Academic literature on the topic 'Mineral saturation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mineral saturation"
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Storebø, Einar Madsen, Morten Leth Hjuler, Leonardo Teixeira Pinto Meireles, and Ida Lykke Fabricius. "Effect of Pyrite in Water Saturation Evaluation of Clay-Rich Carbonate." Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 63, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 172–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv63n2-2022a3.
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In hydrocarbon reservoirs, log analysis and core measurements provide the fundament for water and hydrocarbon saturation evaluation. In mixed mineral formations containing clay and metallic minerals, the electrical resistivity logging tools used for water saturation calculations are significantly affected due to the conductive nature of these minerals, which could result in an inaccurate saturation profile. In this study, we extend Archie’s equation for water saturation calculation in the Lower Cretaceous marly chalk formations in the Danish North Sea. Using Hashin-Shtrikman bounds, we investigate the phase mixing in the formation, providing a consistent and practical method for saturation evaluation in a mixed mineral heterogeneous formation containing conductive minerals.
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Pitkänen, P., V. Pirhonen, and M. Snellman. "Geochemical Modelling of Water-Rock Interaction in Deep Groundwater." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0108.
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A deep borehole (1001 m deep) was drilled in a granitic intrusion in Lavia in southwestern Finland in 1984 within the framework of the site investigation programme for spent fuel disposal /1/. Groundwater samples were taken from five depths in the borehole in 1984-1985 /2/. This paper describes the attempts to evaluate the geochemical interaction between groundwater and bedrock minerals in the borehole. The modelling of the water-rock interaction in the borehole was performed by using the geochemical codes PHREEQE and EQ 3/6. The modelling was principally performed with PHREEQE. For comparison some cases were also calculated with EQ3/6. Based on the chemical analysis of the water including also pH, Eh and temperature, the distribution of species in solution is solved by the aqueous model using mass action and mass balance equations. From the calculated distribution of species equilibrium partial pressures of gases are calculated, as well as the saturation state of the solution with respect to appropriate mineral phases. On the other hand based on the identified minerals the model was also used to calculate the dissolution of the minerals found in the borehole into water in order to test which minerals are the main sources of the elements in groundwater. The major elements in groundwater were found to occur mainly in ionic form. The mineral saturation indexes (SI) are presented in Figure 1. Quartz is in equilibrium with water at every groundwater sampling level. The high saturation indexes found for kaolinite and muscovite are in agreement with the fracture minerals identified in the borehole. Calcite is dissolving at the depth of 94–99 m, which is in accordance with the distribution of calcite in factures. The behaviour of ores (pyrite, goethite and hematite) is analogous with mineral analyses of fractures. According to the fluid mineral stability diagram kaolinite is the stable mineral phase at the lower and upper sampling levels. At the depth 422–427 m the equilibrium is in the muscovite field. Both SI- and fluid mineral stability diagrams indicate more stagnant groundwater conditions at the 422-427 m level than at the lower and uppermost sampling levels of the borehole. According to the calculations based on the minerals found in the borehole the main sources for sodium and calcium are montmorillonite + albite and calcite + fluorite, respectively. The results obtained so far are considered only tentative as they depend on several factors such as the correct thermodynamic constants, the accurate analysis of all dissolved species, the physico-chemical parameters and the composition of mineral phases, which all together control the solute content.
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Nurcholis, Mohammad, and Aris Buntoro. "Pertumbuhan Material Interlayer di Mineral Lempung Smekit di Tanah Leptic Hapludert yang Berkembang di atas Ca-Bentonit di Nanggulan Kulon Progo." Forum Geografi 26, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v26i2.5071.
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The objective of this study was to understand the mineralogical characteristics of the bentonite and its upper developed soil, at Nanggulan Kulonprogo. Separation and collection of clay fraction were done by fractionation on suspension at pH 10 after organic matter was oxidized using H2O2. Characteristics of clay mineral was analyzed using X-ray diffraction on parallel oriented samples after Mg saturation, glycerol solvation, or K saturation, and its following successive heating at 100°C, 300°C and 550°C. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the exchangeable bases were analyzed using saturation of NH4OAc 1N pH 7. Results showed that clay materials of both samples were Ca-bentonite. Comparing with clay from soil, bentonite had peak intensity of the semctite minerals and low value of CEC and exchangeable Ca. Potassium saturation caused incompletely shrinkage of the studied smectite minerals, and it was reflected by a broader peaks at 13,11 Å. The presence of these broader peaks was interpreted as a growth of interlayer materials that it may alter to smectite-chlorite intergrade minerals.
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Maner, James L., David London, and Jonathan P. Icenhower. "Enrichment of manganese to spessartine saturation in granite-pegmatite systems." American Mineralogist 104, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6938.
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Abstract The enrichment of manganese in peraluminous (S-type) granitic melts beginning with the anatexis of metapelitic rock and ending with the crystallization of highly evolved pegmatites is explained using experimentally derived mineral-melt partition coefficients and solubility data for Mn-rich garnet. Mineral-melt partition coefficients for Fe, Mg, and Mn between garnet, cordierite, tourmaline, and peraluminous, B-bearing hydrous granitic melt were measured between 650 and 850 °C at 200 MPaH2O. The compositions of garnet and tourmaline synthesized in these experiments are similar to those found in nature. Garnets evolve from Sps51Alm23Prp25 to Sps81Alm15Prp4 with decreasing temperature. The Mn content of cordierite increases with decreasing temperature. The composition of tourmaline does not vary with temperature. Partition coefficients, DMα/L, and exchange coefficients, KDα/L=DMα/L/DNα/L where α is a mineral, L is liquid (melt), and M and N are different elements, are presented for mineral-glass pairs. Partition coefficients for Mg, Fe, and Mn increase with decreasing temperature for garnet, tourmaline, and cordierite. The precipitation of garnet alone results in a progressive increase of MgO/FeO and a decrease of MnO/FeO in the melt. Crystallization of cordierite and tourmaline results in a decrease of MgO/FeO and an increase of MnO/FeO in melt. Tourmaline is most efficient at concentrating Mn in residual liquids. The trend toward increasing Mn/Fe in natural garnets in granites and pegmatites is not controlled by garnet itself, but instead by the crystallization of other mafic minerals in which Mg and Fe are more compatible than is Mn. A Rayleigh fractionation model constitutes a test of the partition coefficients reported in this manuscript. The starting composition for the model is that of a liquid (melt inclusions) from an anatectic S-type source. Normative modes of cordierite and biotite are calculated from that composition and are similar to modes of these minerals in natural occurrences. The model consists of crystallization of a cordierite-biotite granite from 850 to 650 °C. The model predicts that ~95% crystallization of the starting composition is required to reach saturation in spessartine-rich garnet at near-solidus temperatures. The model, therefore, is consistent with the occurrence of spessartine as restricted to highly fractionated granite-pegmatite systems at the end stages of magmatism.
