matrix (mineralogical, grain) density, which can be calculated precisely only when the mineral composition is known.In the shale-sand formations, which are the subject of this study, the rock matrix can conduct electric current.The Waxman–Smits formula is applied to calculate the water saturation of such rocks.This formula combines rock porosity, water saturation, water resistivity and the CEC with the total rock resistivity measured in the well.CEC is introduced to this formula as the parameter determining the shale ability to conduct electricity.Typically, CEC is controlled by the smectite content of the rock.In order to evaluate the input data needed in the log interpretation the extended mineralogical (quantitative mineral composition, CEC) and chemical (major, trace and REE) analyses were made for over 200 core samples obtained from four gas fields in the Miocene formation of the Carpathian Foredeep.The most important clay component: the sum of mixed-layer illite-smectite and discrete illite has been quantified.The detailed recognition of clay minerals allowed for constraining the density-neutron cross-plot, which is a well log data interpretation technique for the determination of both porosity and shale content in shale-sand formations.The statistical multivariate analysis of all data helped to set up a comprehensive petrophysical model.A reliable correlation (r2 = 0.96) of the thermal neutron absorption cross-section (Σama) and the total natural radioactivity (GR) with CEC was established.Such good correlation allows for a continuous on-line CEC determination and therefore a reliable application of the Waxman-Smits water saturation model.Experimental equations with similar level of correlation were established for quartz, clay and carbonate contents, allowing the calculation of matrix density, required in the porosity calculation.The high correlation of Σama with CEC reflects the presence of boron in the illite-smectite clays.
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Lu, Youqian, Guoqing Cai, and Chenggang Zhao. "The Shear Strength of Granite Weathered Soil Under Different Hydraulic Paths." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 6615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186615.
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At present, there is no clear understanding of the influence of differences in soil mineral composition, particle size grading, and hydraulic paths on the shear strength of unsaturated soil, and the related strength models are not applicable. The shear strength characteristics of different saturation specimens under different hydraulic paths were studied on two granite weathered soils. The experimental results show that the shear strength index of the prepared specimen is “arched” with the increase of saturation, and the dehydration specimen decreases linearly with the saturation. As considering the cementation of free oxides in soils and the interaction among soil particles at different saturations, it is assumed that there are three different contact modes among soil particles: direct contact, meniscus contact, and cement contact. The difference in contact modes will reflect the different laws of shear strength. A shear strength model capable of distinguishing between the capillary effect and the adsorptive effect was established. The model predicted and verified the shear strength data of granite weathered soil under different hydraulic paths well, and then theoretically explained the evolution law of the shear strength of granite weathering soil under the change of saturation.
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Choi, Hanna, Jaeyeon Kim, Byoung Ohan Shim, and Dong-hun Kim. "Characterization of Aquifer Hydrochemistry from the Operation of a Shallow Geothermal System." Water 12, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051377.
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The use of shallow geothermal energy systems utilizing groundwater temperature for the air-conditioning of buildings is increasing worldwide. The impact of these systems on groundwater quality has become crucial for environmental regulations and system design. For the long-term operation of geothermal systems, it is important to evaluate their influence on the geochemical properties of groundwater, including precipitation and dissolution of secondary minerals. This research was conducted in a real-scale geothermal system, consisting of a groundwater heat pump (GWHP). Hydrochemical data were obtained from samples collected from an aquifer before heating, during heating, and before cooling operations of the GWHP. The Langelier Saturation Index and Ryznar Stability Index were calculated, and the saturation index was simulated with the PHREEQC program. Evidence from water table variation, temperature change, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope distribution showed that groundwater flows from a well located on the northwest side of the geothermal well. The saturation index values showed that the pristine groundwater favors carbonate dissolution, however, manganese oxides are more sensitive to temperature than carbonate minerals. In addition, mineral precipitation and dissolution were found to vary with depth and temperature.
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Luther, S. M., L. Poulsen, M. J. Dudas, and P. M. Rutherford. "Fluoride sorption and mineral stability in an Alberta soil interacting with phosphogypsum leachate." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 76, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss96-012.
