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Academic literature on the topic 'Mineral replacement'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mineral replacement"

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Putnis, A. "Mineral Replacement Reactions." Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 87–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2009.70.3.

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Blake, Jennifer M., Eamonn D. Ryan, Lesley F. Beaumont, and Colin E. Webber. "Changes in spine and radius bone density during long-term hormone replacement." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 77, no. 7 (August 1, 1999): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y99-051.

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Lumbar spine and mid-radius bone mineral density was measured repeatedly in 48 postmenopausal women who completed 7 years of taking either a 500 mg·day-1 calcium supplement (n = 22) or calcium supplementation with hormone replacement therapy. The hormone replacement was either a low dose (n = 15) or a moderate dose (n = 11) regime. The purpose of the measurements was to establish the long-term pattern of change in bone mineral mass produced by continued hormone replacement. The calcium-only group lost bone mineral mass at the radius, while at the spine, bone was preserved. Low dose hormone replacement preserved radius bone. Moderate dose replacement increased bone mineral mass at the spine and preserved radius bone.Key words: calcium supplementation, long-term hormone replacement, lumbar spine bone mineral density, radius bone mineral density.
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Hartnett, Phoebe, Laura Boyle, Bridget Younge, and Keelin O’Driscoll. "The Effect of Group Composition and Mineral Supplementation during Rearing on Measures of Cartilage Condition and Bone Mineral Density in Replacement Gilts." Animals 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9090637.

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Lameness is a major cause of poor longevity and poor welfare in replacement gilts. The problem is exacerbated by inappropriate housing and diet during the rearing period. Replacement gilts are often reared with male finisher pigs destined for slaughter. If they are not castrated, they perform high levels of potentially injurious sexual and aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, finisher pig diets are not designed to meet the needs of developing gilts and may not supply the necessary minerals to support good limb health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the diet of replacement gilts with copper, zinc and manganese and separating them from males during the rearing period on locomotory ability, bone mineral density and cartilage lesion scores. A 2 × 2 factorial design experiment investigated the effect of female-only or mixed-sex rearing, with or without supplementary minerals (Copper, Zinc and Manganese). In total, 384 maternal line gilts were assigned to 32 pens of 12 and were locomotion scored during the rearing period. A sub-sample (n = 102) of gilts were culled at breeding age and the front right limb was removed at slaughter. Areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, after which the limb was dissected to score the condition of the cartilage. The addition of trace minerals to the diet resulted in increased aBMD in the humerus (P < 0.05) compared to the control diet. Rearing gilts in female-only groups reduced the number of cartilage lesions overall (P < 0.05), and on the humeral condyle (P < 0.05). Rearing replacement gilts in female-only groups and with mineral supplementation had benefits for limb health.
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Sarmili, Lili, and Johanes Hutabarat. "INDICATION OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION ACTIVITIES BASED ON PETROGRAPHY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS IN ABANG KOMBA SUBMARINE VOLCANO, EAST FLORES SEA." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 29, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.29.2.2014.69.

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The presence of mineral alteration or secondary processes to rocks on submarine volcano of Abang Komba was caused by an introduction of hydrothermal solutions. Those are indicated by the presence of a resembly of minerals alteration seen in their petrographic analyses. They are characterized by replacement partially surrounding of plagioclase phenocrysts, partially replacing plagioclase by sericite, carbonate and clay minerals. The replacement of pyroxene partly by chlorite, and the presence of albitisation (secondary albite) contained in fine rectangular plagioclase sized. Other fitures occasionally observed by the presence of partial oxidation of ore minerals and the presence of quartz, and epidote as an alteration from plagioclase and pyroxene. Keywords : alteration, resembly of minerals alteration, oxidation, submarine vulcano of Abang Komba. Gejala alterasi atau proses-proses sekunder yang terjadi pada batuan di gunung bawah laut Abang Komba adalah disebabkan oleh introduksi larutan hidrotermal. Semua ini ditunjukkan dengan kehadiran kumpulan mineral ubahan yang terlihat dalam sayatan batuan. Kumpulan mineral ini dicirikan dengan adanya penggantian sebagian yang mengelilingi fenokris plagioklas, penggantian sebagian plagioklas oleh serisit, karbonat dan mineral lempung. Penggantian sebagian piroksen oleh klorit, dan adanya gejala albitisasi (albit sekunder) yang terdapat pada plagioklas berbentuk balokan yang berukuran halus. Gejala lainnya yang kadang-kadang teramati adanya oksidasi sebagian dari mineral bijih dan hadirnya kuarsa, serta epidot sebagai hasil ubahan plagioklas dan piroksen. Kata kunci : alterasi, kumpulan mineral ubahan, oksidasi, gunung bawahlaut Abang Komba.
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Valero, Alicia, Antonio Valero, and Adriana Domínguez. "Exergy Replacement Cost of Mineral Resources." Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 1, no. 2 (June 2013): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5890/jeam.2013.05.004.

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Li, Kan, Allan Pring, Barbara Etschmann, Edeltraud Macmillan, Yung Ngothai, Brian O’Neill, Anthony Hooker, Fred Mosselmans, and Joël Brugger. "Uranium scavenging during mineral replacement reactions." American Mineralogist 100, no. 8-9 (August 2015): 1728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5125.

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Trotter, Andreas, Ludwig Maier, Hans-Jörg Grill, Thomas Kohn, Matthias Heckmann, and Frank Pohlandt. "Effects of Postnatal Estradiol and Progesterone Replacement in Extremely Preterm Infants." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 84, no. 12 (December 1, 1999): 4531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.12.6180.