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Han, Yifu, and Siddharth Misra. "Joint petrophysical inversion of multifrequency conductivity and permittivity logs derived from subsurface galvanic, induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion measurements." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): D97—D112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0285.1.
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Borehole-based subsurface electromagnetic (EM) measurements, namely, galvanic resistivity (laterolog), induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion logs, are commonly used for water-saturation estimation in hydrocarbon-bearing formations. EM logs exhibit frequency dependence due to the interfacial polarization (IP) effects arising from clay-grain surfaces, conductive minerals, and charge blockage in pore throats. IP effects in shale formations adversely affect the log-derived water-saturation estimates, especially when there is low porosity, high salinity, the presence of pyrite disseminations, and high clay concentration. Conventional EM log-interpretation methods estimate water saturation in shale formations by separately interpreting the galvanic, induction, propagation, and dielectric dispersion logs using various empirical models or mixing laws. This approach leads to significant variations and uncertainties in petrophysical estimations. We have developed an inversion-based joint petrophysical interpretation of multifrequency effective electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity logs derived from various combinations of the four aforementioned downhole EM logs acquired in clay- and pyrite-rich shale formations. The proposed joint-interpretation method uses a single mechanistic model that accounts for the IP effect arising from clay and conductive mineral grains, thereby generating physically consistent water-saturation estimates in shales. The proposed inversion-based interpretation also generates estimates of formation brine conductivity, surface conductance of clay, and average radius of clay and conductive mineral grains. The proposed method is applied to one field case and three synthetic geologic formations, with varying clay type, conductive mineral properties, and water saturation. Further, the sensitivity of inversion-derived estimates to the presence of various types of noise in the EM logs is investigated. The joint petrophysical inversion algorithm is applied to field broadband dispersion EM data acquired in an organic-rich shale formation. Water saturation, brine conductivity, surface conductance of clay, and radius of clay were consistently estimated in the shale formation using various combinations of available EM logs.
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Opdyke, B. N., and B. H. Wilkinson. "Carbonate mineral saturation state and cratonic limestone accumulation." American Journal of Science 293, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 217–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/ajs.293.3.217.
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Zippa, Elena, Ivan Bragin, George Chelnokov, and Natalia Kharitonova. "The Annenskiy thermal waters as the certain stage of the water-rock interaction (Far East, Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 01054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199801054.
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Chemical composition and saturation degree of the Annenskiy thermal waters to minerals of water-bearing rock have been considered in the manuscript. It is shown that the thermal waters are low mineralized, alkaline and belong to HCO3-Na type. The thermal waters-rock system is equilibrium-nonequilibrium. It means that the waters dissolve primary minerals continuously, never reaching saturation (anorthite, K-field spar and etc.), and form new secondary mineral phases simultaneously, reaching saturation (gibbsite, montmorillonite, albite and etc.). Besides, peculiarities of the equilibrium with minerals of water-bearing rocks for surface and ground waters of the studied region was considered. It is established that the thermal waters are ahead of surface and ground waters and represent the certain stage of the water-rock system evolution. The stage is characterized by the certain chemical composition (TDS=148-317 mg/L, HCO3-Na, SiO2=9-80 mg/L), complex of secondary minerals (calcite, albite, laumontite and etc.) and special geochemical environment (pH 8.2-8.6).
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AL-Shamaa, R. N. N., and H. M. Ahmad. "Assessment the ability of water with different ionic strength to dissolve and precipitate carbonate minerals according to omega(Ω) and saturation index (SI)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1120, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1120/1/012018.
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Abstract The study included five locations in Kurdistan Region, Iraq, represented by the soils of Zawita, Zakho, Dukan, Smaquli and Aqrah, in order to know the solubility and precipitation of carbonate minerals based on the values of omega (Ω) and saturation index (SI) using water of different ionic strength (chloride water, sulfur water, Tigris river water).the results showed that the dolomite mineral was more precipitated in term of omega (9.38 * 108) and the saturation index (8.97) in the case of chloride water, while magnesite was soluble where the value of omega was)0.01) and saturation index (-1.85), then when using sulfur water the same behavior appeared for the same mineral (dolomite) in term of precipitation (SI = 9.08) and magnesite in term of solubility (SI = -0.94). The same applies to the water of the Tigris River. As a general conclusion, the dolomite was more precipitated and the magnesite was more soluble in the presence of chloride water compared with the water of the Tigris River and the sulfur water.
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Li, Bowen, Linghui Sun, Xiangui Liu, Chun Feng, Zhirong Zhang, and Xu Huo. "Effects of Clay Mineral Content and Types on Pore-Throat Structure and Interface Properties of the Conglomerate Reservoir: A Case Study of Baikouquan Formation in the Junggar Basin." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010009.
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Many factors need to be considered in the evaluation of tight conglomerate reservoirs, including the microscopic pore-throat structure, pore connectivity, lithology, porosity, permeability, and clay mineral content. The contents and types of clay minerals reflect the mineral evolution process during the deposition of the reservoir and can reflect the reservoir’s physical properties to a certain extent. In this study, cores from the Baikouquan Formation in Mahu were used to comprehensively analyze the effects of the clay mineral content on the physical properties of a tight conglomerate reservoir, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), casting thin section observations, X-ray diffraction (XRD), interface property testing, high-pressure mercury injection, low temperature N2 adsorption, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-movable fluid saturation testing. The results revealed that differences in different lithologies lead to differences in clay mineral content and pore structure, which in turn lead to differences in porosity and permeability. The interface electrification, adsorption, and specific surface area of the reservoir are positively correlated with the clay mineral content, which is mainly affected by the smectite content. As the clay mineral content increases, the proportion of nanoscale pore throats increases, and the core becomes denser. The saturation of the movable fluid controlled by the >50 nm pore throats in the .tight conglomerate ranges from 8.7% to 33.72%, with an average of 20.24%. The clay mineral content, especially the I/S (mixed layer of Illite and montmorillonite) content, is negatively correlated with the movable fluid. In general, the research results clarified the relationship between the lithology and physical properties of clay minerals and the microscopic pore structure of the tight conglomerate reservoirs in the Baikouquan Formation in the Mahu area.