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A by-product of phosphate fertilizer production is phosphogypsum (PG). Relatively high F concentrations occur in the solid phase and in the highly acidic process water (PW) that initially fills its pores. The present research addresses the fate of F and the effects on mineral stability as phosphogypsum leachate (PGL) interacts with calcareous (Ck) soil and non-calcareous (Bt) soil. In a sequential batch equilibration, soils were exposed to fresh PGL during 30 d-long extractions. Major ions, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored. At 28 d, F concentration decreased from 31 mg L−1 in the PGL to 11 mg L−1 in the Bt-PGL mixture and 22 mg L−1 in the Ck-PGL mixture. Saturation indices (SIs) for fluorite ranged from 2.1 to −3.6. Extracts were closer to saturation with fluorite than with the other F minerals studied. Using alternative geochemical constants, fluorapatite was predicted to be stable in Bt-PGL extracts. The day 28 Bt-PGL extract was also near equilibrium with alunite, basaluminite, jurbanite, gypsum, amorphous silica, and quartz. Of the phyllosilicates in the soil-PGL mixtures at day 28, only kaolinite was predicted to be stable in only the Bt-PGL mixture. The potential for clay mineral instability and accelerated dissolution in F-rich PGL needs to be considered m the design of PG repositories. Key words: Fluoride, phosphogypsum, waste management, leachates, geochemical modeling, mineral stability
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Kvamme, Bjørn, Richard B. Coffin, Jinzhou Zhao, Na Wei, Shouwei Zhou, Qingping Li, Navid Saeidi, et al. "Stages in the Dynamics of Hydrate Formation and Consequences for Design of Experiments for Hydrate Formation in Sediments." Energies 12, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12173399.
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Natural gas hydrates in sediments can never reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Every section of any hydrate-filled reservoir is unique and resides in a stationary balance that depends on many factors. Fluxes of hydrocarbons from below support formation of new hydrate, and inflow of water through fracture systems leads to hydrate dissociation. Mineral/fluid/hydrate interaction and geochemistry are some of the many other factors that determine local hydrate saturation in the pores. Even when using real sediments from coring it is impossible to reproduce in the laboratory a natural gas hydrate reservoir which has developed over geological time-scales. In this work we discuss the various stages of hydrate formation, with a focus on dynamic rate limiting processes which can lead to trapped pockets of gas and trapped liquid water inside hydrate. Heterogeneous hydrate nucleation on the interface between liquid water and the phase containing the hydrate former rapidly leads to mass transport limiting films of hydrate. These hydrate films can delay the onset of massive, and visible, hydrate growth by several hours. Heat transport in systems of liquid water and hydrate is orders of magnitude faster than mass transport. We demonstrate that a simple mass transport model is able to predict induction times for selective available experimental data for CO2 hydrate formation and CH4 hydrate formation. Another route to hydrate nucleation is towards mineral surfaces. CH4 cannot adsorb directly but can get trapped in water structures as a secondary adsorption. H2S has a significant dipole moment and can adsorb directly on mineral surfaces. The quadropole-moment in CO2 also plays a significant role in adsorption on minerals. Hydrate that nucleates toward minerals cannot stick to the mineral surfaces so the role of these nucleation sites is to produce hydrate cores for further growth elsewhere in the system. Various ways to overcome these obstacles and create realistic hydrate saturation in laboratory sediment are also discussed.
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Zhang, Junfang, Michael B. Clennell, Matthew Josh, and Marina Pervukhina. "Frequency and water saturation dependency of dielectric properties of clay mineral." Applied Clay Science 198 (November 2020): 105840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105840.
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Elias, Mady. "Relationship between the size distribution of mineral pigments and color saturation." Applied Optics 50, no. 16 (May 27, 2011): 2464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.50.002464.
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Vogel, G. L., C. M. Carey, L. C. Chow, T. M. Gregory, and W. E. Brown. "Micro-analysis of Mineral Saturation Within Enamel During Lactic Acid Demineralization." Journal of Dental Research 67, no. 9 (September 1988): 1172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345880670090601.
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Hussain, MS, ZH Khan, and M. Ibrahim. "Mineralogical Composition Of Soils From Urir Char ? A Tiny Offshore Island Of Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 39, no. 1 (August 1, 2013): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v39i1.16038.
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Mineralogical composition of three surface soils from Urir Char ? an environmentally vulnerable small offshore island of Bangladesh ? was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. In the bulk soils layer silicates and quartz were the dominant minerals while the quantity of feldspars was around ten percent. Quantity of weatherable minerals was very high in the soils. Illite was the dominant mineral in the clay fraction of the soils. The second dominant clay mineral was smectite which comprised around one-fourth of the clay fraction closely followed by chlorite with a small quantity of kaolinite mineral. Soil vermiculite and mixed layer minerals were absent in these soils. These soils had a mixed mineralogical composition with a high cation exchange capacity and percent base saturation. Texturally the soils were silty loam. Exchangeable Ca++/ Mg++ ratio was less than unity. Magnesium solonization was considered as the dominant pedogenic process along with gleization. There was problem of salinity as the elevation of land was around one meter above the mean sea level. Natural calamities like tropical cyclones and tidal surges were highly devastating as the island was completely washed with sea water. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 39(1): 95-104, June 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v39i1.16038
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Kohut, Connie K., and M. J. Dudas. "Comparison of immiscibly displaced soil solutions and saturated paste extracts from saline soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74, no. 4 (November 1, 1994): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss94-054.