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The fetus is supplied from the placenta with estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in increasing amounts during gestation. After delivery of a premature infant, placental supply is disrupted, resulting in a rapid decrease in E2 and P. Replacement of these placental hormones may restore intrauterine conditions and may be beneficial for bone mineral accretion, clinical course, and outcome. Thirty female infants with a median gestational age of 26.6 weeks (between 24.1–28.7) and a birth weight of 675 g (370–990) were randomized to receive E2 and P replacement, aiming to maintain plasma levels equaling the intrauterine levels, or no replacement. The E2 and P replacement was started iv and was followed by transepidermal administration for a total duration of 6 weeks. Repeated measurements included plasma levels of E2, P, FSH, and LH; uterine volume; calcium and phosphorus in spot urine specimens; and bone mineral accretion by single photon absorption densitometry. Further, the incidence of chronic lung disease and various clinical outcome data were recorded. The plasma levels of E2 and P were within the intrauterine range with median replacements of 2.30 mg/kg·day E2 (1.13–6.23) and 21.20 mg/kg·day P (11.23–27.36), iv. Three- and 6-fold higher doses of E2 and P were needed via the transepidermal route. The uterine volumes increased, and FSH and LH as indicators for biological effectiveness were significantly lowered with replacement. The bone mineral accretion rates tended to be higher, and the incidence of chronic lung disease tended to be lower (0% vs. 29%; P = 0.097). E2 and P replacement via iv and transepidermal routes is capable of maintaining plasma levels as high as those in utero with biological effectiveness. Trends toward improved postnatal bone mineral accretion and less chronic lung disease were found with the hormone replacement. Further and more extensive studies are warranted to address the role of this new approach in the care of extremely premature infants.
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Kim, Byung Chun, Hye Won Ro, Yeun Sung Jung, In Sang Yoon, Soon Ju Jeong, Min Ho Park, Jung Han Yoon, and Young Jong Jegal. "Bone Mineral Density in Postsurgical Thyroxine Replacement." Korean Journal of Endocrine Surgery 6, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.16956/kjes.2006.6.1.1.

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Andrusova, N. N., E. S. Zhavoronok, O. A. Legon’kova, A. S. Goncharova, and S. A. Kedik. "Polymer–Mineral Compounds for Cementless Hip Replacement." Polymer Science, Series D 13, no. 1 (January 2020): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1995421220010037.

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Heath, Hunter. "Thyroxine Replacement Therapy and Bone Mineral Density." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 64, no. 2 (February 1989): 264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65687-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mineral replacement"

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Dey, Vishal. "Renal replacement therapy and bone mineral metabolism." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2019. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/40995/.

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Mineral bone disturbances are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and associated with significant risk of mortality and morbidity in patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT). Surrogate biomarkers of bone turnover such as parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphate, calcium and Vitamin D are used to diagnose, evaluate, and guide treatment. This thesis examines the effect of RRT on mineral bone disturbances, it's association with bone morbidity, and management strategies for phosphate control. Initially the incidence of radiologically proven bone fracture by site, in prevalent RRT groups is quantified and the relationship to associated risk factors studied. In this multicentre observational study of 2096 patients over a 3-year period the risk of fracture is higher in haemodialysis (HD) patients than in transplant patients even when controlling for other risk factors. Exposure to lanthanum and Vitamin D is apparently a protective factor in the HD group. I then examine a thrice-weekly nocturnal in-centre dialysis model in which we attain normal phosphate levels without dietary restriction or supplementation by altering the dialysis prescription and time. This observational trial over a 2-year period with over 2000 sessions of dialysis in 14 patients is associated with reduction of blood pressure medications. Subsequently I investigate the relationship of phosphate to FGF23 in a group of peritoneal dialysis patients. Finally, I study the effect of dialysis on clearances of FGF23 and expand on the knowledge of FGF-23 during a session of dialysis.
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Darwish, Abdulhanan A. "Development of high performance concrete using combinations of mineral admixtures." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1995. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3066/.

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Cement replacement materials are by-products used to produce high performance concrete. Published data on the effects of combinations of mineral admixtures in concrete on the microstructural and performance-related properties under different curing regimes are comparatively little. Further the correlation of strength of concrete to its permeability and pore structure is also not clear. The main objective of this research is to study the performance of various combinations of fly ash/silica fume and slag/silica fume concretes under three different curing regimes, viz. continuous moist curing, no moist curing after demolding and air drying after 7-days of initial moist curing. Six different concrete mixes were prepared with ordinary portland cement and a blend of portland cement and combinations of fly ash+silica fume and slag+silica fume The water-to-cementitious materials ratio of all the concrete mixtures was kept constant at 0.45. The properties investigated included workability of the fresh concrete, engineering properties such as cube and modified cube compressive strength, flexural strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, pulse velocity, shrinkage and swelling, permeability and microstructural properties such as porosity and pore size distribution. The results show that prolonged dry curing results in lower strengths, higher porosity, coarser pore structure and more permeable concretes. It was found that the loss in early age compressive strength due to incorporation of fly ash or slag can be compensated for by the addition of small amounts of silica fume. The engineering and microstructural properties and permeability of concretes containing fly ash or slag appear to be more sensitive to poor curing than the control concrete, with the sensitivity increasing with increasing amounts of fly ash or slag in the mixtures. The incorporation of high volumes of slag in the concrete mixtures refined the pore structure and produced concretes with very low porosity and threshold diameters. The results emphasize that a minimum 7-day wet curing is needed for concrete with mineral admixtures to develop the full potential, and that continued exposure to a drying environment can have adverse effects on the long-term durability of inadequately cured slag or fly ash concretes. The results also confirm that compressive strength alone is not an adequate index to judge the performance of concrete, and the knowledge of the strength, pore structure and permeability are required for this purpose. Slag/silica fume concrete mixtures showed better performance than fly ash/silica fume concrete mixtures as regards the development of engineering and microstructural properties.
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Kartal, Muhammet. "Experimental studies on the generation and evolution of mineral porosity during fluid-mediated mineral replacement reactions." Thesis, Kartal, Muhammet (2022) Experimental studies on the generation and evolution of mineral porosity during fluid-mediated mineral replacement reactions. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64870/.