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Zhang, Jie, Xizhe Li, Weijun Shen, Shusheng Gao, Huaxun Liu, Liyou Ye, and Feifei Fang. "Study of the Effect of Movable Water Saturation on Gas Production in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 4645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184645.
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The movable water saturation of tight sandstone reservoirs is an important parameter in characterizing water production capacity, and there is a great need to understand the relationship between movable water saturation and water production characteristics. However, movable water behavior in this context remains unclear. In this study, four groups of tight sandstone cores from the Sulige gas field are measured to understand the movable water saturation characteristics. Then, the effects such as reservoir micropore throat, clay mineral and physical properties on movable water saturation are analyzed, and the movable water saturation and water production characteristics are discussed. The results show that higher movable water saturation will result in a greater amount of water in the gas drive. There is a critical pressure difference of the gas drive, and a large amount of movable water will flow out. Movable water saturation is independent of the porosity, permeability and initial water saturation, while it is closely related to the reservoir micropore throat and clay mineral content. Movable water is mainly distributed in the medium and large pores; the larger the proportion of such pores, the higher the degree of movable water saturation. A lower mineral content will lead to higher movable water saturation in tight sandstone gas reservoirs. These results provide clues for identifying gas–water bearing reservoirs and evaluating and predicting the water production characteristics in gas wells in tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mineral saturation"
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Kong, Lingjun. "Characterization of Mineral Oil, Coal Tar and Soil Properties and Investigation of Mechanisms That Affect Coal Tar Entrapment in and Removal from Porous Media." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5093.
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Mineral oils and coal tars are complex nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), which can serve as long-term sources of ground water contamination. Very limited data are available on mineral oil and coal tar entrapment in and removal from porous media. Thus, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the behavior of these NAPLs in porous media, and investigate the mechanisms governing NAPL entrapment in and recovery from porous media.
Quantification of properties of three commercial mineral oils and six MGP coal tars reveals that mineral oils are slightly viscous LNAPLs (density: ~0.88 g/cm3; viscosity: 10-20 cP), whereas coal tars are highly viscous DNAPLs (density: 1.052-1.104 g/cm3; viscosity: 32-425 cP). Measured oil (tar)-water interfacial tensions (IFT) were lower than that of pure NAPLs. Properties of 16 field soil samples (soil particle size distribution, specific surface area, total carbon content, cationic exchange capacity and soil moisture release curves) were characterized. Correlations between residual NAPL saturation and NAPL and soil properties were developed, and show that the entrapment of NAPL dependent upon soil particle size distribution, total carbon content, NAPL viscosity and NAPL-water IFT.
Aqueous pH and ionic strength were found to influence the interfacial properties in tar-water-silica systems. At pHs greater than 7.0, observed reduction in contact angle were attributed to the repulsive electrostatic force between coal tar and solid surface. When pH less than 4, hydration forces played a role on the contact angle decrease. The IFT reduction was resulted from the accumulation of surface-active molecules at the tar-water interface. The effect of ionic strength on interfacial properties was not significant below 0.5 M.
The effects of temperature and surfactant or surfactant/polymer addition on coal tar removal was investigated by conducting coal tar displacement experiments at three different temperatures (22, 35, and 50??with sequential flushing of water, surfactant and surfactant/polymer. Coal tar removal from porous media was enhanced by elevating temperature and surfactant flushing due to the viscosity and IFT reduction, respectively. Xanthan gum was used as the polymer to increase the viscosity of the displacing fluid. In summary, these results provide tools for the prediction of NAPL entrapment in porous media, and for the selection of remediation strategies for coal tar contaminated source zone.
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Belkacem, Saïd. "Étude de la restauration des sols acides soumis à de forts apports acides : effet des formes et doses d'amendements sur le fonctionnement d'un sol acide forestier." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10282.
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La restauration des sols forestiers acides et leur dynamique sont abordées par l'étude des effets des formes et quantités d'amendements apportés, en interaction avec la qualité de l'humus. Le caco#3, caco#3+mgo et caso#4 sont apportés en surface avec des doses de 0, 0. 56, 2. 8 et 5. 6 t/ha équivalent cao et les principaux résultats sont: le sol: la valeur du ph du sol est augmentée de 4 unités ph dans les couches de surface (a#1) et d'une unité ph en moyenne en profondeur (b) avec les amendements carbonates. La restauration a été rapide (moins de 7 mois) dans les premiers centimètres du sol avec une migration également de particules de carbonates (>40% du ca) de la litière vers la couche a#1#1 (-3 cm). La saturation n'est pas modifiée dans les couches inferieures du (b) (16 a 21 cm), sauf pour la forme sulfate où elle a augmente de 50% par rapport au témoin. Les mécanismes d'échanges de l'aluminium par le calcium expliquent ces changements sur les surfaces d'échange; la solution du sol: par rapport au témoin, la composition des eaux a été modifiée rapidement (2 mois) par le sulfate avec un enrichissement du flux d'aluminium et de calcium. L'effet des carbonates sur la solution, sous (b) (-21 cm), a été moins rapide (7 mois). Les analyses des eaux montrent une modification de la dynamique de l'azote. Dans le traitement carbonate le mécanisme reste le même et l'anion dominant est le nitrate. Dans le traitement caso#4, l'anion vecteur est le sulfate, 52% de l'azote d'azote est transporté hors du profil sous forme d'ammonium
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Muniz, Camilla Oliveira. "Desenvolvimento inicial do mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis a. Chev.) submetido a diferentes saturações por bases e níveis de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8288.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Global demand for wood is growing every day. In Brazil, the wide availability of area, favorable climate and soil conditions for the plant, made possible investment in forest monocultures. Among the species of hardwood, African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) Is the one with physical and mechanical characteristics closer to Brazilian mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). Due to resistance attack on Hypsipyla grandella has been a viable service to the international furniture market. However, little is known about the culture, particularly their nutritional requirements. This study aimed to evaluate the development of Khaya ivorensis in different base saturation levels and levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. For this, an eight-hectare area in which four hectares had the high saturation bases to 55% and the remaining 75% was used. The experimental design was a randomized block design with eight replications in factorial 4 x 4 x 4, with four levels of nitrogen (60g, 120g, 180g and 240g of urea), four doses of phosphorus (60g, 120g, 180g and 240g super triple phosphate) and four potassium doses (42g, 84g, 126g and 168g of potassium chloride). The base saturation was evaluated in the block effect. After twelve months of planting were performed dendrometric reviews. The basal diameter was measured with a digital caliper and height with tape. Each plot consisted of six plants and averaging them considered in the statistical analysis. In stem diameter was no statistical difference between blocks and nitrogen. However, this difference may be related to genetics of plants, since the plant is young and seminal seedlings were used. At the time only the NPK ratio presented statistical variation. However, growth decreasing trend was observed with the increase of N rates and improved with increasing doses of P and K. All treatments favored the growth of African mahogany. The most suitable foundations saturation is 55%, since there is no improvement in the growth of plants is high when V% to 75%. Excess N affect the growth of the species. The best treatment was that received 60g of urea, 240g and 168g ST KCl.