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Soil solutions from four salt-affected soils in Alberta were extracted by immiscible displacement from field moist soils and saturated pastes after air-drying to examine the implications of using saturated paste extracts as a proxy of soil solutions. Solutions ranged in pH from 7.8 to 10.6 and in electrical conductivity (EC) from 6 to 45 dS m−1. Sodium dominated the cation suite, with Mg and K concentrations varying by several orders of magnitude between sites. Calcium was the major cation in lowest abundance at all sites. Sulfate was the predominant anion. Phosphorus concentrations ranged from 1 to 247 ppm. Considerable variation was seen between the properties of saturated paste extracts and immiscibly displaced solutions, with the saturated paste extracts having lower conductivities and Na, Mg, K and anion concentrations. The differences in composition between the two extraction methods resulted in differences in ion speciation, SAR and ESP values and mineral stabilities. Saturation indices for evaporite minerals were poor predictors of minerals formed in evaporated soil solutions. It was also found that even in chemically similar solutions, different minerals precipitated, and therefore the prediction of evaporite mineral formation from extracted soil solutions is not recommended. Key words: Salinity, saturated paste extracts, soil solutions, evaporites, mineral stability
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Hidei, Volodymyr, Iurii Sidun, Oleksii Hunyak, Svitlana Stanchak, and Volodymyr Bidos. "Application of wastepaper sludge ash as mineral powder for hot asphalt concrete mix." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.042.
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In this article the potentiality is proven for application of wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) as mineral powder for traditional hot asphalt concrete mix. For the comparative testing in this article the traditional limestone mineral powder is used. The chemical (oxide) composition of the aggregates was studied, while that was determined by means of DRON - 3.0 diffractometer. It was ascertained that CaO is present in wastepaper sludge ash in sufficient quantity, while it provides for utilization of this waste material as an aggregate for asphalt concrete. The limestone mineral powder granulometric composition was determined and the wastepaper sludge ash was grinded by ball grinder till the appropriate granulometric composition was reached. There were studied the main physical and mechanical parameters of bitumen 70/100 to be used for formation of asphalt binder in combination with the studied mineral aggregate. There were formed the following series of traditional hot asphalt concrete mix: on limestone mineral powder, on wastepaper sludge ash, on both limestone mineral powder and wastepaper sludge ash in ratio 50/50, 30/70, 20/80 (% w/w). By means of grading curves of dense-graded continuous mixes there was designed the chip-grain carcass of asphalt concrete mix. The asphalt concrete mix was designed based on the following characteristics: hot fine-grained densegraded asphalt concrete with residual porosity from 2 % to 5 %, with quantity of chip-grains sized more than 5 mm – 35-45 % and the maximum grain-size up to 15 mm. There was determined that WSA can perform as material to be used as mineral powder for asphalt concrete mixes. According to the requirements of Ukrainian standard (DSTU B V.2.7-119:2011), the asphalt concrete with WSA is of standard condition, but the water-saturation index approaches the acceptably allowed value, while in comparison with asphalt concrete with LMP – it is higher by 55%. Such result is due to the difference in oxide composition of the aggregates, namely lower content of products of calcareous rock in WSA. With combined application of limestone mineral powder and WSA in ratio 50/50, 30/70, 20/80 (% w/w) the water-saturation index decreases. As to the compression tensile strength and compression tensile strength after water-saturation, these indices on WSA are lower than on LMP just by 10%. The most efficient usage of WSA, considering the studies done, can be achieved when coupled with LMP in ratio 50/50.
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Chen, Wei, Li Wu, Zhi Zeng, Wen Wan, Jie Liu, Xiaofan Wu, Wenqing Peng, et al. "Research on Uniaxial Compression Mechanics of Diorite under Flowing Acidic Solution Scouring." Minerals 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060770.