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The porosity in minerals contributes to enhanced permeability for fluid flow in natural systems and engineering processes. Porosity can be created by fluid-mediated mineral replacement reactions. Such reaction-induced porosity can evolve with time, yet the mechanisms and kinetics of porosity creation and evolution remain poorly understood. This thesis presents experimental investigations on the creation and evolution of mineral porosity in two model replacement reactions, i.e., the replacement of calcite by gypsum and anhydrite with a positive volume change and the replacement of pentlandite by violarite and millerite with a negative volume change. These replacement reactions were conducted under mildly acidic hydrothermal conditions for up to 18 months, and the mineralogy, microstructure and porosity of the reaction products were quantitatively analysed by powder X-ray diffraction, (ultra) small-angle neutron scattering, high resolution scanning electron microscopy, focused-ion beam scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray micro-tomography. The results showed that porosity creation and evolution are highly dependent on mineral systems and reaction conditions. In the calcite-gypsum-anhydrite mineral system, the experiments at 25-60 °C produced intragranular nanopores in gypsum replacing calcite. Because of the positive volume change, gypsum overgrowth also occurred on the grain surface, and the gypsum in the overgrowth region contained intergranular micropores. Porosity coarsening was rapid (a few weeks) in the replacement region, leading to the formation of micro-voids in the core of gypsum grains. The replacement reaction was sensitive to temperature. When the experiments were conducted at a higher temperature of 220 °C, anhydrite was formed instead of gypsum. Porosity evolution in anhydrite was different when compared to gypsum at lower temperatures. In the pentlandite-violarite-millerite mineral system, only replacement occurred, likely because the negative volume change does not require overgrowth for additional space. The replacement was sensitive to temperature and solution pH. The experiments conducted at 125 °C and pH 4 produced permeable nanopores leading to the complete replacement of pentlandite; these nanopores coarsened slowly during the 17 months of experiment and occurred preferentially near the grain surface. However, in experiments conducted at 125 °C and pH 5, violarite became impermeable in partially replaced grains due to hematite precipitation in the pore space, blocking the fluid flow. At a higher temperature of 220 °C and pH 4, the formation of millerite in addition to violarite resulted in faster porosity coarsening and formed micropores within 4 weeks. Fundamentally, these complex porosity creation and evolution phenomena observed in the two model mineral replacement reactions are controlled by the interplay between dissolution, precipitation, epitaxial nucleation, and Ostwald ripening processes which are all sensitive to reaction conditions. This understanding should generally be applicable to other mineral replacement reactions. Finally, a case study of the application of porosity control was presented. The leaching of chalcopyrite is often kinetically inhibited by surface passivation layers, which are formed by the replacement of chalcopyrite during leaching. Common passivation layers are elemental sulphur and jarosite. Our leaching experimental results showed that surface sulphur could be removed by adding sulphur-dissolving solvent tetrachloroethylene (TCE) into the sulfuric acid leaching solution. The removal of surface sulphur significantly improved the leaching rate by almost 6 times compared with TCE-free leaching. At the later stage of leaching, chalcopyrite was replaced by potassium jarosite. The jarosite shell did not passivate TCE-free leaching due to its porous structure. However, the jarosite shell became nearly impermeable in TCE-assisted leaching because elemental sulphur filled the pores in the jarosite. This case study suggests that chalcopyrite leaching can be significantly enhanced by either removing the surface passivating layer or by controlling the porosity and permeability of the surface layers formed on the chalcopyrite surface.
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Mañón, Alfredo. "INTERACTION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS OF ORGANIC TRACE MINERALS AND PHYTASE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND MINERAL METABOLISM OF REPLACEMENT PULLETS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/58.

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Effects of dietary supplementation with low levels of organic sources of trace minerals in place of normal levels of their inorganic salts and phytase on growth performance and mineral metabolism were evaluated in two studies using pullets of white and brown shell laying strains. The organic sources were proteinates of copper, iron, manganese and zinc and selenium yeast. A corn-soybean meal diet was fed alone, plus inorganic minerals or plus organic minerals, and with or without phytase in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. Twelve groups of 16 pullets, 2 weeks old, were used per treatment. Compared with inorganic minerals, feeding no mineral supplement or organic minerals significantly (P<0.05) decreased manure Cu, Fe and Zn for white pullets and Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn for brown pullets. Dietary phytase significantly reduced manure Fe, P and Ca for white pullets and Fe, Mn, Zn, P and Ca for brown pullets. Adding phytase to diets containing inorganic minerals reduced manure Zn concentration for white pullets and manure Fe, Mn, Zn, P and Ca concentrations for brown pullets. These studies indicate manure levels of trace minerals can be decreased by using low levels of organic mineral supplements and phytase in pullet diets.
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Adegoke, Idowu Abiodun. "Experimental studies on hydrothermal mineral replacement of bornite by copper sulphides." Thesis, Adegoke, Idowu Abiodun (2021) Experimental studies on hydrothermal mineral replacement of bornite by copper sulphides. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/60897/.