A demanda mundial por madeira cresce a cada dia. No Brasil, a grande disponibilidade de área e condições edafoclimáticas favoráveis ao crescimento de plantas, têm viabilizado o investimento em monocultivos florestais. Dentre as espécies de madeira nobre, o mogno africano (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev.) é a que possui características físicas e mecânicas mais próximas ao mogno brasileiro (Swietenia macrophylla). Devido à resistência ao ataque da Hypsipyla grandella tem sido uma alternativa viável de atendimento ao mercado moveleiro internacional. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre a cultura, sobretudo suas exigências nutricionais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da Khaya ivorensis em diferentes saturações por bases e níveis de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio. Para isso, foi utilizada uma área de oito hectares em que quatro hectares tiveram a saturação por bases elevada a 55% e os demais a 75%. O delineamento experimental empregado foi blocos casualizados com oito repetições no esquema fatorial 4 x 4 x 4, com quatro doses de nitrogênio (60g, 120g, 180g e 240g de uréia), quatro doses de fósforo (60g, 120g, 180g e 240g de super fosfato triplo) e quatro doses de potássio (42g, 84g, 126g e 168g de cloreto de potássio). A saturação por bases foi avaliada no efeito de blocos. Após doze meses de plantio foram realizadas as avaliações dendrométricas. O diâmetro do colo foi mensurado com paquímetro digital e a altura com fita métrica. Cada parcela experimental foi composta por seis plantas e a média entre elas considerada na análise estatística. No diâmetro do colo houve diferença estatística entre blocos e doses de nitrogênio. No entanto, esta diferença pode estar relacionada à genética das plantas, visto que o plantio é jovem e foram utilizadas mudas seminais. Na altura apenas a relação NPK apresentou variação estatística. No entanto, foi observada tendência de decréscimo de crescimento com a elevação das doses de N e melhoria com o aumento das doses de P e K. Todos os tratamentos favoreceram o crescimento do mogno africano. A saturação por bases mais indicada é a de 55%, visto que não há melhoria no crescimento das plantas quando V% é elevada a 75%. O excesso de N prejudica o crescimento da espécie. O melhor tratamento foi o que recebeu 60g de uréia, 240g de ST e 168g de KCl.
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Heilliette, Sylvain. "Contribution à l'étude de la photodissociation de la molécule NO2 par des techniques de spectroscopie laser haute résolution en jet supersonique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10107.
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Cette these est essentiellement consacree a l'etude theorique et experimentale en phase gazeuse des etats quantiques de la molecule no 2 situes au voisinage de sa limite de dissociation d o ( 3 ev). La comprehension de l'augmentation importante et inattendue de la densite d'etats observee en dessous de d o est la motivation de ce travail. En effet, dans le cadre des theories statistiques des reactions unimoleculaires, la densite d'etats est un parametre cle gouvernant la dynamique de la dissociation. Experimentalement, nous avons enregistre un spectre de fluorescence induite par laser juste en dessous de d o pour consolider et completer les determinations de la densite d'etats precedentes. Nous avons aussi enregistre le spectre d'absorption de no 2 juste au dessus de d o en utilisant la technique crds, basee sur la mesure du temps de declin d'une onde electromagnetique piegee dans une cavite de haute qualite, combinee avec un laser continu. Cette partie du spectre est caracterisee par des resonances lorentziennes dont la largeur reflete le taux de dissociation. Une comparaison des durees de vies experimentales avec celles calculees a partir de la theorie rrkm a ete effectuee. En outre, des experiences de crds realisees a plus basse energie ( 1,5 ev) ont permis de mettre en evidence des phenomenes non lineaires (absorption saturee, transitions a deux photons) grace a la grande densite d'energie electromagnetique piegee dans la cavite optique. Theoriquement, on s'est interesse a l'influence des interactions a grande distance sur la densite d'etats. Une methode de calcul mixte quantique-semiclassique basee sur une approche adiabatique a ete mise au point pour le calcul de la densite d'etats au voisinage d'un seuil de dissociation. En utilisant des surfaces d'energie potentielle realistes, on a montre que les interactions a grandes distances sont vraisemblablement a l'origine de l'augmentation de densite observee.
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Wu, yung-han, and 吳詠翰. "Carbonate mineral saturation states on the East China Sea shelf in spring and summer of 2009." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17307178908945741476.
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Shao, Yuexiao. "Calibration of alkaline earth metal isotope tracers in semi-arid coastal environments." Thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/133129.