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The bedrock used for underground construction has obvious traces of hydrodynamic scouring damage, and the mechanical properties of bedrock especially are severely damaged under a groundwater environment. On this basis, considering the excavated bedrock under various saturations, the uniaxial compression test of diorite is carried out. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron energy spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used in the experiment. The variation law of the elastic p-wave velocity and microstructure and the response characteristics of the strength, deformation and mechanical parameters of rock under different flow rates and pH values are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that: (1) Saturations with a faster flow rate and lower pH value cause greater relative changes in the elastic longitudinal wave velocity of the samples. (2) The uniaxial compressive strength of the samples under various treatment conditions showed a decreasing trend. Compared with the dried samples, the uniaxial compressive strength of the samples under saturation with field flow rate v = 300 mm·s−1 and pH = 1 decreased by 46.08%, and the strength decreased by 35.67% under saturation with a field pH value = 6.56 and flow rate v = 900 mm-s−1. (3) The saturation with a stronger acidity, greater flow rate and longer action time causes the apparent dense structure of the diorite sample to be loose and accompanied by microcracks, which weakens its macromechanical properties. (4) Acid and hydrodynamic saturation produce water–rock chemical and physical effects on diorite, which weaken the connection force between mineral particles and the friction between fracture surfaces, reduce the elastic modulus, increase Poisson’s ratio and accelerate the failure of diorite.
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Rekhviashvili, S. Sh, V. V. Narozhnov, M. O. Mamchuev, and D. S. Gaev. "Study of the hardening kinetics of a mineral binder using electrical and optical methods." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 87, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-4-32-37.
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Hardening of mineral binders (cement, gypsum, lime, clay) is accompanied by the dissolution of minerals from the binder surface, their chemical interaction with water (the reaction of hydration and hydrolysis), and the formation of a solution saturated with respect to new hydrates. The reactions of minerals with water continue for some time even after saturation when water molecules are adsorbed by the solid phase of the binder. An «intermediate» colloidal system thus formed is characterized by the viscosity or plasticity depending on the water content in it. At the final stage, the processes of recrystallization and coalescence of the particles in a colloidal solution occur resulting in solidification and hardening of the solution and increased strength of the formed stone. We present the results of studying the hardening kinetics of the aqueous solution of a mineral binder using electrical and optical methods with high time resolution. Semi-aqueous gypsum was selected as a mineral binder. During hardening, the resistance and the capacitance of the samples were measured along with the visualization of the spatial structure of the solution. The mineral composition of water significantly affected the character of hardening. Noticeable fluctuations of the electrical parameters were detected in the experiments with mineral water. Optical measurements showed that solidifying solution is similar in structure to dendrites and fractal dimensionality of the structure almost remains the same during growth. It is also shown that at the initial stage the hardening proceeds by the logistics law. The results obtained can be used and recommended for practical application for determination of the kinetic parameters of hardening and in diagnostics of the structure of materials based on mineral binders.
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Różański, Adrian. "Temperature Changes in the Vicinity of Thermally Loaded Structure Embedded in the Soil: Effect of Sand Content and Saturation Degree." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 39, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2017-0016.
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Abstract Due to the rapid development of geothermal technologies, the problem of efficient and proper evaluation of soil thermal conductivity becomes extremely important. Factors mostly affecting the soil conductivity are the conductivity of solid phase and the degree of saturation. The former one is mainly affected by the mineral composition, in particular, by the content of quartz whose conductivity is the highest one among all the minerals forming soil skeleton. Organic matter, because of its relatively low conductivity, influences the solid conductivity as well. The problem addressed in the paper is the influence of mentioned factors on temperature changes in the vicinity of thermally loaded structure embedded in the soil medium. Numerical simulations are carried out for different values of soil thermal conductivity resulting from various quartz contents and degrees of saturation. In addition, a weak coupled - heat and water transport - problem is considered.
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Muslim, Rufaidah Qonita, Pronika Kricella, Mira Media Pratamaningsih, Setiyo Purwanto, Erna Suryani, and Sofyan Ritung. "Characteristics of Inceptisols derived from basaltic andesite from several locations in volcanic landform." SAINS TANAH - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology 17, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/stjssa.v17i2.38221.
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<p>The widespread of Inceptisols in Indonesia especially in volcanic landform has the characteristics potentially to be used as agricultural land. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of Inceptisols found in volcanic landform developed from basaltic andesite parent materials. Soil samples were collected in 6 locations. A total of 23 samples were taken from each horizon from 6 pedons for physical, chemical, and mineral analysis. The results showed that Inceptisols had different colors depending on land use and mineral content, but were dominated by yellowish brown to dark brown with hue 7.5YR to 10YR, color value varied from 2.5 to 4, and croma varied from 1 to 6. Base saturation varied from low to very high, cation exchange capacity varied from low to high. Soil textures were dominated by clay, clay loam, and sandy loam. Three pedons in Purwakarta, Bandung Barat, and Jember Regency, Java Island were dominated by weatherable minerals, while the others obtained in Seluma, Rejang Lebong, and Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan Regency, Sumatera Island were dominated by resistant minerals such as opaque and quartz. Physical, chemical, and mineral content can be used as a reference in soil management and recommendation for balanced fertilization.</p>
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Frandsen, William H., and Kevin C. Ryan. "Soil moisture reduces belowground heat flux and soil temperatures under a burning fuel pile." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x86-043.