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Pseudomorphic mineral replacement reactions occur in numerous geological processes (e.g. metamorphism, metasomatism, ore deposition, and chemical weathering) and anthropogenic processes (e.g., reservoir acidification, CO2 sequestration, acid mine drainage, materials syntheses, and minerals processing). Therefore, the understanding of the mechanism and kinetics of these reactions is important not only to geosciences but also to industrial applications. These reactions involve the replacement of a primary mineral by a product mineral in the presence of a fluid phase, with the product mineral preserving the external dimension of the primary mineral. In the early years, solid-state diffusion (SSD) was proposed as the main mechanism for such reactions, while over the past 20 years the importance of coupled dissolution-reprecipitation (CDR) mechanism has been recognized, especially at low temperatures when SSD is assumed to be a very slow process. However, it has recently been recognized that in some mineral replacement reactions the rate of solid-state diffusion can be comparable to the rate of dissolution-reprecipitation, and hence complex mineral textures can be produced from a synergy between SSD and fluid-mediated CDR processes. The interplay between SSD and CDR mechanisms has profound implications in our interpretations of petrological and geological observations, yet it has not been adequately studied so far. Also, the role of the bulk hydrothermal fluids in the formation of lamellae textures by solid-state diffusion process in parent phases that are free of fluid inclusions is still not well elucidated. These and other issues were addressed in this present study. Thus, to better understand the interaction between SSD and CDR reactions, the replacement of bornite (Cu5FeS4) by copper sulphides was used as a model system. In the present thesis, a series of experimental studies have been conducted into the mineral replacement reactions of bornite by copper sulphides to obtain an insight into the kinetics and mechanisms of the replacement reactions, as well as the formation and evolution of porosity during the replacement reactions. The outcomes of these sets of experiments are summarised below: In Chapter 2, the hydrothermal dissolution and replacement of bornite by copper sulphides was studied experimentally in pH 1 solutions at three temperatures (160, 180 and 200 °C) under anoxic conditions, and the effects of background additives (Na2SO3, CuSO4, CuCl2 and CuCl) on the replacement pathway were established. The results revealed that the reaction firstly involved the decomposition of bornite to form chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) lamellae and digenite-I (Cu9S5) via fluid-induced solid-state diffusion (FI-SSD) of Fe3+ from bornite structure. As the reaction progresses, chalcopyrite was later replaced by the second generation of digenite (digenite-II). Subsequently, both digenite-I and -II were replaced by covellite (CuS) and/or chalcocite (Cu2S) via the CDR reaction mechanism, depending on the experimental conditions. In addition, nantokite (CuCl) and atacamite (Cu2Cl[OH]3) formed due to the reaction between the dissolved copper with Cl-rich hydrothermal fluids. The observed replacement reactions at the rim and along fractures, the preservation of the external shape of the original bornite grain, and the presence of porosity in the product phase are characteristic features of the CDR mechanism. The first critical finding from this set of experiments is the fluid-induced exsolution of chalcopyrite lamellae and digenite from bornite. This is because the exsolution rate and lamellae size were sensitive to the composition of the fluids, and no exsolution was observed in the heating experiment in the absence of fluid. This FI-SSD mechanism is made possible by the near-identical topology of the crystal structure of bornite, chalcopyrite and digenite. Secondly, the replacement of bornite is multi-step but proceeds via different pathways under the various conditions studied. The interplay between the FI-SSD and CDR mechanisms resulted in complex reactions which cannot be easily predicted empirically. In Chapter 3, a combined kinetic, textural and mineralogical study of the replacement of bornite by copper sulphides under oxic conditions is presented, in order to obtain insights into the competing reactions between FI-SSD and CDR reactions under oxic conditions. The mechanism and kinetic behaviour of the reactions were described by exploring the effects of key variables including pH (1-6), temperature (160, 180 and 200 °C) and time on the reaction kinetics, and on the evolution of mineralogy and sample textures. Like the anoxic experiments, the resulting textures under oxic conditions also revealed the interplay between the FI-SSD and CDR mechanisms during the replacement of bornite. However, the most important distinctive difference from the anoxic conditions is that the ICP-OES results suggests both Cu and Fe removal into the solution at pH 1, and predominantly Cu-removal at pH 2, 3 and 5 during the FI-SSD under oxic conditons as against predominantly Fe-removal under anoxic condtions. The kinetic behaviour shows a complex dependence on various physical and chemical parameters including temperature, pH and contact time. For example, the result revealed that the reaction rate increases with temperature at pH 1 to 3, and decreases with temperature at pH 4 to 6. This change in reaction trend is linked to a change in the rate-limiting step of the reaction. For the effect of pH, the rate decreases with increasing pH from 1 to 6 at 180 and 200 °C, while the results show a complex effect of pH at 160 °C. There are several important findings from Chapter 3: (1) the dissolution and the replacement of bornite under oxic conditions not only changed with pH but also with temperature, (2) bornite is relatively kinetically stable at higher pH 4-6, while pervasive fast replacement/dissolution of bornite was observed at lower pH (1-3), and (3) the exsolution rate and lamellae distribution is dependent on pH, indicating a FI-SSD mechanism. In Chapter 4, the formation and evolution of porosity during the replacement of bornite by copper sulphides under anoxic and oxic conditions were monitored using combined (ultra) small-angle neutron scattering (USANS/SANS) measurements and microscopic textural examinations. The USANS/SANS measurements were carried out under both dry conditions and after filling the open pores with contrast matching D2O-H2O fluid, which made it possible to differentiate open pores from closed pores. The reactions created pores in the product phases, and all samples contained pores with very broad size distributions from nano to micrometre. Nearly all small pores (<20 nm) were closed while larger pores were mostly open. The textures resulted from the FI-SSD process are largely non-porous, while the products from CDR reactions presents high porosity. Porosity generation in the product phase(s) is due to molar volume and relative solubility differences between the parent and the replacing phase. Porosity dropped at the initial stage of the reaction, but increased again with the progressive replacement, reaching a maximum at complete replacement, and then porosity slowly dropped again, showing porosity creation during the replacement and evolution after the replacement reaction. Therefore, this study provides another experimental evidence demonstrating the transient and dynamic nature of porosity during mineral replacement reactions. Porosity coarsening also occurred during and after replacement reactions, likely driven by surface energy minimization via Ostwald ripening. Overall, this experimental study provides new insights into the physical chemistry of bornite replacement in nature. The documented mineralogical and textural differences could be used as one of the paleoproxies of the chemistry (including pH) and temperature of the fluids responsible for the alteration of copper minerals and remobilization of metals in ore deposits. Particularly, this study shows that mineral replacement can proceed via the synergy between SSD and CDR mechanisms; this happens at geologically low temperatures (≤200˚C) in the chalcogenide systems under both anoxic and oxic conditions, and may be used to interpret observations in other mineral systems such as the silicate systems at amphibolite or eclogitic metamorphic grades. This study also provides insights about porosity formation and evolution in copper-iron sulphides interacting with hydrothermal fluids, and how different reaction mechanisms contributes to porosity evolution, suggesting that mineral porosity can evolve and may be annealed out over geological timescale.
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Knorsch, Manuel. "The mechanisms and implications of hydrothermal mineral replacement reactions in carbonate-hosted ore deposits." Thesis, Knorsch, Manuel (2021) The mechanisms and implications of hydrothermal mineral replacement reactions in carbonate-hosted ore deposits. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64693/.