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Coastal systems in semi-arid areas are characterised by complex physico-chemical processes involving mixing of marine and continental water sources as well as precipitation of evaporitic and carbonate minerals. The latter processes involving carbonate cycling also represent an important but currently poorly constrained component of the coastal carbon budget. This thesis fills important knowledge gaps in our understanding of water source mixing and local carbonate cycling in a semi-arid coastal system in South Australia – the Coorong, Lower Lakes and Murray Mouth (CLLMM) estuary, using selected alkaline earth metals (Ca and Sr) and their isotopes with the following research components: 1. Application of radiogenic Sr isotopes ((87)Sr/(86)Sr), stable Ca isotopes (δ(44/40)Ca) and elemental ratios, complemented by mineralogical analysis of top-sediment samples and geochemical (PHREEQC) modelling of carbonate saturations in the CLLMM waters to constrain the water source apportionment and local carbonate output in the Coorong lagoon. 2. Development and validation of high-precision stable Sr isotope analysis (δ(88/86)Sr) using thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) and follow up calibration of δ(88/86)Sr in the CLLMM waters with respect to changing salinity and carbonate saturation states. 3. Application of (87)Sr/(86)Sr and δ(88/86)Sr tracers, along with elemental concentration data, to monitor seasonal variations (i.e., every 3 months) in water source mixing and carbonate dynamics (i.e., dissolution vs precipitation) in the CLLMM. 4. Reconstruction of palaeo-hydrology and salinity in the Coorong South Lagoon throughout the past ~2400 years, based on (87)Sr/(86)Sr, δ(88/86)Sr and Mg/Sr analysed in fossil bivalve shell species (Arthritica helmsi) collected from sediment cores. The above data were complemented by radiocarbon (14C) and pollen-based geochronological models. Overall, the results from the thesis showed that the modern North Lagoon waters are mainly sourced from the Southern Ocean, with transient freshwater inputs sourced from the River Murray and Lower Lakes and/or local groundwater discharge. In contrast, the hypersaline South Lagoon waters are basically highly evaporated ‘brackish waters’ with significant contribution of Sr from continental water sources. Importantly, stable Ca and Sr isotope tracers and water chemistry data indicate that the South Lagoon acts as a net sink for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the form of precipitated carbonate minerals (mostly aragonite). Both δ(44/40)Ca and δ(88/86)Sr in the CLLMM waters seem to be controlled by mass-dependent isotope fractionation, most likely related to carbonate dissolution and precipitation. Despite the current uncertainty regarding the role of local groundwater discharge on the chemistry of Coorong waters, the results indicate that an increased alkalinity supply (mainly from the Salt Creek) may locally promote CaCO3 precipitation and increase in δ(88/86)Sr of waters in the South Lagoon. Finally, the multi-proxy analysis ((87)Sr/(86)Sr, δ(88/86)Sr and Mg/Sr) of fossil shells revealed that over the past two millennia the South Lagoon waters were never purely marine but originally rather comprised brackish waters (estimated minimum salinities of ~6-23 PSU) with at least 60% contribution from continental water. Overall, the findings of this thesis improved our understanding of modern and past water source mixing and carbonate cycling in the CLLMM system and can hopefully benefit future water management strategies and plans.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2021
Books on the topic "Mineral saturation"
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Byrne, Maria, Pauline M. Ross, Symon A. Dworjanyn, and Laura Parker, eds. Larval Ecology in the Face of Changing Climate—Impacts of Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0017.
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Ocean warming and acidification are major climate change stressors for marine invertebrate larvae, and their impacts differ between habitats and regions. In many regions species with pelagic propagules are on the move, exhibiting poleward trends as temperatures rise and ocean currents change. Larval sensitivity to warming varies among species, influencing their invasive potential. Broadly distributed species with wide developmental thermotolerances appear best able to avail of the new opportunities provided by warming. Ocean acidification is a multi-stressor in itself and the impacts of its covarying stressors differ among taxa. Increased pCO2 is the key stressor impairing calcification in echinoid larvae while decreased mineral saturation is more important for calcification in bivalve larvae. Non-feeding, non-calcifying larvae appear more resilient to warming and acidification. Some species may be able to persist through acclimatization/adaptation to produce resilient offspring. Understanding the capacity for adaptation/acclimatization across generations is important to predicting the future species composition of marine communities.
Book chapters on the topic "Mineral saturation"
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Ferguson, R. J., A. J. Freedman, G. Fowler, A. J. Kulik, J. Robson, and D. J. Weintritt. "The Practical Application of Ion Association Model Saturation Level Indices to Commercial Water Treatment Problem Solving." In Mineral Scale Formation and Inhibition, 323–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1400-2_26.
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Lakmali, Ukwattage Nadeesha, and Pathegama Gamage Ranjith. "Effect of Brine Saturation on Carbonation of Coal Fly Ash for Mineral Sequestration of CO2." In Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 1, 479–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09300-0_91.
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Marghany, Maged. "Quantum Support Vector Machine in Retrieving Clay Mineral Saturation in Multispectral Sentinel-2 Satellite Data." In Remote Sensing and Image Processing in Mineralogy, 148–67. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003033776-7.
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Flores, C. I., R. B. Clark, J. F. Pedersen, and L. M. Gourley. "Leaf mineral element concentrations in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) hybrids and their parents grown at varied aluminium saturations on an Ultisol." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH, 1095–104. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3438-5_122.
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Sposito, Garrison. "Soil Salinity." In The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630881.003.0016.
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A soil is salineif the electrical conductivity of its soil solution as obtained by extraction from a water-saturated soil paste (ECe) exceeds 4 dS m-1. (The measurement of electrical conductivity for a soil saturation extract is discussed in Methods of Soil Analysis,listed under For Further Reading at the end of this chapter.) According to this definition, about a quarter of the agricultural soils worldwide are saline, but values of ECe > 1 dS m-1 are encountered typically in arid-zone soils, which cover almost one-third of the global ice-free land area. Ions released into the soil solution by mineral weathering, or introduced there by the intrusion of saline surface water or groundwater, tend to accumulate in the secondary minerals formed as the soils dry. These secondary minerals typically include clay minerals (Section 2.3), carbonates and sulfates (Section 2.5), and chlorides. Because Na, K, Ca, and Mg are brought into the soil solution relatively easily—either as displaced exchangeable cations or as cations dissolved from carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides—it is this set of four metals that contributes most to soil salinity. The corresponding set of anions that contributes to salinity is CO3, SO4, and Cl. Thus, arid-zone soil solutions are essentially electrolyte solutions containing chloride, sulfate, and carbonate salts of four metal cations. According to Eq. 4.21, an electrical conductivity of 4 dS m-1 corresponds to an ionic strength of 58 mM (log I = -1.841 + 1.009 log4 = 0.0584). This level of salinity is less than 10% of that of seawater (EC = 46.21 dS m-1), but high enough that only crops that are relatively salt tolerant can withstand it. Moderately salt-sensitive crops are affected when the electrical conductivity of a soil saturation extract approaches 2 dS m-1, corresponding to an ionic strength of 29 mM, and salt-sensitive crops are affected at 1 dS m-1 (I = 14 mM). Thus, with respect to crop salinity tolerance, a soil can be judged saline at any saturation extract ionic strength greater than 15 mM if crops are stressed.
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Bethke, Craig M. "Geothermometry." In Geochemical Reaction Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094756.003.0021.