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A direct comparison of temperatures and heat loads was made between simulated duff-covered (~2 cm) and uncovered mineral soil beneath a burning fuel pile. Temperatures were recorded in the duff, at the duff – mineral soil interface, and at 1-cm intervals downward to a depth of 4 cm. Covering reduced the peak temperatures about 200 °C in dry mineral soil. Wet mineral soil covered with wet duff experienced a temperature reduction of over 500 °C. Temperatures in wet mineral soil did not exceed 90 °C and the heat load into the wet mineral soil was, on the average, 20% of the heat load into the dry mineral soil. Land managers wanting to minimize mortality of existing plants or loss of soil organics should strive to burn when mineral soils are approaching saturation near the surface.
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Côté, Jean, and Jean-Marie Konrad. "A generalized thermal conductivity model for soils and construction materials." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 443–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t04-106.
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This paper intends to develop a generalized thermal conductivity model for moist soils that is based on the concept of normalized thermal conductivity with respect to dry and saturated states. This model integrates well the effects of porosity, degree of saturation, mineral content, grain-size distribution, and particle shape on the thermal conductivity of unfrozen and frozen soils. The thermal conductivity for saturated soils is computed with the use of a well-known geometric model that includes the unfrozen water content in frozen fine-grained soils. Nearly 220 experimental results available from the literature were analysed to develop a generalized empirical relationship to assess the thermal conductivity of dry soils. A general relationship between the normalized thermal conductivity of soils and the degree of saturation using a soil-type dependent factor was used to correlate the normalized thermal conductivity for more than 650 test results for unfrozen and frozen moist soils, such as gravels, sands, silts, clays, peat, and crushed rocks.Key words: heat transfer, soils, degree of saturation, mineral content, unfrozenfrozen, thermal conductivity.
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Li, Yanran, Xiangui Liu, Changhong Cai, Zhiming Hu, Bo Wu, Ying Mu, Xianggang Duan, et al. "A Laboratory Approach Considering Salinity to Investigate Archie’s Parameters in Deep Shale: A Case Study in Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan." Geofluids 2022 (March 10, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8341622.
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Archie’s parameters are substantial to be investigated in the evaluation of water saturation. Many researchers adhered to the opinion that Archie’s equation can still be applied to water saturation calculation in shale if the accuracy of relative parameters could be improved. External conditions, such as temperature, confining pressure, water salinity, wettability, and displacement, may influence the determination of Archie’s parameters. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of salinity on Archie’s parameters and their correlation with mineral composition and pore structure. The mineral contents and petrophysical properties were firstly acquired through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and basic measurements. Rock-electric experiments under different salinity were conducted on deep shale samples taken from Longmaxi (LMX) Formation in Luzhou (LZ). The results indicate that Archie’s parameters of “ a ,” “ b ,” “ m ,” and “ n ” under actual brine salinity are assigned to 1.47, 1, 1.26, and 1.6, respectively. Our cementation factor is lower than that in other studies including (shaly) sandstones, carbonates, and shales, probably due to the extremely low porosity in study area. Salinity has a positive effect on cementation factor ( m ) and saturation exponent ( n ), suggesting the traditional assignment to Archie’s parameters is inappropriate. It was concluded that the complicated pore structure and high porosity mainly associated with clay mineral may trigger the increased cementation factor. Further mathematical derivations confirmed that the rock resistivity is inextricable from pore system and establish a physical model. The paper provides a solid evidence base for further understanding and evaluation of water saturation in unconventional shale reservoirs, more significantly, innovatively unveils the research into Archie formula in deep shale reservoirs of southern Sichuan basin.
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Šrámek, v., V. Fadrhonsová, L. Vortelová, and B. Lomský. " Development of chemical soil properties in the western Ore Mts. (Czech Republic) 10 years after liming." Journal of Forest Science 58, No. 2 (February 21, 2012): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/72/2011-jfs.