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Mineral replacement reactions commonly occur during the formation and alteration of ore deposits. In such settings, primary minerals are often dissolved, with new phases forming as products in the presence of a fluid phase. Particularly within carbonate-hosted epigenetic ore deposits, mineral replacement reactions represent a fundamental ore-forming mechanism whereby primary carbonates are replaced by secondary minerals. These replacement processes generate porosity and facilitate ore mineral precipitation. This study compares observations of natural, ore-forming mineral replacement reactions with laboratory-derived hydrothermal replacement experiments to decipher the metasomatic processes of ore formation from the deposit scale to the nanoscale. This thesis presents insights on (i) the ore-forming mechanisms and post-ore alteration of the Artemis Zn-Cu-Au prospect (Chapters 2 and 3), (ii) the pseudomorphic replacement of calcite by siderite (Chapter 4), and (iii) the replacement of bastnaesite by rhabdophane and monazite (Chapter 5). These chapters focus on the mechanisms, porosity formation, and element redistribution of mineral replacement reactions, typically observed in carbonate-hosted mineral deposits. Chapter 2 details the importance of mineral replacement reactions during the formation and post-depositional alteration of a carbonate replacement deposit. The study was carried out on the Artemis Zn-Cu-Au prospect, which is located in the Cloncurry district, NW Queensland, Australia. The high-grade polymetallic mineralization displays a complex association of massive sulfides and carbonates hosted in a vertical marble lens. Petrographic analyses suggested three major stages: (i) pre-ore stage marble; (ii) ore stage mineralization involving the dissolution of calcite from the marble and precipitation of sulfides and secondary carbonates; and (iii) a post-ore alteration stage involving the replacement of sulfides by calcite and garnet. The replacement of Co-rich arsenopyrite (Fe0.75Co0.26As1.13S0.83) by relatively Co-poor arsenopyrite (Fe0.86Co0.15As0.99S0.99) revealed formation temperatures of 650 ± 50 and 450 ± 70 °C, respectively. In the post-ore stage, pyrrhotite Fe(1-x)S, (x = 0.091–0.119) was pervasively replaced by an almandine-spessartine-rich garnet. The microscale investigations of the mineralization processes in the Artemis orebody document the impact of hydrothermal mineral replacement reactions on metal sequestration. Mineral replacement reactions facilitate the formation of ore deposits and subsequent alteration processes, which may lead to the late-stage loss of economic value of the deposit. Chapter 3 discusses the importance of conducting nanoscale investigations of mineral replacement reactions to constrain their physicochemical conditions, exemplified by the suggested replacement of pyrrhotite by garnet at the Zn-Cu-Au Artemis prospect. Nanoscale examinations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the grain boundary between pyrrhotite and garnet reveal textural and compositional complexity at the reaction front. The single crystal of pyrrhotite has a <100 nm thick Bi-rich rim (~2.7 at.% of Bi). The pyrrhotite rim is bounded by a 5–20 nm wide hematite layer, while pores (<10 nm thick) are present between the two phases. The garnet single crystal and the hematite layer are separated by a gap (10–30 nm). These observations indicate that the replacement of pyrrhotite by hematite proceeded via the coupled dissolution reprecipitation (CDR) mechanism, while Bi precipitated from the hydrothermal solution. The newly formed porosity was occupied by subsequent precipitation of garnet. This study highlights the importance of nanoscale characterization for revealing detailed mechanisms of sulfide alteration. Chapter 4 details experiments on the replacement of calcite by siderite in Fe-rich hydrothermal fluids, investigating the effects of temperature (60–200 °C), solution pH (1.8–10), time (2–1680 h), and calcite precursor (marble and Iceland spar). Two contrasting replacement processes were identified: At 60 °C, the replacement was slow at a transformation of 89% after 1680 h for Iceland spar experiments. Siderite precipitated preferentially along the twin boundaries of calcite, and porosity developed in-between the twins. At 200 °C, the reaction was much quicker at a transformation of 94 % after 8 h. Several concentric 5–15 μm thick epitaxial siderite layers, separated by gaps (<15 μm) that were partly occupied by akaganeite [Fe3+O(OH,Cl)], replaced the calcite grains. Two siderite populations were identified: (i) metastable, pristine and Ca-rich siderite-1 and (ii) microporous, Ca-poor siderite-2. With time, siderite-1 equilibrated with the Fe-rich bulk fluid and transformed into siderite-2, marking the second replacement step. The formation of microporosity created permeability as a result of molar volume change between siderite-1 and -2 (-4.8%). The concentric layer formation is interpreted as an “oscillatory” CDR mechanism, which forms due to the interplay of passivation, fluid with nonequilibrium composition at the reaction front, and secondary porosity formation. Both textures may be used to interpret reaction conditions in natural mineral replacement reactions, especially within carbonate-replacement deposits. Chapter 5 focuses on the replacement of the rare earth element (REE) fluorocarbonate mineral bastnaesite (REECO3F), which is frequently affected by fluid-induced alteration processes throughout all crustal levels. The experiments studied the effect of epithermal phosphate-bearing solutions on bastnaesite, which led to its replacement by monazite (REEPO4) and rhabdophane (REEPO4∙nH2O). At 90 °C, fibrous metastable rhabdophane replaced bastnaesite, which was then gradually replaced by monazite. At 220 °C, only monazite formed, and the reaction initiation was much quicker. Spot analyses showed that REE patterns were similar between bastnaesite and monazite. However, rhabdophane preferentially scavenged Nd to Ho. The presented results provide new insights into the formation conditions of rhabdophane and monazite and detail contrasting REE fractionation processes in the epithermal environment, which are critical to our understanding of the genesis of REE deposits.
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Cohen, Gavin. "Equipment replacement decision making in the mining industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52260.