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Geothermometry is the use of a fluid’s (or, although not discussed here, a rock’s) chemical composition to estimate the temperature at which it equilibrated in the subsurface. The specialty is important, for example, in exploring for and exploiting geothermal fields, characterizing deep groundwater flow systems, and understanding the genesis of ore deposits. Several chemical geothermometers are in widespread use. The silica geothermometer (Fournier and Rowe, 1966) works because the solubilities of the various silica minerals (e.g., quartz and chalcedony, SiO2) increase monotonically with temperature. The concentration of dissolved silica, therefore, defines a unique equilibrium temperature for each silica mineral. The Na-K (White, 1970) and Na-K-Ca (Fournier and Truesdell, 1973) geothermometers take advantage of the fact that the equilibrium points of cation exchange reactions among various minerals (principally, the feldspars) vary with temperature. In applying these methods, it is necessary to make a number of assumptions or corrections (e.g., Fournier, 1977). First, the minerals with which the fluid reacted must be known. Applying the silica geothermometer assuming equilibrium with quartz, for example, would not give the correct result if the fluid’s silica content is controlled by reaction with chalcedony. Second, the fluid must have attained equilibrium with these minerals. Many studies have suggested that equilibrium is commonly approached in geothermal systems, especially for ancient waters at high temperature, but this may not be the case in young sedimentary basins like the Gulf of Mexico basin (Land and Macpherson, 1992). Third, the fluid’s composition must not have been altered by separation of a gas phase, mineral precipitation, or mixing with other fluids. Finally, corrections may be needed to account for the influence of certain dissolved components, including CO2 and Mg++, which affect the equilibrium composition (Paces, 1975; Fournier and Potter, 1979; Giggenbach, 1988). Using geochemical modeling, we can apply chemical geothermometry in a more generalized manner. By utilizing the entire chemical analysis rather than just a portion of it, we avoid some of the restricting assumptions mentioned in the preceding paragraph (see Michard et al., 1981; Michard and Roekens, 1983; and especially Reed and Spycher, 1984). Having constructed a theoretical model of the fluid in question, we can calculate the saturation state of each mineral in the database, noting the temperature at which each is in equilibrium with the fluid.
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Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid, Martin Wiesmeier, and Stefanie Mayer. "Mechanisms of soil organic carbon sequestration and implications for management." In Understanding and fostering soil carbon sequestration, 11–46. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0106.02.
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Organic carbon sequestration is delineated from the different mechanisms underlying the storage of organic matter in mineral soils. The scene is set with definitions of the major terms within the complex of organic matter formation in soils, followed by describing the types of organic matter entering the soil and the major processes during turnover and the protective mechanisms leading to organic matter storage in soils. Detritusphere and rhizosphere are identified as soil compartments with high and specific organic matter input. From the process complex of OM degradation and binding, the potential of different soils for sequestering organic carbon is delineated and its limitations discussed with regard to the possibility of C saturation of mineral soils. In the light of these considerations, soil management options are deduced either by increasing organic carbon inputs to the soil by improved land use/management practices or by decreasing organic carbon outputs.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Properties and Management of Smectitic Soils." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0016.
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Smectitic soils of the tropics are medium- to fine-textured alluvial soils containing moderate to large amounts (20% or more) of smectite, a shrinking and swelling clay mineral, in the clay fraction. Small to moderate amounts of other layer silicate minerals, such as illite, chlorite, vermiculite, and kaolinite, are also present in the clay fraction. Smectitic soils have moderate to high values of CEC (10-50 cmol/kg of soil), high base saturation, and high water-retention capacity. These soils are usually developed on alluvial materials rich in basic cations, especially Mg. Smectitic soils commonly occur on alluvial plains in river valleys and deltas as well as in inland depressions. In the wetter tropics, large areas of smectitic soils are found in tropical Asia, especially Vietnam, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma). These young alluvial soils are rich in nutrient-bearing weatherable minerals, such as micas, feldspars, and hornblende. Smectitic soils on the alluvial plains and inland valleys have a shallow groundwater table, and some soils are flooded during the rainy season. Thus, they are best suited for rice cultivation. For example, in the flood plains along the Mekong and Chao Phraya rivers of the Indo- China peninsula, mineral-rich deposits from annual flooding are able to maintain relatively high rice yields with little or no additional nutrient inputs. Smectitic soils occurring in seasonally flooded coastal mangrove swamps are known as acid sulfate soils. These soils are used for cultivation of swamp rice and floating rice during the rainy season, depending upon the depth of flooding by fresh water. In drier regions, clayey smectitic soils (mainly Vertisols) often exhibit large cracks during the dry season and become very sticky and difficult to work with during the rainy season. In the drier tropics, large areas of clayey smectitic soils are found in central India, central Sudan, southern Ghana, and in the Lake Chad region of central Africa. Clayey smectitic soils are usually found in the inland depressions scattered throughout the drier regions of West, East and Central Africa. Because of their high chemical fertility, these soils are important soils for cropping and grazing in the drier tropics.
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I. Kostrovitsky, Sergey. "Mg-Ilmenite from Kimberlites, Its Origin." In Mineralogy [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102676.
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The main regularities of the saturation of kimberlite rocks with the accessory mineral Mg-ilmenite (Ilm), the peculiarities of the distribution of Ilm compositions in individual pipes, in different clusters of pipes, in diamondiferous kimberlite fields, are considered as the example of studies carried out within the Yakutian kimberlite province (Siberian Craton). Interpretation of different crystallization trends in MgO-Cr2O3 coordinates (conventionally named “Haggerty’s parabola”, “Steplike”, “Hockey stick”, as well as the peculiarities of heterogeneity of individual zonal and polygranular Ilm macrocrysts made it possible to propose a three-stage model of crystallization Ilm: (1) Mg-Cr poor ilmenite crystallizing from a primitive asthenospheric melt; (2) Continuing crystallization in the lithospheric contaminated melt by MgO and Cr2O3; (3) Ilmenite subsequently underwent sub-solidus recrystallization in the presence of an evolved kimberlite melt under increasing oxygen fugacity (ƒO2) conditions.
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Kelly, Eugene F., and Caroline M. Yonker. "Soil Development and Distribution in the Shortgrass Steppe Ecosystem." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0007.