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The article focuses on changes in soil chemistry observed on plots limed in 2000 in the western Ore Mts.(Krušné hory) on the basis of chemical analyses done before liming and repeated in 2002, 2005 and 2010. In the deeper mineral soil (down to 30 cm), only the increase in pH and exchangeable magnesium was significant. The increase in exchangeable calcium in upper soil layers was significant in 2002 and 2005 only; ten years after liming the effect was negligible, although the number of Ca deficient samples was lower than in 2000. The exchangeable Mg content increased above the deficiency limit in all samples of upper soil, and an increase was also found in the deeper mineral soil. These changes were reflected in increasing base saturation and lower base cations/aluminium ratio in the organic and organomineral soil layer. Despite these positive shifts, calcium and magnesium deficiency and very low base saturation (< 10%) still prevail in the deeper mineral soil (2–30 cm) and are common even in the upper mineral soil. The increased total nitrogen level observed two and five years after liming indicated enhanced decomposition of the humus layer. On the other hand, N content in the upper organic (FH) horizon as well as in deeper mineral soil did not change significantly.
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Bhandari, Sushmita, Kezhang Qin, Qifeng Zhou, and Noreen J. Evans. "Geological, Mineralogical and Geochemical Study of the Aquamarine-Bearing Yamrang Pegmatite, Eastern Nepal with Implications for Exploration Targeting." Minerals 12, no. 5 (April 30, 2022): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050564.
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The Yamrang Pegmatite in the Ikhabu Pegmatite Field, Eastern Nepal is Nepal's primary source of aquamarine. This paper reports detailed mineralogy and whole rock granite and pegmatite geochemistry, and major and trace element data for alkali feldspar and muscovite in order to classify the aquamarine-bearing Yamrang Pegmatite, elucidate beryl-saturation processes and evaluate potential geochemical exploration tools for beryl-pegmatites. Five internal mineralogical/textural zones were identified in the Yamrang Pegmatite; zone 1 (saccharoidal albite); zone 2 (blocky perthitic microcline); zone 3 (muscovite–microcline–quartz); zone 4 (beryl-quartz), and zone 5 (miarolitic cavities). Zones 1–4 represent the magmatic stage, while zone 5 formed during the hydrothermal stage of pegmatite genesis. Spectacular aquamarines are recovered from miarolitic zone 5, while beryl saturation is found in zones 3, 4, and 5. Based on beryllium (Be) content, Be partition among co-existing minerals at the magmatic stage is beryl > muscovite > tourmaline > alkali feldspar > quartz. In contrast, the sequence at the hydrothermal stage is beryl > muscovite > albite > tourmaline > quartz. The Be content in rock-forming minerals decreases from pegmatite margin to core, and tourmaline could have played a significant role in Be enrichment processes in the marginal pegmatite zone. High temperature, a low degree of fractionation, and the dominance of Be-compatible mineral phases such as muscovite, calcium-rich alkali feldspar and tourmaline resulted in beryl undersaturation in marginal zones. However, low temperature, high fractional crystallization, and low abundance of Be-compatible mineral phases resulted in beryl saturation in inner zones. The strongly peraluminous nature, low total REE content (<500 ppm), mineral assemblage of beryl, tourmaline, spessartine, columbite-tantalite, depletion of Ba, Nb, and enrichment of Pb, Rb, Cs in the primitive mantle normalized multi-element plots suggest that the beryl-bearing Yamrang Pegmatite corresponds to the LCT pegmatite family. Alkali feldspar with K/Rb values of 30–150, Rb ~ 3000 ppm, Cs >100 ppm, and muscovite, with K/Rb ranging 18–50, Rb ~ 6000 ppm, Cs > 500 ppm, and Ta >65 ppm in inner zones (3–5), indicate that the Yamrang Pegmatite is an intermediate-fractionated, beryl-type rare-element (REL) pegmatite. It is probable that whole rock Be content of >10 ppm could be considered an exploration guide to beryl mineralization in the region.
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HOSKIN, PAUL W. O., PETER D. KINNY, DOONE WYBORN, and BRUCE W. CHAPPELL. "Identifying Accessory Mineral Saturation during Differentiation in Granitoid Magmas: an Integrated Approach." Journal of Petrology 41, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 1365–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/41.9.1365.
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Possinger, Angela R., Scott W. Bailey, Thiago M. Inagaki, Ingrid Kögel-Knabner, James J. Dynes, Zachary A. Arthur, and Johannes Lehmann. "Organo-mineral interactions and soil carbon mineralizability with variable saturation cycle frequency." Geoderma 375 (October 2020): 114483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114483.