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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The decision to make equipment replacements has a major influence on the competitiveness of any business. A company like Iscor recently spent approximately one billion Rand to modernise its fleet of equipment at various centres. This report presents a holistic approach to the issue of equipment replacement decision-making. It contends that equipment replacement decisions are not isolated incidents that occur by chance. In fact, the whole process is an integral part of the various processes in the business. This ranges from the influence on the strategy, through to issues such as production planning, maintenance, staffing, financial planning and so on. The role of the replacement decision in each of these elements are discussed and elaborated on. The report goes on to review the various models available in the industry and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Thus ensuring a clear understanding of the differences in the approaches. The report attempted to propose a method that is relatively straight forward and in terms of application lends itself to the practical mining man. The proposed models are then used to complete a relatively simple example. The example was primarily aimed at showing the elements of the application and certainly not the full extent of the model.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uitvoer van toerusting vervanging_sbesluite kan 'n dramatiese invloed op die mededingendheid van enige besigheid hê. 'n Maatskappy soos Iscor het onlangs 'n bedrag van ongeveer een biljoen Rand gespandeer om hul vloot van toerusting op verskeie sentrums te vervang. Die verslag stel 'n alles omvattende benadering tot die kwessie van toerusting vervangingsbesluitneming voor. Die verslag gaan voort om voor te stel dat die vervangingsbesluit nie iets is wat toevallig geneem moet word nie. Inteendeel dit is 'n integrale deel van al die verskeidenheid besigheidsprosesse. Die verslag bespreek die verskeidenheid modelle beskikbaar en brei uit oor die voor - en- nadele van elk. Die bespreking verseker dat die leser 'n duidelike beeld kry oor die toepaslikheid van die verskeie modelle. Dit gaan voort om 'n praktiese model voor te stel wat redelik maklik is om aan te wend. Die model word dan toegepas op 'n eenvoudige voorbeeld.
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Pollok, Kilian. "Crystal growth patterns in solid solution systems case studies on oscillatory zoning and mineral replacement reactions /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=983051828.

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Fu, Tingting. "Use of Exploratory Data-Mining Techniques to Analyze Associations between Bone-Mineral Density and Relevant Clinical Parameters of Gaucher Disease." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1344791797.

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Menichetti, Andrea. "In silico methods to evaluate Fracture Risk and Bone Mineral Density changes in patients undergoing Total Hip Replacement." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/11058/.

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La sostituzione totale d’anca è uno degli interventi chirurgici con le più alte percentuali di successo. Esistono due varianti di protesi d’anca che differiscono in base al metodo di ancoraggio all’osso: cementate (fissaggio tramite cemento osseo) e non cementate (fissaggio tramite forzamento). Ad oggi, i chirurghi non hanno indicazioni quantitative di supporto per la scelta fra le due tipologie di impianto, decidendo solo in base alla loro esperienza. Due delle problematiche che interessano le protesi non cementate sono la possibilità di frattura intra-operatoria durante l’inserimento forzato e il riassorbimento osseo nel periodo di tempo successivo all’intervento. A partire da rilevazioni densitometriche effettuate su immagini da TC di pazienti sottoposti a protesi d’anca non cementata, sono stati sviluppati due metodi: 1) per la valutazione del rischio di frattura intra-operatorio tramite analisi agli elementi finiti; 2) per la valutazione della variazione di densità minerale ossea (tridimensionalmente attorno alla protesi) dopo un anno dall’operazione. Un campione di 5 pazienti è stato selezionato per testare le procedure. Ciascuno dei pazienti è stato scansionato tramite TC in tre momenti differenti: una acquisita prima dell’operazione (pre-op), le altre due acquisite 24 ore (post 24h) e 1 anno dopo l’operazione (post 1y). I risultati ottenuti hanno confermato la fattibilità di entrambi i metodi, riuscendo inoltre a distinguere e a quantificare delle differenze fra i vari pazienti. La fattibilità di entrambe le metodologie suggerisce la loro possibilità di impiego in ambito clinico: 1) conoscere la stima del rischio di frattura intra-operatorio può servire come strumento di guida per il chirurgo nella scelta dell’impianto protesico ottimale; 2) conoscere la variazione di densità minerale ossea dopo un anno dall’operazione può essere utilizzato come strumento di monitoraggio post-operatorio del paziente.
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Books on the topic "Mineral replacement"

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India. Dept. of Mines. and Indian Bureau of Mines, eds. Modernisation of Indian mines through a planned programme of replacement of old machinery and equipment. Nagpur: Indian Bureau of Mines, 2001.

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Elder, Grahame J. Metabolic bone disease after renal transplantation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0288.

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Patients who undergo kidney transplantation have laboratory, bone, and soft tissue abnormalities that characterize chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). After successful transplantation, abnormal values of parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, calcium, phosphate, vitamin D sterols, and sex hormones generally improve, but abnormalities often persist. Cardiovascular risk remains high and is influenced by prevalent vascular calcification, and fracture risk increases due to a combination of abnormal bone ‘quality’, compounded by immunosuppressive drugs and reductions in bone mineral density. Patients with well managed CKD-MBD before transplantation generally have a smoother post-transplant course, and it is useful to assess patients soon after transplantation for risk factors relevant to the general population and to patients with CKD. Targeted laboratory assessment, bone densitometry, and X-ray of the spine are useful for guiding therapy to minimize post-transplant effects of CKD-MBD. To reduce fracture risk, general measures include glucocorticoid dose minimization, attaining adequate 25(OH)D levels, and maintaining calcium and phosphate values in the normal range. Calcitriol or its analogues and antiresorptive agents such as bisphosphonates may protect bone from glucocorticoid effects and ongoing hyperparathyroidism, but the efficacy of these therapies to reduce fractures is unproven. Alternate therapies with fewer data include denosumab, strontium ranelate, teriparatide, oestrogen or testosterone hormone replacement therapy, tibolone, selective oestrogen receptor modulators, and cinacalcet. Parathyroidectomy may be necessary, but is generally avoided within the first post-transplant year. A schema is presented in this chapter that aims to minimize harm when allocating therapy.
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Zhang, Luxia, and Haiyan Wang. Chronic kidney disease in developing countries. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0096_update_001.

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The spread of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a barrier to the development of goals including reduction of poverty, health equity, economic stability, and human security. NCDs accounted for 61% of the estimated 58 million deaths and 46% of the global burden of diseases worldwide in 2005. Among NCDs, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is of particular significance. It is recognized that the burden of CKD is not only limited to its impact on demands for renal replacement therapy but has equally major impacts on the health of the overall population. For example, it is now well established that among the general population as well as in the diabetic or hypertensive population, the prognosis, especially the mortality and acceleration of cardiovascular events, depends on kidney involvement. Also, CKD is associated with other major serious consequences including increased risk of acute kidney injury, increased risk of mineral and bone disease, adverse metabolic and nutritional consequences, infections, and reduced cognitive function. As a consequence of these amplifying effects, the financial expenditure and medical resources consumed for the management of CKD patients is much higher than expected. The burden of CKD is likely to have profound socioeconomic and public health consequences in developing countries.
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Book chapters on the topic "Mineral replacement"

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Putnis, Andrew. "3. Mineral Replacement Reactions." In Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Water-Rock Interaction, edited by Eric H. Oelkers and Jacques Schott, 87–124. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508462-005.