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Beneath the gently rolling, seemingly mundane topography that characterizes the shortgrass steppe is a complex mosaic of soils. Many of these soils are superimposed upon older, buried soils that formed in other millennia under different climatic regimes. The nature of this soil mosaic reveals much about the past and dictates much about the future of the shortgrass steppe. There is considerable heterogeneity among soils of the shortgrass steppe, yet they maintain a high degree of homogeneity when contrasted with soils of other ecosystems. The driving forces that make these soils alike are a semiarid climate and a resilient plant community ( P ielke and Doesken, chapter 2, this volume; and Lauenroth, chapter 5, this volume). The combined effects of vegetation and climate on soil development yield generally predictable results. Shortgrass steppe soils are characterized by the accumulation of organic matter in the surface (0–20 cm). Approximately 60% of the graminoid root mass resides in the - rst 10 cm of mineral soil (Schimel et al., 1986); 90% is contained in the surface 20 cm (Schimel et al., 1985). Surface horizons typically are darker hued than underlying horizons and have organic carbon contents that average 1% to 3% (Yonker et al., 1988). Shortgrass steppe soils maintain a high-percent base saturation (and high pH) because of low leaching and weathering potentials that result from semiarid conditions. Zones of secondary calcium carbonate accumulation are common in subsurface horizons and may appear as threads, seams, or nodules (Blecker et al., 1997). In addition, these soils are characterized by zones of secondary clay accumulation in subsurface horizons; clay accumulations are a result of either the in situ weathering of primary minerals or the translocation of clay minerals leached from the surface horizon. In either case, the maximum depth of accumulation gives some indication of the time-averaged depth of the wetting front in the soil pro- le (Blecker et al., 1997). The factors that produce considerable heterogeneity among the soils of the shortgrass steppe are related to parent material, the age of the soil, and the subtleties of topography. These factors vary at a - ner scale than either vegetation or climate.
Conference papers on the topic "Mineral saturation"
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Bautista-Anguiano, Joshua, and Carlos Torres-Verdín. "Laboratory Investigation and Numerical Simulation of SP Suppression in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Rocks." In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0036.
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Calculations and quantitative petrophysical interpretations stemming from borehole measurements of spontaneous potential (SP) are commonly performed via Nernst's equation under the assumptions of (a) shallow mud-filtrate invasion, (b) negligible streaming potentials, and (c) water as the only rock-saturating fluid. With the conditions (a) and (b) met, it has been observed with laboratory and field data that the replacement of formation water with hydrocarbon can result in a significant loss of voltage amplitude, known as hydrocarbon SP suppression. Classical publications on the subject suggest that clay minerals are necessary to observe the effect of hydrocarbon suppression on SP measurements. Given that Nernst's equation is unreliable across hydrocarbon-bearing rocks, its use could erroneously indicate that the observed SP variations have an electrokinetic origin or are due to clay minerals present in the rocks of interest. We investigated in the laboratory how to better apply Nernst's equation for the interpretation of SP logs in hydrocarbon-bearing rocks. The experiments consist of a one-meter column of soda-lime glass beads with a shale seal at the top to serve as an SP baseline. This column represents a reservoir penetrated with a vertical borehole. Measurements were performed at different values of aqueous electrolyte concentration, with null electrokinetic contributions and clay minerals present only within the top sealing shale. When replacing part of the saturating water with mineral oil (playing the role of hydrocarbon in the experiments), we observed that for a clay-free column of glass beads, the presence of hydrocarbon caused a significant deviation from the predictions of Nernst's equation. It was noticed that SP suppression was a function of hydrocarbon saturation and was also impacted by the electrical resistivity of formation water, with high water resistivity values causing a more significant SP suppression than more electrically conductive water for equal values of water saturation. We benchmark our results against a new method for quantification and interpretation of borehole SP measurements acquired across hydrocarbon-bearing rocks. The interpretation method uses a finite-difference algorithm to simulate SP logs. It is coupled with a previously-developed petrophysical model that relates SP amplitude with hydrocarbon saturation via Nernst's equation. The application of such a model requires adequate petrophysical calibrations of hydrocarbon response performed for our experiments.
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Lebedev, Mikhail Sergeevich, and Irina Lvovna Chulkova. "Study of structure formation in bitumen-mineral compositions based on fly ash under water saturation." In International Conference "Actual Issues of Mechanical Engineering" 2017 (AIME 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aime-17.2017.65.
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Sinha, Ravi Kumar, Ravi Kumar, and Arun Pandey. "Integration of Mineral Model with Carbon-Oxygen Log Interpretation to Reduce Uncertainty in Hydrocarbon Saturation." In Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/150778-ms.
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Berry, Jessica, David Holwell, Daniel Smith, and Andrew Miles. "Sulfide saturation and dissolution in mid-crustal magma chambers: insights from the Colorado Mineral Belt." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.11466.
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Светова, Евгения, and Светлана Шанина. "Analysis of fluid inclusions in vein quartz of the Fenkina-Lampi deposit by gas chromatography." In Mineralogical and technological appraisal of new types of mineral products. Petrozavodsk: Karelian Research Center of RAS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/tm13_14.
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The composition and content of fluid inclusions in the main structural and technological types of vein quartz of the Fenkina-Lampi deposit were studied by gas chromatography. It is shown that H2O dominates (90–99%) in the gases composition released from quartz under heating to 1000°C, CO2, CO, N2 and hydrocarbon compounds contents are much less. Quartz is characterized by high gassing in the high-temperature region (600–1000°C) comparable to gassing in the low-temperature interval (100–600°C), which is a negative indicator of the quality of quartz as a raw material for high-quality glass melting. It is necessary to develop a special purification technology for this quartz, which will take into account the features of its saturation with gas-liquid inclusions.
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Ellis, J. S., and A. Bazylak. "Pore Network Modelling of Surface Heterogeneity in Brine-Filled Porous Media for Carbon Sequestration." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91031.
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Trapping of carbon in deep underground brine-filled reservoirs is a promising approach for the reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions. However, estimation of the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be captured in a reservoir remains a challenge. One difficulty lies in the estimation of local capillary pressure effects that arise from mineral surface heterogeneity inherent in underground geological formations. As a preliminary step to address this issue, we present a series of pore network modeling (PNM) simulations of two-phase immiscible flow in 3D structured porous media with contact angle heterogeneity. We present saturation patterns for networks with homogeneous and heterogeneous wettability under typical reservoir conditions, taking into account varying contact angles for CO2 on mica and quartz at supercritical conditions. At lower flow rates, our preliminary results showed higher saturations for the heterogeneous networks than for the homogeneous ones. To characterize the fingering patterns, we have introduced R as the ratio of filled throats to the total network saturation. Based on this measure, the heterogeneous networks demonstrated thicker fingering patterns than the homogeneous networks. These preliminary results highlight the importance of micro-scale surface heterogeneity for the modeling of carbon storage processes.