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Rae, E. I. C., and D. A. C. Manning. "Experimentally-determined solute yields from kaolinite-illite/muscovite assemblages under diagenetic conditions of pressure and temperature." Clay Minerals 31, no. 4 (December 1996): 537–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1996.031.4.11.
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AbstractExperimental studies of reactions between water and kaolinite, kaolinite + quartz, kaolinite + quartz + muscovite and natural kaolinitic mudstones (Jurassic Draupne Formation; Norwegian North Sea; Rhaetic Westbury Formation, SW England; Tertiary ball clay, SW England) at 50 MPa and 150°C or 200°C have demonstrated that quartz saturation can be achieved readily at 200°C At 150°C quartz saturation is achieved for natural mudstones, but not for mineral mixtures because of slow reaction kinetics. Geochemical solution modelling demonstrates coincidence between observed fluid compositions and those expected for the solid mineral assemblage. In addition to inorganic solutes, organic acid anions including citrate are reported as products in experiments with natural mudstones (especially the Draupne Formation). Fluids supersaturated with respect to quartz are unlikely to be developed from mudstones which lack smectites or amorphous silica.
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Inozemtcev, Sergei Sergeevich, and Evgeniy V. Korolev. "Increasing the Weathering Resistance of Asphalt by Nanomodification." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.147.
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The comparative analysis of quality indicators of asphalt concrete and methods of their control is discussed in the present article. Classifications of modifiers for improving the quality of asphalt concrete are given. Novel nanoscale modifier for the improvement the resistance to climatic influences on asphalt is developed. The nanomodifier is based on sols of iron hydroxide and silicic acid. Nanomodification consists in processing of the mineral component by nanomodifier; such processing leads to the formation of nanoscale layer on the surface of the mineral carrier. As a mineral carrier we propose a highly porous mineral diatomite powder. The influence of the nanomodifier on the weathering resistance of asphalt concrete is investigated. Resistance to climatic influences was estimated by loss of strength after one nominal year of exposure. To simulate environmental impacts, an environmental chamber was used. The specimens were held in conditions that correspond to combination of summer and winter climate. One nominal year of exposure included 10 cycles of variable water saturation-drying at a temperature of 20 °C and 10 cycles of freezing-thawing (freezing was performed at –20 °C, thawing – at 20 °C). Saturation-drying and freezing-thawing duration was four hours. It was shown that by means of nanomodification the weathering resistance can be increased by 36 %.
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Chen, Tongjun, and Xiong Song. "Are Coal-Hosted Gallium-Rich Ores Elastically Detectable: A Rock-Physics Modeling Perspective." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 1619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121619.
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Coal-hosted gallium-rich ores are mainly explored with geochemical analyses, and their elasticities lack research. This paper incorporated core testing, rock-physics modeling, and Monte Carlo simulations to characterize the elastic parameters of gallium-rich cores and discuss whether coal-hosted gallium-rich ores are elastically detectable. The measured cores from No. 6 coal in the Heidaigou mine showed that the gallium contents strongly correlate to the boehmite contents with a 0.96 correlation coefficient. The rock-physics modeling results showed that mineral compositions and contents are critical factors influencing elastic parameters, and elastic parameters in No. 6 coal showed profound heterogeneities as mineral compositions and contents. The preferred parameters for classifying and grouping different mineral-rich cores are the bulk modulus and moduli ratio. Cross-plotting bulk modulus vs. moduli ratio can qualitatively group measured cores and Monte-Carlo simulated realizations into different mineral-rich and saturation states properly. Concerning the factors of boehmite content, porosity, and saturation state, an interpretation template for boehmite-rich coal was proposed and used. As the template interpreted readings close to the measured contents, the built templates can quantitatively interpret boehmite and gallium contents in coal-hosted ores with high precision. In summary, the coal-hosted gallium-rich ores are elastically detectable.
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Druzhinin, V. N., V. G. Suvorov, and A. E. Shelekhova. "Optical density of bone tissue in the dynamics of therapy of professionally caused osteopathies of the shoulder joint." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 9 (March 19, 2020): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-620-621.
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Optical density index can be a criterion of bone mineral saturation, both at the stage of primary diagnosis and in the dynamics of observation of patients with shoulder periarthrosis and osteoarthritis of the shoulder joint.
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McNeil, Alysha G., Robert L. Linnen, Roberta L. Flemming, and Mostafa Fayek. "An experimental approach to examine fluid-melt interaction and mineralization in rare-metal pegmatites." American Mineralogist 105, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7216.