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Rong, Jiashu, and Fenggang Wang. "Formation Mechanisms for Mineral Replacement." In Metasomatic Textures in Granites, 53–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0666-1_2.

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Rong, Jiashu, and Fenggang Wang. "Two Major Patterns of Single Mineral Replacement in Granites." In Metasomatic Textures in Granites, 1–51. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0666-1_1.

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Lentz, D. R. "Mass-balance analysis of mineralized skarn systems: Implications for replacement processes, carbonate mobility, and permeability evolution." In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 421–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_110.

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Fanlo, I., I. Subías, J. Manuel, A. Paniagua, and S. Morales. "Simple deposition versus replacement and re-equilibration at the Crescencia Ni-(Co-U) deposit (Central Pyrenees, Spain)." In Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge, 253–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27946-6_66.

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Domínguez, Adriana, Alicia Valero, and Wojciech Stanek. "Integrating the Thermo-ecological and Exergy Replacement Costs to Assess Mineral Processing." In Thermodynamics for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources, 337–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48649-9_12.

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Hernandez, Dan, and Bradley G. Erskine. "Analysis of Personal Exposure Monitoring Data for Naturally Occurring Asbestos at the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project, Sunol, California." In Asbestos and Other Elongate Mineral Particles—New and Continuing Challenges in the 21st Century, 137–68. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp163220210001.

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Erskine, Bradley G., and Mark Bailey. "Analysis of Baseline, Perimeter and Off-Site Air Monitoring Data from the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project, Fremont, California." In Asbestos and Other Elongate Mineral Particles—New and Continuing Challenges in the 21st Century, 169–202. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp163220200124.

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Martin-Cortes, Guillermo R., Fabio J. Esper, Antonio J. Santana de Araujo, Wildor T. Hennies, Maria G. Silva Valenzuela, and Francisco R. Valenzuela-Diaz. "Replacement of Carbon Black on Natural Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites - Part 1." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2015, 145–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093404.ch18.

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Martín-Cortés, Guillermo R., Fabio J. Esper, Antonio J. Santana de Araujo, Wildor T. Hennies, Maria G. Silva Valenzuela, and Francisco R. Valenzuela-Díaz. "Replacement of Carbon Black on Natural Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites — Part 1." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2015, 145–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48191-3_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mineral replacement"

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Friedheim, J. E., G. J. Hans, A. Park, and C. R. Ray. "An Environmentally Superior Replacement for Mineral-Oil Drilling Fluids." In Offshore Europe. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23062-ms.

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Shalabi, M., A. Barka, M. Abdalla, and S. Abdel. "Effect of replacement of coke breeze by petroleum coke on the parameters of sintering process." In The 8th International Mineral Processing Symposium. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203747117-78.

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Xing, Yanlu, Barbara Etschmann, Gan Duan, and Joël Brugger. "Fluid-mediated mineral replacement reactions contributing to ore deposits formation." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12824.

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Xia, Fang, Andrew Putnis, and Muhammet Kartal. "The influence of reaction conditions on the generation and evolution of mineral porosity during dissolution-precipitation mineral replacement reactions." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.11668.

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da Silva, Roberto Ignacio, and Andre Sa. "Power Transformers with PCB-Contaminated Mineral Oil: The Natural Ester Fluid as a Replacement Alternative." In 2020 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exhibition - Latin America (T&D LA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdla47668.2020.9326188.

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Fu, Qiang, Lei Peng, Musong Lin, Wangyan Lv, Yaohong Zhao, and Yihua Qian. "The research of alternative EHV mineral transformer oils for the replacement of SHELL diala oil." In 2018 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2018.8651072.

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Westphal, Judith Carol, Ron Johansen, and J. D. Kelly. "Replacement of a Hot Cell Window at the Hot Fuel Examination Facility." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-82422.

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During the course of 42 years of irradiated operations in the Hot Fuel Examination Facility at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), a hot cell window had never been replaced. Recently, slow deterioration of a window seal resulted in mineral oil leaking at a rate of over a liter per month from the window tank unit on through the protective A-slab seal and into the hot cell. A hot cell window consists of both a steel tank unit with five slabs of glass of varying thicknesses with the remaining free space filled with clear mineral oil, and a thinner protective interior A-slab of glass. The repair solution was to remove and replace the A-slab window followed by replacing the window tank unit in two distinct phases. The facility original A-slab design was a leak tight barrier and a frame that was “L” shaped with a gasket between the glass and the window flange. Problems with the gasket adhering to the glass and the window flange resulted in pulling the glass from the frame during initial installation activities. Due to the adhesion problem, the gasket was changed to a dust seal during commissioning the facility. Over time, the window tank unit mineral oil leak flowed through this dust seal. Replacing the leaking tank unit necessitated the need for a new leak tight boundary as well as provide a method to drain the accumulated oil behind the A-slab until the tank unit could be replaced. These criteria led to a new A-slab design to be installed. Initially, removal and replacement of the A-slab was performed in the main cell (hot side) to reestablish a leak tight barrier. Transfers of the windows and removal of the bolts/reinstallation of new bolts were all performed with specialized equipment designed for remote operations in a hazardous environment using remote manipulators and cranes. Removal and replacement of the window tank unit via the operating corridor (cold side) was scheduled during a facility outage to accommodate availability of contract service personnel who specialize in hot cell windows. Due to the complexity of the replacement task, approximately 30% of the personnel on site were involved in the window replacement. Engineering, facility operations and radiation control personnel were primary contributors with electricians, carpenters and the analytical laboratory personnel contributing, as well. The multi-year installation program was safely concluded allowing the facility to resume full operations with the window properly sealed.
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Coppola, A., G. Platania, S. Gitto, M. C. Cortese, D. Albano, C. Messina, and L. M. Sconfienza. "Precision of Periprosthetic Bone Mineral Density Around Total Ankle Replacement Using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry." In 26th Annual Scientific Meeting of the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR). Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692563.