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Shestakova, A. V., N. V. Guseva, Yu G. Kopylova, A. A. Khvaschevskaya, and D. A. Polya. "ASSESSMENT OF THE SATURATION STATE OF CO2-RICH WATER IN EASTERN SAYAN) WITH RESPECT TO THE SECONDARY MINERAL." In The Geological Evolution of the Water-Rock Interaction. Buryat Scientific Center of SB RAS Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31554/978-5-7925-0536-0-2018-430-433.
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Hospodarenko, Hryhorii, and Vitalii Liubych. "Influence of long-term fertilization on yield and quality of spring triticale grain." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.004.
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Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a promising cereal crop that has a number of economically valuable properties that are absent in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The research was conducted at Uman National University of Horticulture (Ukraine) in a long-term stationary experiment, founded in 1964. The aim of the work was to study the influence of long-term application of different fertilizer systems (mineral, organic and organo-mineral) on the yield and grain quality of spring triticale. It has been established that in the conditions of high air temperature and soil moisture deficit, mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have an advantage. In sufficient wet conditions, all studied fertilizer systems are highly efficient. Spring triticale (Kharkiv Hlibodar variety) has a high reaction to fertilizers, as grain yield increases from 6.3–6.6 to 9.0–9.5 t ha-1 (р≤0.05). Mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems have the greatest effect on protein content. In conditions of sufficient moisture, all levels of mineral and organo-mineral fertilizer systems significantly increase the protein content in spring triticale grain. In arid conditions, saturation of crop rotation area with N90P90K90 (M2), N135P135K135 (M3) and Manure 9 t +N46P68K36 (OM2), Manure 13.5 t + N69P102K54 (OM3) is preferred. It should be noted that spring triticale is quite reactive with fertilizers, as the protein content increases from 13.2–14.0 to 15.2–16.0% (р≤0.05) depending on the fertilizer system. The high influence of fertilizer system and year factors on yield and protein content in triticale grain has been established. It should be noted that spring triticale grain yield varies most from the weather conditions of the growing season.
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Druginin, V. N., V. G. Suvorov, and A. E. Shelekhova. "PRECISION ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF BONE TRABECULAE AND MINERAL SATURATION OF BONE SPONGY STRUCTURES IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO CONTACT ULTRASOUND." In The 16th «OCCUPATION and HEALTH» Russian National Congress with International Participation (OHRNC-2021). FSBSI “IRIOH”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-6042929-2-1-2021-1-191-194.
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Abstract: A comparative retrospective analysis of the results of a clinical - X-ray examination of 93 women doctors of ultrasound examinations of working age and 60 people was performed. control groups of age and experience comparable work with persons of major groups (nurses not associated with exposure to occupational ultrasound). Degenerative-dystrophic changes were revealed in the form of: osteorthrosis of the shoulder, elbow, wrist and interphalangeal joints, periarthrosis of the shoulder and elbow joints, small cyst-like clearances and enostoses in the bones of the wrists of the most loaded upper limb. The level of decrease in the mineral saturation and thickness of bone trabeculae in the areas of interest of the radius bones and distal phalanges of the hands was dependent on the severity of the clinical picture of vegetative-sensory polyneuropathy. Indicators of bone density and the state of bone trabeculae in the spongy structures of the distal radial bones and distal phalanges can be a kind of marker of the severity of OP. The use of modern methods for assessing the density and structure of bone tissue allows us to reduce the negative role of the so-called "human factor" and thus
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Rodriguez, Luis, Franklyn Angel, Elsa Casas, Richard Pemper, Natasa Mekic, and Gregory Schmid. "Using Nuclear Spectroscopy in Cased Hole Wells to Estimate Petrophysical Properties and Hydrocarbon Saturation in South American Freshwater Sands." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210111-ms.
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Abstract Most of the mature South American oil and natural gas fields are represented by formations with moderate porosity, low resistivity, heavy oil, and general anisotropic behavior of other petrophysical properties. This leads to complex decision making when attempting to identify zones of interest with good reservoir qualities in addition to hydrocarbon saturation. These mature fields offer a unique challenge in that the petrophysical analysis needs to rely on data from newly drilled cased hole wellbores, necessitating numerous corrections. In this challenging environment, very few technologies can provide the data required for a precise petrophysical assessment. For this reason, a geochemical spectroscopy tool was employed with measurements that included elemental concentrations, the sigma formation cross section, and a direct measurement of the carbon concentration in the surrounding formation. The resulting data and innovative interpretation provided an accurate assessment of formation mineralogy including clay types, porosity, and hydrocarbon saturation. These reservoirs, which have been in production for decades, contain relatively fresh water (approximately 2-5 kppm NaCl), moderate porosities (9 to 20 p.u.), and lithologies dominated by sand or sand/shale. The primary objective of the logging program was to incorporate nuclear spectroscopy applications to evaluate and characterize the zones of interest aligned with historical production data. In addition to the geochemical spectroscopy tool, the logging program also included gamma ray, spectral gamma ray, neutron porosity, and density. This suite of tools supplied the measurements required to characterize the formation through the determination of mineralogy, porosity, and hydrocarbon saturation. The mineralogical model was based upon quartz, feldspar, pyrite, a highly conductive mineral, and numerous clays including illite, kaolinite, chlorite, and smectite. Open hole information from nearby wells was also incorporated into the petrophysical interpretation using normalization procedures and prediction analytics. Since this was a cased hole logging program, and calcium was a significant component of the cement, a cement-mimicking mineral was constructed based upon calcium oxide. This provided important quality control information regarding the condition of the borehole and cement placement, as very little calcite was present in the subsurface formations of the field. Once the formation mineralogy, porosity, and matrix density were computed, the hydrocarbon saturation was calculated using two approaches: excess carbon and the ratio of carbon to oxygen elemental yields. The final interpretation provided key information, not only for the drilling campaign, but also for the workover planning and quantification of OOIP (original oil in place). Field examples are provided to demonstrate the complete workflow from the design of the logging program to the specialized interpretation methods and final deliverables.