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Abstract Niobium and tantalum, rare metals and high field strength elements (HFSEs) that are essential to modern technologies, are concentrated among others in lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites and rare metal granites. The most important hosts for Nb-Ta in these types of deposits are the columbite group minerals (columbite-tantalite), but at some ore deposits significant Ta is also contained in wodginite, microlite, and tapiolite. Previous solubility experiments of HFSE minerals have been limited to high temperatures because of the slow diffusivities of HFSEs in granitic melts. An experiment protocol is described herein that allows HFSE mineral solubilities to be determined at lower temperatures, more in line with the estimated solidus temperatures of LCT pegmatites and rare metal granites. This is achieved through the interaction of a melt that is enriched in high field strength elements (e.g., P and Nb or Ta) with a fluid enriched in a fluid-mobile element (FME, e.g., Mn). A starting glass enriched in a slow diffusing HFSE was synthesized, and HFSE mineral saturation is obtained via the diffusion of a FME into the melt via interaction with a fluid. This interaction can occur at much lower temperatures in reasonable experimental durations than for experiments that require diffusion of niobium and tantalum. The solubility product of columbite-(Mn) from the fluid-melt interaction experiment in a highly fluxed granitic melt at 700 °C is the same as those from dissolution and crystallization (reversal) experiments at the same P-T conditions. Thus, both methods produce reliable measurements of mineral solubility, and the differences in the metal concentrations in the quenched melts indicates that the solubility of columbite-(Mn) follows Henry's Law. Results show that columbite-(Mn) saturation can be reached at geologically reasonable concentrations of niobium in melts and manganese in hydrothermal fluids. This experimental protocol also allows the investigation of HFSE mineral crystallization by fluid-melt interactions in rare-metal pegmatites. Magmatic origins for columbite group minerals are well constrained, but hydrothermal Nb-Ta mineralization has also been proposed for pegmatite-hosted deposits such as Tanco, Greenbushes, and granite-hosted deposits such as Cínovec/Zinnwald, Dajishan, and Yichun. This study shows that columbite-(Mn), lithiophilite, and a Ca-Ta oxide mineral (that is likely microlite) crystallized from experiments in fluid-melt systems at temperatures as low as 650 °C at 200 MPa. It is important to note that HFSE minerals that crystallize from fluid-melt interactions texturally occur as euhedral crystals as phenocrysts in glass, i.e., are purely magmatic textures. Therefore, crystallization of HFSE minerals from fluid-melt interactions in rare metal granites and pegmatite deposits may be more widespread than previously recognized. This is significant because the formation of these deposits may require magmatic-hydrothermal interaction to explain the textures present in deposits worldwide, rather than always being the result of a single melt or fluid phase.
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Han, Changcheng, Geng Liu, Cunfei Ma, Ming Qi, Yi Yang, and Guan Li. "Influencing Factors of Shale Permeability in the Longmaxi Formation, Southern Sichuan Basin and Northern Yunnan-Guizhou Depression." Geofluids 2022 (July 22, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6832272.
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The current paper studies the influencing factors of permeability in shales of the Longmaxi Formation, located in the southern Sichuan Basin, China. The methodologies used in the present study include overburden pore permeability experiments, whole rock analysis and geochemical tests, NMR measurements of fluid saturation, pore size distribution and specific surface area distribution, SEM and extraction of pore structure parameters, and core analysis. The results show the following: (1) high TOC and high maturity generate a large number of organic pores, which may improve the permeability of shale. (2) Mineral composition and rock relative permeability also have influence on permeability to a certain degree, since different minerals have different effects on shale permeability. Clay in the study area has an adverse effect on permeability. The results show that the organic-rich siliceous clay mixed shale facies in this area has the best permeability. (3) A large specific surface area and total pore volume are associated with good shale permeability, while average pore size does not correlate with permeability. A small fractal dimension of pore morphology and simple pore structure result in good permeability, and bedding is the key controlling factor for the anisotropy of shale permeability. (4) Water in shales can influence the permeability of microfractures by binding to clay minerals. Low permeability in shales with high bound water saturation suggests that water and clay mineral absorption may block flow channels, resulting in poor permeability. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influencing factors on shale permeability of the Longmaxi Formation in the study area and to provide a reference for the exploration and development of shale gas in this area of the Sichuan Basin.
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Jung, Stefan, and Jörg Albert Pfänder. "Source composition and melting temperatures of orogenic granitoids: constraints from CaO/Na2O, Al2O3/TiO2 and accessory mineral saturation thermometry." European Journal of Mineralogy 19, no. 6 (December 17, 2007): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2007/0019-1774.
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