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Bamforth, Tobias, Fang Xia, Ignacio González-Álvarez, Caroline Tiddy, Siyu Hu, and Mark Pearce. "The Preservation of Denticular Dissolution Textures Through Secondary Mineral Overgrowth and Replacement in Intensely Weathered Regolith." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.12712.

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Seo, Eun-A., Jang-Hwa Lee, Neung-won Yang, and Do-Gyeum Kim. "Analysis of Durability and Shrinkage Properties of HPC Applicable to Nuclear Power Plants by Replacement of Mineral Admixtures." In International Conference on Education, Management, Computer and Society. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcs-16.2016.499.

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Reports on the topic "Mineral replacement"

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Wiltse, M. A., K. H. Clautice, L. E. Burns, W. G. Gilbert, Jean Tam, G. H. Pessel, T. E. Smith, et al. Mineral potential of Alaska mental health trust and replacement pool lands. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/1350.

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Jungling, T. L., D. R. Rauth, and D. Goldberg. Evaluation of replacement thread lubricants for red lead and graphite in mineral oil. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/607497.

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Peter, J. M., and M. G. Gadd. Introduction to the volcanic- and sediment-hosted base-metal ore systems synthesis volume, with a summary of findings. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328015.

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This volume presents results of research conducted during phase 5 of the Volcanic- and Sedimentary-hosted Base Metals Ore Systems project of the Geological Survey of Canada's Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI) program. The papers in this volume include syntheses and primary scientific reports. We present here a synopsis of the findings during this TGI project. Research activities have addressed several mineral deposit types hosted in sedimentary rocks: polymetallic hyper-enriched black shale, sedimentary exhalative Pb-Zn, carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Mississippi Valley-type; MVT), and fracture-controlled replacement Zn-Pb. Other carbonate-hosted deposits studied include a magnesite deposit at Mount Brussilof and a rare-earth element-F-Ba deposit at Rock Canyon Creek, both of which lack base metals but are spatially associated with the MVT deposits in the southern Rocky Mountains. Volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposits hosted in volcanic and mixed volcanic-sedimentary host rock settings were also examined. Through field geology, geochemical (lithogeochemistry, stable and radiogenic isotopes, fluid inclusions, and mineral chemistry), and geophysical (rock properties, magnetotelluric, and seismic) tools, the TGI research contributions have advanced genetic and exploration models for volcanic- and sedimentary-hosted base-metal deposits and developed new laboratory, geophysical, and field techniques to support exploration.
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Baral, Aniruddha, Jeffery Roesler, and Junryu Fu. Early-age Properties of High-volume Fly Ash Concrete Mixes for Pavement: Volume 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-031.

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High-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) is more cost-efficient, sustainable, and durable than conventional concrete. This report presents a state-of-the-art review of HVFAC properties and different fly ash characterization methods. The main challenges identified for HVFAC for pavements are its early-age properties such as air entrainment, setting time, and strength gain, which are the focus of this research. Five fly ash sources in Illinois have been repeatedly characterized through x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, and laser diffraction over time. The fly ash oxide compositions from the same source but different quarterly samples were overall consistent with most variations observed in SO3 and MgO content. The minerals present in various fly ash sources were similar over multiple quarters, with the mineral content varying. The types of carbon present in the fly ash were also characterized through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, loss on ignition, and foam index tests. A new computer vision–based digital foam index test was developed to automatically capture and quantify a video of the foam layer for better operator and laboratory reliability. The heat of hydration and setting times of HVFAC mixes for different cement and fly ash sources as well as chemical admixtures were investigated using an isothermal calorimeter. Class C HVFAC mixes had a higher sulfate imbalance than Class F mixes. The addition of chemical admixtures (both PCE- and lignosulfonate-based) delayed the hydration, with the delay higher for the PCE-based admixture. Both micro- and nano-limestone replacement were successful in accelerating the setting times, with nano-limestone being more effective than micro-limestone. A field test section constructed of HVFAC showed the feasibility and importance of using the noncontact ultrasound device to measure the final setting time as well as determine the saw-cutting time. Moreover, field implementation of the maturity method based on wireless thermal sensors demonstrated its viability for early opening strength, and only a few sensors with pavement depth are needed to estimate the field maturity.
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Simandl, G. J., R. J. D'Souza, S. Paradis, and J. Spence. Rare-earth element content of carbonate minerals in sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328001.

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Paleozoic platform carbonate rocks of the Rocky Mountains host Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), magnesite, barite, and REE-barite-fluorite deposits. Farther west, platform carbonate rocks of the Kootenay Arc host MVT and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits. This is the first systematic LA-ICP-MS study of carbonates in MVT and FCR deposits. We investigated seven MVT deposits in the Rocky Mountains, and five MVT deposits in the Kootenay Arc. None of the post-Archean Australian shale (PAAS)-normalized REE profiles show light REE (LREE) depletion and strong negative Ce anomalies characteristic of modern seawater: some profiles are nearly flat; others show depletion in LREE similar to seawater but without negative Ce anomalies; others are middle REE enriched. Carbonates with a strong positive Eu anomaly precipitated from or interacted with different fluids than carbonates with flatter profiles without a strong positive Eu anomaly. REE signatures reflect crystallization conditions of primary carbonates, and crystallization and re-equilibration conditions of carbonates with ambient fluids during diagenesis, deep burial, and/or metamorphic recrystallization. Chemical evolution of fluids along their migration path, fluid-to-rock ratio, fluid acidity, redox, and temperature also influence REE profile shape, which helps establish genetic and timing constraints on studied deposits and improves knowledge of the metallogeny of the Kootenay Arc and Rocky Mountains.
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Maps showing mineral resource assessment for vein and replacement deposits of base and precious metals, barite, and fluorspar, Dillon 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Idaho and Montana. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i1803e.

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Map showing mineral resource assessment for vein and replacement deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, manganese, and tungsten in the Butte 1 degree by 2 degrees Quadrangle, Montana. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/i2050d.

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